Rabindra Sangeet CC 2.2

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RABIINDRA BHARAT
B TI UNIVE
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Self-Learning Materia
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M.A. NGEEET)
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Under CB
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Sem
mester C..C Unitt
2 2..2 1‐5
5
Rabind
draBhavan, EEE 9 & 10, Sector – II, Salt Lake City, Kolkata –700091, Phone ‐ (033)) 23584014/ 4016/
4 4018
Websitte: www.rbudde.in, E‐mail: director.cdoee@rbu.ac.in
COURSE CONTRIBUTORS
NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION
Prof Indrani Ghosh Professor (Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University,

Kolkata.
Dr Ruma Mitra Assistant Professor (Rabindra Centre for Online and Distance
Sangeet) Education, Rabindra Bharati
University, Kolkata
COURSE EDITORS

Prof Indrani Ghosh Professor (Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University,
Kolkata.
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE

Dr Ruma Mitra Assistant Professor (Rabindra Centre for Online and Distance
University, Kolkata
Dr. Samita Mukherjee Assistant Professor (Rabindra Centre for Online and Distance
University, Kolkata
March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University
All rights reserved. No part of this SLM may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without
permission in writing from the Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata.
Printed and published on behalf of the Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata by the Registrar, Rabindra Bharati
University.
Printed at East India Photo Composing Centre, 69 Sisir Bhaduri Sarani, Kolkata-6
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CBCS (Semester-II)
CC 2.2 (Theory)
Credit : 03 Marks-50
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎÜ˚ ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛

Thematical integrated study of Tagore song
Unit-1 ≠  Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ≠ v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ¢£ 4

 ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò õ,ì%˛ƒ ˆâ˛ì˛òy 9
 ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò ¶˛!_´Óyî 10
Unit-2 ≠  ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 13
 ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò ˆ≤Ãõ ˆâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !Ó!â˛eì˛y 19
Unit-3 ≠  ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ 23
Unit-4 ≠  !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò !Ó!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô 28
Unit-5 ≠  xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 33
Unit-1
¬ı˛¬ıœf¸eœÓ¬ [¤˜.¤.]
CBCS (Semester-II)
CC 2.2 (Theory)
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
Credit : 03 Marks-50
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ≠
¶)˛!õÑ˛y ≠
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò=!ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !Óòƒhfl˛Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ◊&!ì˛ õyï%ˆÏÎ≈ x!ïÑ˛ì˛Ó˚
xyÑ˛°Ï≈í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Á !mì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !mì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚
S1346 ¶˛yoV !ÓK˛y˛ôˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈÚÚÜ#ì˛!Óì˛yò ÎÖò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛Öò ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ñ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚y ¢cÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚
ì˛yv˛¸òyÎ˚ Üyò=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚yò%e´!õÑ˛ ü,Cúy!Óïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ì˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ˆÎ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Óá¯ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ì˛y òÎ˚ñ ¢y!£ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚¢ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚Á «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú– ˆ¢£zãòƒ ~£z ¢ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏí ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xò%°ÏD Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üyò=!ú
¢yãyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y òy ˆ˛ôˆÏúÁ ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ~£z Üyò=!ú xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò–ÛÛ
¢%Ó˚ äÈyv˛¸yÁ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Üyò=!ú Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛!Óì˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ¢õyîÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛#«¯˛ î,!‹T !äÈú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚– Üyò=!úÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ Ú¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xò%°ÏD Ó˚«˛yÛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ü,Cúy ˆÑ˛Óú Ó˚¢ˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚£z v˛zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ !â˛hs˘˛yÈÙÈ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚
¢ˆÏDÁ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚– Î!îÁ !Ó°ÏÎ˚yò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ !Óòƒhfl˛Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˙=!úÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÑ˛yúÜì˛ ˛ôÇ!_´ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛Ó%Á Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü ì˛y ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô%‹T ÓˆÏú ~Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ú~Ñ˛!›˛ xî,üƒ ˙ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ¢)e ¢ı˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y
õ%?˛ ££z– ≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úÑ˛ Á ¢¡ôyîòyÈÙÈ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢%ï#Ó˚ â˛w Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛!Ó ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò ¢ÇÖƒy myÓ˚y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏú!äÈ– !¶˛ß¨ !¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõy
ˆîÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚!òñ xÌâ˛ £z!DˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛ß¨ì˛y Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢ÇÖƒyõyúyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏò ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ò#Ó˚ˆÏÓ !ò!î≈‹T
£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ¶˛yÓ%Ñ˛ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˆ¢£z ÎˆÏÌ‹T–...ÛÛ
xòƒ ¢Ñ˛ú Ó£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛£z xyõyÓ˚ õò›˛y ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ì˛yv˛¸y úyÜyˆÏFäÈÈÙÙÙÈòì%˛ò ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ Á ~Ñ˛›˛y
òì%˛ò ¢,!‹TÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô£z ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ~£z !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈÚ˛ô)ãyÛñ Úfl˛∫ˆÏîüÛñ Úˆ≤ÃõÛñ Ú≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ûñ Úxyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛Û ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ◊í#¶%˛_´ òÎ˚ ÓˆÏú Ú!Ó!â˛eÛ–
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˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ≠
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛ ≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛!Ó ˆÎ Üyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ò!î≈‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢!›˛ £ú ÚÑ˛yßÿ £y!¢Ó˚ ˆîyú ˆîyúyˆÏòyÛ
Üyò!›˛ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛y!ì≈˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈx@˘Ã£yÎ˚í 1322 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚–
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆõy›˛ 626!›˛ Üyò ¢ÇÑ˛úò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ¢ÇÖƒy!›˛ ˆ≤Ãõñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Óy fl˛∫ˆÏîü ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛
ˆÓ!ü– ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó fl˛∫Î˚Ç !mì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò ÚÜyòÛ Óı%˛ñ ≤ÃyÌ≈òyñ !ÓÓ˚£ñ ¢yïòy Á ¢ÇÑ˛“ñ
î%ÉÖñ xyŸªy¢ñ xydˆÏÓyïòñ xhs˘˛õ%≈ˆÏÖñ ãyÜÓ˚íñ !òÉ¢ÇüÎ˚ñ ¢yïÑ˛ñ v˛zÍ¢Óñ xyò®ñ !ÓŸªñ !Ó!Óïñ ¢%®Ó˚ñ Óyv˛zúñ ˛ôÌñ ˆü°Ïñ
˛ô!Ó˚íÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Ñ˛Î˚!›˛ v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Óòƒhfl˛Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~£z !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Üyò v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÖƒy 32!›˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
ÜyˆÏò£z ¢%Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶˛!_´õÎ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ˆõˆÏú– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ïõ≈ˆÏâ˛ì˛òy {ŸªÓ˚yò%¶)˛!ì˛ Ó·˛!ãK˛y¢y !òˆÏÎ˚
Îì˛£z xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ˆ£yÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛=!ú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛õò ÎˆÏÌ‹T xyˆÏúyâ˛òy £Î˚!ò– Ó˚Ó#w !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ ◊ˆÏk˛Î˚
x!ãì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ â˛e´Óì˛#≈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÑ˛yÓƒ ˛ô!Ó˚e´õyÛÈÙÈÎ˚ Ü#ì˛yO!úñ Ü#!ì˛õyúƒ Á Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ïõ≈¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõyòƒ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ¢õ@˘Ã ˛ô)ãy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆ¢ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛_´ £Î˚!ò– ¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛Ñ˛yˆÏú Ü#ì˛yO!úˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõyòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏ›˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˆ¢£z=!úÓ˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò x¢¡ô)í≈£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
{ŸªÓ˚ñ õyòÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ~£z !ì˛ò ¶)˛ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆÓyï Ñ˛!Ó˚ {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ xyò%Üì˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚– Óy·˛ ïˆÏõ≈Ó˚ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôy!úì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó xò%¤˛yˆÏò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚
ˆÎ ˙!ì˛ˆÏ£ƒ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Óúõye !ü“Ñ˛õ≈ Óy !â˛_ !ÓˆÏòyîòõye !äÈú òyñ ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ xhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ü¶˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛!_´Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ î#«˛y£z !ì˛!ò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛!Ó ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚáˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎ Ó˝ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õòÈÙÙÙÈ
xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó§y!ü xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ§˛y!¢ xˆÏòÑ˛ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò–
Ó§ï%Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xy¢yÓ˚ ˆÓúyÎ˚ Üyò!›˛ ÷ï% !òˆÏúò ÜúyÎ˚ñ
ì˛yÓ˚£z ÜúyÓ˚ õyúƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó õ)úƒÓyò–Û
ì˛Öò ~£z v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛Óú x!ì˛Ó˚Oò ÓˆÏú xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ òy–
Ólfl˛ì˛ñ ¶˛!_´ˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢%Ó˚¢,!‹TÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆõúÓı˛ò ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏúy!Ñ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò !mˆÏãwòyÌñ ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌñ
¢ˆÏì˛ƒwòyÌñ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ≤Ãõ%Ö ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛Ó˚&í ≤Ã¶˛yÓüyú#Ó˚y– !Ó!ü‹T =í# xyâ˛yÎ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ü«˛yú∏˛ ï&˛ôîñ ïyõyÓ˚ñ
