Semester-3-C C - 3 1

CENTRE FOR DISTANCE &
ONLINE EDUCATION
RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY
Self-Learning Materials
for
M. A. (RABINDRA SANGEET)
(Under CBCS)
Semester C.C Unit

3 3.1 1-3
Rabindra Bhavan, EE 9 & 10, Sector - 11, SaltLake City, Kolkata - 700 091, Phone : (033) 23584014/4016, 4018
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CENTRE FOR DISTANCE & ONLINE EDUCATION ● RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY
COURSE CONTRIBUTORS
NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Dr. Tapasree Das Associate Professor Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Rabindra Sangeet)
COURSE EDITOR

Dr. Tapasree Das Associate Professor Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Rabindra Sangeet)
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE

Dr. Ruma Mitra Assistant Professor Centre for Online and Distance Education,
(Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Dr. Samita Mukherjee Assistant Professor Centre for Online and Distance Education,
(Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Dr. Dipali Karmakar Lecturer (Rabindra Sangeet) Centre for Online and Distance Education,
Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University
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without permission in writing from the Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata.
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University.
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M.A. in Rabindra Sangeet

CBCS (Semester : III & IV)
Credit - 05 Marks-50 (10+40)
CEC - 3.1 (Theory) : Page No.
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛¶˛yÓòy ≠ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ÜîƒÓ˚â˛òyÎ˚ Á ÜyˆÏò 5
UNIT – I :  !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÷òˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚äÈ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy S17 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ˆü°Ï ¢ÆÑ˛V 5
 Ú˛ô%òÿ˛Û Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÚÓ§y!üÛ 8
 Ú¢yòy£zÛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Ú¢yòy£zÛ 11
UNIT – II :  üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ¶˛y°Ïíõyúy 16
 ◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒy SÓ˚Ó#wÓ˚â˛òyÓú#ÈÙÈ15ñ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ˛ô,ÈÙÈ468ÈÙÈ480V 16
UNIT – III :  Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò S˛ô)ãy 1ÈÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ÜyòV 19
 1 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò 20
 10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò 27
 ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò S1ÈÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛V 28
 10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò 35
 ≤ÃŸ¿õyúy 3 36
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CENTRE FOR DISTANCE & ONLINEUNIT – I● RABINDRA
EDUCATION BHARATI UNIVERSITY
M. A. in Rabindra Sangeet
CBCS (Semester - III)
C.C - 3.1 (Theory)
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛¶˛yÓòy ≠ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ÜîƒÓ˚â˛òyÎ˚ Á ÜyˆÏò
Concept of Tagore's musical philosophy as expressed in his essays and poems
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
 !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÷òˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ÏäÈ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy S17 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ˆü°Ï ¢ÆÑ˛Vñ
 Ó§y!ü S˛˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏü°ÏVñ
 ¢yòy£z Ñ˛!Óì˛y S¢yòy£zV
!òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÷òˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚äÈ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy S17 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ ˆü°Ï ¢ÆÑ˛V
◊#õyò ï%ã≈!›˛≤Ã¢yî õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Ñ˛úƒyí#ˆÏÎ˚°Ï%
xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÷òˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚äÈ
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyó
ÓúˆÏì˛ ¶˛Î˚ úyˆÏÜ
ì˛Ó% !Ñ˛ä%È ÓúÓ–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ K˛yò Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
xy˛ôò ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï xÓ%G˛ñ ˆ¢ ˆÓyÓyñ
ˆÎõò ˆÓyÓy !ÓŸªÓy·˛y[˛–
ˆ¢£z !ÓÓ˚y›˛ ˆÓyÓy
xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £z!DˆÏì˛ñ
ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–
ˆÓyÓy !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ¶˛!Dñ xyˆÏäÈ äÈ®ñ
xyˆÏäÈ ò,ì˛ƒ xyÑ˛yˆÏü xyÑ˛yˆÏü–
xò%˛ôÓ˚õyí% x¢#õ ˆîˆÏü Ñ˛yˆÏú
Óy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xy˛ôò xy˛ôò òyˆÏâ˛Ó˚ â˛e´ñ
òyâ˛ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z ¢#õyÎ˚ ¢#õyÎ˚ó
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ x¢ÇÖƒ Ó˚*˛ô–
ì˛yÓ˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ Ó!£´ˆÏì˛ˆÏãÓ˚ î%î≈yõ ˆÓyïó
ˆ¢£z ˆÓyï Ö%§ãˆÏäÈ xy˛ôò ÓƒOòyñ
áyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö%˛ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚
xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˛–
5
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˆÓÜ ÎÖò Ó§yï õyˆÏò òyñ

Óy£ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÓyÓyñ
ˆ¢£z Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ˆÖ§yˆÏã ¶˛!Dñ ˆÖ§yˆÏã £züyÓ˚yñ
ˆÖ§yˆÏã òyâ˛ñ ˆÖ§yˆÏã ¢%Ó˚ñ
ˆîÎ˚ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ xÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zú!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ
!òÎ˚õˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÎ˚ Ó§yÑ˛y Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚–
õyò%°Ï Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ Ó˚ˆÏâ˛ ˆÓyÓyÓ˚ Óyí#–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï ÎÖò Óy£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛
ì˛Öò !Óî%ƒFâ˛M˛Èú ˛ôÓ˚õyí%˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z
¢%Ó˚¢ÇáˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yˆÏï ¢#õyÎ˚ñ
¶˛!D ˆîÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ñ
òyâ˛yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!â˛e xyÓì≈˛ˆÏò–
ˆ¢£z ¢#õyÎ˚ÈÙÈÓ®# òyâ˛ò
˛ôyÎ˚ ÜyˆÏòÈÙÈÜv˛¸y Ó˚*˛ô–
ˆ¢£z ˆÓyÓy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ îú !õúˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
¢,!‹TÓ˚ x®Ó˚õ£ˆÏúñ
ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Îì˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ò›˛# xyˆÏäÈ
äÈ® ˆõúyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
ò)˛ô%Ó˚ÈÙÈÓ§yïy â˛yM˛ÈˆÏúƒÓ˚
ˆîyúÎyeyÎ˚–
Úxy!õ ˆÎ ãy!òÛ
~ÈÙÈÑ˛Ìy ˆÎÈÙÈõyò%°Ï ãyòyÎ˚
ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ˆÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ˆ£yÑ˛ñ
ˆ¢ ˛ô![˛ì˛–
Úxy!õ ˆÎ Ó˚¢ ˛ôy£zñ ÓƒÌy ˛ôy£zñ
Ó˚*˛ô ˆî!ÖÛ
~ÈÙÈÑ˛Ìy ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ãyí ÓˆÏú
Üyò ì˛y!Ó˚ ãˆÏòƒñ
üyˆÏfl˛f ˆ¢ xyòy!v˛¸ £ˆÏúÁ
ì˛yÓ˚ òy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ÓyˆÏã ¢%Ó˚–
Î!î ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÁ
Ñ˛Ìy›˛y òyÓ˚îõ%!òˆÏÑ˛ ÷!ïˆÏÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ
G˛Üv˛¸y ÓyïyÓyÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ òÎ˚ñ
ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôyÓyÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ ¢ÇK˛yÓ˚ xì˛#ˆÏì˛–
SÓ˚Ó#w Ó˚â˛òyÓú#ÈÙÈ18ñ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#V
6
Úˆü°Ï ¢ÆÑ˛Û Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y=!ú Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ 73ÈÙÈ74 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ~=!ú äÈ®Ók˛ òÎ˚ñ ÜîƒÑ˛!Óì˛y xÌ≈yÍ äÈ®£#ò ÜˆÏîƒ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚
Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏì˛y ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆúÖyñ ÷ï% ¢yãyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y x¢õ â˛Ó˚ˆÏí– 17 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ xy¢ˆÏú ï%ã≈!›˛≤Ã¢yî õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛
ˆúÖy ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ñ ˆ¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛£z @˘Ã£í Óã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üîƒ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛yÓ˚í v˛z_´ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôeFäÈˆÏú ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛_¥yˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £ú ~=!ú Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ÷ï%
˛ôe≤Ãy˛ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òÎ˚ñ ¢Ñ˛ú ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛iyò £ú !â˛!‡˛˛ôˆÏe òÎ˚ Úˆü°Ï ¢ÆˆÏÑ˛Û–
Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ õ)ú ¶˛yÓ Óy Ó_´Óƒ £úñ Üyò ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# Ó%!G˛ xyõÓ˚y– ~ÖyˆÏò Üyò xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ó˚*˛ô Ó˚#!ì˛ñ Óƒ!_´ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¢,!‹T òÎ˚–
xÌ≈yÍ ï&˛ôîñ ˆÖÎ˚yúñ Ñ˛#ì≈˛òñ ¶˛ãò £zì˛ƒy!î òÎ˚– ~ÖyˆÏò Üyò xˆÏÌ≈ musicñ ¢%Ó˚ñ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ‘music of the sphere’
Óy !ÓŸª¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí !ò!Öú õyòÓ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e Üyò òyõÑ˛ !ü“Ó˚*˛ô ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ î%!›˛ ãÜÍ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ãÜÍ xÌ≈yÍ knowledge, xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ãÜÍ xÌ≈yÍ feeling– K˛yò Î%!_´Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ñ ˆ¢ ì˛Ìƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆÓyï fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– £z!DˆÏì˛ñ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– K˛yˆÏòÓ˚
¶˛y°Ïy ˆÜˆÏäÈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú languageñ Îy Óí≈ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚#ñ x«˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüñ xÌ≈ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ¢ì˛ƒì˛y–
xyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy £ú £z!Dì˛ (symbolic expression)ñ ì˛y xy¶˛yˆÏ°Ïñ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ˆÏì˛ñ äÈˆÏ®ñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z £ú Üyòñ ¢%Ó˚ñ
music xÌÓy Ñ˛úyñ äÈ!Óñ Ó˚àñ Óí≈ñ ˆÓ˚Öy !Ñ˛ÇÓy ò,ì˛ƒñ ˆî£¶˛!Dõyñ äÈ® xÌÓy ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ólfl˛ñ Ñ˛y‡˛ñ õy!›˛ñ Îy !ü“#Ó˚ £yˆÏì˛ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛
£Î˚ !üˆÏ“ (medium of expression) ñ õ)!ì≈˛ˆÏì˛ñ fl˛iy˛ôˆÏì˛ƒñ !ò!õ≈!ì˛ˆÏì˛– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ¢%fl˛ô‹T ¶˛y°Ïy ˆò£z– K˛yò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆü°Ï £Î˚ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
÷Ó˚& £Î˚ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ãÜÍñ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ãÜÍñ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ãÜÍñ Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãÜÍñ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ãÜÍñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãÜÍ– ï)ã≈!›˛≤Ã¢yîˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ì˛_¥!›˛£z !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãÓ˚
xòò%Ñ˛Ó˚í#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó ˛ôîyÌ≈ !ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛_¥ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆÎõò£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚
Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xò%˛ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚ xyÓì≈˛ò !ÓÓì≈˛ò– ~£z x!ì˛ «%˛oñ î,!‹TÓ˚ xì˛#ì˛ xí%˛ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ xÓfl˛iyò x¢#ˆÏõ ˆîˆÏü Ñ˛yˆÏúñ
(time and space ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò eternity)– ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôÓ˚õyí% ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ãÜÍñ ì˛yÓ˚£z õ)ˆÏú Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xò%˛ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ òyâ˛– ˆ¢£z
òyˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï äÈ®– ˆ¢£z xò%˛ôÓ˚õyí%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x¢#õ ˆì˛ãÉ˛ô%O (energy)– ˆ¢£z ˆì˛ãÉ˛ô%O ~ˆÏÑ˛Ñ˛›˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô x!ì˛Óƒ_´ £ˆÏFäÈ–
ˆ¢£z ˆì˛ãÉ˛ô%ˆÏO£z áyˆÏ¢ ö%˛ú ˆö˛y›˛yÎ˚ñ ¢õ%ˆÏo ¢%òy!õ ¢,!‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢£z ˆì˛ãÉ˛ô%O£z £ú ò#£y!Ó˚Ñ˛y (Nebula)–
˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ £zFäÈy ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y£z ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ì˛Öò îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ £z!DˆÏì˛Ó˚ñ £züyÓ˚yÓ˚ñ äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ñ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚– Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~£z £z!Dì˛õÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyˆÏÜ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚ äÈ®ñ òyòy ÓƒOòy
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚£z òyõ Ñ˛yÓƒñ Ñ˛!Óì˛y–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ Ñ˛Ìy £Î˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛y xyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ ãß√ £Î˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ñ òyˆÏâ˛Ó˚– ~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ~£z
Ñ˛Ìy£z Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛yÓƒ Á ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢,!‹T òÎ˚ñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ¢,!‹T– ˆÓyï £ú emotion, feeling,
ÎyÓ˚ ãß√ õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹Ò òÎ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ñ õòˆÏò òÎ˚ñ !ÓîƒyÎ˚ òÎ˚ñ ≤ÃK˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÓy!ïˆÏì˛ñ ¶˛yÓyˆÏÓˆÏÜ– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Üyòñ òyâ˛ñ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ òyòyò ≤ÃÑ˛yü¶˛!Dñ ~£z
ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ ˆ¢£z !Óî%ƒFâ˛M˛Èú ˛ôÓ˚õyí%˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ õì˛£z ¢%Ó˚¢ÇáˆÏÑ˛ ¢#õyÎ˚ Ó§yˆÏï– ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˆÓyÓy Ó˚*˛ô ¢,!‹TÓ˚ x®Ó˚õ£ˆÏú Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ò›˛ ò›˛# £ˆÏÎ˚ ò)˛ô%Ó˚ Ó§yïy â˛yM˛ÈˆÏúƒÓ˚ ˆîyúÎyeyÎ˚ !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü K˛yˆÏò ˆ¢ ãyòyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚
≤ÃÑ˛yü ÜyˆÏò ˆ¢ Ó˚¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ ÓƒÌy ˛ôyÎ˚– ˆ¢ ÓˆÏúÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú¶˛yˆÏúyÓy!¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy!¢
~£z ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ãˆÏú fl˛iˆÏú ÓyãyÎ˚ Ó§y!ü–Û
7
Ú˛ô%òÿ˛Û Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ÚÓ§y!üÛ

