Unit 1-CN

Meerut Institute of Technology , Meerut, UP, India, 250103
Introduction to Computer Networks
Unit: 1
Communication Networks
(KCS603)
CN Unit-1 1
01/01/2023
Evaluation Scheme
CN Unit-1 1
01/01/2023
Evaluation Scheme
01/01/2023 CN Unit-1 3
Syllabus by University
Course Contents / Syllabus
UNIT-I Introduction 8 Hr
Goals and applications of networks, Categories of networks, Organization of the
Internet, ISP, The OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, Network devices
and components, Mode of communications
Physical Layer: Network topology design, Types of connections, LAN, MAN and
MAN Transmission media, Signal transmission and encoding, Network
performance and transmission impairments, Switching techniques and
multiplexing, IEEE standards.
UNIT-II Data Link layer 8 Hr
Framing, Error Detection and Correction, Flow control (Elementary Data Link
Protocols, Sliding Window protocols). Medium Access Control and Local Area
Networks: Channel allocation, Multiple access protocols, LAN standards, Link
layer switches & bridges.
CN Unit-1 4
8/15/2022
Syllabus by University
Course Contents / Syllabus
UNIT-III Network Layer 8 Hr
Point-to-point networks, Logical addressing, Basic internetworking (IP, CIDR,
ARP, RARP, DHCP, ICMP), IPv4, Routing, forwarding and delivery, Static and
dynamic routing, Routing algorithms and protocols, Congestion control
algorithms, IPv6.
UNIT-IV Transport Layer 8 Hr
Process-to-process delivery,Transport layer protocols (UDP and
TCP),
Connection management, Flow control and retransmission, Window
management, TCP Congestion control, Quality of service.
UNIT-V Application Layer 8 Hr
Domain Name System, World Wide Web and Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
Electronic mail, File Transfer Protocol, Remote login, Network management,
Data compression, VPN, Cryptography – basic concepts, Firewalls.
CN Unit-1 5
8/15/2022
References
• Text Books:
1. B. A. Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”,
5th Edition, TMH, 2017.
• Reference Books:
1.S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, 4th Edition, Pearson,
2013.
2.W. Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, 8th
Edition, Pearson, 2007.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 6
Branch Wise Applications
• Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications.
Some uses of fiber optic cables include:
• Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries
• Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic waves and SONAR , as wiring in aircraft,
submarines and other vehicles and also for field networking
• Data Storage
Used for data transmission
• Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes
• Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help increase
the speed and accuracy of data transmission
• Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as
sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as
wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings
• Broadcast/CATV
Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring CATV,
HDTV, internet, video on-demand and other applications
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 7
Course Objective
The objective of this course is to understand introduction of

computer networks with suitable transmission media and
different networking devices. Network protocols which are
essential for the computer network are need to explain such as
data link layer protocols and routing protocols.
A detail explanation of IP addressing , TCP/IP protocols and
application layer protocols are covered in this course.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 8
Course Outcome
Outcomes
Cos
After Completion of the Course Student will be able to
Explain basic concepts, OSI reference model, services and role of each layer of
CO1 OSI model and TCP/IP, networks devices and transmission media, Analog and
digital data transmission.
CO2 Apply channel allocation, framing, error and flow control techniques and
describe the functions of Network Layer i.e. Logical addressing, subnetting &
Routing Mechanism.
CO3 Explain the different Transport Layer function i.e. Port addressing, Connection
Management, Error control and Flow control mechanism.
CO4 Explain the functions offered by session and presentation layer and their
Implementation.
CO5 Explain the different protocols used at application layer i.e. HTTP, SNMP, SMTP,
FTP,TELNET and VPN.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 9
Program Outcomes
1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 1
0
CO-PO Mapping
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3
CO2 3 3 2 3
CO3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
CO4 3 2 2 2 3
CO5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
Avg. 3 2.6 2.2 0.6 1.6 0.6 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.8 3
*3= High *2= Medium *1=Low
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 10
CO-PSO Mapping
Course Outcome
Program Specific
Outcomes CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 C05
PSO1 2 2 2 2 2
PSO2 2 2 2 2
2
PSO3 2 2 2 3 2
AVERAGE 2 2 2 2.3 2
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 12
Prerequisite and Recap
• Basics of Digital communication
• Knowledge of Computer.
• Fundamental of Digital logic design
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 13
Brief Introduction About Subject with videos
An introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics
like data, information to the definition of communication and computer
networks.
The main objective of data communication and networking is to enable

