VISVESVRAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI-570018

PROJECT PHASE-01 report on

“EFFECT OF CHANTING ‘OM’ ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV)”

Submitted as a part of 8th semester course in the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

SOWMYASHREE H :4GH20EC045
CHETHANAKUMARA H M :4GH21EC401
MANJUNATHA A :4GH21EC402
MANASA K S :4GH21EC403

Under the Guidance of

Prof. BHAGYALAKSHMI R, B.E, MTech

Assistant Professor,

Dept. of E&CEGEC,Hassan.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2023-2024
 EFFECT OF CHANTING ‘OM’ ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV)

ABSTRACT

Meditation has been practiced since ancient times and has gained popularity in recent years as a
natural means of improving both physical and mental health. OM is considered a sacred syllable or
“mantra,” which is contemplated as a universal sound.OM is considered the most powerful of all the
mantras with positive and beneficial effects on human beings. It is considered a primordial cosmic
sound and the totality of all sounds, removing entire psychological pressure and worldly thoughts.

Neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning its effect are surprisingly scarce. The present study
aimed to investigate the effect of OM chanting on autonomic modulation, using heart rate variability
(HRV). Heart rate variability (HRV), a noninvasive tool to assess autonomic nervous system (ANS)
modulation, has applications to concede the neurocardiac regulation and is consequently being used
in the field of research tounderpin the neurophysiological mechanisms of various neurological and
psychiatric disorders.

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ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER-1 ............................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER-2 ............................................................................................................................................... 8

FLOW CHART OF TRAINING DATA ................................................................................................... 8

2.1 DATA COLLECTION USING HARDWARE PROCESSING DIAGRAM ................................................... 9
2.2 APPLY FILTERING TO ELIMINATE NOISE IN THE ECG ...................................................................... 10
2.3DETECT R PEAKS FROM THE ECG SIGNAL USING PAN TOMPKINS ALGORITHMS ....................... 11

CHAPTER-3 ............................................................................................................................................. 14

FLOW CHART OF TESTING DATA .................................................................................................... 14

3.1CLASSIFIERS ............................................................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 17

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... 17

4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.1 AURDINO UNO ....................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.2 HEART BEAT MONITOR BOARD (AD8232) ...................................................................................... 19
4.1.3 CHANNEL ECG PATCH ELECTRODES .............................................................................................. 21
4.1.4 MICROBOT USB CABLE-A................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: ................................................................................................................ 23
4.2.1 MATLAB 2013a ....................................................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER-5 ............................................................................................................................................. 24

5 RESULT................................................................................................................................................. 24
5.1INCREASE IN R-R INTERVAL .................................................................................................................. 24

CHAPTER-6 ............................................................................................................................................. 29
6.ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS .............................................................................. 29
6.1ADVANTAGES: .......................................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 LIMITATIONS: ........................................................................................................................................... 29
6.3 APPLICATIONS: ........................................................................................................................................ 30

CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 31

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 32

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Global life expectancy has risen by over 10 years due to tremendous advancements in medical
research technology. The last few decades have seen a significant shift in lifestyle, which has resulted
in a number of significant obstacles. These include a higher risk of mental illnesses like anxiety,
depression, insomnia, tension headaches .In this busy lifestyle, chanting OM while meditating serves
as a way to connect with others, unwind, and take a break from the hectic pace of daily life. It provides
an opportunity for social interaction, relaxation, and sometimes even productivity through sharing
ideas or seeking advice.

OM, pronounced as AUM is the combination of three consonants A, U, and M. It is the syllable
of the past, the present, and the future, signifying the creation, maintenance, and destruction of this
universe. OM has been used in spirituality for centuries. Chanting OM could produce numerous
physiological changes such as increased awareness, sensitivity to sensory transmission, improved
concentration, reduced stress levels, heart rate, blood pressure, and skin resistance. Chanting OM at
six breaths per minute had shown a robust and synchronous increase in the cardiovascular rhythms,
with enhanced Baroreflex sensitivity. These six breaths per minute had shown increased mental
alertness, even while being physiologically relaxed shown by the reduced heart rate.

