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 Wireless Communication
(EC8652)

Department : ECE
Batch/Year : 2019-2023
Created by :
Mrs. S. Rosaline
Mr. K. Naresh Kumar Thapa
Date : 07-03-2022
 Table of Contents

S.No Contents Page

Number

1 Course Objectives 7

2 Pre Requisites 9

3 Syllabus 11

4 Course outcomes 13

5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 15

6 Unit V – MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES

6.1 Lecture Plan 18

6.2 Activity Based Learning 19

6.3 Lecture Notes 20

1. MIMO systems 21

2 . Spatial multiplexing 27

3. Layered Space Time Codes 30

4. System model ,Pre-coding 33

5. Beam forming 36

6 . Transmitter diversity 37

7. Channel state information 39

8. capacity in fading and non-fading channels 40

 Table of Contents
S.No Contents Page
Number

Links to videos 46

6.4 Assignment 47

6.5 Part A Questions & Answers 48

6.6 Part B Questions 50

6.7 Supportive online Certification courses 51

6.8 Real time Applications in day to day life and to 52

Industry

6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus 54

7 Assessment Schedule 57

8 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 59

9 Mini Project suggestions 61

1. Course Objectives

Subject Name: Wireless Communication

Subject Code: EC8652

EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
COURSE OBJECTIVES

The student should be made to:

Define a wireless channel.
Explain the concepts of cellular system
Classify multiple access techniques
Design and implement various signaling schemes for fading
channel
Compare multipath mitigation techniques and analyze their
performance
Discuss various multiple antenna techniques
2. Pre Requisites

Subject Name: Wireless Communication

Subject Code: EC8652

Subject Name: Communication Theory
Subject Code : EC8491
Semester : 04
Reason : Students should be familiar with working of Basic
communication Modulation System

Subject Name: Digital Communication

Subject Code : EC8501
Semester : 05
Reason : to familiarize the Digital Modulation Schemes

Subject Name: Principles of Digital Signal Processing

Subject Code : EC8553
Semester : 05
Reason : To familiarize the transforms and signal
processing
 3. Syllabus

Subject Name: Wireless Communication

Subject Code: EC8652
 EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
LTPC
3003

UNIT I WIRELESS CHANNELS 9

Large scale path loss – Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray
models -Link Budget design – Small scale fading- Parameters of mobile
multipath channels – Time dispersion parameters- Coherence bandwidth
– Doppler spread & Coherence time, Fading due to Multipath time delay
spread – flat fading – frequency selective fading – Fading due to Doppler
spread – fast fading – slow fading.

UNIT II CELLULAR ARCHITECTURES 9

Multiple Access techniques - FDMA, TDMA, CDMA – Capacity
calculations–Cellular concept- Frequency reuse - channel assignment-
hand off- interference & system capacity- trunking & grade of service –
Coverage and capacity improvement.

UNIT III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS 9

Structure of a wireless communication link,Principles of Offset – QPSK ,
π/4- DQPSK , Minimum Shift Keying , Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying,
Error performance infading channels ,OFDM principle – Cyclic prefix ,
Windowing , PAPR .
UNIT IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 9
Equalization–Adaptive equalization, Linear and Non-Linear equalization,
Zero forcing and LMS Algorithms. Diversity–Micro and Macro diversity,
Diversity combining techniques, Error probability in fading channels with
diversity reception, Rake receiver
UNIT V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES 9
MIMO systems – spatial multiplexing -System model -Pre-coding - Beam
forming - transmitter diversity, receiver diversity- Channel state
information-capacity in fading and non-fading channels.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
 4. Course Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

Explain the Characteristics of fading in wireless channels

Describe the fundamentals of Cellular Architecture
Use various signaling schemes for wireless communication channels
Compare the performance of channel using various propagation
models
Analyze the various mitigation techniques to address fading and
interference in multipath propagation.
Design MIMO Systems in fading and non fading channels
Course Outcomes and Blooms K
Level
Course Statement Blooms
Outcomes K_Level

CO1 Explain the Characteristics of fading in

K2
wireless channels
CO2 Describe the fundamentals of Cellular
K2
Architecture
CO3 Use various signaling schemes for
K3
wireless communication channels
CO4 Compare the performance of
K3
channel using various
propagation models
CO5 Analyze the various mitigation techniques
to address fading and interference in K3
multipath propagation.
CO6 Design MIMO Systems in fading and non
K3
fading channels
5. CO-PO/PSO mapping
 Program Outcomes PSO

Cour PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
se 1 0 1 2 1 2 3
Outc

CO-PO/PSO mapping
ome
ADC K3 K4 K5 K5 K3/K A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 K3 K3 K3
5

CO1 2 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2

CO2 2 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2

CO3 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 3

CO4 3 3 3 1 1 - - - - 1 - 2 - - 2

CO5 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 - 2 - 3 3

CO6 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - 2 - 2 - - 2

Averag 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - 2 - 3 3
e CO
Mapp
ing
 Unit –V
MULTIPLE ANTENNA
TECHNIQUES
 LECTURE PLAN
UNIT V – Multiple Antenna Techniques

Mode of Delivery
Taxonomy level
Proposed Date
No. of Periods

Pertaining CO
Actual Date

Reason for
Deviation
S.No

Topic

1 MIMO systems PowerPoint -

K2
1 CO6 through
Understand
online

2 Spatial K2 PowerPoint -
1 CO6 Understand through
multiplexing online

3 K2 PowerPoint -
Receiver diversity 1 CO6 Understand through
online

4 K2 PowerPoint -
System model 1 CO6 Understand through
online

5 K2 PowerPoint -
Pre-coding
1 CO6 Understand through
online

6 K3 PowerPoint -
Beam forming 1 CO6 Apply through
online

7 K2 PowerPoint -
Transmitter
1 CO6 Understand through
diversity online

8 Channel state K3 PowerPoint -

information 1 CO6 Apply through
online

9 Capacity in fading K3 PowerPoint -

and non-fading 1 CO6 Apply through
channels online

Total No. of Periods : 9

 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

1.Group discussion “MIMO wireless technology to

provide increased link capacity and spectral efficiency
combined with improved link reliability”
2. Poster Presentation – MIMO & Types
3. Identify the multiple antenna configurations