!£®%fl˛iyò# Ó˚y!Üí# xy◊Î˚# ¢%Ó˚ ÎÖò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õy!ì˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z¢Ó ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ó·˛¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚
˛ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ v˛zÍ¢y£ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~£z xy@˘ÃˆÏ£ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏã Óƒy˛ô,ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈˆÏúò– Îî%¶˛ˆÏRÓ˚ Üyò ÓyÇúyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎò ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyò®õÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y !äÈú– Úˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ì˛Ó˚#ÛÓ˚ ˜Ó°åÓ
Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòñ Ú!≤ÃÎ˚ãˆÏò Îy£y !îˆÏì˛ â˛y£z ì˛y£z !î£z ˆîÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚Û–ÈÙÙÙÈ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ˆì˛õò£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!ü“# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ¢yïòy Á ¢,!‹TˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÓì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓî#Ó˚ xá≈ƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô !òˆÏÓîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïòƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò–
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢Ü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ã#ÓòˆÏîÓì˛yÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ˆÏí– ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ò!Óv˛¸ á!ò¤˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛
¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üì˛ Ñ˛õ≈¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓ£õyò ò#Ó˚Ó !ÓŸªy¢ñ !ÓŸªãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ x!â˛hs˘˛ƒ ü!_´Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Üì˛ õyòÓ
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òy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò òy– ì˛Öò£z â˛ˆÏú !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ú#úy–
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙ŸªÎ≈õÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ô òÎ˚ñ õyï%Î≈ƒõÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ô£z Ü#!ì˛õyˆÏúƒÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò v˛z˛ôú!∏˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚– ì%˛!õ ˆÎ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyäÈ xyÑ˛yü
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£ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ˆü°Ï ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò£z ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Üyòñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Üyòñ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ Üyò ¢Ó ~Ñ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ {ŸªÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ≈ŸªÓ˚ ˆÓyï ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!ÆˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
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Unit-2
¬ı˛¬ıœf¸eœÓ¬ [¤˜.¤.]
CBCS (Semester-II)
CC 2.2 (Theory)
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ¢D#ˆÏì˛ ˆîÓì˛y Á õyòÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yãõyò– ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò
~£z î%!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xDy!D¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!v˛¸ì˛– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ¢D#ì˛=!úÓ˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õÑ˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ=!úÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy
x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ÈÙÙÙÈ S1V Ñ˛!ÓÑ˛y!£ò# S1878Vñ S2V Óòö%˛ú S1880Vñ S3V ¶˛@¿£*îÎ˚ S1881Vñ S4V Ó˚&oâ˛[˛ S1881Vñ
S5V õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúy S1888V ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ òy›˛ƒ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ õ)ˆÏú£z !äÈú òÓ˚òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓƒ_´ xyˆÏÓÜÑ˛!“ì˛ £*îÎ˚FäÈy¢– ~äÈyv˛¸y S1V ¢ı˛ƒy¢D#ì˛
S1882Vñ S2V ≤Ã¶˛yì˛ ¢D#ì˛ S1883Vñ S3V ˜üüÓ ¢D#ì˛ S1884Vñ S4V Ñ˛!v˛¸ Á ˆÑ˛yõú S1886V ~ÓÇ S5V õyò¢#
S1890V £zì˛ƒy!î Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ólfl˛ õ)úì˛ ˆ≤Ãõ–
1882 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛y!ì≈˛Ñ˛ õyˆÏ¢ õye 15 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ¢Ï ÚK˛yòyB%˛Ó˚Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ @˘Ãs˛i ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Ñ˛!Ó !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆú
Ï òÈÙÙÙÈÚÚÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓƒ
xyõÓ˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛!Ó˚– ÎÖò ˆ≤Ãõñ Ñ˛Ó˚&íy ¶˛!_´ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ó,!_ ¢Ñ˛ú £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ü)ë˛¸ v˛zÍ¢ ££zˆÏì˛ v˛zÍ¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚ñ
ì˛Öò xyõÓ˚y £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ úyáÓ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y ì˛y£y Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓƒÓ˚*˛ô ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛ ë˛y!úÎ˚y !î£z...–ÛÛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓƒ
!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ¢D#ì˛=!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD v˛z!_´!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚–
ÚÑ˛!Ó Ñ˛y!£ò#Û ÜyÌy Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ òyÎ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛!Ó– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ˛ôye# ò!úò#– Ñ˛!Ó ÎÖò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ úy!úì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈õ%?˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚
~Ñ˛ õyò!ÓÑ˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ x!òˆÏî≈üƒ Á ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó£πúñ ò!úò#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛Öò£z ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚– ~ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ
Ó!úˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ÚÚ~ÖòÁ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ îyÓ˚&í ü)òƒ/ˆ¢£z ü)òƒ !Ñ˛ ~ ãòˆÏõ ˛ô%!Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy xyÓ˚⁄/õˆÏòÓ˚ õ!®Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ ≤Ã!ì˛õy
òy!£ ˆÑ˛y ˆÎò/÷ï% ~ x§yïyˆÏÓ˚ Ü,£ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˛ô!v˛¸Î˚y–ÛÛ
Ñ˛!Ó Á ò!úò#Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛Á !Óá¯£#ò £Î˚!ò– xhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÓƒ_´ ˆÓîòy !òˆÏÎ˚ ÚÑ˛!ÓÛ !ÓŸªºõˆÏí ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ!Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛
ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢#õy£#ò xüy!hs˘˛– xyÓ˚ ì˛y£z !òˆÏÎ˚£z !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ õ%õ%°Ï%≈ ò!úò#Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– ¶˛@¿£*îÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÁ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Ó â˛!Ó˚e
xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏòÁ õ)Ó˚úyÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚£z xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏí õ,ì˛≤ÃyÎ˚ õ)Ó˚úyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ÚõyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÛÓ˚ xõÓ˚ ÎÖò üyhs˘˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ v˛zˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛Öò õyÎ˚yÑ%˛õyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈÚˆÑ˛£ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y
õò Ó%ˆÏG˛ òy/Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏ¢ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚Û– ~£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z ˆúÖy ÚÓ˚&oâ˛[˛Û Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÁ ~£z x˛ô)í≈ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xÓƒ_´ ˆÓîòyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ–
¢Ó Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ£z ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy£#ò £*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãõyò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– 1292 ¢yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ÚÓ˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚yÛ
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òyˆÏõ Ü#!ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò!›˛ˆÏì˛ !Ó!Óï ¢D#ì˛ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõyÎ˚ 116!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü£z !äÈú ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Üyò– Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 24 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
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Ñ˛y£yÓ˚Á ì˛y£yˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyò® òy£z–ÛÛ
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ã#ÓˆÏò Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÓúy òyõÑ˛ fl˛ø,!ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyˆÏì˛Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí xyˆÏäÈ– !ì˛!ò xyßÿÓ˚ òyõÑ˛Ó˚í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ò!úò#– ~£z !≤ÃÎ˚ òyõ!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÓúy @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Ñ˛!Ó
!úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ£zˆÏFäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúõ ˆ¢£z òyõ!›˛ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ äÈˆÏ® ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛– ˆÓ§ˆÏï !îú%õ ˆ¢›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ü§yÌ%!òˆÏì˛ñ