Electrocardiography has been in clinical use for the diagnosis and monitoring of heart
abnormalities for close to a century. After the initial attempts of automated ECG analysis, there has
been a continuous development of hardware and software for ECG signal acquisition, processing,
parameter extraction and analysis. Electrocardiography is not only for diagnosis and monitoring of
heart but an excellent tool for cardiac analysis. The ECG signal is recorded with the electrodes located
on the limbs, arms and chest. Any normal period of an ECG signal includes P, QRS, and T waves.
The system presented here is a combination of hardware and software. Hardware is used for the data
acquisition and signal conditioning. Software is used for further processing of the signals.

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HRV(Heart rate variability):

The term "heart rate variability" (HRV) describes the fluctuation in the period of time between
cardiac beats. It is breathing, digestion, and heart rate. The calculation of heart rate variability (HRV)
usually involves examining the variations in heart rate from beat to beat over a predetermined duration
expressed in milliseconds.
Given that it measures the body's capacity to adjust to a variety of stimuli, a higher HRV is
typically linked to greater health and fitness. It's frequently employed as a gauge of general
cardiovascular health as well as a stress indicator and stress-resiliency indicator for the body.

Fig1: Heart rate variability

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1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

With growing development in the field of medical science alongside machine learning various
experiments and researches has been carried out in these recent years releasing the relevant significant
papers.

 Lavanya shekar ,WJ Niva ,K Mahesh kumar, “Effect of mahamantra chanting on autonomic and
cognitive functions” (Year-2019). Mahamantra was chanted for 20 min per day for a minimum
period of 45 days 5 minutes of ECG recording was taken and the Small sample size (n=15).

 Avigit kar,Dr Ashis kumar. “Effect of OM chanting on psychological health among engineering
college students with time”.(year -2023). Stress scores reach
92.14%,88.82%,76.38%,74.84%,71,85%of its initial stress score values at the end of 15 days thatis
stress decreases with time.

 Kavin Adlakha, Mohit k Mathur,anjum datta,Rupali kalsi,Bharti Bhandari. “Short term effect of
spirituality music on HRV in medical student” (year-2023 ). HRV was calculated for 10 min before
and after music therapy.Lesser sample size.Lack of estimation of stress.

 Guru Charan kalsa , Josheph E. “Exaggerated heart rate oscillations during 2 meditationtechniques”.
(year=2005). Apply both spectral and noble analysis techniques based on the
Hilbert transform to quantify the heart rate dynamic. The amplitude of these oscillation's during
meditation was significantly greater than pre meditation control state.

 Patrick, Tara Austin. “The impact of HRV resonance frequency treating on measures of HRV

,BP, mood”. (YEAR =2017). HRVB improves HRV. HRV promotes physiological and emotional
response.

 Tseng,Ampere A. “Scientific evidence of Health benefits by practicing mantra meditation”.

Meditation practiced for 20min twice a day for 4 months. FMRI techniques was used.

 Archana Rajagopal , Angana krishna. “Effect of om chanting and yoganidra on depression

,anxiety, stress , sleep quality and autonomic functions of hypertensive subjects”. (year 2022). The
experimental group received a combination of Om chanting and yoganidra for 5 days a week for 2
months. DASS ,PSQI, HRV methods are used.

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1.2.PROBLEM STATEMENT

People are more and more exposed to stress and worry in today's fast-paced environment,
which can cause a number of health concerns, including cardiac difficulties. The Electrocardiogram
(ECG) signal, which represents the electrical activity of the heart, is one example of such an indication.
To combat this, some people use meditation techniques like Om meditation, which help them manage
stress and enhance their general well-being. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how exactly Om
meditation modifies ECG readings and lessens the negative effects of stress on cardiovascular health.
There is a need for Development of a machine learning model capable of comparing the normal and
after chanting R-R interval of ECG signals.