seamless exchange of data between any two points in the world.
This exchange of data takes place over a computer network.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O--
rkQNKqls&list=PLbRMhDVUMngf-peFloB7kyiA40EptH1up
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 13
Content
• Vision & Mission of Institute & Department
• Course Objective & Course Outcome
• CO-PO & PSO Mapping
• Prerequisite and Recap
• Topic Objective & Mapping
• Introduction
• Networks
• LAN,WAN,MAN
• Goals and Application of Networks
• Network Protocols & Communication
• TCP & OSI Model & Line Coding Review
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 15
Content(Continue….)
• Quizzes, MCQs & Weekly Assignment
• Video Links
• University Question Paper
• Expected Questions for University Exam
• Summary
• Reference
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 16
Topic Objective
Topic No. Topic Objective
1 To study the Introduction of Computer Networks
2 To study the LAN,WAN & MAN
8/15/2022 CN 16
Unit-1
Basics of Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 17
8/15/2022 17
Introduction to Computer Network
Definition
A computer network is a group of computers linked to

each other that enables the computer to communicate
with another computer and share their resources, data,
and applications.
OR
A computer network is group of nodes (like computer,
router,…),interconnected with media (wired or wireless ) for
the purpose of sharing their resources, data, and applications.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 18
Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 20
20
Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 21
21
Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 22
22
Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 23
23
Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 24
24
Components of Computer Networks
• When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be
local or remote. Between individuals, local communication usually occurs
face to face, while remote communication takes place over distance.
• Components:
A Computer Networks has five components :-
1. Message/ Data
2. Sender.
3. Receiver
4. Transmission medium.
5. Protocol.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 24
Components of a data communication system
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 26
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 27
NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
▪ Network Criteria
▪ Physical Structures
▪ Categories of Networks
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 28
Goals & Application of Networks
Goals
• The main goal of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is to
make all programs, data and equipment available to anyone on the
network without the regard to the physical location of the resource
and the user.
• Provide alternative source of information.

• Increase the systems performance as the work load increases by just
adding more processors.
• Computer networks provide a powerful communication medium.
A file that was updated or modified on a network can be seen by
the other users on the network immediately.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 29
Goals & Application of Networks
Applications
• The main area of applications can be broadly classified into
following categories:
(a) Scientific and Technical Computing

(b) Commercial
Advertisement, Telemarketing,
Teleconferencing Worldwide Financial Services
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 30
Networks
Network Criteria
Criteria
Performance Reliability Security
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 31
Networks
Performance
▪ Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time
and response time.
▪ Transit time: The amount of time required for a message to travel
from one device to another’
▪ Response Time: Elapsed time between an inquiry and response.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 32
Networks
▪ Performance depends on no. of factors.
No. of users
Type of transmission medium
Hardware
Software
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 33
Networks
▪ Reliability
• Accuracy of delivery.
• Measured by the frequency of failure.
• The time takes a link to recover from a failure.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 34
Networks
▪ Security
• Unauthorized access
• Viruses.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 35
Applications of Networks
• Marketing and sales
• Financial services
• Manufacturing
• Electronic Messaging
• Directory Services
• Information Services
• Electronic Data Interchange
• Teleconferencing
• Cellular Telephone
• Cable Television
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 36
Network Protocols & Communication
• Message Encoding:
Message>Encoder>Transmitter>Medium>Receiver>Decoder>Message
destination.
Message is converted into bits and transferred according to the medium.
Fig:- Network communication
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 37
Categories of networks
• TYPES OF NETWORK:
1. LAN(Local Area Network)

2. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
3. WAN(Wide Area Network)
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 38
Categories of Networks
• Local Area Networks (LANs)

– Short distances
– Designed to provide local interconnectivity
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

– Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

– Long distances
– Provide connectivity over large areas
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 39
LAN
LAN(Local Area Network) are designed to
• operate with in a limited geographic area
• Allow Multiple Access to high bandwidth area
• Control the network privately under local administration
• Provide full time connectivity to local services
• Connect physically adjacent devices
Fig:- LAN connection