÷òˆÏúò ˆ¢›˛y ˆ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏÓúyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó# ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓúˆÏúòñ Ñ˛!Óñ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Üyò ÷òˆÏú ˆÓyï £Î˚ xyõyÓ˚ õÓ˚í!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á
≤Ãyí ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆãˆÏÜ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–ÛÛ
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô ãμy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó xy˛ôò õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ î)ì˛#ñ ≤Ãì˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚
!˛ôäÈˆÏò ÌyÑ˛y !â˛Ó˚ xyÜls˘˛Ñ˛ Ó§ï%Ó˚ î)ì˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
Úˆü°Ï ¢ÆÑ˛Û Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ 43 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ÈÙÈˆÎÔÓò ¢!ı˛Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò
ˆÎñ ì˛Ó˚&í ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ Óyv˛zú ˆÎ !îò ¢%Ó˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏï !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚yˆÏì˛ñ ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú !òÓ˚&ˆÏjü õˆÏòÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ xãyòy
ˆÓîòyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ì˛y£z ÷ˆÏò ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò !îò Óy
˜ÓÑ%˛ˆÏZ˛ ú"#Ó˚ xy¢ò ›˛ˆÏú!äÈúñ
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!ì˛!ò ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î)ì˛#ˆÏÑ˛
˛ôúyü ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚àõyì˛yú äÈyÎ˚y˛ôˆÏÌ
Ñ˛yãÈÙÈˆ¶˛yúyˆÏòy ¢Ñ˛yúÈÙÈ!ÓÑ˛yˆÏú–
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!Ñ˛ä%È Ó%ˆÏG˛!äÈ !Ñ˛ä%È Ó%!G˛ !ò–ÛÛ £zì˛ƒy!î–
~£z Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚ ò!úò#Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ x“ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò ˆÑ˛ÌyÁ òy ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ õ%!oì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏì˛
¢ˆÏ®£ ˆò£z– ≤Ã¶˛yì˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%Öyã≈# !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈñÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ®£ £Î˚ ˜üüÓÈÙÈ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y Á ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~£z ì˛Ó˚&í#Ó˚ õõ≈ˆÏÓîòy Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛ô
˛ôy£zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ– Úö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ïƒyòÛñ ÚxØÓ˚y ˆ≤ÃõÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y î%£z!›˛ ~£z ˆÓîòy¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ òì˛– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ú÷ò ò!úò# ˆÖyú ˆÜy x§y!Ö
Üyò!›˛ £z£yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ì˛y£y Ñ˛!Ó ˆì˛y fl˛∫Î˚Ç £z!Dì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y !îÎ˚yˆÏäÈò– xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üyò ~£z ì˛Ó˚&í# fl˛øÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚!â˛ì˛
Ó!úÎ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏò £Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
Úxy!õ fl˛∫˛ôˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ ˆ¶˛yÓ˚ ¢Ö# xyõyˆÏÓ˚ ãyÜyˆÏÎ˚y òy–Û xyßÿÓ˚ îhfl˛Ïyòy â%˛!Ó˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛Ôì%˛Ñ˛Ñ˛y!£ò# ì˛#Ì≈ÇÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó!í≈ì˛
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ã#ÓˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛yúÓy¢yˆÏÑ˛£z xÓˆÏ£úy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò Ñ˛!Óñ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈxy!õ Ó˚yÖÓ ˆÜ§ˆÏÌ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚_´õ!íÓ˚ £yˆÏÓ˚Û– Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y
Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ú¶˛yú Î!î Óy¢ ¢!Ö Ñ˛# !îÓ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ
ì˛y £ˆÏú ~ £*!îïyˆÏõ ˆì˛yõy!Ó˚ ˆì˛yõy!Ó˚ òyˆÏõ
Óy!ãˆÏÓ õï%Ó˚ fl˛∫ˆÏÓ˚ õÓ˚õÓ#íyÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚–
ÎyÈÙÈ!Ñ˛ä%È Üy!£Ó Üyò ïπ!òˆÏÓ ˆì˛yõy!Ó˚ òyõÈÙÙÙÈ
Ñ˛# xyˆÏäÈ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Óúñ Ñ˛# ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚ !îÓ xyÓ˚
ÚäÈ!ÓÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ Úòy!£ ãy!ò ˆÑ˛£ òy!£ ãyˆÏòñ ì˛Ó ¢%Ó˚ ÓyˆÏã ˆõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÛÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z ÜyˆÏòÁ ~Ó˚£z ≤Ã!ì˛ïπ!ò– Îye# @˘Ãs˛i
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓîòyõÎ˚# ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ xydfl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ xyõÓ˚y fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ñ Îy ¢ı˛ƒyì˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ õì˛£z v˛zIμúÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ!Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ÎyÓ˚y xyõyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ§˛y!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ £y!¢ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõyÓ˚ Üyò ú%›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú!äÈú
xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ä%È›˛ú–....ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîÖy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy ÓˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy òî#Ó˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy
áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏíñ ˆÑ˛v˛z Óy ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó§yˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yÓ˚y fl˛iyÎ˚# Ñ˛#!ì≈˛ Ó˚yÖÓyÓ˚ îú òÎ˚ñ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ «˛Î˚ Ó,!k˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòy£z ˆò£z....ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ö !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Óúú%õñ xyõyÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ö˛¢ú ö˛!úˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z xyˆÏúy ˆ¢£z v˛z_yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ î)ì˛ ˆì˛yõÓ˚y£z–ÛÛ
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ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Á ˆ¢£z ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !ì˛!ò !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈÚÚxy!õ !òˆÏã õ˝Î˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î%ˆÏ›˛y
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Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚&í !õò!ì˛ñ òy ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ xò%òÎ˚ñ !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!òÓyÎ≈ì˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏí !mïyñ !ÓîyÎ˚ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛
Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ì˛yñ !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ x!òÓyÎ≈ ¢ì˛ƒÈÙÙÙÈ£zì˛ƒy!î ~õò ¢)"ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ !Ó¶˛yÜ Ólfl˛ì˛ xÓyhfl˛ÏÓñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ó˚Ó#w ¢ÇD#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓîyÎ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ~£z Üyò=!ú !òˆÏî≈ü
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
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1. òy£zÓy ~ˆÏú Î!î
2. Ñ§˛yîyˆÏú ì%˛!õ ˆõyˆÏÓ˚
3. fl˛∫˛ôˆÏò ˆîÇyˆÏ£ !äÈò% !Ñ˛ ˆõyˆÏ£
4. !õúò Ó˚y!ì˛ ˆ˛ôy£yú
5. ˆ£ «˛!íˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ì˛!Ì
6. £yÎ˚ x!ì˛!Ìñ ~õ!ò !Ñ˛ £ú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚
7. ãy!ò ãy!ò £ú ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò
8. ˆÑ˛ò ˆÓ˚ ~ˆÏì˛y£z ÎyÓyÓ˚ cÓ˚y
9. Ñœ˛yhs˘˛ Ó§y!üÓ˚ ˆü°Ï Ó˚y!Üò#
~£z Üyò=!úÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyòy ÓƒOòy Ó˝ì˛Ó˚ £z!DˆÏì˛ ïπ!òì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ !ò!°Ïk˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ «˛!íÑ˛
!õúòyÓ¢yˆÏò ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ú!Iì˛ !ÓîyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ !õò!ì˛ñ ˆÑ˛yÌyÁ Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ Óy Ó¢ˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ˛ô›˛¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xy¶˛y¢– Úì˛Ó% õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖyÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyˆÏò !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ xy¶˛y¢ ì˛y ˆÎò ~£z ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ófl˛ø,!ì˛ ˆÓîòy– xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ Úì%˛!õ
ˆÎÁ òy ~Ö!òÛñ ÚÁ ˆÎ õyˆÏò òy õyòyÛ ~ÓÇ xòƒe ¢ÇˆÏÎy!ãì˛ ÚˆÑ˛ò Îy!õò# òy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ãyÜyˆÏú òyÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Üyò=!ú
ˆÎò ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ õì˛ «˛ífl˛iyÎ˚# !õúˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFäÈî ˆÓîòy– Ú!õúò Ó˚y!ì˛ ˆ˛ôy£yˆÏúyÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyˆÏò ˆ≤Ã!õÑ˛yÓ˚ xy˛ôò fl˛ø,!ì˛
õ%oˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒyÑ%˛úì˛y ÚˆÑ˛ ÓˆÏú ÎyÁ ÎyÁ xyõyÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆì˛y òÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyˆÏò !ÓîyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ !õúˆÏò ˆü°Ï £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÚÎyÁÎ˚y£z
ˆÎ â˛Ó˚õ òÎ˚ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢Ó£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚hs˘˛Ó˚ Óyí#ÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Ñ˛Ìy!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛yÄò# Ó¢ˆÏhs˘˛ ˆÎõò ˆì˛õ!ò ÜyˆÏòÁ