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CHAPTER-2
Two phases are shown in machine learning
 Training phase
 Testing phase

FLOW CHART OF TRAINING DATA

START

LOCAL ECG DATABASE

PREPARE ECG DATA BASE

SIGNALS AS NORMAL AND
CHANTING AND LABEL EACH
DATA

APPLY FILTERING TO ELIMINATE

NOISE IN THE ECG

DETECT R PEAKS FROM THE ECG

SIGNAL USING ALGOPRITHMS

DIFFERENCE R PEAKS TO GET

HRV SIGNALS

CALCULATE THE STATISTICAL

FEATURE FOR EACH HRV SIGNAL

TRAIN MACHINE LEARNING

MODEL USING FEATURE AND THE
LABEL

STOP

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2.1 DATA COLLECTION USING HARDWARE PROCESSING DIAGRAM

ECG ECG DATA COMPUTER

SUBJECT ACQUISITION
ELECTRODE

Fig.2.1: Hardware processing diagram

SUBJECT: ECG signals of 30 subjects with closed eyes before and after OM chanting is recorded.

ECG ELECTRODEs : ECG electrodes are sensors that identify the heart's electrical activity.
Usually connected to body parts like right limb and both arms , these electrodes record the electrical
impulses produced by the heart's contractions and offer important data for tracking cardiac health.

ECG DATA ACQUISITION: Acquiring ECG (electrocardiogram) data typically involves placing
electrodes on the body to measure the electrical activity of the heart through the hardware components. Two
categories of data has to be collected i.e. before chanting and after chanting.

COMPUTER : A device that processes and analyzes electrocardiogram (ECG) data . It consists
microprocessors, software algorithms, and signal processing units that are intended to interpret and
show the heart's electrical activity.

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Prepare ecg data base signals as normal and chanting and label each data Normal signals are labeled by
symbol 1 and after chanting signals are labeled by 2.

2.2 APPLY FILTERING TO ELIMINATE NOISE IN THE ECG

IIR notch filters are used to eliminate the noise from acquiring ECG signal. An IIR (Infinite Impulse
Response) notch filter works by attenuating a specific narrow band of frequencies while allowing
other frequencies to pass through. It achieves this by combining input signals with delayed versions
of themselves, with certain coefficients to emphasize or attenuate frequencies. This creates a "notch"
in the frequency response, effectively removing the unwanted frequency component.

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2.3DETECT R PEAKS FROM THE ECG SIGNAL USING PAN TOMPKINS ALGORITHMS

Pom-Tompkins algorithm is a widely used method for detecting R peaks in electrocardiogram

(ECG) signals. R peaks represent the highest point in the ECG waveform and correspond to the
contraction of the ventricles in the heart.
R peaks are identified as the points where the integrated signal crosses the threshold. Pom-
Tompkins algorithm provides a robust and efficient way to detect R peaks in ECG signals, which is
essential for various clinical applications such as heart rate monitoring, arrhythmia detection, and
cardiac health assessment.

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CALCULATE THE STATISTICAL FEATURE FOR EACH HRV SIGNAL

STATISTICAL FEATURE ARE :

1. rmssd = sqrt(mean(diff(rr_intervals).^2)); % Root mean square of successive differences
2. nn50 = sum(abs(diff(rr_intervals)) > 50); % Number of pairs of successive RR intervals that differ by
more than 50 ms
3. pnn50 = nn50 / length(rr_intervals) * 100; % Percentage of pairs of successive RR intervals that differ
by more than 50 ms
4. sdnn = std(rr_intervals); % Standard deviation of all NN intervals
5. sdsd = std(diff(rr_intervals)); % Standard deviation of differences between successive NN intervals
6. triangular_index = length(rr_intervals) / max(rr_intervals); % Triangular index
7. tinn = range(rr_intervals); % TINN (triangular interpolation of NN intervals)
8. sdsd = std(diff(rr_intervals)); % Standard deviation of differences between successive NN intervals
9. triangular_index = length(rr_intervals) / max(rr_intervals); % Triangular index
10. tinn = range(rr_intervals); % TINN (triangular interpolation of NN intervals)
11. hr_max = 60000 / min(rr_intervals); % Maximum heart rate (in bpm)
12. hr_min = 6 0000 / max(rr_intervals)