!Ñ˛ò% ˆÜyÎ˚yúyÓ˚ Ü!ú–
ˆîyì˛úy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚
ˆúy£yÓ˚ÈÙÈÜÓ˚yˆÏîÈÙÈˆîÁÎ˚y ~Ñ˛ì˛úy áÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚£z–
ˆúyòyÈÙÈïÓ˚y ˆîÁÎ˚yˆÏúˆÏì˛ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ïˆÏ¢ ˆÜˆÏäÈ Óy!úñ
õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ¢§ƒyì˛yÈÙÈ˛ôv˛¸y îyÜ–
õy!Ñ≈˛ò ÌyˆÏòÓ˚ õyÑ≈˛y ~Ñ˛Öyòy äÈ!Ó
!¢!k˛îyì˛y ÜˆÏíˆÏüÓ˚
îÓ˚ãyÓ˚ Û˛ôˆÏÓ˚ x§y›˛y–
xy!õ äÈyv˛¸y áˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛›˛y ã#Ó
~Ñ˛ ¶˛yv˛¸yˆÏì˛£zñ
ˆ¢›˛y !›˛Ñ˛!›˛!Ñ˛–
ì˛ö˛yì˛ xyõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~£z ÷ï%ñ
ˆò£z ì˛yÓ˚ xˆÏß¨Ó˚ x¶˛yÓ–
ˆÓì˛ò ˛ô§!â˛ü ›˛yÑ˛y
¢îyÜ!Ó˚ x!ö˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛!ò¤˛ ˆÑ˛Ó˚y!ò–
ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z î_ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸
ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚–
ˆüÎ˚yúîy £z!fi›˛üˆÏò Îy£zñ
¢ˆÏı˛›˛y Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ xy!¢ñ
xyˆÏúy ãμyúyÓyÓ˚ îyÎ˚ Ó§yˆÏâ˛–
~!OˆÏòÓ˚ ï¢‰ ï¢‰ñ
Ó§y!üÓ˚ xyÁÎ˚yãñ
Îye#Ó˚ Óƒhfl˛ì˛yñ
Ñ%˛!ú £§yÑ˛y£§y!Ñ˛–
¢yˆÏv˛¸ îü ˆÓˆÏã ÎyÎ˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ !òÓ˚yúy !òÉG%˛õ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚–
ïˆÏúŸªÓ˚# òî#ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ô!¢ˆÏîÓ˚ @˘Ãyõ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁˆÏÓ˚ÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ñ
x¶˛yÜyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !äÈú !‡˛Ñ˛‡˛yÑ˛–
ú@¿ ÷¶˛ñ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ ≤Ãõyí ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜúÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ¢£z úˆÏ@¿ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈ ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚–
ˆõˆÏÎ˚›˛y ˆì˛y Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏúñ
xy!õ ì˛˜ÏÌÓâ˛–
8
áˆÏÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~ú òy ˆ¢ ˆì˛y õˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ !òì˛ƒ xy¢yÎyÁÎ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ

˛ôÓ˚ˆÏò ë˛yÑ˛y£z üy!v˛¸ñ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú !¢•î%Ó˚–
Ó°Ï≈y áò ˆáyÓ˚
›˛ΔyˆÏõÓ˚ ÖÓ˚â˛y ÓyˆÏv˛¸ñ
õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ õy£zˆÏòÁ Ñ˛y›˛y ÎyÎ˚–
Ü!ú›˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˆÑ˛yˆÏí
ãˆÏõ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôˆÏâ˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛
xyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÖy¢y Á x§y!‡˛ñ Ñ§˛y‡˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¶)˛!ì˛ñ
õyˆÏäÈÓ˚ Ñ˛yò‰Ñ˛y
õÓ˚y ˆÓv˛¸yˆÏúÓ˚ äÈyòyñ
äÈy£z˛ô§yü xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÎÊ
äÈyì˛yÓ˚ xÓfl˛iyÖyòy ã!Ó˚õyòyÈÙÈˆîÁÎ˚y
õy£zˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yñ
Ó˝ !äÈo ì˛yÓ˚–
xy!˛ôˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢yã
ˆÜy˛ô#Ñ˛yhs˛ ˆÜ§y¢y£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õò›˛y ˆÎõòñ
¢Ó≈îy£z Ó˚¢!¢_´ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ÓyîˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyäÈyÎ˚y
¢§ƒyì˛ˆÏ¢§ˆÏì˛ áÓ˚›˛yˆÏì˛ ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ˆÏúÈÙÈ˛ôv˛¸y ãls˛Ó˚ õì˛ò
õ)äÈ≈yÎ˚ x¢yv˛¸–
!îòÓ˚yì˛ õˆÏò £Î˚ñ ˆÑ˛yò‰ xyïõÓ˚y
ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÎò xyˆÏ‹T˛ô,ˆÏ¤˛ Ó§yïy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xy!äÈ–
Ü!úÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏÓ˚£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yhs˛ÓyÓ%ñ
ÎˆÏbÈÙÈ˛ôy›˛ÈÙÈÑ˛Ó˚y ú¡∫y â%˛úñ
ÓˆÏv˛¸y ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆâ˛yÖñ
ˆüÔ!Öò ˆõãyã–
Ñ˛ˆÏò≈›˛ ÓyãyˆÏòy ì˛yÓ˚ üÖ–
õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ¢%Ó˚ ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛
~ Ü!úÓ˚ Ó#¶˛Í¢ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ñ
ˆ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓúy xyˆÏïy xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ
Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ˜ÓÑ˛yˆÏú
!G˛!Ñ˛!õ!Ñ˛ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚–
£‡˛yÍ ¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚
!¢ı%˛ Ó§yˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ ì˛yòñ
¢õhfl˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏü ÓyˆÏã
xòy!îÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚£ˆÏÓîòy–
9
ì˛Ö!ò õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸

~ Ü!ú›˛y ˆáyÓ˚ !õˆÏäÈñ
î%!Ó≈°Ï£ñ õyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y–
£‡˛yÍ ÖÓÓ˚ ˛ôy£z õˆÏò
xyÑ˛ÓÓ˚ ÓyîüyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD
£!Ó˚˛ôî ˆÑ˛Ó˚y!òÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ¶˛î ˆò£z–
Ó§y!üÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&í v˛yÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚
ˆäÈ§v˛¸yäÈyì˛y Ó˚yãäÈÏe !õˆÏú â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ
~Ñ˛ ˜ÓÑ%˛ˆÏZ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛–
~ Üyò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢ì˛ƒ
xòhs˛ ˆÜyï)!úúˆÏ@¿
ˆ¢£zÖyˆÏò
Ó!£ â˛ˆÏú ïˆÏúŸªÓ˚#ó
ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛õyˆÏúÓ˚ áò äÈyÎ˚yó
xy!àòyˆÏì˛
ˆÎ xyˆÏäÈ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ˆÏò ë˛yÑ˛y£z üy!v˛¸ñ Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏú !¢§î%Ó˚–
25 xy°Ïyë˛¸ 1339 SÓ˚Ó#w Ó˚â˛òyÓú#ÈÙÈ16ñ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#V
ÚÓ§y!üÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ó§y!üÓ˚ ~£z òyõÑ˛Ó˚íÁ Ó˝õy!eÑ˛– ~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ó§y!üÓ˚ î%!›˛ xÌ≈ñ î%!›˛ xÌ≈ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy ¢¡ô)Ó˚Ñ˛– ≤ÃÌõ xÌ≈
Ñ˛ˆÏí≈›˛ òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óúyì˛# ÓyîƒÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# xÇˆÏü ˆ¢£z ÓyîƒÎs˛f ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òÜ≈ì˛ ¢%Ó˚ ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
Ó˚yÜÓ˚y!Üí#ˆÏÑ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏãñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z Ó˚yÜy!◊ì˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÓîòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ú!Ñ˛ò% ˆÜyÎ˚yúyÓ˚ Ü!úÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ~£z ≤ÃÌõ ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒ£z Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ ˆÎñ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚˛ôy!Ÿª≈Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !ò¡¨!Ó_ õyò%°ÏãˆÏòÓ˚
Óy¢fl˛iyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆòyÇÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óí≈òy– ˆ¢ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óí≈òyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z xyˆÏäÈ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚
Óy¢fl˛iyò– ˆ¢ Óy¢fl˛iyò £ú ã#í≈ñ î#á≈Ñ˛yú ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ £Î˚!òñ xfl˛∫yfl˛iƒÑ˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xy¢ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ Óyúy£z ˆò£z– ˆ¢£z áˆÏÓ˚ Óy¢ ÜˆÏ“Ó˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ £!Ó˚˛ôî
ˆÑ˛Ó˚y!òÓ˚ñ ˆÎ õyˆÏÑ≈˛r›˛y£zú ö˛yˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˆúyÎ˚yÓ˚ !v˛!¶˛üò Ñœ˛yÑ≈˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ õy£zˆÏòˆÏì˛ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú òy– ÎyÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ãμyúyÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆò£zñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
ˆì˛ú ˆãyÜyÓyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ ˆò£z– î%ÈÙÈˆÓúy ÖyÁÎ˚y ˆãyˆÏ›˛ òy– ~Ñ˛ˆÏÓúy ˆäÈˆÏú ˛ô!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÖyÓyÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏ›˛– ¢ˆÏı˛ƒˆÏÓúy›˛y !üÎ˚yúîy ˆfi›˛üˆÏò Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ¢– áˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛y !›˛Ñ˛!›˛!Ñ˛Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚Á ì˛yÓ˚ xy£yÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛iyò Ñ˛ì˛ !Ó˛ôß¨– ~ÖyˆÏò xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y fl˛iyÎ˚# ˜òÓ˚yˆÏüƒÓ˚ñ xyüy£#ò
˜òÓ˚yˆÏüƒÓ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚–
Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ v˛z_õ ˛ô%Ó˚&ˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛!Ìì˛– £!Ó˚˛ôî ˆÑ˛Ó˚yò# !òˆÏã£z ~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌÑ˛ Óy Ó_ý– òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú ~ˆÏÑ˛y!_´ Óy
Monologue– ~£z £!Ó˚˛ôî ˆÑ˛Ó˚yò#Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÁ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆò˛ôÌƒ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ ˆÎ î%î≈üyÓ˚ ã#Óò Îy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á î%î≈üyÓ˚ ã#Óò Îy˛ôò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~õò ˆúyÑ˛Á ˆì˛y xyˆÏäÈ ˆîˆÏü– ˆ¢Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘Ãyõƒñ î!Ó˚oñ î%Éfl˛i ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ÓÓy!£ì˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ì˛yÓ˚
¢yˆÏÌ !ÓÓy£ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü !ÓˆÏÎ˚›˛y ~ì˛ x!òÓyÎ≈ñ ~ì˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ˆÎ ˛ôye Ñ˛òƒyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy
~›˛y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õ¢ƒy£z òy– !Ñ˛ä%È òy ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ !â˛ˆÏhs˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏú£z £ú– £!Ó˚˛ôîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÁ !Ñ˛ä%È!îò xyˆÏÜ ˆ¢ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y
áˆÏ›˛!äÈú– ~Ñ˛›˛y xãy!òì˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õò xhs˛ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ â˛M˛Èú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ Ó˚!_´õ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈúñ Óyhfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ¶%˛ˆÏú ˆÜ!äÈú–
˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇˆÏü ˆ¢£z á›˛òyÓ˚ xy¶˛y¢–
Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏäÈ ˙ Ü!úÓ˚£z xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óí≈òyñ ˆÎ Óí≈òyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛Ó˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ á›˛ˆÏÓ– ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy
10
ÎÌy¢õˆÏÎ˚ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z ˆÎ £!Ó˚˛ôî ˆÑ˛Ó˚y!ò ÎyÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £úñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ £!Ó˚˛ôîÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛
ì˛yÓ˚ xy¶˛y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– ˆ¢!›˛ ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õÈÙÙÙÈ
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ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛y!Ó˚ Óyí# Ñ%˛¢%ˆÏõ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyˆÏì˛–Û
¢yòy£z Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú˛ôˆÏpÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ¢õ ≤ÃFäÈß¨ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xy˛ôòyˆÏì˛Û–
15
CENTRE FOR UNIT
DISTANCE & ONLINE – II● RABINDRA
EDUCATION BHARATI UNIVERSITY
C.C - 3.1 (Theory)
 Üîƒ xÇü ÈÙÙÙÈ ◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒy Süy!hs˘˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛òV
üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ¶˛y°Ïíõyúy
üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ¶˛y°Ïíõyúy Ü#ì˛yO!úÓ˚ Üîƒ¶˛y°Ïƒ– Ü#ì˛yO!úÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛ ¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôy¢òy ¢)ˆÏe Ñ˛!Ìì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È Üîƒ¶˛yÓòy–
x!ïÑ˛yÇü£z ì˛yÍ«˛!íÑ˛ñ Ñ˛îy!â˛Í !ú!Öì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÍ«˛!íÑ˛ Üîƒ¶˛y°Ïƒ=!ú Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y òy Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y myÓ˚y ◊&!ì˛!ú!Öì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢=!ú
Ñ˛!ÓÑ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ¢Çfl˛,Òì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô%ò!ú≈!Öì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ≤ÃÓı˛õyúy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ äÈ!›˛ ÖˆÏ[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î%£z ÖˆÏ[˛ @˘Ãs˛iyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚–
!Ñ˛ls˛ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ õ%!oì˛ ¶˛y°Ïí=!ú ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Ñ˛!Ó ≤Ãî_ ¶˛y°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆü°Ï £Î˚!ò– Ü#!ì˛õyúƒñ Ü#ì˛y!úÓ˚
Î%ˆÏÜÁ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò ÌyÑ˛yÑ˛yú#ò v˛z˛ôy¢òyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xydÜì˛ xyúy˛ôâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Ñ˛!Ó xÓƒy£ì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– ~=!úÁ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ñ õ%!oì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ¢Ç£ì˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü £Î˚!ò– Ó˚Ó#w Ó˚â˛òyÓú#Ó˚ 28 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 31 Ö[˛=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ
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xhs˛õ%≈Ö# ¶˛!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy ~=!úˆÏì˛ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y£z ÓˆÏú ~=!ú ïõ≈ì˛_¥ òÎ˚ñ ~=!úˆÏÑ˛ religious sermon Óúy ÎyÎ˚ òy– ˆÑ˛ò
òy Ñ˛!Ó ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ òòñ ÎyãÑ˛ òòñ !ì˛!ò ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã Ñ˛!Ó– ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y!£ì˛ {ŸªÓ˚ì˛_¥ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ £Î˚ Ü#ì˛y òÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!ò°Ïîñ ˆÓî ˆÓîyhs˛
Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïõ≈@˘Ãs˛i– õ%¢úõyò ˆõÔúÓ#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yÓ˚yòñ ÎyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓú– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆì˛y !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ =Ó˚&Ó˚ xy¢ˆÏò Ó¢yò!ò– !ì˛!ò ¢yïÑ˛
òòñ =Ó˚& òòñ ïõ≈≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ òò– !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ãò fl˛À‹Tyñ ~Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛!Óñ ≤ÃK˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ v˛zj#!˛ôì˛ñ !ì˛!ò õòfl˛∫# õò#°Ï#ñ x¢yïyÓ˚í ï#ü!_´¢¡ôß¨
ì§˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_ćñ ¢)" ì§˛yÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ x¢#õ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛“òyÈÙÈ˛ôÓ˚yÎ˚íì˛yñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏD Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ ì˛y Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ¶˛ˆÏ_´Ó˚ñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚– ~£z ¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãÜÍ xyÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãÜÍ ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ Óí≈yú# ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢=!ú ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ Óy!@¬ì˛yÎ˚– ì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !£Ó˚ß√Î˚ ˆãƒy!ì˛ˆÏì˛ v˛zIμúñ ì˛y îyü≈!òˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ì˛ƒ!ò¤˛yÎ˚ õs˛fÓÍñ ì˛y Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ !fl˛¨?˛ õï%Ó˚ Ñ˛Z˛fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ÓÍ–
¢Ó !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛y– ˆ¢Ô¶˛yÜƒÓüì˛É ˆ¢=!ú £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!ò– ˆ¢£z Ó˚b¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ xhs˛ì˛É !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~=!ú
ÎyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ õM˛È ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆüyòyˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïõ≈Óyí# òÎ˚ñ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ ~=!ú ÜˆÏîƒÓ˚ xyãyò–
◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒy SÓ˚Ó#wÓ˚â˛òyÓú#ÈÙÈ15ñ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ ˛ô,ÈÙÈ468ÈÙÈ480V