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 40
Type of Network
LAN
• A LAN services a limited geographic area at high speeds—
usually 10 million bits per second or higher. All components of
the LAN are commonly owned by the organization that uses it.
• The nodes in many of today’s LANs are desktop systems like

personal computers. Henceforth, we will also use the terms
workstations, clients, and servers in referring to LAN nodes.
• A workstation is used here to represent a LAN user’s

computer; other terms used in referring to a workstation are
client and node.
• A server is a network node that is dedicated to

8/15/2022 providing services toCNclient nodes. 40
MAN
• A metropolitan area network is a network that interconnects users
with computer resources in a geographical region of the size of a
metropolitan area(such as within a city).
Fig:- MAN connection
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 42
Type of Network
MAN
• A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a high-speed
network covering wider distances than LAN.
• A MAN spans distances of approximately 100 miles;

therefore, it is suitable for connecting devices and
LANs in a metropolitan area.
• MAN speeds are typically 100 Mbps or higher.

• The most commonly implemented MAN is the fiber
distributed data interface (FDDI). It operates at 100
Mbps over fiber optic cable for distances up to 200
kilometers.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 43
WAN
WAN(Wide area Network) are designed to
• operate over a large geographical area
• Allow Access over serial interfaces operating at a lower speed
• Provide full time & Part time connectivity.
• Connect device separately over wide even global areas
Fig :- WAN connection
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 44
Type of Network
WAN
• A WAN is the oldest type of network.
• WANs generally span a wide geographic area like a state,

province, country, or multiple countries. However, some
WANs are confined to a limited geographic area, like a LAN.
• A WAN in a limited geographic area could be easily

extended over a wide area using the same technologies. The
same is not true of a LAN.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 44
WAN
Figure A heterogeneous
network made of four
WANs and two LANs
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 46
WLAN
Industrial Scientific and Medical" (ISM) bands (902-928, 2400-2483.5, 5725-5850 MHz)
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 47
LAN/MAN/WAN
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 48
THE INTERNET
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 49
Hierarchical organization of the Internet
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 50
PROTOCOLS
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of

rules that govern data communications. It determines what
is communicated, how it is communicated and when it is
communicated. The key elements of a protocol are syntax,
semantics and timing
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 51
LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 52
Tasks involved in sending a letter
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 53
THE OSI MODEL
Established in the International Standards Organization (ISO) is

1947,
multinational a
body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late
1970s.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 54
Note
ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 55
TCP & OSI Model
• OSI Layers(Open Systems Interconnection) : OSI is a reference

model for how applications communicate over a network. It contains
seven layers.
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol or Internet Protocol) : It

stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The
TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains
four layers.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 56
THE OSI MODEL
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 57
THE OSI MODEL
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 58
THE OSI MODEL
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 59
THE OSI MODEL
Figure Seven layers of the OSI model
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 60
THE OSI MODEL
T Rx
x
Figure The interaction between layers in the OSI model

8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 61
OSI Model
1. PHYSICAL LAYER: It is responsible for the actual physical
connection between the devices.
2. DATA LINK LAYER: It is responsible for node to node delivery of
the message. Its function is to make sure that the data is error free
3.NETWORK LAYER: It is responsible for the transmission of data
from one host to the other location by selecting the shortest path.
4. TRANSPORT LAYER: It provides services to application layer and
takes services from network layer.
5. SESSION LAYER: This layer is responsible for establishment of
connection, maintenance of sessions, authentication.
6. PRESENTATION LAYER: The data from the application layer is
processed here as per the required format to transmit over the
network.
7. APPLICATION LAYER: This layer produces the data which has to
be transferred over the network.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 62
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 63
Figure Application layer
The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 64
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 65
Figure Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.
8/15/2022 CN CN Unit-1 66
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 67
Figure Session layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 68
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 69
THE OSI MODEL
Figure Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 69
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 70
THE OSI MODEL
Figure Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination
host.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 71
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 72
THE OSI MODEL
Figure Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 73
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 74
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 75
THE OSI MODEL
The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Figure Physical layer
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 76
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 77
THE OSI MODEL
Figure An exchange using the OSI model