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HRV features of single sample

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CHAPTER-3
FLOW CHART OF TESTING DATA

START

LOCAL ECG DATABASE

PREPARE ECG DATA BASE SIGNALS AS NORMAL AND CHANTING AND

LABEL EACH DATA

APPLY FILTERING TO ELIMINATE NOISE IN THE ECG

DETECT R PEAKS FROM THE ECG SIGNAL USING PAN TOMPKINS

ALGOPRITHMS

DIFFERENCE R PEAKS TO GET HRV SIGNALS

CALCULATE THE STATISTICAL FEATURE FOR EACH HRV

SIGNAL

TRAIN MACHINE LEARNING MODEL USING FEATURE AND THE LABEL

CALCULATE
STATISTICAL LOAD THE ML
FUNCTION FOR MODEL FOR
TEST ECG SIGNAL PRIDICTION

PREDICT THE
TEST ECG
SIGNALS USING
THE TRAINED
MODE

NORMAL CHANTING

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Ecg signals in database are classified as normal and chanting and label each data. filtering is
done to eliminate noise in the ecg signal, detect r peaks from the ecg signal using pan tom-pkins
algoprithms, distance between r -r peaks to get hrv signals is calculated and plotted into graph,
calculation of the statistical feature for each hrv is done. Loading the ml model for pridiction is
performed. Prediction of the test ecg signals using the trained mode is done so the data is classified
using 4 different classifier like KNN,SVM,DT,NT into chanting or normal ECG signals.
Sensitivity,specificity,accuracy ,precision ,negative predictive values, false positive rate , false
discovery rate , fi score are calculated for each classifiers and they are compared.

3.1CLASSIFIERS

1. K-NEAREST NEIGHBORS(KNN):

 KNN is a simple, instance-based learning algorithm.

 It classifies objects based on the majority class among its k nearest neighbors.
 The choice of k affects the model's behavior, with smaller values leading to more complex decision
boundaries.
 It's non-parametric, meaning it doesn't make assumptions about the underlying data distribution.

2. NAÏVE BAYES(NB):

 NB is a probabilistic classifier based on Bayes' theorem.

 It assumes that features are conditionally independent given the class label, which is often a naive
assumption but works surprisingly well in practice.
 It's efficient and works well with high-dimensional data, but it may suffer from the 'zero probability'
problem if a feature-class combination never occurred in the training data.

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3. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM):

 SVM is a powerful supervised learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
 It finds the optimal hyperplane that best separates classes in the feature space by maximizing the
margin between them.
 SVM can handle both linear and non-linear data by using different kernel functions (e.g., linear,
polynomial, radial basis function).
 It's effective in high-dimensional spaces and is less prone to overfitting, especially in high-
dimensional spaces.

4. DECISION TREES (DT):

 DT is a versatile supervised learning algorithm used for classification and regression.

 It partitions the feature space into regions, with each region corresponding to a specific class or
value.
 It makes decisions based on features at each node of the tree, splitting the data recursively based on
the feature that best separates the classes.
 Decision trees can be prone to overfitting, especially if the tree grows too deep, but techniques like
pruning can help mitigate this issue.

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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4.1.1 AURDINO UNO

Fig 4.1.1 : aurdino uno

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board that was created by Arduino.cc and
first made available in 2010. It is based on the Microchip ATmega328P microprocessor (MCU). Sets
of digital and analogue input/output (I/O) pins on the microcontroller board allow it to be interfaced
with different expansion boards and other devices. The board may be programmed using the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and a type B USB cable. It includes six analogue and
fourteen digital I/O pins, six of which can be used for PWM output. It can be powered by a rectangular
9-volt battery or a barrel connector that takes voltages ranging from 7 to 20 volts. It shares the same
headers as the Leonardo board and the same microprocessor as the Arduino Nano board.
"Uno" signifies "one" in Italian and was selected to signify a significant overhaul of the Arduino
hardware and software. The board's ATmega328 is preprogrammed with a bootloader, enabling fresh
code to be uploaded to it without the need for an external hardware