ì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛Óƒ!_´ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏò õÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– õÓ˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú Üyò xyˆÏäÈ
~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xyïƒy!dÑ˛ î,!‹T õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛Óú ˆî£yÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚£z ˆáy°Ïíy òÎ˚ñ ã#Óòyhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £z!Dì˛Á xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–
!Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚ˆÏí õÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ˆÑ˛ò⁄ Úˆì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚¢ ˆì˛y ÷!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜúÛñ ÚõÓ˚í ˆÓ˚Ó˚ ì%§˛ ˝ õõ üƒyõ ¢õyòÛ
~ÓÇ Úv˛zì˛ú £yÁÎ˚y úyÜúÛ ÜyˆÏò !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö xyˆÏäÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Úxy!õ !ö˛Ó˚Ó òy ˆÓ˚ !ö˛Ó˚Ó
òy xyÓ˚Ûñ Úˆì˛yõyÓ˚ £ú ÷Ó˚& xyõyÓ˚ £ú ¢yÓ˚yÛñ ÚÁˆÏÓ˚ õy!G˛ ÁˆÏÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ õyòÓ ãß√ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó°Ïyî
ˆúˆÏÜˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £Î˚–
Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=!ú ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ó˚ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ï¤˛ye# õyòˆÏ¢Ó˚£z äÈyÎ˚y˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ– Úòy òy òy v˛yÑ˛Ó òy v˛yÑ˛Ó òyÛñ
Úˆì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ Îy Ó!ú¢ ¶˛y£zÛñ Ú£yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ ÁˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ òy !Ñ˛ ãyòyÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Üyò=!ú ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÁ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏãˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÜyˆÏò£z â˛ˆÏú ÎyÓyÓ˚ £y£yÑ˛yÓ˚ fl˛ô‹T– ~£z â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚y
!Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Üyò=!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ
1. ˆ¢!îò î%ãˆÏò î%ˆÏú!äÈò% ÓˆÏò
2. ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúy
3. xyõyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ˆÜú ˆÑ˛
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4. õˆÏò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜú õˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
5. ÁˆÏÜy xyõyÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚ xˆÏâ˛òy ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏîü#
6. ÓyˆÏã Ñ˛Ó˚&í ¢%ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 198ÈÙÈ203 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò=!úÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ !òÉ¢ÇüÎ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y– ¢ˆÏB˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÓõyˆÏò ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛
v˛z˛ôú!∏˛– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ
1. ã#ÓˆÏò ˛ôÓ˚õúÜò
2. ¢!Ö ˆì˛yÓ˚y ˆîˆÏÖ Îy
3. xy!õ xyüyÎ˚ xyüyÎ˚ Ìy!Ñ˛
4. xyõyÓ˚ !ò!Öú ¶%˛Óò £yÓ˚yˆÏúõ
5. òy òy ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y òy ˆÜy
6. ¶%˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈò% ¶%˛ú ˆ¶˛ˆÏàˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ
Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 259ÈÙÈ265 ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ ¢!¡øúò– !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒyOòy ~=!úˆÏì˛
xy¶˛y!¢ì˛– Üyò=!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ
1. !ö˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy ì˛y ãy!ò
2. !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îò ˆÎ ˆÜú
3. òy â˛y!£ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
4. òy£z Î!î Óy ~ˆÏú ì%˛!õÈÙÙÙÈ £zì˛ƒy!î
Ñ˛ì˛ ¶˛yÓyò%¶)˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ì˛ ¢)" ¢)" xò%¶˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ˆâ˛ì˛òy ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ xò%Ó˚!Oì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z Üyò=!ú ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãõyí–
Ú!ö˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy ì˛y ãy!òÛ ÜyˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó fl˛ô‹T£z Ó%ˆÏG˛ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ Îy £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢ xyÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ òy– ì˛Ó% !ÓÓ˚£# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ xÓ¢yò £Î˚ òy– Ú!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !îò ˆÎ ˆÜúÛ ÜyˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó xı˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òÉ¢D Ü,ˆÏ£ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚y xy¢òÖy!òÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zß√òy £ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈò– Úòy â˛y!£ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyˆÏò ˆÓîòyÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yÓ˚fl˛∫ì˛ ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– !õúˆÏòÓ˚
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ˆÓîòy ÎÌyÌ≈ ≤ÃÑ˛yü úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~õò Ñ˛# ì˛yÓ˚ {ŸªÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ¡∫yïˆÏò ¶˛!_´ ¢yïòyˆÏì˛Á !õúˆÏòÓ˚
ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ Óyí# ≤ÃÓú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– Üyò!›˛ £úÈÙÙÙÈÚˆ£!Ó˚ x£Ó˚£ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚£z !ÓÓ˚£Û– ÚÓúyÑ˛yÓ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈÚÜyˆÏÎ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ˛ô%úÑ˛
úyˆÏÜÛ ÜyˆÏò õì≈˛ƒ ≤Ã#!ì˛Ó˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yõyMÈ˛– !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏäÈ !â˛Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛#«˛yñ Î%Üyhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓîòy–
ì˛y£z !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ Óyì≈˛y£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ˆÏÓîòyÓ˚ ï&Ó˛ôî– ì˛y£z Úˆ≤Ãõ ÓˆÏú ˆÎ Î%ˆÏÜ Î%ˆÏÜ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ úy!Ü xy!äÈ ˆãˆÏÜ–Û ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ˆÏí â˛Ó˚ˆÏí ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò‰ ÓƒyÌy ¶˛Ó˚y !ú!˛ôÖy!ò– Úòy òy ˆÜy òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y òy ¶˛yÓòyÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó
!úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚˆîyúyˆÏì˛ ˆîyˆÏú õò !õúˆÏò !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£
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ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ãy!ò ì%˛!õ ˆì˛y !â˛Ó˚ ˆ£––Û
õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ Î%Ü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ü,£ ˛ô_ò– õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ 2Î˚ î,ˆÏüƒ üyhs˘˛Ó˚ Üyò ÚxyõyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚yò Îy£y ÎyÎ˚–Û üyhs˘˛yÁ ÓˆÏú!äÈúÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxy!õ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£ Ó˚!£Ó !Óú#ò
ˆì˛yõyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Ó Óy¢ñ
î#á≈ !îÓ¢ î#á≈ Ó˚ãò# î#á≈ ÓÓ˚°Ï õy¢ÛÛ
~£z v˛z˛ôú!∏˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÁ ¢ì˛ƒ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ÚÑ˛yú Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓúy Üyò ~ú ˆõyÓ˚ õˆÏòÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyò!›˛ˆÏì˛
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy£z fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– üy˛ôˆÏõyâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÚÑ˛Öò !îˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚Û Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆî!Ö Ñ˛!Ó ì˛yÓ˚
!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛õyÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ÓÓ˚íõyúy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛y fl˛∫≤¿ú∏˛ õyeñ !ÓÓ˚££z ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ ≤Ãy!Æ–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !ÓˆÏFäÈî !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ myÓ˚y£z Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ≤Ãî#Æ– ~£z !ÓÓ˚££z ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ õ)ú ¢%Ó˚– ~£z !ÓÓ˚£ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛ Ó˚yˆÏÜ Ñ˛ì˛
Ó˚ˆÏàñ Ñ˛yßÿ £y!¢Ó˚ Ñ˛ì˛ Ó§yïˆÏòñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúy äÈyÎ˚y !îˆÏú ¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚Á Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆü°Ï £ú òy– Üyò !îˆÏÎ˚£z ~£z !ÓÓ˚£ˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛!Ó fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÚÎyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ òy£z xÓ¢yò ì˛yÓ˚ !õúˆÏò xyˆÏò ¶˛y°ÏyÛ ~£z !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛y ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆü°Ï ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢
Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyˆÏò–
1. õõ î%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢yïò
2. Óyí# ˆõyÓ˚ òy!£
3. Î!î £yÎ˚ ã#Óò˛ô)Ó˚í
4. ¶˛Ó˚y ÌyÑ˛ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ¢%ïyÎ˚
5. ãμˆÏú!ò xyˆÏúy xı˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚
6. !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !îò ˆÎ ˆÜú
7. ò#úyOò äÈyÎ˚y
ÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Üyò=!ú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ ˆÓîòyÓ˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛ ˛ô%úÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚£ Ó˚yˆÏÜ xò%¶˛y!Óì˛–
[¬22¬]
Unit-3
¬ı˛¬ıœf¸eœÓ¬ [¤˜.¤.]
CBCS (Semester-II)
CC 2.2 (Theory)
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ