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 78
TCP & OSI Model (CO1 & CO2)
Fig:- TCP & OSI MODEL
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 80
TCP/IP MODEL
1. NETWORK ACCESS LAYER: It looks out for hardware addressing
and the protocols present in this layer allows the physical
transmission of data.
2. INTERNET LAYER: It defines the protocol which are responsible

for logical transmission of data.
3. TRANSPORT LAYER: It is responsible for end to end transmission

of message.
4. APPLICATION LAYER: This layer produces the data which has to

be transferred.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 81
TCP/ IP
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 82
TCP/ IP
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 83
TCP/ IP
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 84
TCP/ IP
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 85
TCP/ IP
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 86
OSI Peer Layer Communication
8/15/2022 87
CN Unit-1
OSI Peer Layer Communication
8/15/2022 88
CN Unit-1
TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL
TCP/IP vs. OSI Model
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 89
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 90
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 91
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 92
Physical Layer
• Network topology design,

• Types of connections, LAN, MAN and MAN
Transmission media,
• Signal transmission and encoding,

• Network performance and transmission impairments,
• Switching techniques and multiplexing,
• IEEE standards.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 93
Physical Structures
• Type of Connection
– Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
– Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
• Physical Topology
– Connection of devices
– Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 94
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 95
Network
Topology
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 96
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
n=5
10 links
If N is no. of node then no. of connection= N(N-1)/2

If N is no. of node then and No. of keys = 2N
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 97
Network Topology
Star
Topology
If N is no. of node then no. of connection= N
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 97
A bus topology connecting three stations
Bus
Topology
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 99
A ring topology connecting six stations
Ring
Topology
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 10
0
Network Topology
Tree
Topology
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 100

A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
Hybrid
Topology
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 101

Network Topology
Hybrid
Topology
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 103

Network Topology
Summary of Topology
If N no. of nodes
Types of Topology/No. of connection
Mesh N(N-1) / 2
Star N (excluding HUB), N-1 (Including HUB) Bus N +
1 (for backbone cable)
Ring N
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 104

Daily Quiz
• The structure or format of data is called
a) Syntax
b) Semantics
c) Struct
d) Formatting
• A is the physical path over which a message travels.

a) Path
b) Medium
c) Protocol
d) Route
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 105

Daily Quiz
A LAN (Local Area Network) can cover a distance of _ KM.
A) 2
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
The types of transmission channel or media used for LAN or WAN are .
A) Twisted Pair Cables
B) Coaxial Cables
C) Fiber-Optic Cables and Radio Waves
D) All the above
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 106

Daily Quiz
Which type of network supports transmitting voice, video and data?
A) LAN
B) MAN
C) WAN
D) All the above
A simple WIFI modem forms a wireless network.
A) LAN
B) MAN
C) WAN
D) None
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 107

Daily Quiz
WAN or MAN may also contain in between to complete the
network.
A) Leased lines
B) Satellite links
C) SMDS (Switched Multi-megabit Data Services) offered by telecom
companies on point to point basis.
D) All the above

The largest WAN existing on this earth is .
A) Extranet
B) Internet
C) ARPANET
D) SONET
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 108
Weekly Assignment
• What is the role of networking in data communication?
• Explain LAN,WAN & MAN
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 109

Prerequisite
• Study of Principles of communication
• Study of Digital Communication
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 110

Recap
• In topic, We have learn introduction of

Communication
this about Network. Data
• We also learned about LAN ,WAN & MAN
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 111

Physical layer: transmission media
• In data communication,Transmission media is a

pathway that
carries the information from sender to receiver.
• We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.
• Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic
signals.
• Transmission media are located below the physical layer
• Computers use signals to represent data.
• Signals are transmitted in form of electromagnetic energy.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 112

Transmission Media
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 113

Transmission Media
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 114

Guided Media
Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit

from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 115

Guided Media
Figure Twisted-pair cable
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 116

Guided Media
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
Advantages of UTP:
• Affordable
• Most compatible cabling
• Major networking system
Disadvantages of UTP:
• Suffers from external Electromagnetic interference
• Pair of unshielded wires wound around each other
• Easiest to install
NOTE- Also, refer CN Lab, Experiment No-1
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 117

Guided Media
Figure UTP connector
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 118