~£z ≤ÃÓı˛!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ÜîƒÓ˚*˛ô– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ≤ÃÓı˛!›˛Ó˚ xò%ˆÏFäÈî xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢Ç!«˛Æ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú–
❏ xò%ˆÏFäÈî 1ÈÙÙÙÈ4 ≠
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ ◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒyÎ˚ ˆúÖy ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ õ%Ö!Ó˚ì˛ üˆÏ∑ Üyë˛¸ ¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ áò xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ â˛y!Ó˚!îÑ˛ ÓƒyÆ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛y°Ïy£#ò
16
ïπ!ò =O!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ◊ÓíˆÏÑ˛ñ õòˆÏÑ˛ñ !â˛_ˆÏÑ˛ xyFäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£z !ì˛!ò ì˛yÓ˚ xòÓîƒ ÜˆÏîƒ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ~ ˆÎò ì˛yÓ˚
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Úx◊&ì˛ Ó§y!ü £*îÎ˚Ü£ˆÏò ÓyˆÏãÛ– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛ Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ~£z ◊yÓíñ ~£z ¢ı˛ƒyñ ~£z ãˆÏúÓ˚ ü∑ñ ~£z x§yïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õõ≈ïπ!ò Îy
Üyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛y£z ÜîƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ ˆÎò ì§˛yÓ˚ ◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ò#Ó˚Ó ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ü∑yÎ˚õyò Üîƒ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô–
❏ xò%ˆÏFäÈî 5ÈÙÙÙÈ8 ≠
~£z xò%ˆÏFäÈî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& £ú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!â˛hs˛y– ˛ôM˛Èõ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ Ñ˛Ìy Á ¢%Ó˚ ~£z î%£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢ÇK˛y !òˆÏÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ìy
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¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ xÌ≈˛£#ò ˆ¢ì%˛ Îy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ì˛y£z õò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ñ ≤ÃˆÏÓ˚y!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ñ ≤Ãy!íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢#õyÓk˛ ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó˚àˆÏÑ˛ x¢#ˆÏõÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚÑ˛Ìy !ã!ò¢›˛y õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚£zñ xyÓ˚ Üyò›˛y ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚– Ñ˛Ìy ¢%fl˛ô‹T ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢#õyÓk˛ñ xyÓ˚ Üyò xfl˛ô‹T ~ÓÇ
¢#õy£#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyÑ%˛úì˛yÎ˚ v˛zÍÑ˛!Z˛ì˛– ˆ¢£zãòƒ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD õyò%°Ïñ õò%°ÏƒˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÜyˆÏò õyò%°Ï !ÓŸª≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆõˆÏú– ~£zãˆÏòƒ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚
¢ˆÏD õyò%°Ï ÎÖò ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z Ñ˛Ìy xy˛ôòyÓ˚ xÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ô!ò äÈy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒyÆ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
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¢ˆÏD Î%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,£Í x˛ôÓ˚*˛ôì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyì˛ƒ!£Ñ˛ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛yÓ˚ ˙Ñ˛y!hs˛Ñ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ xyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛
òy–ÛÛ S◊yÓí¢ı˛ƒyÈÙÈÓ˚Ó#wÓ˚â˛òyÓú#ÈÙÈ15ñ ˛ô,. 469V
~£z ~Ñ˛£z Ó_´Óƒ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛!îò xyˆÏÜ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ú¶˛y°Ïy Á äÈ®Û Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ !òÓk˛ xyˆÏäÈ– xyÓ˚ °Ï¤˛ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏîÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Ó˚!â˛ì˛
ÚˆÎ ï&Ó˛ôî !îˆÏÎ˚äÈ Ó§y!ï !ÓŸªì˛yˆÏòÛ Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ~£z ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ °Ï¤˛ xò%ˆÏFäÈˆÏî Ñ˛!Ó ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~£z ü∑õ%ÖÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓ°Ï≈í G˛ÇÑ,˛ì˛ !ò!Óv˛¸ Üyë˛¸
xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ~Ñ˛yd Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ îÓ˚ãy Ö%ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏúò– Ólfl˛ì˛É ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üyò õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ
ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚG˛ˆÏÓ˚ G˛ˆÏÓ˚y G˛ˆÏÓ˚y ¶˛yîÓ˚ ÓyîÓ˚Ûñ Ú◊yÓˆÏíÓ˚ ÜÜˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyÎ˚Ûñ Úx◊&¶˛Ó˚y ˆÓîòyÛñ Ú◊yÓˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ôv˛YÑ˛ G˛ˆÏÓ˚Ûñ ¢áò Ü£ò
Ó˚y!e G˛!Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ◊yÓíïyÓ˚yÛ £zì˛ƒy!î–
❏ xò%ˆÏFäÈî 9 ≠
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(philosophy of science)– ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ î%!›˛ Ó˚*˛ôñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛ô– Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòy£Ó˚í !ü“Ó˚*˛ôñ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
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î%!›˛£z ¢ì˛ƒ– ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ã#Óòú#úyÁ ¢ì˛ƒñ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôú#úyÁ ¢ì˛ƒ– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏD Ñ˛õ≈Óƒhfl˛ õyò%°ˆÏ ÏÑ˛ ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
£z!Dì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ !Î!ò xòˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˆ¢£z !â˛Ó˚¢%®Ó˚ñ !ì˛!ò ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏúò!ò– !ì˛!ò ~£z ö%˛ú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î)ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛y£z ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏD Ñ˛!Ó ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈò î%!›˛ Ó˚*˛ôñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óı˛ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%!_´Ó˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ xy¢!_´Ó˚ ã#Óòú#úyñ
xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˜ÓÓ˚yˆÏÜƒÓ˚ ˆõy££#ò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòyì˛#ì˛ ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ñ x¢#ˆÏõÓ˚–
≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ ˆü°ÏyˆÏï≈ Îy xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y £ú ~£zñ xyõÓ˚y Ü,£Ók˛ Ñ˛õ≈ƒÓhfl˛ñ xy¢!_´Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ã!v˛¸ì˛ñ òyòy Ñ˛õ≈!Ó˛ôyˆÏÑ˛ ãã≈!Ó˚ì˛ñ x¶˛yˆÏÓ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ
Óƒ!ì˛Óƒhfl˛– xyõÓ˚y ¢Óy£z xyd!Ófl˛ø,ì˛ñ xyõÓ˚y ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈yÍ {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¶%˛ˆÏú xy!äÈ– !ì˛!ò ˆÑ˛yò ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ~ÖyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˆò£z– !ì˛!ò
Ó·˛ òy xyÕ‘y òy !ÓŸª!˛ôì˛y ì˛y ~ÖyˆÏò xÓyhs˛Ó˚ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ !ì˛!ò ¢%®Ó˚– !ì˛!ò !îÓyÓ˚y!e xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈ü,CúyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏk≈˛ !â˛Ó˚¢%®Ó˚ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò–
!ì˛!ò ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÜˆÏı˛ñ Ó§y!üÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏòñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏòÓ˚ ü#ˆÏ°Ï !ü!üÓ˚ !Ó®%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ ◊yÓˆÏíÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y˛ôì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ x!hfl˛c xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
!îˆÏFäÈò– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆ¶˛yˆÏúò!ò– !ì˛!ò xhs˛Ó˚ì˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ì˛õñ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ äÈyv˛¸y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ü!ì˛ ˆò£z– Ú˜Ñ˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÜyàyÎ˚!Ó £!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏò
!îò Ó˚y!ì˛Î˚yÛ !ì˛!õÓ˚ !Ó¶˛yÓÓ˚# ˆÑ˛õˆÏò Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏÓ–
17
CENTRE FOR UNIT
DISTANCE & ONLINE – III
EDUCATION ● RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY
C.C - 3.1 (Theory)
 Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò S˛ô)ãy 1ÈÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ÜyòV
 1 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò
 ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò S1ÈÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛V
 ≤ÃŸ¿õyúy
18
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò S˛ô)ãy 1ÈÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ÜyòV

˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò
¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ü“ñ ˆÎõò Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ òy›˛Ñ˛ñ !â˛eÑ˛úy £zì˛ƒy!î– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ü“ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Üyò Óy ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓîò !äÈú
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓü#– ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ~£z fl˛ôü≈Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ì˛y !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !ì˛!ò v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛ˆÏÓ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢£ãyì˛ñ fl˛∫¶˛yÓÜì˛Á
ÓˆÏ›˛– ÓyúƒÑ˛yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ !ü«˛yî#«˛yñ xyâ˛yÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚íñ !e´Î˚yÑ˛õ≈ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆÎyÜ !äÈú– ì˛y£z !ì˛!òÁ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòñ ¢yïòyÎ˚ Á ¢,!‹T ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖò!òñ ˆÓyï£Î˚ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã£z fl˛iyò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úò @˘Ãs˛i Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛yÓƒÜ#!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z ~Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ
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ì˛y!Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !â˛Ó˚ã#Óò Ó£zÓ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛yúyÈÙÙÙÈ
~£z !Ñ˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ö%!üñ xyõyÎ˚ ì˛y£z ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏú õyúy
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ÚÚ!â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏò ~Ñ˛›˛y x!òÓ≈â˛ò#Î˚ xyˆÏÓÜ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò £‡˛yÍ ~Ñ˛›˛y Üyò ÷!òˆÏú
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ò)ì˛ò xÌ≈ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– £‡˛yÍ õˆÏò £Î˚ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ ãÜˆÏì˛ xy!äÈ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÑ˛Óú ì˛y£yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ì˛úyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD£z ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ó˚y!ÖÎ˚y!äÈñ ~£z
xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛úyñ Ólfl˛Ó˚ ì˛úy ÈÙÙÙÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ~£zˆÏ›˛£z ¢õhfl˛›˛y òÎ˚– ÎÖò ~£z !Ó˛ô%ú Ó˚£¢ƒõÎ˚ ≤Ãy¢yˆÏî ¢%Ó˚ xyÓ˚ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛›˛y õ£ˆÏúÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ãyúòy
«˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ Ö%!úÎ˚y ˆîÎ˚ ì˛Öò xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛# ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£zÊ ˆ¢ÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x!¶˛K˛ì˛y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ òy£zñ ˆ¢£zãòƒ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó!úˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚
òy Ñ˛# ˛ôy£zúyõ ÈÙÙÙÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó%!G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆ¢ !îˆÏÑ˛Á x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ ¢ì˛ƒ˛ôîyÌ≈ xyˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ
~£zãòƒ£z Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãõ õ%Öƒ ~£z î%!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ä%È ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ òyˆÏõ !òˆÏÓîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 32!›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 27!›˛– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ xòƒyòƒ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÁ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D
xyˆÏäÈ–
˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!â˛hs˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛îü≈ò òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ñ v˛z˛ôõyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z
Üyò=!úÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÎò Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ÓúˆÏì˛ â˛yò !ÓŸªfl˛À‹Ty ~Ñ˛ãò Ü#ì˛!ü“# ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢,‹T ~£z î,üƒ ãÜÍ Ólfl˛ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢,!‹T–
~£z ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyñ Óyì˛y¢ñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ñ ≤Ãyí# ¢Ó£z ˆ¢£z õ£y¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!Óòƒy¢– Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#Óò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÖúyˆÏì˛
â˛yòñ ˆ¢£z úˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yïˆÏì˛ â˛yòñ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ˆì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#Óò ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ– Úì%˛!õ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ£ =í#Ûñ Úˆ£Ìy ˆÎ Üyò Üy£zˆÏì˛ xy¢yÛñ
ÚxyõyÓ˚ ˆÓúy ˆÎ ÎyÎ˚ ¢§yG˛ˆÏÓúyˆÏì˛Ûñ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ úyˆÏÜ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ £y!¢Û £zì˛ƒy!î Üyò=!úÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ¶˛yÓòy£z á%ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖy
!îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚íÈÙÙÙÈ
Úì%˛!õ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ£ =í#ñ
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¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúy ¶%˛Óò ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆäÈˆÏÎ˚ñ
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £yÁÎ˚y â˛ˆÏú ÜÜò ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ñ
˛ôy°Ïyí ›%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÓƒyÑ%˛ú ˆÓˆÏÜ ˆïˆÏÎ˚
Ó!£Î˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ï%ò#––Û
~õò!Ñ˛ Ú!ÓŸªÛ v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~£z Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛Á ~õò£z ¶˛yÓòy xyˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ
ÚˆÎ ï&Ó˛ôî !îˆÏÎ˚äÈ Ó§y!ï !ÓŸªì˛yˆÏò
!õúyÓ ì˛y£z ã#ÓòÜyˆÏò––
19
ÜÜˆÏò ì˛Ó !Óõú ò#ú ÈÙÙÙÈ £*îˆÏÎ˚ úÓ ì˛y£y!Ó˚ !õúñ