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Fig4.1.1: Pin configuration of AURDINO UNO microcontroller

Vin This is the input voltage pin of the Arduino board used to provide input supply from an
external power source
5V This pin of the Arduino board is used as a regulated power supply voltage and it is used to
give supply to the board as well as onboard components
3.3V This pin of the board is used to provide a supply of 3.3V which is generated from a voltage
regulator on the board
GND This pin of the board is used to ground the Arduino board
Reset This pin of the board is used to reset the microcontroller. It is used to Resets the
microcontroller
Analog The pins A0 to A5 are used as an analog input and it is in the range of 0-5V
Pins
Digital The pins 0 to 13 are used as a digital input or output for the Arduino board
Pins
These pins are also known as a UART pin. It is used for communication between the Arduino
board and a computer or other devices. The transmitter pin number 1 and receiver pin number
0 is used to transmit and receive the data resp.

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EXTERNAL This pin of the Arduino board is used to produce the External interrupt
INTERUPT PIN and it is done by pin numbers 2 and 3.

PWM Pins This pins of the board is used to convert the digital signal into an analog
by varying the width of the Pulse. The pin numbers 3,5,6,9,10 and 11
are used as a PWM pin.
SPI Pins This is the Serial Peripheral Interface pin, it is used to maintain SPI
communication with the help of the SPI library
LED Pin The board has an inbuilt LED using digital pin-13. The LED glows only
when the digital pin becomes high.

AREF This is an analog reference pin of the Arduino board. It is used to provide
Pin a reference voltage from an external power supply.

Table .1: Description of pins in AURDINO UNO

4.1.2 HEART BEAT MONITOR BOARD (AD8232)

Fig 4.1.2:Heart beat monitor board (ad8232)

AD8232 is an integrated front‐end for bio‐electrical signals of the heart. This is a vital sign monitoring
for all types of applications introduced low‐power, single‐lead, heart rate monitor analog front end.
The AD8232 is an integrated signal conditioning block for ECG and other biopotential measurement
applications. It is designed to extract, amplify, and filter small biopotential signals in the presence of
noisy conditions, such as those created by motion or remote electrode placement.

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The AD8232 is available in a 4 mm × 4 mm, 20-lead LFCSP package. Performance is specified
from 0°C to 70°C and is operational from −40°C to +85°C. It is an integrated front end for signal
conditioning of cardiac bio-potentials for heart rate monitoring. In addition, the AD8232 includes
leads off detection circuitry and an automatic fast restore circuit that brings back the signal shortly
after leads are reconnected. It contains a specialized instrumentation amplifier that amplifies the ECG
signal while rejecting the electrode half-cell potential on the same stage.
The AD8232 extracts the common- mode voltage from the instrumentation amplifier inputs
and makes it available through the RLD amplifier to drive an opposing signal into the patient. This
functionality maintains the voltage between the patient and the AD8232 at a near constant, greatly
improving the common mode rejection ratio. The heart rate signal is measured at the hands with
stainless steel electrodes. The user’s arm and upper body movement create large motion artifacts and
the long lead length makes the system susceptible to common-mode interference. A very narrow band-
pass characteristic is required to separate the heart signal from the interferers. The overall narrow-
band nature of this filter combination distorts the ECG waveform significantly. The simple and easy
to use breakout board for heart rate monitoring from Spark fun. This board measures electrical activity
of heart through the Electrode pads placed on the skin. By Interfacing this board with Arduino, we
can get ECG graph through Processing IDE window.