Twisted Pair Cable
Shielded twisted pair (STP)
• Pair of wires wound around each other placed

inside a protective foil wrap.
• Metal braid or sheathfoil that reduces interference
• Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 119

Table Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 120

Guided Media
Figure Coaxial cable
Table
Categories
of coaxial cables
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 121
Guided Media: Co-axial Cable
Co-axial Cable Connectors

BNC Connectors – Bayone Neil Concelman
• To connect coaxial cable to devices we need coaxial
connectors.
• BNC Connector is used at the end of the cable to a
device. Example: TV set connection.
• BNC T connector used to Ethernet networks to branch

out connection to computer or other devices.
• BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent

the reflection of the signal.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 122

Guided Media: Optical Fiber Cable (OFC)
• An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape and consists of
three concentric sections: the core, the cladding, and the
jacket(outer part of the cable).
• A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signals
in the form of light.
• Uses reflection to guide light through a channel
Nature of light:
• Light travels in a straight line
• If light goes from one substance to another then the ray of light
changes direction.
• Ray of light changes direction when goes from more dense to a less
dense substance.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 123

Guided Media- OFC
Figure Optical fiber
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 124

Guided Media-OFC
Figure Propagation modes
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 125

Figure Modes- OFC
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 126

Figure Fiber construction
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 127

Transmission media
Step Index vs. Graded Index
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 128

Transmission media
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 129

Unguided media: Wireless transmission
• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a

physical conductor it is known as wireless communication.
• Signals broadcast through freespace and available to
capable receiver
Electro magnetic spectrum for wireless communication:
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 130

Figure Wireless transmission waves
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 131

Radio waves are used for multicast

communications, such as radio and television,
and paging system They can penetrate
through walls.
Highly regulated. Use omni directional
antennas
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 132

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such

as cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.
Infrared signals can be used for short-range

communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 133

Wireless Channels
• Are subject to a lot more errors than guided

media channels.
• Interference is one cause for errors, can be
circumvented with high SNR.
• The higher the SNR the less capacity is
available for transmission due to the broadcast
nature of the channel.
• Channel also subject to fading and no
coverage holes.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 134
Figure Propagation methods
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 135

Table
Bands
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 136

Signal Transmission
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 137

Signal
Transmission
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 138

Signal
Transmission
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 139

Line Coding/ Encoding
Objective: Study about basic concept of Encoding techniques and its types
Different Conversion Schemes
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 140

Digital to Digital Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 141

• Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals.

• By this technique we converts a sequence of bits to a digital signal.
• At the sender side digital data are encoded into a digital signal and at
the receiver side the digital data are recreated by decoding the digital
signal.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 141

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 143

Types of Digital to Digital Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 144

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 145

Unipolar Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 146

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 147

Encoding
Types of Polar Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 148

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 149

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 150

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 151

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 152

Encoding
Bipolar AMI Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 153

Encoding
Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of characters,

symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the secured transmission of data.
Decoding is the reverse process of encoding which is to extract the information from
the converted format.
Data Encoding
Encoding is the process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels to
represent 1s and 0s of the digital signals on the transmission link.
Non Return to Zero NRZ

NRZ Codes has 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low voltage level. The main behavior
of NRZ codes is that the voltage level remains constant during bit interval. The end or
start of a bit will not be indicated and it will maintain the same voltage state, if the
value of the previous bit and the value of the present bit are same.
The following figure explains the concept of NRZ coding.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 154

Encoding
NRZ - L NRZ–LEVEL
There is a change in the polarity of the signal, only when the incoming signal changes
from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. It is the same as NRZ, however, the first bit of the input
signal should have a change of polarity.
NRZ - I NRZ–INVERTED
If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a transition at the beginning of
the bit interval. For a 0 at the incoming signal, there is no transition at the beginning
of the bit interval.
NRZ codes has a disadvantage that the synchronization of the transmitter clock with
the receiver clock gets completely disturbed, when there is a string of 1s and 0s.
Hence, a separate clock line needs to be provided.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 155

Encoding
Bi-phase Manchester
In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval. The
transition for the resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of the interval, for
the input bit 1. While the transition is from Low to High for the input bit 0.
Differential Manchester
In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the bit interval.
If there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 0. If
no transition occurs at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 1.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 156

Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 157

Encoding
NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 158

Encoding
RZ Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 159

Encoding
Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 160

Encoding
Types of Bipolar
Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 161

Line Coding Review
Fig:- Different Line coding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 161

Encoding
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 163

Switching techniques
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 164

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 165

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 165

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 167

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 168

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 169

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 170

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 171

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 172

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 173

Networking and Internetworking Devices
Networking
and
Internetworking
Devices
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 174

Connecting Devices
Switches
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 175

Connecting Devices and the OSI Model
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 176

A Repeater in the OSI Model
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 177

A Repeater
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 178

Function of a Repeater
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 179

A Bridge in the OSI Model
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 180

A Bridge
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 181

Function of a Bridge
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 182

Multiport Bridge
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 183

A Router in the OSI Model
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 184

Routers in an Internet
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 185

A Gateway in the OSI Model
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 186

A
Gateway
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 187

Multiplexing
Techniques
Objective: Study about basic concept of Multiplexing and its types
• Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is

greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared.
• Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only one signal at any moment in
time.
• For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must somehow be divided,
giving each signal a portion of the total bandwidth.
CN Unit-1 188
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
Techniques
Objective: Study about basic concept of Multiplexing and its types
• Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple
signals across a single data link.
• In real life, we have links with limited bandwidths. Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve specific goals.
• Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing.
CN Unit-1 189
8/15/2022
Multiplexing techniques
There are three basic multiplexing techniques:
Advantages:-
• Two or more simultaneous transmissions on a single
circuit.
• Transparent to end user.
• Multiplexing costs less.
CN Unit-1 190
8/15/2022
In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link. The

lines on the left direct their transmission streams to a multiplexer (MUX),
which combines them into a single stream (many-to- one).
At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a demultiplexer (DEMUX),

which separates the stream back into its component transmissions
(one-to-many) and directs them to their corresponding lines.
In the figure, the word link refers to the physical path. The word
channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission
between a given pair of lines. One link can have many (n) channels.
CN Unit-1 191
8/15/2022
•Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
CN Unit-1 192
8/15/2022
•Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

It is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in
hertz) is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.
•In FDM, signals generated by each sending device modulate different carder
frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a single composite
signal that can be transported by the link.
•Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient bandwidth to accommodate the

modulated signal. These bandwidth ranges are the channels through which the
various signals travel.
•Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth guard bands to prevent

signals from overlapping.
•In addition, carrier frequencies must not interfere with the original data
frequencies.
CN Unit-1 193
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
CN Unit-1 194
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
The uses a series of filters to

multiplexed
de-multiplexersignal into its constituent
decompose the component signals. The
individual signals are then passed to a demodulator that separates
them from their carriers and passes them to the output lines.
CN Unit-1 195
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed

together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need
for a guard band of 10 kHz between the channels to prevent
interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that
the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 196

Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing :
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital process that allows several
connections to share the high bandwidth of a link. Instead of sharing a
portion of the bandwidth as in FDM, time is shared. Each connection
occupies a portion of time in the link. Note that the same link is used as in
FDM; here, however, the link is shown sectioned by time rather than by
frequency. In the figure, portions of signals 1, 2, 3, and 4 occupy the link
sequentially. TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several
low-rate channels into one high-rate one.
CN Unit-1 197
8/15/2022
•Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
CN Unit-1 198
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
We can divide TDM into two different schemes: synchronous and statistical.
In synchronous TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output even if it
is not sending data.
Time Slots and Frames: In synchronous TDM, the data flow of each input
connection is divided into units, where each input occupies one input time slot. A
unit can be 1 bit, one character, or one block of data. Each input unit becomes one
output unit and occupies one output time slot. However, the duration of an output
time slot is n times shorter than the duration of an input time slot. If an input time
slot is T s, the output time slot is T/n s, where n is the number of connections. In
other words, a unit in the output connection has a shorter duration; it travels faster.
In synchronous TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit duration
is n times shorter.
CN Unit-1 199
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
Interleaving
TDM can be visualized as two fast-rotating switches, one on the multiplexing side
and the other on the demultiplexing side. The switches are synchronized and rotate at
the same speed, but in opposite directions. On the multiplexing side, as the switch
opens in front of a connection, that connection has the opportunity to send a unit
onto the path. This process is called interleaving.
CN Unit-1 200
8/15/2022
Multiplexing
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)