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ÓyãyÎ˚ v˛z°Ïy !òü#ÌÑ)˛ˆÏú ˆÎ Ü#ì˛¶˛y°Ïy
ˆ¢ ïπ!ò !òˆÏÎ˚ ãy!ÜˆÏÓ ˆõyÓ˚ òÓ#ò xyüy–
ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ¢£ã ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛ õõ v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÓ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ
¢ı˛ƒy õõ ˆ¢ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎò õ!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ãyˆÏò––Û
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ˆ¢£z «˛õì˛y xyˆÏäÈ Îy Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò ÓˆÏúÈÙÙÙÈ
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈy ì%˛!õ xyõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Á ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
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Óyì˛y¢ ÓˆÏ£ õ!Ó˚ õ!Ó˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏï ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖy òy ì˛Ó˚#ÈÙÙÙÈ
~ˆÏ¢y ~ˆÏ¢y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆõyÓ˚ £*îÎ˚ÈõyG˛yˆÏÓ˚––
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÖúy î)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÖúy ˆÎñ
ˆÓîòyˆÏì˛ Ó§y!ü ÓyãyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú ˆÓúy ˆÎ–
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ Ó§y!ü ÓyãyˆÏÓ ˆÜy xy˛ô!ò xy!¢
xyò®õÎ˚ ò#Ó˚Ó Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ x§yïyˆÏÓ˚––Û
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ò!®ì˛ñ ¢%®Ó˚ñ ¢%ü,Cúñ ¢%◊yÓƒ õï%Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏÓò ~ Ñ˛yõòy ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛!Óñ
Úˆì˛yõy!Ó˚ Ó˚y!Üí# ã#ÓòÑ%˛ˆÏO ÓyˆÏã ˆÎò ¢îy ÓyˆÏã ˆÜyÛ ÜyˆÏò–
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äÈyv˛¸yˆÏÎ˚ Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ ~£z ¶˛yÓòy£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ólfl˛ì˛É ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ÎÖò ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò Óy !ì˛!ò ÎÖò Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z Üyò!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏãÓ˚ Üyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ xÌ≈yÍ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ñ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ñ xyò®ñ ˆÓîòyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z Üyò=!úÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò=!úÓ˚ 1ÈÙÙÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y £úÈÙÙÙÈ
1 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò
Ñ˛yßÿ£y!¢Ó˚ÈÙˆîyúÈÙÈˆîyúyˆÏòy ˆ˛ôÔ°ÏÈÙÈö˛y=ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyúyñ
ì˛y!Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !â˛Ó˚ã#Óò Ó£zÓ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛yúyÈÙÙÙÈ
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ÈÙÈÜı˛ÈÙÈë˛yúy⁄–
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Öƒy˛ôy £yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆë˛v˛z v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ !â˛Ó˚ÓƒÌyÓ˚ ÓˆÏòñ
Ñ§˛yˆÏ˛ô xyõyÓ˚ !îÓy!òüyÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú x§yïyÓ˚ xyúyÊ
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üı˛ ë˛yúy⁄–
20
Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óy¢y £Î˚ !ò Ó§yïy !îˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã e&!›˛ñ

!Óòy Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ˛ôy£z ˆò xy!õ ä%È!›˛–
üy!hs˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆõyÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yÎ˚ !ÓŸª¶%˛ÓòÈÙÙÙÈõyˆÏG˛ñ
xüy!hs˛ ˆÎ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z ˆì˛y Ó#íy ÓyˆÏã–
!òì˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyíÈÙÈˆ˛ôyv˛¸yˆÏòy ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xy=ò ãμyúyÈÙÙÙÈ
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈÜı˛ÈÙÙÙÈë˛yúy⁄–
Üyò!›˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 1 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyòñ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 56 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ~!›˛ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚Á ≤ÃÌõ Üyò– xy¢ˆÏú ~!›˛
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ã#Óò ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ã#Óòñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ã#Óòñ ˜Ó°Ï!Î˚Ñ˛ ã#Óòñ Ë˛ôòƒy!¢Ñ˛ ã#Óòñ
Ñ˛!Óã#Óòñ òy›˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ã#Óòñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ã#Óò £zì˛ƒy!î– !Ñ˛ls˛ !ì˛!ò õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛ã#Óò›˛y£z ˆ◊¤˛ ã#Óò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏîÓì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈üÏ
ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚yã#Óò Üyò !úˆÏÖ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ Üyò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z !òˆÏî≈üˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÚÖ%!üÛñ ì˛y£z ÜyˆÏò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú~£z !Ñ˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ö%!üñ xyõyÎ˚ ì˛y£z ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏú õyúyñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üı˛ ë˛yúy⁄–Û
~ÖyˆÏò Úˆ˛ôÔ°Ï ö˛y=ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyúyÛ ÓúˆÏì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢%Ö î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆîyúy!Î˚ì˛ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛£z Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò ÜyˆÏò Ó˚*˛ôy!Î˚ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏîÓì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ~£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£zñ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò
ã#Óò ˛ôúyì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üyò òÎ˚ñ ã#Óò xò%Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Üyòñ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò–
~£z Üyò!›˛ xyÓyÓ˚ xòƒ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷ï% Üyò òÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ !ü“ ¢,!‹TÓ˚Á ¶)˛!õÑ˛y– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ◊¤˛ !ü“ñ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ !ü“ñ ì˛y Ñ˛!Óì˛y ˆ£yÑ˛ñ Üyò ˆ£yÑ˛ñ òy›˛Ñ˛ Óy Ñ˛yÓ˚&!ü“ ˆ£yÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ãß√ £Î˚ ˆÓîòyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– Îs˛fíy òy ˆ˛ôˆÏúñ î%ÉÖ òy
ˆ˛ôˆÏúñ Ñ˛‹T òy ˆ˛ôˆÏú ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ¢,!‹T £Î˚ òy– !üˆÏ“Ó˚ ãß√ ˆÓîòyÓ˚– ˆŸ’yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãß√ ˆüyˆÏÑ˛– ˆüú#Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ ‘our sweetest songs are
those that told of saddest thought’ xÌ≈yÍ Úxüy!hs˛ ˆÎ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z ˆì˛y Ó#íy ÓyˆÏãÛ–
~£z xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚£z ≤Ã!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô ˛ôy£z xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È ÜyˆÏòñ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ
Úòy â˛y!£ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚Û ÜyˆÏòÈÙÙÙÈ
Úì˛y!Ó˚ úy!Ü Îì˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈ x◊&ãú
Ó#íyÓy!îò#Ó˚ üì˛îúîˆÏú Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ ›˛ˆÏúyõú–Û
xÌÓy Ú¶˛Ó˚y ÌyÑ‰˛ fl˛ø,!ì˛¢%ïyÎ˚Û ÜyˆÏòÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú¢yÓ˚y!îò ¢ˆÏDy˛ôˆÏò ¢%ïyÓ˚¢ ë˛yúˆÏÓ õˆÏò
˛ôÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôpÓˆÏò !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ Ó#íy˛ôy!í––ÛÛ
!Ñ˛ÇÓy Úfl˛∫˛ôˆÏò ˆî§yˆÏ£ !äÈò% Ñ˛# ˆõyˆÏ£Û ÜyˆÏòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÓ˚ãò#ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ~£z ˆÎ ˆü°Ï Ñ§˛yîy
Ó#íyÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!v˛¸ú ì˛y£y Ó§yïyÛñ £zì˛ƒy!î
ÚÑ˛yßÿ£y!¢Ó˚ ˆîyú ˆîyúyˆÏòyÛ Üyò!›˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïc£z £ú ~£z ˆÎñ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò£z î%ÉÖÈÙÈˆüyÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ÓƒÌy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ xyáyì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ
Îs˛fíy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢Óy£z ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =Ó˚&ñ îyÁ ˆÜy ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î#«˛yÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆõyÓ˚y ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yàyúñ ~£z xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛«˛y––
21
õ®y!Ñ˛ò#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yñ v˛z°ÏyÓ˚ ÷Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚yñ

Ñ˛òÑ˛â§˛y˛ôy Ñ˛yˆÏò Ñ˛yˆÏò ˆÎ ¢%Ó˚ ˆ˛ôú !ü«˛y––
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !â˛_
ÎyÓ ˆÎÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢%Ó˚ ÓyˆÏã !òì˛ƒ–
ˆÑ˛yúy£ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ á)!í≈ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆãˆÏÜñ
!òˆÏÎ˚y ì%˛!õ xyõyÓ˚ Ó#íyÓ˚ ˆ¢£zÖyˆÏò£z ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y––
~£z Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 69 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ 1338 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ö˛yÄˆÏò ÚòÓ#òÛ }ì%˛òyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ~£z !mì˛#Î˚ ÜyˆÏò
Ü#ì˛¢yïÑ˛ñ ¢%Ó˚¢yïÑ˛ñ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ xyÓ˚yïÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏîÓì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏäÈòñ !ì˛!ò ˆÎò Ñ,˛˛ôy ˛ôÓ˚Óü £ˆÏÎ˚ñ xò%@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ñ˛Ó˚&íy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î#«˛y ˆîòñ òy£ˆÏú !ì˛!ò ˆÎ ˆÓ¢%Ó˚ñ ¢%Ó˚º‹Tñ ˆÑ˛yúy£ú ˛ô)í≈ ã#ÓˆÏò !òÓ≈y!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓò– ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆîÓì˛y Î!î xò%@˘Ã£
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ î#«˛y ˆîò ì˛ˆÏÓ£z !ì˛!ò ¢Ó ˆÓ¢%Ó˚ñ ˆÑ˛yúy£úñ ¢%Ó˚º‹Tì˛yÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò– ˆ¢£z xyd!ÓŸªy¢ !ì˛!ò ˛ôyˆÏÓò– ~!›˛ £ú
~ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ !îÑ˛– xyÓ˚ ~ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú#Ñ,˛ì˛ xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒyÖƒy £úÈÙÙÙÈ ~!›˛ Ü#ì˛!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Üyò– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ü#ì˛!ü«˛yÌ≈# ˆÎ ¢yïòyÎ˚
Óì˛#ñ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïòy ˆÓ¢%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢yïòy– ~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓîòÈ ÙÙÙÈ !Ó÷k˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ î)°Ïíõ%_´ !òõ≈ú ã#Óò
¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎò fl˛<!úì˛ òy ££z– ˆ£ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆîÓì˛yñ ˆ£ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =Ó˚& xyõyˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ÚˆÑ˛yúy£ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÜ á)!í≈ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ˆãˆÏÜÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z
ˆÑ˛yúy£ˆÏúÓ˚ ãÜÍ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁ– ~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ì%˛úòyõ)úÑ˛ Üyò ÈÙÙÙÈ Úˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ó#íy xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòyõyˆÏG˛Ûñ ÚÜyˆÏò ÜyˆÏò ì˛Ó
Óı˛ò ÎyÑ˛ ›%˛ˆÏ›˛Ûñ Ú¢%Ó˚ ¶%˛ˆÏú ˆÎ£z á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸y£zÛ £zì˛ƒy!î– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÜyˆÏò !ÓŸªˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !ÓŸª ãÜÍ
Î!î ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛À‹Ty {ŸªÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚–
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y G˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÌyÎ˚ ì˛y!Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
ˆîˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ ˆÜy Óy¢y xyõyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ïyˆÏÓ˚⁄–
xy!õ ÷òÓ ïπ!ò Ñ˛yˆÏòñ
xy!õ ¶˛Ó˚Ó ïπ!ò ≤ÃyˆÏíñ
ˆ¢£z ïπ!òˆÏì˛ !â˛_Ó#íyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ó§y!ïÓ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚––
xyõyÓ˚ ò#Ó˚Ó ˆÓúy ˆ¢£z ˆì˛yõy!Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚
ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ õï%Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚–
xyõyÓ˚ !îò ö%˛Ó˚yˆÏÓ ÎˆÏÓñ
ÎÖò Ó˚y!e x§yïyÓ˚ £ˆÏÓñ
£*îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ ¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÓ˚––
~£z Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!Ó Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò 60 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢– ~!›˛ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò ÓˆÏú ¢%Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ~£z ÜyˆÏò ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ~£z ÜyˆÏòÁ {ŸªÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ãÜÍ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ£õyò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛– xyÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yãÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ˆÓúy ˆÎ ÎyÎ˚ ¢§yG˛ˆÏÓúyˆÏì˛ñ
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆõúyˆÏì˛Ûñ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢,‹T ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆõúyˆÏòy£z Ñ˛yã– ÚˆÎ ï&Ó˛ôîÛ ÜyˆÏòÁ ˛ôy£z Ú!õúyÓ ì˛yÎ˚ ã#ÓòÜyˆÏòÛ– ~ÖyˆÏò
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy ~£z ˆÎñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛õÎ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛=Ó˚&ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏîÓì˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z Ü#!ì˛¢¡ÀyˆÏãƒÓ˚ xï#ŸªÓ˚ !Î!òñ ˆ¢£z ¢%Ó˚fl˛À‹TyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãÜˆÏì˛
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢,!‹TÁ ˆÎò ~Ñ˛›%˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚– ~£z ÜyˆÏò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛K˛ !ÓŸªfl˛À‹TyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ £zFäÈy xy˛ôò ¢,!‹TˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y–
!Ñ˛ls˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓÁ Üyò!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢!›˛ £ú ÈÙÙÙÈ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢,!‹T ¢ÇÜ#ì˛õÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ì˛yúñ õyòñ
úˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yïy ~£z !ÓŸª¢,!‹T ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÎ˚ˆÏõÓ˚ xï#ò– õyò%°ÏÁ ˆÎò ˆ¢£z !ÓŸª!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ü,Cúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎò
!ÓŸª!Ó!ïˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ äÈˆÏ® xò%Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
22
ì%˛!õ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ£ =í#ñ
xy!õ xÓyÑ‰˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÷!ò ˆÑ˛Óú ÷!ò––
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúy ¶%˛Óò ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆäÈˆÏÎ˚ñ
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £yÁÎ˚y â˛ˆÏú ÜÜò ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ñ
˛ôy°Ïyí ›%˛ˆÏ›˛ ÓƒyÑ%˛ú ˆÓˆÏÜ ˆïˆÏÎ˚
Ó!£Î˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ï%ò#––
õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ xõ!ò ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Üy£zñ
Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ xyõyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ Ö%§ˆÏã òy ˛ôy£z–
Ñ˛£zˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# â˛y£zñ Ñ˛£zˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÓyˆÏïÈÙÙÙÈ
£yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏò ˆÎ ˛ôÓ˚yò xyõyÓ˚ Ñ§˛yˆÏîñ
xyõyÎ˚ ì%˛!õ ˆö˛ˆÏúäÈ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ö§˛yˆÏî
ˆâ˛Ô!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãyú Ó%!ò––
~£z Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 48 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– Ü#ì˛yO!úÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛– ~ Üyò!›˛ ˆ¢£z !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Üyòñ ˆÎ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛!Ó õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛À‹Ty
~Ñ˛ãò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛K˛– fl˛À‹Ty ÎÖò {ŸªÓ˚ ì˛Öò ˛ô,!ÌÓ# ˆÎ xyˆÏúyñ Óyì˛y¢ñ ãú £zì˛ƒy!î !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚# ì˛y ¢Ó£z ¢%Ó˚ïõ≈#–
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Úãy£´Ó# ì˛y£z õ%_´ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ v˛zß√y!îò# !îüy £yÓ˚yÎ˚ñ
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Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ~!›˛£z £ú ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yÇÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó˚*˛ô ~ÓÇ ãÜÍ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓ£õyò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛–
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¢ˆÏD xy˛ôò ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõúyˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y– ˆ¢£z ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y£z Üyò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ xüy!hs˛ Ó#íyˆÏì˛ ïπ!òì˛ £Î˚– ~ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z Üyò
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¶%˛úˆÏÓ ˆ¢ Üyò Î!î òy£Î˚ ˆÎˆÏÎ˚y ¶%˛ˆÏú
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v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ÎÖò ì˛yÓ˚y ¢ı˛ƒy¢yÜÓ˚Ñ)˛ˆÏú