Ú≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛!Ó Ó˚Ó#wòyÌÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z õhs˘˛Óƒ ˆÎõò ¢ì˛ƒ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢ì˛ƒ ˆÎ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢õ@˘Ã ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ì˛yÓ˚ xòhs˘˛ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó!â˛e ¢õy£yÓ˚– ~£z ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛“òy Á ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆÎ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ Á ˜Ó¶˛Ó ì˛y xy«˛!Ó˚Ñ˛
xˆÏÌ≈£z ì%˛úòy£#ò– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢D#ì˛ ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ò!ãÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú ãyòy ˆò£z–
Üyò xyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xò%¶˛Ó ì˛y Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Îì˛›˛y õÎ≈yîy ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓyÇúy
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!¶˛ì˛Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !òì˛ƒ ò)ì˛ò xyˆÏÓÜñ xòy!î xhs˘˛ì˛ !ÓÓ˚£ ˆÓîòy ˆ¢›˛y ˆÑ˛Óú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yü ˛ôyÎ˚–ÛÛ
~£z !òì˛ƒ ò)ì˛ò xyˆÏÓÜñ xòy!î xòhs˘˛ !ÓÓ˚£ ˆÓîòy ˆ¢!Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò£z ¢#õy!Î˚ì˛ !äÈú⁄ òy
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ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÜyˆÏò ã#Óò xyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆÎò ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)Ó˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ î#ˆÏòwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
Ó_´Óƒ fl˛øÓ˚íˆÏÎyÜƒ– !ì˛!ò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ú#úyÓ˚ Ó˚¢ õyï%Î≈ƒ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ~õò !ò!Óv˛¸ xyhs˘˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚
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!õúò !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÓîòyÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ õò xyòˆÏ® xyÑ%˛ú Á !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£ ÓƒyÑ%˛ú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ
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ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ xõ,ì˛ ¢%ïyñ Îy xyˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ x¢ÇÖƒ Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ñ ïÓ˚y xyˆÏäÈ ˆÎõò !äÈß¨˛ôeyÓú#ˆÏì˛ñ xyÓ˚
ïÓ˚y xyˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ¢,!‹T ÜyˆÏò–
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Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy !äÈú õye 11!›˛– 47 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ xÌ≈yÍ 1908 ¢yˆÏú !úÖˆÏúò üyÓ˚ˆÏîyÍ¢Ó òy›˛Ñ˛– üy!hs˘˛ˆÏîÓ ˆáy°Ï !úÖˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
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Üyò– ÚxyõÓ˚y ò)ì˛ò ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ â˛Ó˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈòÓ ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò– ÚxyÓ˚ òy£z ˆÎ ˆîÓ˚#ÛÈÙÙÙÈxy¢ß¨ !õúˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Úö˛yÄò#ˆÏì˛Û
xyˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ~=!úÁ ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Üyò– ÚxyÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõyÓ˚y ö˛¢ú Ñ˛y!›˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈÜyò!›˛ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛_´ ~ÓÇ ö˛¢ú Ñ˛y›˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yú
¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢Ó¢D#ì˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò xyFäÈyîò á%!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó¢hs˘˛ }ì%˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü– ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚
ãv˛¸ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚£z fl˛ôˆÏü≈ â˛MÈ˛ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ˆ¢ ãòƒ£z Ó¢hs˘˛ òÓ ˆÎÔÓˆÏòÓ˚ }ì%˛– Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy 96!›˛–
~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ x!ïÑ˛yÇü Üyò£z Ó˚yãyñ xÓ˚*˛ôÓ˚ì˛òñ ö˛yÄò#ñ Ó¢hs˘˛ñ ò›˛Ó˚yã ˛ôyúy Á òÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò– Ó¢hs˘˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Á
xòƒyòƒ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ e´ˆÏõ Ó¢hs˘˛ ≤Ã¢ˆÏDÓ˚ Ü#ì˛ ¢ÇÖƒy xˆÏòÑ˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¢ÇÖƒ ÜyˆÏòÁ xyõÓ˚y ¢õhfl˛Ï £z!wÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚
xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛!Ó˚ Ó¢hs˘˛ˆÏÑ˛– !Ó!â˛e ~ÓÇ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Á Ó¢hs˘˛ á!›˛ì˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆò£z– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y õyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyñ Ó˚yãy Á Ó˚yò#ñ
ò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒ !â˛eyDîy Á üy˛ôˆÏõyâ˛ò ¢Ó£z Ó¢ˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ xyÓ£õ[˛ˆÏú v˛zÕ‘!¢ì˛– Ó¢hs˘˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò=!ú ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ¢%ÜˆÏı˛ ¢%Óy!¢ì˛–
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ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ÓÓ˚ˆÏ£Ó˚ î#á≈Ÿªy¢£z ˆÓ!ü– ÚˆÓ˚yîò ¶˛Ó˚y ~ Ó¢hs˘˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z Üyò!›˛ v˛zÍ¢Ó ¢D#ì˛ £ˆÏúÁ ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò }ì%˛Ó˚ ÜyòÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô
!ò!î≈‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ~ˆÏÓúy v˛yÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈñ ˆÓîòy !Ñ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ñ xˆÏòÑ˛ !îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ õyò%°Ïñ ò#ú !îÜˆÏhs˘˛ÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ó¢hs˘˛
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò=!ú v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ õï%äÈ®y Ó§yü#Ó˚ xhs˘˛Ó˚yˆÏú ~Ñ˛›˛y fl˛ø,!ì˛Ñ˛yì˛Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xyì%˛Ó˚ xyì≈˛òyî Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ–
Ó°Ï≈y Á Ó¢ˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚£z Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ }ì%˛ ¢D#ì˛=!ú ÎÌyÌ≈£z ˛ô)í≈ì˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ú~£z ö%˛ú G˛Ó˚yˆÏòy xyÓ˚ ö%˛ú ˆö˛y›˛yÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z â˛ˆÏe´£z ˆì˛y ò›˛Ó˚yˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛y[˛Ó ò,ì˛ƒ– xyÓ˚ ~£z â˛ˆÏe´Ó˚ xyÓì≈˛ˆÏò£z ˆì˛y Ó¢ˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˜ÓüyÖ– }ì%˛¢D#ì˛=!ú ≤Ãïyòì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚â˛òyñ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z¢Ó ÜyˆÏò£z ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ó˚Ó#w
¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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Unit-4
¬ı˛¬ıœf¸eœÓ¬ [¤˜.¤.]
CBCS (Semester-II)
CC 2.2 (Theory)
!Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò !Ó!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô

Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ü#ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò äÈyv˛¸y xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy @˘Ãs˛i ~Öò xyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
£Î˚!ò– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ Ü#ì˛!Óòƒy¢ Ó˚#!ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢D#ì˛ xò%Ó˚yÜ# ˆ◊yì˛yñ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ Óy !ü“#Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ïyÓ˚íy ˆò£z–
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ 24 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ≤ÃÌõ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y S1292V– ì˛yÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆúÖy !äÈúÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ1291
¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆü°Ï !îò ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ Ó˚Ó#wÓyÓ% Îì˛=!ú ¢D#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏäÈò ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï£z ~£z ˛ô%hfl˛ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜúÛÛ–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆ¢£z ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì˛Öò ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ !ú!Öì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó ÜyòˆÏÑ˛£z ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Üì˛ !Óòƒy¢Á !äÈú– ˆõy›˛ 201!›˛ ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈ!Ó!Óï ¢D#ì˛ S116Vñ Ó·˛¢D#ì˛ S74Vñ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢D#ì˛ S7V
~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚!ü‹T S4V ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yãyˆÏòy !äÈú ÓˆÏú ≤Ãüyhs˘˛ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˛ôyú ì§˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wã#Óò#Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈
Ü#ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò=!úˆÏì˛Á ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
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!òˆÏã£z ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓòyÓ¢yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ~£z î%£z ÖˆÏ[˛ ˆîv˛¸ £yãyÓ˚ Üyò !äÈú–
Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏíÓ˚ 9 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 3Î˚ Ö[˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy £hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛˛ô£z !äÈú òy– ≤ÃÌõ î%£zÖˆÏ[˛
Ó!ã≈ì˛ Óy xÜ,£#ì˛ Üyò !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Á 732!›˛ Üyò !òˆÏÎ˚ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò 3Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ü#ì˛ ¢õ@˘Ã ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z ˆü°Ï ¢ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ô)ãyñ fl˛∫ˆÏîüñ ˆ≤Ãõñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ñ !Ó!â˛eñ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏü ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò=!ú
¢y!ãˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– 1332 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò=!úÓ˚ ãòƒ òì%˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ üˆÏ∑ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Üì˛
¶˛yÓ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆÎõò Ü#ì˛ÈÙÈÜyòñ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyñ ˛ô)ãyñ xÓ¢yòñ !Ó!Óï ~ÓÇ }ì%˛â˛e´– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛
ü∑=!ú Ñ˛!Ó ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÓˆÏú !ò!î≈‹T ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ì˛Ìƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy–
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ÚˆÑ˛yò ¢%î)Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛Ûñ Ú~£z ˆì˛y ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆúˆÏÜ!äÈúÛÈÙÙÙÈ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ Üyò Óì≈˛õyˆÏò fl˛iyòyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚– Ú≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÛ
˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈò Úˆì˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy˛ôò ≤ÃyˆÏí ~Ñ˛úy õyò%°ÏÛñ ÚˆÖúyáÓ˚ Ó§yïˆÏì˛ ˆúˆÏÜäÈÛñ Úî%Î˚yÓ˚ ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ˛ôyˆÏüÛñ
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ÎÌye´ˆÏõÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V Úî%£z£yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏú õ!®Ó˚y ˆÎ ¢îy£z ÓyˆÏã
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S3V xy!õ ¢ı˛ƒyî#ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !üÖy
S4V õy!›˛Ó˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô Öy!ò
S5V xyã ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ î#Æ
S6V õy!›˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛
S7V ˆÎ Ñ§˛yîˆÏò !£Î˚y Ñ§˛y!îˆÏäÈ
S8V òy £Î˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Îy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
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ãòƒ£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòy £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ !äÈú– ì˛ˆÏÓñ !Ó!â˛e ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ £zFäÈy ˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ üì≈˛ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y£z ˛ôyúò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ Îì˛£z ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛ì˛£z !ì˛!ò Ü#!ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ö§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ú!òˆÏãÓ˚ ÜyòÛ Ö%§ˆÏã
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ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛iy˛ôò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈÚxyã ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ î#Æ !üÖyÓ˚Ûñ ÚˆÎ ˆÑ˛Óú ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓv˛¸yÎ˚Ûñ
Úî)Ó˚ˆÏîü# ˆ¢£z Ó˚yÖyú ˆäÈˆÏúÛñ ÚÁ!Ñ˛ ~ú Á!Ñ˛ ~ú òyÛñ Ú˛ôyÜú ˆÎ ì%˛£z Ñ˛Z˛ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚Ûñ Ú!Ñ˛ ˛ôy£z !ò ì˛yÓ˚ !£¢yÓ ˆõúyˆÏì˛Ûñ
ÚÓ˚y!àˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÛñ ÚxyÑ˛yü ˆì˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛õ!ò xyˆÏäÈ ä%È!›˛Ûñ ÚˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ !ö˛!Ó˚¢ ˛ôÓ˚õ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xˆÏß∫°ÏˆÏíÛñ Úâ˛y!£Î˚y ˆîˆÏÖy Ó˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆfl˛ÀyˆÏì˛Ûñ ÚÓ˚Î˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛y¶˛yú ü)òƒ £yˆÏì˛Ûñ Úò,ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏúÛñ Úî)Ó˚ Ó˚ãò#Ó˚ fl˛∫˛ôò úyˆÏÜÛñ Úxy˛ôò õˆÏò ˆÜy˛ôò ˆÑ˛yˆÏíÛñ
Úfl˛∫˛ôò ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ ÷ˆÏò!äÈÛ SÜyò=!úÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÑ˛yú 1329ÈÙÈ1335V–
!Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛£z £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ~£z Ó_´Óƒ !õúˆÏÓ òyñ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ~£z ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò ÎÌyÌ≈£z Ú!Ó!ÓïÛ–
òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˆÎõò ~Ñ˛îy ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúòñ ÚÚxˆÏï≈Ñ˛ õyòÓ# ì%˛!õ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛“òyÛÛ– Ú!Ó!â˛eÛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Á
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ˆ¢£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ≠ ÚxˆÏï≈Ñ˛ !Ó!Óï ì%˛!õ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ !Ó!â˛eÛñ SxyõyÓ˚ xy˛ôò Üyòñ xÓ˚&í Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó¢%ñ ˛ô,≠ 184V–
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Unit-5
¬ı˛¬ıœf¸eœÓ¬ [¤˜.¤.]
CBCS (Semester-II)
CC 2.2 (Theory)
xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
~õò ~Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ãß√ ˆÎÖyòÑ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü£z !äÈú Ü#!ì˛õ%ÖÓ˚– v˛zÍ¢Ó xò%¤˛yˆÏò ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆì˛y !äÈú£z– ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%¤˛yˆÏò£z ˆãyv˛¸y¢§yˆÏÑ˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ì˛ ¢D#ì˛õ%ÖÓ˚–
¢D#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüòyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ~ÓÇ ì˛y e´õüÉ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈Ó!¢ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ Üyò Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ì˛y!ÜîÁ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢)ˆÏe ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚–
˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Óy üy!hs˘˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò xy◊ˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ¢yÓ˚yã#Óò Üyò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò– Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ˆ¢¢Ó Üyò Ó·˛¢D#ì˛ñ ïõ≈¢D#ì˛ñ !ÓÓy£ ¢D#ì˛ xÌÓy òyòy @˘Ãs˛i Óy ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚Ó#w¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ !òˆÏî≈üÑ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Úxyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛Û Ñ˛Ìy!›˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò
@˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ 2Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ñ ¶˛yo 1346 ÓDyˆÏ∑– !ÓÓ˚ú ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ˆ¢£z Ö[˛!›˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú õye 9!›˛ Üyò–
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò 2Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ òÓ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÎ 18!›˛ Üyò Sxy!Ÿªòñ 1358V ~Öò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢ Üyò=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 10ÈÙÈ18
¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò£z £ú ˆ¢£z ˆ¢£z 9!›˛ Üyò– Óì≈˛õyò Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌõ 9!›˛ Üyò ì˛Öò !äÈú ≤ÃÌõ Ö[˛
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íÎ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z 9!›˛ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò 2Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛
xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶%˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò @˘Ãs˛i ˛ô!Ó˚â˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈÚÚÑ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ó˝ Ü#!ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò ~£z Üyò Óy
~Ó˚*˛ô Üyò ¢Dì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z xò%¤˛yòÈÙÈ¢D#ì˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Üíƒ ££zÎ˚y xy!¢ˆÏì˛ˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ~£z òÓ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyˆÏì˛£z õ%!oì˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛ ~£z 18!›˛ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛£z xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛!Ó Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ñ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ Óy !òˆÏî≈!üì˛ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ Üyò ÓˆÏú ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–
2Î˚ Ö[˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyãò xÇˆÏü ˆÎ !ì˛ò!›˛ Üyò xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôy£zÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V !Ófl˛∫ Ó˚yãy úˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸªÓyí# Óy!ãˆÏäÈñ
S2V !îˆÏòÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ
S3V ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xyò® Á£z ˆÜyÈÙÙÙÈˆ¢ Üyò=!ú xy!Ó‹,Òì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó˝ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÎÖò Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò 3Î˚ Ö[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z 1358 ÓDyˆÏ∑ 2Î˚ Ö[˛ ˛ô%í≈õ%oˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~£z !ì˛ò!›˛ Üyò xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ4yˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÇÎ%_´ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò 3Î˚ Ö[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 1357 ÓDyˆÏ∏˛ÈÙÙÙÈÑ˛!ÓÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 9ÈÙÈ10 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¢D#ì˛
!£¢yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y 17!›˛ Üyò ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎ=!ú Ñ˛!Ó !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ òyòy v˛z˛ôú«˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ˛ôÎ4yˆÏÎ˚ ~õò !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò xyˆÏäÈ Îy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%¤˛yò Óy á›˛òyˆÏÑ˛ !áˆÏÓ˚£z Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò
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üy˛ôˆÏõyâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓÁ ¢%˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛– ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈÚÓy!ãú Ñ˛y£yÓ˚ Ó#íyÛ– Ñ˛!Ó !úˆÏÖ!äÈˆÏúò !mˆÏãwòyˆÏÌÓ˚
4Ì≈ ˛ô%e ¢%ï#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD â˛yÓ˚&Óyúy ˆîÓ#Ó˚ !ÓÓy£ v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ 12£z ˜ãƒ¤˛ 1301 ÓDyˆÏ∑ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– !Ñ˛ls˘˛ Üyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!Ó
xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶%˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò!ò– ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÁˆÏ£ ¢%®Ó˚ õõ Ü,ˆÏ£ xy!ãÛ Üyò!›˛Á !ÓÓy£ xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ %˛ôˆÏÎyÜ#– ˛ô)ãy
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ú!Ñ˛ ÜyÓ xy!õ !Ñ˛ ÷òyÓÛñ Ú¢ö˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆ£ ≤Ã¶%˛Ûñ Ú£*!î õ!®Ó˚ myˆÏÓ˚ÛÈÙÙÙÈ£zì˛ƒy!î xˆÏòÑ˛ ÜyòÁ xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy
¢D#ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÜyÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ú~ˆÏ¢y ~ˆÏ¢y ˆ£ ì,˛°åyÓ˚ ãúÛÈÙÙÙÈòúÑ)˛˛ô ÖòˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z Üyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ– Úî%ÉˆÏÖÓ˚ !ì˛!õˆÏÓ˚ Î!î ãμˆÏúÛÈÙÙÙÈì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z î%ÉÖˆÏÑ˛Á Ñ˛!Ó fl˛∫yÜì˛ ãyòyò ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ Üyò xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛
˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ fl˛iyò ˛ôyÎ˚ òy– Ñ˛yÓ˚í xò%¤˛yˆÏò ˆì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyòˆÏ®Ó˚£z ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛– Ñ˛!Ó ˛ôb#Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ fl˛øÓ˚ˆÏí ÚxyˆÏäÈ î%ÉÖ xyˆÏäÈ
õ,ì%˛ƒÛñ ÚõÓ˚í ¢yÜÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yõÓ˚y xõÓ˚Û S!mˆÏãwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛Vñ ÚˆÑ˛ˆÏòy ˆÓ˚ ~£z î%Î˚yÓ˚ ›%˛Ñ˛Û SÓv˛¸ ˆõˆÏÎ˚
õyï%Ó˚#úì˛yÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏì˛ ˆúÖyV £zì˛ƒy!î ˛ô)ãyÓ˚ Üyò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õ,ì%˛ƒ v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ Ó˚!â˛ì˛– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏÓ˚y£
~ì˛ !Ó˛ô%ú ˆÎñ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%_´ Üyò£z xyõÓ˚y Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ Îy£z– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ÓÓ˚Ñ˛õ xò%¤˛yò
v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ£z Üyò !úˆÏÖˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü£z üy!hs˘˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò òyòy!Óï v˛zÍ¢Ó ~ÓÇ !e´Î˚yÑ˛õ≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÃŸ¿õyúy
1. ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ÷ï% }ì%˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó£z ö%˛ˆÏ›˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ÜyˆÏò ˆ¢=!ú v˛zîy£Ó˚í¢£ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
2. Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¶˛!_´ˆÏâ˛ì˛òy ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ v˛zîy£Ó˚í¢£ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
3. !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò !Ó!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô!›˛ v˛zî‰áy!›˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ xhs˘˛ì˛É îü!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ–
4. Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ˆ≤ÃõˆÏâ˛ì˛òyÓ˚ !Ó!â˛eì˛y Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛zîy£Ó˚í¢£ !Óhfl˛,Ïì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
5. ÓyÇúy }ì%˛˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒ Ñ˛!Ó Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%≤Ãy!íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò ˜Ó!â˛eƒ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°Ï≈y }ì%˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í¢£ îyÁ–
6. Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò=!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !Óhfl˛Ïy!Ó˚ì˛ ˆúÖ–
[¬36¬]
7. ›˛#Ñ˛y ˆúÖ ≠ÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò ˆ≤Ãõ
SÖV Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !îò Á Ó˚y!e
SÜV Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò õ,ì%˛ƒˆÏâ˛ì˛òy
SáV ÚüÓ˚ÍÛ Á Úü#ì˛Û
SàV Ú@˘Ã#‹øÛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üyò
Sâ˛V Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÚÓ¢ˆÏhs˘˛ÛÓ˚ Üyò
SäÈV Ú˛ô)ãyÛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚=!ú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í¢£ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
SãV Ú≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Û ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú˛ô)ãyÛ
SG˛V ˆ≤ÃˆÏõÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò !ÓÓ˚£
[¬37¬]

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Rabindra Sangeet CC 2.2

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C

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Prof Indrani Ghosh Professor (Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University,

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎÜ˚ ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛

Unit-1 ≠  Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ≠ v˛z˛ô˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ¢£ 4

˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò ¶˛!_´Óyî

≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ

!Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÜyˆÏò !Ó!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ﬂ˛∫Ó˚*˛ô

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