It is designed to use the high-data-rate capability of fiber-optic cable. The
optical fiber data rate is higher than the data rate of metallic transmission
cable. Using a fiber-optic cable for one single line wastes the available
bandwidth. Multiplexing allows us to combine several lines into one.
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals. The
combining and splitting of light sources are easily handled by a prism.
Recall from basic physics that a prism bends a beam of light based on
the angle of incidence and the frequency.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 201

Multiplexing
Using this technique, a multiplexer can be made to combine several

input beams of light, each containing a narrow band of frequencies, into
one output beam of a wider band of frequencies. A de-multiplexer can
also be made to reverse the process.
One application of WDM is the SONET network in which multiple optical

fiber lines are multiplexed and de-multiplexed. A new method, called
dense WDM (DWDM), can multiplex a very large number of channels by
spacing channels very close to one another. It achieves even greater
efficiency. CN Unit-1 202
8/15/2022
•Wavelength Frequency-division multiplexing (WDM)
CN Unit-1 203
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 204
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 205
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 206
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 207
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 208
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 209
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 210
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 211
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 212
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 213
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 214
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 215
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 216
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 217
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 218
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 219
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 220
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 221
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 222
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 223
8/15/2022
IEEE Standards
CN Unit-1 224
8/15/2022
Daily Quiz
Which of the following layers is an addition to OSI model when
compared with TCP IP model?
a) Application layer
b) Presentation layer
c) Session layer
d) Session and Presentation layer
A is the physical path over which a message travels.
a) Path
b) Medium
c) Protocol
d) Route
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 225

Daily Quiz
The main goal of networking is Resource sharing.
A. True
B. False
OSI stands for
A. open system interconnection
B. operating system interface
C. optical service implementation
D. open service Internet
The number of layers in ISO OSI reference model is
A. 4 B. 5
C. 6 D. 7
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 226

Daily Quiz
TCP/IP model does not have layer but OSI model have this layer.
A. session layer
B. transport layer
C. application layer
D. network layer
Which layer is used to link the network support layers and user support
layers?
A. session layer
B. transport layer
D. network layer
Which address is used on the internet for employing the TCP/IP protocols?
A. physical address and logical address B. port address
C. specific address D. all of the mentioned
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 227
Weekly Assignment
• What do you mean by layered Architecture? Explain the role of each
layer in OSI Model.
• How TCP differ from sliding window protocols?
• Explain & Compare the performance of different line coding schemes.
• Describe the difference between OSI & TCP/IP Architectural Mode.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 228

Recap
• In this topic, We have learn Goals and Applications

about
Networks, of
Network Protocols & Communication
• We also learned about TCP & OSI Model and Line Coding Review
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 229

Faculty Video Links, YouTube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
YouTube/other Video Links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9f0xnA6zCHU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SWBxiPeSqk&t=618s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzXs0EnCin0&t=2487s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swtH_okidQc&list=PLUtfVcb-
iqn8dG1-Cn7NTEdILR3hRVgcN
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 230

MCQs
• The structure or format of data is called _

a) Syntax
b) Semantics
c) Struct
d) Formatting
• Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves
transmission.
a) Automatic
b) Half-duplex
c) Full-duplex
d) Simplex
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 231

MCQs
A set of rules that governs data communication.
a) Protocols
b) Standards
c) RFCs
d) Servers
In computer network nodes are

a) the computer that originates the data
b) the computer that routes the data
c) the computer that terminates the data
d) all of the mentioned
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 232

MCQs
Which type of network supports transmitting voice, video and data?
A) LAN
B) MAN
C) WAN
D) All the above
A simple WIFI modem forms a wireless network.
A) LAN
B) MAN
C) WAN
D) None
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 233

Glossary Questions
Choose most appropriate
(communication , Protocol , networking, Receiver )

• is the process of transferring or receiving data from
one point to other.
•
In data communication components, is used to
receive a data.
• is the concept of sharing resources, services and
applications.
• A is a set of rules that controls the data
communication.
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 233

MCQs
TCP/IP model does not have layer but OSI model have this layer.
A. session layer
B. transport layer
D. network layer
Which layer is used to link the network support layers and user support
layers?
A. session layer
B. transport layer
D. network layer
Which address is used on the internet for employing the TCP/IP protocols?
A. physical address and logical address B. port address
C. specific address D. all of the mentioned
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 235
Old University Exam Question Papers
• What is Internet?
• Give difference between LAN & WAN.
• What are the conceptual pieces of Data Communication System?
• What are the criteria necessary for efficient network?
• Which is connection oriented TCP or UDP?
• Explain OSI Layers in detail with block diagram.
• What is the use of bit Stuffing in data?