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ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Üyò ˆÎ Ñ˛ì˛ ÷!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏú ˆõyˆÏÓ˚
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~ xy=ò äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú ¢Ó ÖyˆÏò––
Îì˛ ¢Ó õÓ˚y ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛yˆÏú v˛yˆÏú
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24
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x§yïyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúy xy!Óú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ x§y!Ö ˆÎ õˆÏÓ˚ úyˆÏã––
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 64 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ~!›˛ ¢%Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ãÜÍfl˛À‹TyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ !ò¶,˛ì˛ xyúy˛ô– Ú¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =Ó˚& îyÁ ˆÜy ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î#«˛yÛ ÜyˆÏò
¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ =Ó˚&Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎò xÈÙÈ¢%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ î#«˛y £Î˚– ~ ÜyˆÏò ˆ¢£z ~Ñ˛£z ≤Ã¢D xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤ÃyÌ≈òyÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚
òÎ˚ñ xyd¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛!Ó Ü¶˛#Ó˚ !Ó°Ï]ì˛yÎ˚ xydyò%¢ı˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î#«˛y ¢¡ô)í≈ £Î˚!ò– ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓˆÏì≈˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yÇÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛y@˘Ãì˛y ò‹T £Î˚ñ ã#Óò ì˛yúº‹T £Î˚ñ ã#ÓòÓ#íyÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !äÈ•ˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y ¢%Ó˚ ˆÎò £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚Á
˛ôyò òy !ì˛!ò– ÚÑ˛ÖˆÏòy ÷!òÛ xÌ≈yÍ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛!Ó˚ òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y x!Ó!FäÈß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
òy– ~ Üyò {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!Ó!FäÈß¨ì˛y £#òì˛yÓ˚ Üyò– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# hfl˛ÓÑ˛=!úˆÏì˛ ~£z õ)ú ÓyˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ÚÑ˛ÖˆÏòy ÷!òñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ¶%˛!úñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy
÷!ò òy ˆÎÛ ~Ó˚ ÓƒyÖƒy– ÚxyÑ˛yü ÎˆÏÓ !ü£!Ó˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ÜyˆÏòÛ... ~!›˛ £ˆÏFäÈ õ£yãyÜ!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ%£)ì≈˛– ˆ¢£z õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢yïˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
¢ÇÜ#ì˛º‹T ã#Óòñ ì˛yÓ˚ ì%˛FäÈ îy!ÓîyÁÎ˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢– xòhs˛ ÎÖò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛Öò xüyhs˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ ì%˛FäÈ ˜îò!®ò îy!Ó
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!òˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– ˆÑ˛yúy£ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ì˛Öò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òyòyò xy!ì≈˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ó%ˆÏG˛ õyÌy ì%˛ˆÏú î§yv˛¸yÎ˚– x≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˆÓîòyñ î%ÉÖ õyÌy ì%˛ˆÏú
î§yv˛¸yÎ˚–
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ˛ô%òÓ≈yÓ˚ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏ«˛˛ô ïπ!òì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ !ÓŸª¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛À‹TyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy !òˆÏÎ˚£z !ì˛!ò
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ ˛ôÌ â˛úˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÑ˛yò Óyúƒ ˜Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ !Ó÷k˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yü !Ñ˛ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ~£z ãÜˆÏì˛ ˆõˆÏú⁄
Úüy!hs˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆõyÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yÎ˚ !ÓŸª¶)˛Óò õyˆÏG˛Û ì˛y£z Ú˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ¶%˛úyˆÏúy ˛ôÌ v˛zì˛ú ¢õ#Ó˚ˆÏíÛ– ¢Ó ¢yïˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˛ôÌºy!hs˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y
˛ôÓ˚#«˛y˛ôÓ≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢Óy£z ì˛y v˛z_#í≈ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ì˛y£z ÎÖò x˛ôÓ˚*˛ô ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ xˆÏüyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xDˆÏò ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xy=ò úyÜyÎ˚ñ ¢yïÑ˛ !Ó£¥ú £ˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛Z˛ ˆÎyãòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÜˆÏı˛ñ ÓyÎ˚% !£ˆÏÕ‘yˆÏúñ ˆõÔõy!äÈÓ˚ ˛ôyÖyÓ˚ =OˆÏò xyÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x˛ô)Ó≈ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ÜˆÏv˛¸
v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ì˛yú ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚– ~ xˆÏúÔ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Úxüy!hs˛ ˆÎ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ûñ ÚÑ%˛ˆÏ£ú# ˆÑ˛ò ãv˛¸yÎ˚
xyÓÓ˚ˆÏíÛ SÑ%˛ˆÏ£ú# Ó˚*˛ô xyÓÓ˚ˆÏí ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏÖVñ î,!‹Tü!_´ xy!Óú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyFäÈß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛ôÌ Ó˚&k˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ úIy
xyˆÏ¢ñ ~Ó˚£z òyõ xyd@’y!ò–
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ òÎ˚ò xyõyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ Üyò Üy!£ÓyˆÏÓ˚––
ö%˛ˆÏú ö%˛ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛yò‰ £züyÓ˚yÎ˚
!îÓ¢ÈÙÈÓ˚y!ì˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛òyÓ˚yÎ˚ ï)¢Ó˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚–
Üy£z ˆò ˆÑ˛ò Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó ì˛yñ
ˆÑ˛ò xyõyÓ˚ xyÑ%˛úì˛yÈÙÙÙÈ
ÓƒÌyÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ú%Ñ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ¢%Ó˚ ˆÎ £yÓ˚y£z xÑ)˛ú ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚––
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚äÈ ì˛Ó˚# £ˆÏì˛–
v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ G˛v˛¸ÈÙÈì%˛ö˛yˆÏò
ˆÓyÓy ˆõˆÏáÓ˚ ÓLÜyˆÏò
v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚äÈ õÓ˚í˛ôyˆÏò ◊yÓíÓ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛zì˛ú ïyˆÏÓ˚–
Îy£z ˆò ˆÑ˛ò ãyò òy !Ñ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏò ˆõˆÏú x§y!Ö
Ñ%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ áyˆÏ›˛ ÓˆÏ¢ Ìy!Ñ˛ñ ˛ôÌ ˆÑ˛yÌy ˛ôy£z ˛ôyÓ˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚––
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Î!î Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ñ Ü#!ì˛Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ñ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÎyãòyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy =Ó˚&c !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛£z ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ~ ì§˛yÓ˚
ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚£z !òˆÏî≈ü– Üyò ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Üy£zˆÏì˛£z £ˆÏÓ– Î!î !ì˛!ò ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãÜÍ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛<!úì˛ £òñ º‹T £òñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ~£z ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚£z !ì˛Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛yÜ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
So. ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈ Ú¢%Ó˚ ¶%˛ˆÏú ˆÎ£z á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓv˛¸y£z ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ˛yˆÏã
Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyˆÏã ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ¶˛Í≈¢òy ˆÎ––ÛV
Ñ˛!Ó Î!î ¢%Ó˚ ¢yïòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì˛ˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ö%!üñ ì,˛!ÆÁ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– So. ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ úyˆÏÜ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ £y!¢Ûñ
Úì%˛!õ Ö%!ü ÌyÑ˛ xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Û £zì˛ƒy!îV
~£z ÜyˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó õ%?˛ ì˛î‰Üì˛ !â˛ˆÏ_ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢!ì˛ƒ£z Üyò ˆ¶˛yúyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ£z ˆò£z– ¢,!‹T ã%ˆÏv˛¸ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü– ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò
Üy£zÓyÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ÷òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyòñ !îÓ¢ÈÙÈÓ˚y!eÓ˚ ¢!ı˛fl˛iˆÏúñ xyˆÏïy xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÷òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyò– ì˛ˆÏÓñ ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚
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Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !mïy ˆò£z ˆÎñ ~£z õ£yãyÜ!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD xy˛ôò Ñ˛Z˛ ˆÎyãòyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z– õ£y¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Óy !ÓŸª¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ
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xÓ˚*˛ôñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Óyí#
xˆÏD xyõyÓ˚ !â˛ˆÏ_ xyõyÓ˚ õ%!_´ !îÑ‰˛ ˆ¢ xy!ò––
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ˆÎõò ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ó¢hs˛ÓyÎ˚ Ü#ì˛ˆÏúÖy ÎyÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ
ÓˆÏí≈ ÓˆÏí≈ ˛ô%ˆÏ‹ô ˛ôˆÏí≈ ÓˆÏò ÓˆÏò !îˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÑ˛
ˆì˛õ!ò xyõyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏw !òŸªy¢ îyÁ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ñ
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!ò¶˛ˆÏÓ òyñ !òÓ≈yí£#ò–
˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# hfl˛ÓˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ˆÎõò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛À‹TyÓ˚ £zFäÈyÎ˚ Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ Óyì˛y¢ñ ÓˆÏò ÓˆÏòñ !îˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ñ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ñ ö%˛ˆÏúñ ì,˛ˆÏíñ ˛ôÕ‘ˆÏÓ ≤Ãyí¢M˛ÈyÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#Óò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ˆÎò Ó§y!üÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !òÉŸªy¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óy!ãˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ÷‹Ò ã#Óò!›˛ ˆÎò Ü#ì˛õÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ñ
ˆÎò ì˛y !ò!Ó≈á¯ £Î˚ñ ˆÎò ì˛y ü)òƒì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô)í≈ì˛yÎ˚ Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xõDú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õDˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ÜyˆÏò ÜyˆÏò ì˛Ó Óı˛ò ÎyÑ˛ ›%˛ˆÏ›˛
Ó˚&k˛Óyí#Ó˚˚ xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ§˛yîò ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛––
!ÓŸªÑ˛!ÓÓ˚ !â˛_õyˆÏG˛ ¶%˛ÓòÓ#íy ˆÎÌyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏã
ã#Óò ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôv˛YÑ˛ ˆ¢ÌyÎ˚ ú%ˆÏ›˛––
äÈ® ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà !ÜˆÏÎ˚ m®μ ÓyïyÎ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíñ
xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z ì˛yò ˆõˆÏú òy ì˛yˆÏò–
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¢%Ó˚£yÓ˚y ≤Ãyí !Ó°Ïõ Óyïy ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ˆì˛y x§y!ïñ ˆ¢£z ˆì˛y ï§yïyÈÙÙÙÈ
ÜyòÈÙÈˆ¶˛yúy ì%˛£z Üyò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòñ ÎyÑ˛ ˆ¢ xy˛ôî ä%ÈˆÏ›˛––
~£z Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 65 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– 1926ÈÙÈ~ õïƒ £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô ºõíÑ˛yˆÏú ã%ˆÏ¢úv˛ö≈˛ÈÙÈ~ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˜ÓÑ˛yú#ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛– ~£z
ºõíÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢)â˛òyÎ˚ £z›˛yú# ¢ö˛Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏú ö˛ƒy!¢Óyî# õ%ˆÏ¢y!ú!òÓ˚ â˛eýˆÏhs˛ Ñ˛!Ó !Ñ˛ä%È ºy!hs˛Ó˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xK˛yˆÏì˛ â˛ì%˛Ó˚
õ%ˆÏ¢y!ú!ò ö˛ƒy!¢ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ lfl˛!ì˛õ)úÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛z!_´ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó_,´ì˛y ÓˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– £z›˛yú# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%£zãyÓ˚úƒyˆÏu˛ ~ˆÏ¢
ˆÓ˚yõyÓ˚§úƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z¢Ó ì˛Ìƒ ˆãˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó xì˛ƒhs˛ õõ≈y£ì˛ £ò ~ÓÇ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ö˛ƒy!¢Óyî# xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ñ =Æ£ì˛ƒyñ !òÓ≈y¢òñ Ü,£Ó®#
Ñ˛Ó˚y Á Ñ˛Z˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xãfl˛À á›˛òy ÷ˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó xì˛ƒhs˛ !Óâ˛!úì˛ Á ˆÓîòy£ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ãyõ≈y!ò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !üˆÏ“yß¨ì˛
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ü£Ó˚=!úÓ˚ ˙ŸªÎ≈ñ ˜Ó¶˛Óñ Îy!s˛fÑ˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó°Ï]ì˛yÎ˚ xyeýhs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ì˛!ò ˆîˆÏÖò ˆ¶˛yÜ!ú∞% õyò%°Ï e´õü£z
fl˛∫yFäÈ®ñ ¢%Öñ ˙ŸªÎ≈Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy£@˘Ãfl˛i £ˆÏÎ˚ ä%È›˛ˆÏäÈ– £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£ã ¢yÓ˚úƒñ ¢£ã ¢%Ö– ¶)˛!õú"#Ó˚ îyòˆÏÑ˛ xÓˆÏ£úy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸
v˛z‡˛ˆÏäÈ !ÓüyúÑ˛yÎ˚ xRy!úÑ˛y– Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ˆ£yˆÏ›˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ì˛úyÎ˚ ÓˆÏ¢ Ñ˛!Ó !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~Ñ˛ Îs˛fíyñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z
üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚&úì˛yñ xyÑ˛yüñ ≤Ãyhs˛Ó˚– ˆ¢£z Îs˛fíy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!_´ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ˛≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ Ú˛ôyúyÓ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄Ûñ !òˆÏã£z ì˛yÓ˚
v˛z_Ó˚ Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚˆÑ˛yúy£ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Û– ˆ¢£z õ%!_´Ó˚ xyÑ˛yCy£z ì˛yÓ˚ ~£z ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ õ%!_´ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ ~£z xyÑ˛yˆÏüÛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ úy£zò ÚÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ õ%!_´ v˛zˆÏïπ≈ ¶˛yˆÏ¢Û–
ÚÜyˆÏò ÜyˆÏò ì˛Ó Óı˛ò ÎyÑ˛ ›%˛ˆÏ›˛Û Üyò!›˛ ˆ¢£z Ó˚&k˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õ%!_´Ó˚ xyÑ˛yCyÓ˚ Üyò– Ú!ÓŸªÑ˛!ÓÓ˚ !â˛_õyˆÏG˛ ¶%˛ÓòÓ#íy ˆÎÌyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏãÛ xÌ≈yÍ
!ÓŸªÓƒyÆ ˆÎ õ£y¢ÇÜ#ì˛ïπ!ò ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢%Ó˚ ˆõúyˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Îs˛fíy Ñ˛!ÓˆÏÑ˛ !Ó£¥ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy Úã#Óò ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôv˛YÑ˛ ˆ¢ÌyÎ˚ ú%ˆÏ›˛Û– ã#Óò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£ã äÈ® ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ fl<!úì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÑ˛yúy£úñ ¢Çáyì˛ñ
m®μ x!òÓyÎ≈– Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛yú ÎyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛– ì˛y£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ÚäÈ® ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà !ÜˆÏÎ˚ m®μ Ó§yïyÎ˚
≤ÃyˆÏí / xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z ì˛yú ˆõˆÏú òy ì˛yˆÏòÛ– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢%Ó˚ ˆò£zñ Üyò ˆò£zñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z ãv˛¸ì˛yñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò£z ¢,!‹T Ó˚&k˛– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛!Ó Úx§y!ïÛÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ÚÓ§yïyÛÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛y£z ≤ÃŸ¿ Ú˛ôyúyÓ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ÈÙÙÙÈˆÑ˛yúy£ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Û– ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ú¢%Ó˚£yÓ˚ ≤Ãyí !Ó°Ïõ Óyïy ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ¢£z ˆì˛y x§y!ï ˆ¢£z ˆì˛y Ó§yïy
ÜyòÈÙÈˆ¶˛yúy ì%˛£z Üyò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòñ ÎyÑ˛ ˆ¢ xy˛ôî ä%ÈˆÏ›˛––Û
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò S1ÈÙÈ10 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛V

ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Á ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ– òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ñ xò%Ó˚yÜ õï%õÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õDúyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí– ì˛y !õúˆÏòÓ˚
Ó§y!üñ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢ygs˛òyñ ì˛y Ó°Ï≈y!îˆÏòÓ˚ !ò¶,˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ¢D#ñ ì˛y Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ö%˛ú ˆö˛y›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛zß√yîòyñ ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏÑ˛£z fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò– ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y
ˆì˛y Üyò£z– ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚Á ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓü# x!¶˛Óƒ_´ £Î˚– ì˛y£z ˛ôy!Ì≈Ó õyò%°Ï ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy¢òyñ
Ñ˛yõòyñ «%˛o â˛yÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yñ ˆúy¶˛ ì,˛°åyñ ~£z ¢Ó !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ v˛zˆÏk≈˛ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyÖyÎ˚ ¶˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚– ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ~£z!›˛£z
õ)ú Ñ˛Ìy– ì˛y£z Ú!â˛_ !˛ô˛ôy!¢ì˛ ˆÓ˚ Ü#ì˛¢%ïyÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Û ~!›˛ ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ Üyò– ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò=!úÓ˚ î%!›˛ â˛!Ó˚e– ~Ñ˛!›˛ £ú
õyòÓã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyòñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T Üyò!›˛ òyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Óy òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ òyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üyò– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚxyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ˆÎ Üyò ÓyˆÏãñ ÷òˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ôyÁ ˆÜyÛ⁄ xÌÓy ÚÑ˛y£yÓ˚ ÜúyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y!Ó ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ì˛ò£yÓ˚Û !Ñ˛ÇÓy ÚxyõyÓ˚ ë˛yúy ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
ïyÓ˚y ˆ¢£z ˆì˛y ì%˛!õ !˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúÛ £zì˛ƒy!î–
xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò xyˆÏäÈ Îy Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚â˛òy– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¶˛úyÎ˚ ˆÓúy xˆÏÓúyÎ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ xyüyÛñ ÚÜyò=!ú ˆõyÓ˚
˜üÓyˆÏúÓ˚£z îúÛñ ÚõˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛òy Ó˚ˆÏÓ xyõyˆÏÓ˚Ûñ Ú~£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖyÛñ Úxy¢y ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚Û £zì˛ƒy!î Üyò=!ú–
ÚÜyò=!ú ˆõyÓ˚ ˜üÓyˆÏúÓ˚£z îúÛ Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛À‹Ty ˆÎ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢)"ñ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛yõú Ü¶˛#ÏÓ˚ î%Ó≈úì˛yñ ~Ñ˛!›˛
î%Ó≈ú ¢úI Ñ%˛!Z˛ì˛ xyÑ˛yCy ïÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– xyõÓ˚y ˆì˛y ãy!ò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È ¢,!‹TÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ õ)úƒ !îˆÏì˛ò ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªy¢
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!äÈú Óyày!úˆÏÑ˛ ~ Üyò Üy£zˆÏì˛£z £ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛ls˛ ~ÖyˆÏò !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ !ì˛!ò â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓñ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ˆ≤Ã!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ñ
Ú¢%Ó˚=!ú ì˛yÓ˚ òyòy ¶˛yˆÏÜ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ÎyÓ ˛ô%‹ôÓ˚yˆÏÜñ
õ#v˛¸=!ú ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏáÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ fl˛∫í≈ˆÏúÖyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó !Óú#ò–Û
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ òyòy õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ Óƒ_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢=!ú Üyò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ñ xyúyîy
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ÜyˆÏò Î!î Úì%˛!õÛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ ì%˛!õ ˆîÓì˛y òÎ˚ õyò%°Ï– ˆ¢ õyò%°Ï ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ Óy ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛y ˆÎ£z ˆ£yÑ˛– ~£z¢Ó ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xy!õ fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ñ˛!Ó xÌÓy
ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ Óy ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛y–
!â˛_ !˛ô˛ôy!¢ì˛ ˆÓ˚
Ü#ì˛¢%ïyÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ˚––
ì˛y!˛ôì˛ ÷‹Òúì˛y Ó°Ï≈í ÎyˆÏâ˛ ÎÌy
Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆõyÓ˚ ú%!Z˛ì˛ ï)!úÈÙÙÙÈÛ˛ôˆÏÓ˚
xy!ã Ó¢hs˛!òüyñ xy!ã xòhs˛ ì,˛°Ïyñ
xy!ã ~ ãy@˘Ãì˛ ≤Ãyí ì,˛!°Ïì˛ â˛ˆÏÑ˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ¢õyò
â˛w xì˛w òˆÏ¶˛ ãy!ÜˆÏäÈ ¢%Æ ¶˛ˆÏÓ
xhs˛Ó˚ Óy!£Ó˚ xy!ã Ñ§˛yˆÏî v˛zîy¢ fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 34 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– !üúy£zîˆÏ£ xÓfl˛iyòÑ˛yˆÏú Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Üyò– !Ñ˛ls˛
~!›˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚Á ≤ÃÌõ Üyò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛y– Ñ˛yÓ˚íñ ~£z Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ !Ó÷k˛ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ !òˆÏî≈y°Ïñ !òÓ˚y¢_´ñ xyˆÏõyî ≤ÃˆÏõyî
Óy úá% v˛zˆÏ_ãòy Ó!£¶)≈˛ì˛ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì,˛°åyì%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z xhs˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó
!òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ ÷‹Òúì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !òˆÏãÓ˚ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Üyò!›˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !üúy£zîˆÏ£ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ˛ô)!í≈õyÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏì˛– ~õò ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿõÎ˚# x˛ô)Ó≈ ¢%®Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏe ≤Ãyí â˛yÎ˚ ¢%¢Dñ ≤Ã#!ì˛ñ Üyë˛¸ õõì˛y £zì˛ƒy!î– !Ñ˛ls˛ Ñ˛!Ó ¢Ω˛Óì˛ ì˛Öò !òÉ¢Dñ !òã≈òì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
xyˆÏäÈòñ ì˛y£z ~£z ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒyÑ%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– Î!î ¶˛yˆÏúy Üyòñ ¶˛yˆÏúy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ ≤Ãyí ¶˛Ó˚y ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFäÈy¢ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì,˛!Æ !îì˛ ì˛y£ˆÏú
£Î˚ˆÏì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ~£z !òÉ¢Dì˛yÓ˚ î%ÉÖ x˛ô¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢£z Ü#ì˛£#òì˛y£z xhs˛Ó˚ Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ v˛zîy¢ Ñ˛yßÿ ¶˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
~£z Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ Ó°Ï≈í≤Ãì˛ƒyü# ÷‹Òúì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ !ì˛!ò !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ˆãƒyÍfl˛ÿ!˛ô˛ôy¢% â˛ˆÏÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢ˆÏD ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ì%˛úòy!›˛ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy–
xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ˆÎ Üyò ÓyˆÏã ÷òˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ôyÁ ˆÜy
xyõyÓ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ Û˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xy¶˛y¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎÖ!ò ÎyÁ ˆÜy––
Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ !Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ ›˛y!ò ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ü!üÓ˚Öy!òñ
29
xyõyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ¢ Üyò ì%˛!õ ˆì˛õ!ò !Ñ˛ òyÁ ˆÜy––