Board Pin Function Arduino

Label Connection
GND Ground GND
3.3v 3.3v Power 3.3v
Supply
OUTP Output Signal A0
UT
LO- Leads-off 11
Detect –
LO+ Leads-off 10
Detect +
SDN Shutdown Not used

Table 4.1.2 : Pin configuration of heart beat monitor AD8232

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4.1.3 CHANNEL ECG PATCH ELECTRODES

Fig 4.1.3: 3 channel patch ECG electrodes

Electrodes for recording bipotentials are composed of a metal (silver for ECG measurement), and a
salt of the metal (silver chloride). In addition, some form of electrode paste or jelly is applied between
the electrode and the skin. The combination of the ionic electrode paste and the silver metal of the
electrode form a local solution of the metal in the paste at the electrode−skin interface. Hence, some
of the silver dissolves into solution producing Ag+
Ionic equilibrium takes place when the electric field set up by the dissolving ions is balanced by the
forces of the concentration gradient. Single lead heart rate monitoring front‐end.

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4.1.4 MICROBOT USB CABLE-A

Fig4.1.4: Microbot usb cable-a

USB connection is used to upload code (also known as sketches) from your PC to the Arduino
board. The USB cable provides the necessary communication channel for transferring your code from
the development environment on your PC to the microcontroller on the Arduino board. Using a
Microbot USB cable between an Arduino and a PC is essential for development, testing, and
interfacing purposes. Once the Arduino board is programmed and running a sketch, the USB cable
also enables serial communication between the Arduino and your PC. This is useful for debugging,
logging data, and sending or receiving data between the Arduino and PC.

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4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

4.2.1 MATLAB 2013a

Fig4.2.1 : MATLAB logo

Cleve Moler, a mathematician and computer programmer, created MATLAB. After accepting
a position as a maths professor at the University of New Mexico, Moler began creating MATLAB for
his pupils. It was George Forsythe, who served as his thesis advisor in 1967, who helped him build
the first linear algebra programming in MATLAB. It was a simple interactive matrix calculator prior
to version 1.0. Programmes, toolboxes, and graphics were absent.
MATLAB 2013a stands as a testament to the continuous evolution of computational tools for
engineers, scientists, and researchers worldwide. This version encapsulates a multitude of
enhancements and features, further solidifying MATLAB's position as a leading platform for technical
computing.
One of the hallmark advancements of MATLAB 2013a is the introduction of Live Scripts,
revolutionizing the way users create interactive documents. With Live Scripts, users seamlessly merge
MATLAB code, visualizations, and explanatory text, fostering a dynamic environment for exploration
and presentation. Moreover, the debut of App Designer marks a pivotal moment in GUI development
within MATLAB. Empowering users with intuitive graphical interfaces, App Designer simplifies
The creation of custom applications without compromising on functionality or versatility.
Enhanced parallel computing capabilities elevate MATLAB's performance to new heights, allowing
for faster execution of computationally intensive tasks through parallelization and distributed
computing.

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CHAPTER-5
5 RESULT
5.1INCREASE IN R-R INTERVAL

SUBJECTS NORMAL CHANTING

1 467.0663 472.8618
2 414.0625 428.1994
3 439.9974 470.1206
4 429.3155 430.3075
5 495.6597 472.3095
6 600.7813 608.8423
7 619.4586 603.1250
8 612.3047 655.0114
9 680.8594 611.5945
10 541.2500 533.6719
11 553.1728 657.6529
12 577.9588 544.4037
13 544.7226 554.1992
14 563.1510 565.7552
15 644.5313 573.3637
16 568.8165 452.9948
17 553.8106 690.7051
18 502.5318 517.7284
19 675.0977 619.6403
20 618.6967 507.6651

The comparison between the RR intervals of a normal ECG and after chanting "Om" can be
influenced by various factors. Chatting can induce relaxation, which might result in longer RR
intervals, reflecting a slower heart rate compared to the baseline of a normal ECG. This could indicate
a potential calming effect of chatting on the autonomic nervous system, leading to changes in heart
rate variability.

R-R Interval Detection: Identify the R peaks in the ECG signal to compute the intervals between
consecutive heartbeats (R-R intervals). This forms the basis for HRV analysis.
Feature Extraction: Extract HRV features from the R-R intervals. Common features include time-
domain, frequency-domain, and nonlinear measures. Time-domain features include mean RR interval,
standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN), and root mean square of successive differences
(RMSSD). Frequency-domain features involve spectral analysis using methods like Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT). Nonlinear measures assess the complexity and dynamics of HRV.