Briefly explain.
• What are the criteria necessary for efficient and effective network?
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 236
Old Question Papers
2/4/2021 Sanjay Nayak KCS603 CN Unit Number:1 236

Old Question Papers
Sanjay Nayak KCS603 CN

2/4/2021 237
Unit Number:1
Expected Questions for University Exam
• Explain OSI Layers in detail with block diagram.

• What is the use of bit Stuffing in data?
Briefly explain.
• What are the criteria necessary for efficient and effective network?
• What is Internet?
• Give difference between LAN & WAN.
• What are the criteria necessary for efficient network?
• Which is connection oriented TCP or UDP?
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 239
Summary
•In this unit, we learned about Introduction of Data

communication network and LAN,WAN,MAN
•We also learned Goals and Application of Networks

•In this unit, we also learned Network Protocols & Communication &
OSI Model and Line Coding Review
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 240

References
• Forouzan,
Data Communication & Networking, McGraw-Hill
Education
• Lathi, P. & Ding, Z., (2010), Modern Digital and Analog

B.
Communication Systems, Oxford University Press
• Stallings, W., (2010), Data and Computer Communications, Pearson.
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks” Pearson.
• Ajit Pal, “Data Communication and Computer Networks”, PHI
• Dimitri Bertsekas, Robert G. Gallager, “Data Networks”, Prentice Hall,
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 241

Recap of Unit
•In this topic, We have learn about introductionof Data

Communication Network.
•We also learned about LAN ,WAN & MAN
•In this topic, We have learn about Goals and
Applications of Networks, Network Protocols &
Communication
•We alsolearned about TCP & OSIModel and Line
Coding
Review
8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 242

8/15/2022 CN Unit-1 242

Unit 1-CN

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 1-CN

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Meerut Institute of Technology , Meerut, UP, India, 250103

Introduction to Computer Networks

The objective of this course is to understand introduction of

Avg. 3 2.6 2.2 0.6 1.6 0.6 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.8 3

*3= High *2= Medium *1=Low

• Basics of Digital communication

• Fundamental of Digital logic design

The main objective of data communication and networking is to enable

This exchange of data takes place over a computer network.

• University Question Paper

• Expected Questions for University Exam

Topic No. Topic Objective

1 To study the Introduction of Computer Networks

2 To study the LAN,WAN & MAN

A computer network is a group of computers linked to

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

• Provide alternative source of information.

(a) Scientific and Technical Computing

Performance Reliability Security

▪ Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time

and response time.

▪ Transit time: The amount of time required for a message to travel

from one device to another’

▪ Response Time: Elapsed time between an inquiry and response.

▪ Performance depends on no. of factors.

Type of transmission medium

• Measured by the frequency of failure.

• The time takes a link to recover from a failure.

• Electronic Data Interchange

Fig:- Network communication

1. LAN(Local Area Network)

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Fig:- LAN connection

• The nodes in many of today’s LANs are desktop systems like

• A workstation is used here to represent a LAN user’s

• A server is a network node that is dedicated to

Fig:- MAN connection

• A MAN spans distances of approximately 100 miles;

• MAN speeds are typically 100 Mbps or higher.

Fig :- WAN connection

• WANs generally span a wide geographic area like a state,

• A WAN in a limited geographic area could be easily

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

Topics discussed in this section:

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

Established in the International Standards Organization (ISO) is

ISO is the organization.

• OSI Layers(Open Systems Interconnection) : OSI is a reference

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol or Internet Protocol) : It

Figure Seven layers of the OSI model

Figure The interaction between layers in the OSI model

The application layer is responsible for

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

The session layer is responsible for dialog

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

The network layer is responsible for the

Figure Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

Figure Physical layer

3= High 2= Medium *1=Low