xyõyÓ˚ v˛zîy¢ £*îÎ˚ ÎÖò xyˆÏ¢ Óy!£Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏò
xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ˆîÎ˚ ïÓ˚y ˆ¢ ¢Ñ˛úÖyˆÏò–
Ñ˛!â˛ ˛ôyì˛y ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ìy Ñ˛Î˚ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌñ
xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ xy˛ôò Ñ˛Ìy ÓˆÏú ˆÎ ì˛yÁ ˆÜy––
~£z Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 60 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ~ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ Üyò !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢ Üyò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚yÜ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Óy úá%¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ñ˛ÇÓy˛
≤ÃˆÏõyî¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÈÙÈ¢Ó òÎ˚– ~ Üyò Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)" ≤ÃíÎ˚ xò%Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛Ó˚*˛ô– xy!õ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xò%Ó˚_´ ÈÙÙÙÈ ì˛y
!Ñ˛ ì%˛!õ Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈy òy⁄ ì%˛!õ !Ñ˛ xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ü£ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÏÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚›%˛Ñ%˛ ÷òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏFäÈy òy⁄ ~£z ¶˛yÓòy£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ˆÎ Üyò ÓyˆÏãñ ÷òˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ ˛ôyÁ ˆÜyÛ–
~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚#õˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)" ˆÑ˛yõú ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !ü£Ó˚í Á xyò®ñ Ñ˛¡ôò Á v˛zß√yîòyñ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôõyÎ˚
Óƒ_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Üyò!›˛ ˆÎò ˆ≤Ã!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Óy ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏjü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)" xò%¶)˛!ì˛ !ãK˛y¢yÓ˚ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yõú fl˛ôü≈Á Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyúyîy õyï%Î≈ ~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ñ˛y£yÓ˚ ÜúyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y!Ó ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚ì˛ò£yÓ˚ñ
ì˛y£z !Ñ˛ Ó#íyÎ˚ úyÜy!ú Îì˛ˆÏò ò)ì˛ò ì˛yÓ˚––
Ñ˛yòò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ üƒyõú î%Ñ)˛úñ xyˆÏõÓ˚ üyÖyˆÏì˛ ò)ì˛ò õ%Ñ%˛úñ
òÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚ õyÎ˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚ú xyÑ%˛ú !£Î˚y ˆì˛yõyÓ˚––
ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îò xyÓ˚ £Î˚!ò Óúy
òy!£ ãy!ò Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z Ó!úÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zì˛úyÊ
î!Öò ˛ôÓˆÏò !Ó£¥úy ïÓ˚y Ñ˛yÑ˛!úÑ)˛ãˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õ%ÖÓ˚yñ
xy!ã !ò!ÖˆÏúÓ˚ Óyí#õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ Ö%ˆÏúˆÏä ÈmyÓ˚––
Üyò!›˛ ¢Ω˛Óì˛ !äÈú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 64 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyñ õ˝Î˚y Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛– Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ xyÜõˆÏò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÎÖò ¢Ó%ˆÏãÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏÓ˚y£ ˆîÖy
ˆîÎ˚ñ ¢õhfl˛ Óò¶)˛!õ ÎÖò ¢Ó%ã òì%˛ò Ó¢ˆÏò xyFäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚ G˛úõú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÖò â˛ì%˛!î≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ñ ì˛Öò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ õˆÏòÁ Üyò ãyˆÏÜ–
ˆ≤Ã!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏò ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y ãyˆÏÜ– ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢y Üyò £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ ö%˛ú õyúyˆÏì˛ Ü§yÌy ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ì˛Öò£z ≤ÃŸ¿
ãyˆÏÜ Ñ˛Z˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ õyúy ˛ôÓ˚yÓ⁄ Ñ˛!ÓÁ ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Ñ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ⁄ xy¢ˆÏú v˛z_Ó˚ ~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z !ò!£ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– v˛z_Ó˚›˛y £ú
ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆ≤Ã!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Z˛ xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z ˆì˛yñ ≤Ã#!ì˛ õy!úÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚– Ñ˛!Ó ˆÎò ÓúˆÏäÈòñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ◊yì˛y xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú£z ˆì˛y xyõyÓ˚
Üyò Ó˚â˛òy ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !fl˛¨?˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xò%Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Üyò ~£z ˛ôî!›˛–
ˆÎ äÈyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ ïÓ˚Ó ÓˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˛ôí
xyã ˆ¢ ˆõˆÏò !òú xyõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚£z Óı˛ò––
xyÑ˛yˆÏü ÎyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ü !õúyÎ˚ üÓ˚ì˛ˆÏõˆÏáÓ˚ «˛!íÑ˛ ú#úyÎ˚
xy˛ôò ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ xyã ÷!ò ì˛yÓ˚ ò)˛ô%Ó˚=Oò––
xú¢ !îˆÏòÓ˚ £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚
30
Üı˛Öy!ò ˆõˆÏú ˆÎì˛ ˆÜy˛ôò xy¢yÈÙÈÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚–

xyã üÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yòˆÏ›˛ ˆõyÓ˚ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ !õúò áˆÏ›˛ñ
ˆ¢£z !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏú ÓyãyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛B˛í––
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 64 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ˆ¢Ô®ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆÎ ¢)" xò%¶)˛!ì˛ ì˛y !òÓ≈lfl˛Ñ˛ (abstract)ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yúy£z !ü“#Ó˚ Ñ˛yã– ¢%Ó˚ñ
ì˛yúñ äÈ® ˆ¢£z !òÓ≈lfl˛Ñ˛ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ_´ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– õ,!_Ñ˛yñ Óí≈ñ ˆÓ˚Öyñ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ñ !â˛ˆÏeñ õ)!ì≈˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛y›˛yˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– ˆ¢£z Óƒ_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
¢yïòy ÎÖò ¢ö˛ú £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò Ñ˛!Ó Óy !ü“# õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò xÓ˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ äÈyÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ õ)!ì≈˛ˆÏì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚!äÈñ ¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚!äÈ– ì˛Öò£z
ì˛y £Î˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ !ü“– ~£z Üyò!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚yÜˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÌ≈Ó£ Üyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xyò® ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yÜ!›˛Ó˚ òyõ ÚäÈyÎ˚yò›˛Û–
~£z äÈyÎ˚yòˆÏ›˛ Ñ˛!Ó ã#ÓˆÏò xˆÏòÑ˛ Üyò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyã Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~£z ≤Ãyhs˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ~Ñ˛ üÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ÔoFäÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈyÎ˚yò›˛ xy!◊ì˛ Üyò
Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ õò Ö%!üˆÏì˛ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ õò ÓúˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÚäÈyÎ˚yò›˛Û ïÓ˚y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÚäÈyÎ˚yò›˛Û ~£z òyõ!›˛Ó˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛y !ì˛!ò
Üyò!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Á ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎò ˆö˛y›˛yˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– äÈyÎ˚yò›˛ üˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚y Óy äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚*˛ô òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚y– ~ ÜyˆÏò äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚y
òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òyâ˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ó¡∫ òÎ˚ñ ˆ¢ ˆÎò ≤Ã!ì˛ò›˛–
~£z Üyò!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ â˛Ó˚ˆÏí ~Ñ˛ Óy ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ÓyÑ˛ƒ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˛ô%òÓ˚yÓ,_˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ
Úxyã ˆ¢ ˆõˆÏò !òú xyõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚£z Óı˛ò
ˆ¢ ˆõˆÏò !òú xyõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚£z Óı˛ò–Û
ÚxyÑ˛yˆÏü ÎyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ü !õúyÎ˚ üÓ˚ì˛ ˆõˆÏáÓ˚ «˛!íÑ˛ ú#úyÎ˚
˛ôÓ˚ü !õúyÎ˚–Û
Úxy˛ôò ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ xyã ÷!ò ì˛yÓ˚ ò)˛ô%Ó˚=Oò
÷!ò ì˛yÓ˚ ò)˛ô%Ó˚=Oòñ
Úˆ¢£z !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏú ÓyãyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛B˛í
ˆ¢ ÓyãyÎ˚ñ ÓyãyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Ñ˛B˛íÛ £zì˛ƒy!î
~£z ˛ô%òÓ˚yÓ,!_ myÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ¢,!‹T £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÖƒy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÚäÈyÎ˚yò›˛Û üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ïπ!ò xˆÏÌ≈– ÚäÈyÎ˚yò›˛Û xÌ≈yÍ òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yñ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚*˛ô
ò›˛ñ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z ˛ô%òÓ˚yÓ,!_ xÇü!›˛ ˆÎò õ)ú ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô â˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ òyâ˛ˆÏäÈ– ì˛Öò ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ Óy v˛z˛ôú∏˛ £Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛ò Ñ˛!Ó !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ
ÈÙÙÙÈÚxyã üÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yòˆÏ›˛ ˆõyÓ˚ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ !õúò áˆÏ›˛Û ~£z xÇˆÏüÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈– Úxyã üÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ äÈyÎ˚yòˆÏ›˛Û Ñ˛Ìy=!ú mÌ≈ˆÏÓyïÑ˛– ≤ÃÌõ xÌ≈ äÈyÎ˚yò›˛
Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ òyõ– !mì˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ £ú xyã üÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ î%˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÔˆÏoÓ˚ ˆÎ äÈyÎ˚y!›˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢!›˛ ˆÎò òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y òyâ˛ˆÏäÈ– ÚˆõyÓ˚ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ !õúò
áˆÏ›˛Û xÌ≈yÍ !ì˛!ò ˆÎò Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~£z äÈ!Ó!›˛ x§yÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò Óy Ó˚£¢ƒ!›˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛Öò£z !ì˛!ò ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò Úxyã
ˆ¢ ˆõˆÏò !òú xyõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚£z Óı˛òÛ– ì˛y£z ~£z Üyò!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Üyòñ äÈyÎ˚yò›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Üyò– ~ ÜyˆÏò Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ xÌ≈!›˛ Ö%Ó£z â˛õÍÑ,˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–
Üyò=!ú ˆõyÓ˚ ˜üÓyˆÏúÓ˚£z îúÈÙÙÙÈ
ÁÓ˚y ÓòƒyïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆÎ £yÓ˚yÎ˚
v˛zjyõ â˛M˛Èú––
ÁÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ò£z xyˆÏ¢ ÎyÎ˚ Óy â˛ˆÏúñ xÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ £yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆîyˆÏúÈÙÙÙÈ
!â˛£´ !Ñ˛ä%È£z ÎyÎ˚ òy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ôyÎ˚ òy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ö˛ú––
ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïò ˆì˛y òy£zñ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢yïò ˆì˛y òy£zñ
31
ÁˆÏîÓ˚ Ó§yïò ˆì˛y òy£zñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó§yïò ˆì˛y òy£z–