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Before and After Chanting Comparison: Compute HRV features separately for ECG segments
recorded before and after chanting. This allows for the comparison of HRV patterns under different
conditions.
Classifier Training and Testing: Train the classifiers (SVM, DT, KNN, NB) using the extracted
HRV features as input and the corresponding labels (e.g., before chanting vs. after chanting) as output.
Split the data into training and testing sets for evaluation.

Model Evaluation: Assess the performance of each classifier using metrics such as accuracy,
precision, recall(sensitivity),Specificity, Negative predictive value, False positive rate, False negative
rate, False discovery rate and F1-score. Cross-validation techniques can also be employed to ensure
robustness.

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K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm might be best for ECG signal features, we can look at
its characteristics. KNN is particularly suitable for tasks where similarity plays a crucial role, such as
classifying signals based on their features. ECG signals often have patterns that can be effectively
captured by measuring similarity to neighboring data points. Additionally, KNN is non-parametric,
meaning it makes no assumptions about the underlying data distribution, which can be advantageous
when dealing with complex signal patterns. Furthermore, the performance of KNN can be tuned by
adjusting the value of k, allowing flexibility in capturing local versus global patterns in the data. These
factors combined make KNN a strong candidate for analyzing ECG signal features.

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By following these steps, you can extract HRV features from ECG signals before and after chanting
and use them to train and evaluate classifiers for distinguishing between the two conditions.

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CHAPTER-6
6.ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
6.1ADVANTAGES:
A model like this can be used to track cardiovascular health by contrasting the ECG patterns before
and after the chant.
 Function as a tool for keeping an eye on cardiovascular health. By contrasting the ECG signals before
and after the chant
 Provide personalized feedback to individuals practicing Om meditation.
 Detect abnormalities or departures from the usual, encouraging people to get help if needed.
 Model adds to the expanding corpus of knowledge regarding the physiological impacts of meditation.
Researchers can gain a better knowledge of the mechanics behind stress management and the mind-
body link by clarifying how Om meditation affects ECG data.

6.2 LIMITATIONS:
 ECG signals are complex and can be influenced by various factors such as movement artifacts,
electrode placement, and physiological variations among individuals.
 It can be difficult to obtain enough high-quality ECG data, particularly when the pre- and post-
chanting intervals are labelled. Careful planning and resources are needed to collect data in a
controlled environment while taking individual variability in meditation practices and physiological
reactions into account.
 Ethical collection and use of sensitive health data, like ECG signals, are vital. Prioritizing individuals'
privacy and securing informed consent are key ethical aspects in research involving personal health
information.
 Models trained on a particular dataset might struggle to adapt to diverse populations due to variations
in demographics, lifestyles, and meditation practices.

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6.3 APPLICATIONS:

 Developing Cardiovascular Health Monitoring Apps

 Personalized Stress Management Tools

 Clinical Research

 Employee Wellness Programs

 Mental Health Clinics

 Fitness Wearables

 Educational Tools

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CONCLUSION
Stress and anxiety are common in today's fast-paced environment, which can result in health
issues like heart problems. These kinds of problems are shown by the Electrocardiogram (ECG)
signal, which is a reflection of cardiac activity. To reduce stress and enhance wellbeing, people use
meditation techniques like Om meditation. It is yet unknown, though, just how Om meditation affects
cardiovascular health and ECG readings. This machine learning model that can analyse the R-R
intervals of ECG signals before and after chanting in order to gain insights into how meditation affects
heart health. The research mentioned above makes it abundantly evident that OM chanting raises heart
rate variability, which helps people decompress from stress. Since heart rate and heart rate variability
are inversely correlated, heart rate decreases when meditating with the Om mantra.
Further model like this might be used to track and improve stress management programmes.

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REFERENCES
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“Immediate benefits of OM chanting on BP and pulse rate in complicated Moderatehypertensive

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