v˛zîy¢ ÁÓ˚y v˛zîy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü,££yÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚ñ
¶%˛ˆÏúÈÙÈÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ó˚ Û˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ›˛ˆÏúyõú––
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 61 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛Ó˚*˛ôñ ÓúyÑ˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜ ˆúÖy– ˆÎ Î%ˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ü#!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy
ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆÎ Î%ˆÏÜ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ólfl˛ñ ˆ¢ õ£y¢)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ @˘Ã£ ò«˛e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôÓ≈ì˛ ¢õ%o ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xò% ˛ôÓ˚õyí% ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ≤ÃÓ£õyò– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy›˛y£z !fl˛iÓ˚ òÎ˚ñ ï&Ó òÎ˚ñ xòv˛¸ òÎ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ÜyòÁ !Ñ˛ !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ⁄ ~£z !â˛hs˛y›˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x˜ÏÓK˛y!òÑ˛– ì˛y£z ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò=!ú ˜üÓyˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢,!‹TÓ˚ xyòˆÏ®
ÓòƒyïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ÖyˆÏò Üyò ÷ï% Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ òÎ˚– õ)ú Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ !äÈúñ ÚˆõyÓ˚ Üyò ~Ó˚y ¢Ó
˜üÓyˆÏúÓ˚£z îúÛñ !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆ¢!›˛ ˆì˛y Ñ˛!Óì˛y– xÌ≈yÍ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢Ó ¢,!‹T£z Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy£– ì˛yÓ˚y xy¢!_´Ó˚ Ñ˛yàyú òÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚y !fl˛iÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚ îyÓ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ
ÓúyÑ˛yÓ˚ üyãy£yò Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛Ìy xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ%!_´Ó˚ xyò®ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zFäÈúì˛yñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÓ˚yü!_´Ó˚ !òÓ˚yˆÏÓÜ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛y ¢%Ó˚£#ò
ì˛yò xy £y.....~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ~!›˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛yò òÎ˚ xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ Óy ≤ÃÑ˛yü–
ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ Üyò ˆüyòyÓ ì˛y£z ˆì˛y xyõyÎ˚ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖ
ÁˆÏÜy á%õ ¶˛yày!òÎ˚y–
Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ â˛õÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y£z ˆì˛y v˛yÑ˛
ÁˆÏÜy î%ÖãyÜy!òÎ˚y––
~ú x§yïyÓ˚ !áˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôy!Ö ~ú ò#ˆÏv˛¸ñ
ì˛Ó˚# ~ú ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
÷ï% xyõyÓ˚ !£Î˚y !ÓÓ˚yõ ˛ôyÎ˚ òyˆÏÑ˛y
xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛
Ñ˛yßÿ£y!¢Ó˚ ˆîyúy ì%˛!õ ÌyõˆÏì˛ !îˆÏú òy ˆÎ–
xyõyÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ü Ñ˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyí ¢%ïyÎ˚ ¶˛ÛˆÏÓ˚
ì%˛!õ ÎyÁ ˆÎ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó%!G˛ xyõyÓ˚ ÓƒÌyÓ˚ xyv˛¸yˆÏúˆÏì˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛
~£z Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 61 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ~!›˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÚÓ˚_´Ñ˛Ó˚Ó#Û òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó÷ òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ â˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ Ó¢yˆÏòy– ~£z òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!Ó÷ ~Ñ˛ Ö!òÓ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ñ ˆÎ Ö!ò ã#ÓˆÏò ◊!õÑ˛ !Ó÷Ó˚ ä%È!›˛Á ˆò£zñ õ%!_´ ˆò£zñ xyò® ˆò£z– xyˆÏäÈ ÷ï% !Ó°Ïyî xyÓ˚ ˆòüy– xyÓ˚ õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòüy
Îy Ñ,˛!eõ v˛zˆÏ_ãòyÎ˚ ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ â˛yDy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò £‡˛yÍ ò!®ò# òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~£z Üyò!›˛ ÷!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Ö!òˆÏì˛
xy¢yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~£z ò!®ò#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢ˆÏì˛y– ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– ò!®ò# ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õ)úƒ òy !îˆÏÎ˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ì˛Ó˚&íˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xyãˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛Ìy ˆ¢ î#á≈ŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ãyòyˆÏFäÈñ ˆÎ ì˛ÖòÁ ò!®ò#Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖñ ˆ¢
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏú!ò– ì˛y£z ò!®ò#Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛£z ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î%ÖãyÜy!òÎ˚yñ á%õ¶˛yày!òÎ˚y– ~ÖòÁ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛ ò!®ò#£z ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yßÿïyÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆîyúy–
32
!Ñ˛ls˛ ~ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y xÌ≈ xyˆÏäÈñ Îy òy›˛Ñ˛ !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ñ Îy òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~£z òy›˛Ñ˛!›˛ ˆúÖyÓ˚
xyˆÏÜ£z ~ Üyò!›˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ì˛Öò ¶˛yÓˆÏì˛ £zˆÏFäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z Úì%˛!õÛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó¢y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òyÓ˚# òÎ˚– ~Ñ˛îy ˆÎ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÓ˚ òyÓ˚#ñ ˆÎ Ó˝î)ˆÏÓ˚
â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢ ~ÖòÁ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– xyã Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢Ó Üyë˛¸ ˆ≤Ãõ Üyò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£z òyÓ˚#Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏü !òˆÏÓ!îì˛
£Î˚– ì˛y£z ˆ¢£z fl˛ø,!ì˛üy!Î˚ì˛y òyÓ˚#ñ ˆ¢£z fl˛∫˛ôòâ˛y!Ó˚í# òyÓ˚# Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ î%ÖãyÜy!òÎ˚y– xyãÁ ˆ¢£zÈÙÈ£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyñ ì˛y£z á%õ
¶˛yày!òÎ˚y– xÌ≈yÍ ÚÑ˛!ÓÓ˚ xhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛!ÓÛ ì˛y£z Ú≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ õyò%°Ï xyˆÏäÈ ≤ÃyˆÏíÛ ì˛y£z ˆ¢ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ â˛õÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ ÁˆÏ‡˛– xyã ˆ≤ÃÔë˛¸ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢
¢ı˛ƒyÓ˚ ¡‘yò xyˆÏúyÎ˚ ÎÖò ¢Ó ˛ôy!Ö áˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ñ â˛y!Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ üy!hs˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò £Î˚ñ ì˛Öò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xüyhs˛ !â˛_ ¶%˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚˆÎò ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ £Î˚!ò xyòy ˆ¢ Ñ˛Ìy Ó˚Î˚ õˆÏòÛ– ì˛y£z Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ Ú~ú x§yïyÓ˚ !áˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!Ö ~ú ò#ˆÏv˛¸ñ ì˛Ó˚# ~ú ì˛#ˆÏÓ˚ / ÷ï% xyõyÓ˚
!£Î˚y !ÓÓ˚yõ ˛ôyÎ˚ òyˆÏÑ˛yÛ–
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ~ì˛ Ñ˛yãñ ~ì˛ Öƒy!ì˛ñ ~ì˛ Ó˝õ%Ö# ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ ~ì˛ !ÓŸªˆÏãyv˛¸y ì§˛yÓ˚ Îyì˛yÎ˚yì˛ñ ì˛Ó% ì˛yÓ˚Á ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yßÿ ˆÎò !â˛Ó˚ãyÜÓ˚&Ñ˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛Ó˚!ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô !üÖy ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ ãμúˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ Ñ˛!Ó ì˛yÓ˚ xúÖ fl˛ôü≈ ˛ôyòñ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓò˚ òy–
~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyˆÏÓÜñ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó£ Ñ˛yßÿñ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜy˛ôòñ !ò!Óv˛¸ xhs˛É˛ô%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú xyòy ~Ñ˛ fl˛iyÎ˚# î#á≈Ÿªy¢ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˝ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy !îˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆ¢ ì˛Ìƒ ãyòˆÏú xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ófl˛øÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ– Üyò!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ë˛˛ô
Ñ˛#ì≈˛òÈÙÙÙÈ Úâ˛úˆÏúy ïò# !ÓˆÏòy!îò# xy˛ôò õ!®ˆÏÓ˚Û–
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛y!ú ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî ˆÜy v˛z°ÏyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏúÈÙÙÙÈ
xyÎ˚ ˆÜy ˆì˛yÓ˚yñ xyÎ˚ ˆÜy ˆì˛yÓ˚yñ xyÎ˚ ˆÜy â˛ˆÏú––
â§˛y˛ôyÓ˚ Ñ˛!ú â§˛y˛ôyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏäÈ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyüyÎ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈñ
Ñ˛yò ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ òì%˛ò ˛ôyì˛y Üy£z!Ó ÓÛˆÏú––
Ñ˛õúÓÓ˚í ÜÜòÈÙÈõyˆÏG˛
Ñ˛õúâ˛Ó˚í Á£z !ÓÓ˚yˆÏã–
Á£zÖyˆÏò ˆì˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÑ˛ñ òÓ#ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ Á£z ˆîˆÏü ÎyÑ˛
Á£z ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÓ˚ î%Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÖyˆÏú––
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 69 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– òÓ#ò }ì%˛òyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛– 1337 ~ òÓ#ò }ì%˛òy›˛ƒ!›˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~ ÜyˆÏò òÓ#ò ì˛Ìy Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚
˛ôyúy !òˆÏÓîÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆòÁÎ˚y xÌ≈yÍ îyò ≤Ã!ì˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛_¥ ¢ı˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÁ ˆ¢£z
xyÓ,!_ñ ˆÑ˛òòyÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÜyò ˆì˛y xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛Óú Üy£z ˆòñ Üyò ˆÎ xyõÓ˚y !î£zñ ì˛y£z Üyò xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£zÛ– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ÚÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛y!ú ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆî ˆÜy
v˛z°ÏyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏúÛ ~£z Üyò!›˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛yúy ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ Ñ˛!Ó v˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛y!ú ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛– â§˛y˛ôy ÜyäÈ Ñ˛!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ xyˆÏäÈ ö%˛›˛ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏúñ xÌ≈yÍ ¢%Ó˚ ˆë˛ˆÏú ˆîˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú– â§˛y˛ôyÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã ˛ôyì˛y
¢%Ó˚ ˆë˛ˆÏú ˆîˆÏÓ– Ñ˛õú ÓÓ˚í ˙ ÜÜˆÏò ¢%Ó˚ú"# ì˛yÓ˚ â˛Ó˚í ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈÑ˛–
ÁˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ £*îÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛Öò ˆì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yì˛Ñ˛yˆÏú
î#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛ ¶˛y¢yˆÏú––
ˆÎò ˆÓ˚ ì%˛£z £‡˛yÍ ˆÓ§ˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ñ˛ˆÏòy v˛yàyÎ˚ Îy¢ ˆò ˆ‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ
ãv˛¸y¢ ˆò ˜üÓyˆÏúÓ˚ ãyˆÏú––
33
ì˛#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆ£yÌy !fl˛iÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô ˆ¢£z ãμyúyˆÏòyÈÙÙÙÈ

xâ˛ú Ó˚ˆÏ£ ì˛y£yÓ˚ xyˆÏúy–
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô ì%˛£z ˆÎ ÜyˆÏò â˛ú!Ó ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ xÑ)˛úÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏò
â˛˛ôú ˆë˛v˛zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÑ%˛ú ì˛yˆÏú––
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 54 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ã#Óòfl˛ø,!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Üyò Üy!£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ì˛yõ òyñ ì˛y£y õˆÏò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ òyÛ–
~ Üyò!›˛Á Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ¢£z Ü#!ì˛õÎ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xydfl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫ÜˆÏì˛y!_´– Ñ˛!Ó !òˆÏãÓ˚ xydfl˛∫Ó˚*˛ôˆÏÑ˛ñ õòˆÏÑ˛ S~ ÜyˆÏò £*îÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛V ¢ˆÏ¡∫yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ã¶˛yì˛Ñ˛yˆÏú ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏîÓì˛y ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚D≤ÃÓyˆÏ£ ≤Ãî#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ¶˛y!¢ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~Öò ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy
~£z ≤Ãî#˛ô!›˛ñ ~£z ã#Óò ≤Ãî#˛ô!›˛ñ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z Ü#!ì˛õÎ˚ì˛y!›˛ ˆÎò üƒyÁúyÎ˚ òy ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎò ì˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ òy £Î˚– ˆÎò Üyò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò fl˛<!úì˛ òy £ò– ˆÎò ~£z Üyò Üy£zˆÏì˛ Üy£zˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÏÓ˚ ¢DˆÏõ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈò– ˆ¢£z ¢%î)Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ ˆÎ !fl˛iÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ì§˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô!›˛ ˆÎò ˆ¢£z xòƒ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !fl˛iÓ˚ xyˆÏúy!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !õ!úì˛ £Î˚– Sì%˛úò#Î˚ ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ˆü°Ï
˛ôyÓ˚y!òÓ˚ Ñ˛!v˛¸ÛV–
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~£z xy˛ôò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õõì˛yñ ~£z Üyò ¢,!‹TÓ˚ xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ xyfl˛iy ~ÓÇ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛
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Ñ˛yú Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓúy Üyò ~ú ˆõyÓ˚ õˆÏòñ
ì˛Öò ì%˛!õ !äÈˆÏú òy ˆõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏò––
ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ÓúÓ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ ÓÛˆÏú Ñ˛y›˛ú ã#Óò ò#Ó˚Ó ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãˆÏú
ˆ¢£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ£yõyòˆÏú v˛z‡˛ú ãμˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ x§yïyÓ˚ «˛ˆÏíÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛Öò ì%˛!õ !äÈˆÏú òy ˆõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏò––
ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!äÈˆÏúõ xyãˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛yú £ˆÏú
ˆ¢£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ ÎyÓ ÓˆÏú–
ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zîy¢ ¢%Óy¢ ˆÓv˛¸yÎ˚ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy!ÖÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò xyÑ˛yü ˆÜú ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ¢£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ úyÜú òy ˆ¢£z ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Îì˛£z ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yò˛ôˆÏíÈÙÙÙÈ
ÎÖò ì%˛!õ xyäÈ xyõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏò––
Üyò!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 54 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òy– ~£z Üyò!›˛Ó˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãß√Û– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛yßÿ£y!¢Ó˚ ˆîyú ˆîyúyˆÏòy
ˆ˛ôÔ°Ï ö˛y=ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyúyÛ ÜyˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ
Úüy!hs˛ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆõyÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yÎ˚ !ÓŸª¶)˛Óò õyˆÏG˛
xüy!hs˛ ˆÎ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z ˆì˛y Ó#íy ÓyˆÏãÛ–
~ ÜyˆÏòÁ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÑ˛yú Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓúy Üyò ~ú ˆõyÓ˚ õˆÏò
ì˛Öò ì%˛!õ !äÈˆÏú òy ˆõyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏò–Û
xÌ≈yÍ !ÓŸª¶)˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xüy!hs˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Úì%˛!õ òy ÌyÑ˛yÛ õyˆÏò Ú!ÓÓ˚£Û– õye Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!îò xyˆÏÜ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÚxyõyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ìy Ó§y!ü
ãyˆÏòÛ S¶˛yo 1322Vñ xyÓ˚ xy!Ÿªò 1322~ !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòñ ÚÑ˛yú Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓúy Üyò ~ú ˆõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÛ– î%!›˛ Üyò ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛– xyˆÏÜÓ˚
Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
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Ú~õ!ò ˆÜú ¢yÓ˚y Ó˚y!ì˛ñ ˛ôy£z!ò xyõyÓ˚ ãyÜyÓ˚ ¢y!ÌÈÙÙÙÈ

Ó§y!ü!›˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúõ ÜyˆÏò ÜyˆÏò–Û
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ÚÑ˛yú Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓúy Üyò ~ú ˆõyÓ˚ õˆÏò
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«˛ˆÏí «˛ˆÏí xy!¢ ì˛Ó î%Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ñ xÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Üyò Üy£z––
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ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ â˛!Ñ˛ì˛ ¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ £y!¢ ˆî!ÖˆÏì˛ ˆÎ â˛y£zÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛y£z xÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Üyò Üy£z––
ö˛y=ˆÏòÓ˚ ö%˛ú ÎyÎ˚ G˛!Ó˚Î˚y ö˛y=ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÈÙÙÙÈ
«˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ%!‡˛ ˆîÎ˚ ¶˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ xyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È òy!£ ãyˆÏò–
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Îì˛Öò Ìy!Ñ˛ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÓ òy!Ñ˛ ~ ˆÖúyÓ˚£z ˆ¶˛úy›˛y£z
ì˛y£z xÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Üyò Üy£z––
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Ó¢ˆÏhs˛Ó˚ Üyò òÎ˚ñ ~!›˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ü“ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Üyò– Î!îÁ ÜyòÁ ˆ¢£z !ü“ì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü ì˛y£z Üyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò–
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Ñ˛Ìy £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆì˛y ÓÓ˚Ç ~Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
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Ü˛!ÓÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ Ü˛# ï˛y Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ òyG–
4É Ú§ÙhflÏ ~ SÈ®Ë˛y.y x§Çà!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ §yly•z °yàyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ï˛ylÈüüüÈˆÜ˛yl‰ Ü˛!Óï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛⁄ SÈ®Ë˛y.y x§Çà!ï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛
Ü˛# ï˛yÍ˛õˆÏÎ≈ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚ òyG–
5É à#ï˛!Óï˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)çy ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ àyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ àyl=!°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚Ó#wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ àyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ Ë˛yÓly ≤ÃÜ˛y!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 1ÈüÈ5
§ÇáƒÜ˛ àyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ò%!ê˛ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏl Óƒyáƒy Ü˛Ó˚–
6É Ü˛!ÓÓ˚ àyˆÏlÓ˚ §,!‹T !ÓÓ˚• ˆÓòlyÎ˚ñ !Ù°l Óy ˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ àyl xyˆÏ§ lyÈüüüÈ ~•z Ë˛yÓly!ê˛ ˆ≤ÃÙ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ü˛ ˆÎ àyl!ê˛ˆÏï˛
≤ÃÜ˛y¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õyë˛ !°ˆÏá àyl!ê˛Ó˚ Ë˛yÓyÌ≈ Óƒyáƒy Ü˛Ó˚–
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Semester-3-C C - 3 1

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CENTRE FOR DISTANCE &

Semester C.C Unit

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University

Printed at The Saraswati Printing Works, 2 Guru Prosad2Chowdhury Lane, Kolkata-700006

M.A. in Rabindra Sangeet

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