?
 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

4. Identify the antenna configuration

 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

1. QUIZ on Multiple Antenna Techniques

https://forms.gle/ZfdyN3NNpzT9idoD8
6. Lecture Notes
 Unit – V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES

6.1 MIMO - Introduction

• MIMO systems are systems with Multiple Element Antennas (MEAs) at both link
ends.
• The MEAs of a MIMO system can be used for four different purposes:
(i) beamforming,
(ii) diversity,
(iii) interference suppression, and
(iv) spatial multiplexing (transmission of several data streams in parallel).
• The first three concepts are the same as for smart antennas.
• Having multiple antennas at both link ends leads to some interesting new technical
possibilities, but does not change the fundamental effects of this approach.
• Spatial multiplexing, on the other hand, is a new concept, and has thus drawn the
greatest attention.
• It allows direct improvement of capacity by simultaneous transmission of
multiple data streams.
• The (information-theoretic) capacity for a single link increases linearly with the
number of antenna elements.

6.1.1 MIMO Formats

• There are a number of different MIMO configurations or formats that can be used.
These are termed SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. These different MIMO formats
offer different advantages and disadvantages - these can be balanced to provide
the optimum solution for any given application.
• The different MIMO formats - SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO require different
numbers of antennas as well as having different levels of complexity. Also
dependent upon the format, processing may be needed at one end of the
link or the other - this can have an impact on any decisions made.
• The different forms of antenna technology refer to single or multiple
inputs and outputs. These are related to the radio link. In this way the
input is the transmitter as it transmits into the link or signal path, and
the output is the receiver. It is at the output of the wireless link.
The different forms of single / multiple antenna links are defined as below:
SISO - Single Input Single Output
SIMO - Single Input Multiple output
MISO - Multiple Input Single Output
MIMO - Multiple Input multiple Output
(i) SISO – Single Input Single Output
The simplest form of radio link can be defined in MIMO terms as SISO - Single Input Single
Output
This is effectively a standard radio channel - this transmitter operates with one antenna and
receiver operates with one antenna.
There is no diversity and no additional processing required.

Fig.1 : SISO
Advantages:
✔ The advantage of a SIS system is its simplicity.
✔ SISO requires no processing in terms of the various forms of diversity that
may be used.
Drawbacks:
• The SISO channel is limited in its performance.
• Interference and fading will impact the system more than a MIMO system using
some form of diversity, and the channel bandwidth is limited by Shannon's law -
the throughput being dependent upon the channel bandwidth and the signal to
noise ratio.
(ii) SIMO - Single Input Multiple output
● The SIMO or Single Input Multiple Output version of MIMO occurs where
the transmitter has a single antenna and the receiver has multiple antennas.
● Also known as receive diversity.
● It is often used to enable a receiver system that receives signals from a
number of independent sources to combat the effects of fading.
● It has been used for many years with short wave listening / receiving
stations to combat the effects of ionospheric fading and interference.
 Fig 2: Single Input Multiple output

Advantages:

✔ It is relatively easy to implement.

Drawbacks:
o The processing is required in the receiver.
o The use of SIMO may be quite acceptable in many applications, but where
the receiver is located in a mobile device such as a cellphone handset, the levels of
processing may be limited by size, cost and battery drain.
There are two forms of SIMO that can be used:
● Switched diversity SIMO: This form of SIMO looks for the strongest signal
and switches to that antenna.
● Maximum ratio combining SIMO: This form of SIMO takes both signals
and sums them to give the a combination. In this way, the signals from both
antennas contribute to the overall signal.

(iii) MISO - Multiple Input Single Output

● MISO is also termed transmit diversity.
● In this case, the same data is transmitted redundantly from the multiple
transmitter antennas.
● The receiver is then able to receive the optimum signal which it can then
use to receive extract the required data.

Fig 3: Multiple Input Single Output

Advantages:
The advantage of using MISO is that the multiple antennas and the redundancy coding /
processing is moved from the receiver to the transmitter.
In instances such as cellphone UEs, this can be a significant advantage in terms of
space for the antennas and reducing the level of processing required in the receiver
for the redundancy coding.
This has a positive impact on size, cost and battery life as the lower level of
processing requires less battery consumption.
(iv) MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
Where there are more than one antenna at either end of the radio link, this is termed
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output.
MIMO can be used to provide improvements in both channel robustness as well as
channel throughput.

Fig: 4 Multiple Input Multiple Output

● In order to be able to benefit from MIMO fully it is necessary to be able to

utilise coding on the channels to separate the data from the different paths.

● This requires processing, but provides additional channel robustness / data

throughput capacity.

There are many formats of MIMO that can be used from SISO, through SIMO and
MISO to the full MIMO systems. These are all able to provide significant
improvements of performance, but generally at the cost of additional processing and
the number of antennas used. Balances of performance against costs, size,
processing available and the resulting battery life need to be made when choosing
the correct option.
6.1.2 Smart Antennas
Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas) are antenna arrays with
smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature such as
the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming
vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target.

Fig 5: Smart Antenna

Smart antennas can be used for various purposes:

1. Increase of coverage: assume that the smart antenna is at the RX. Now, if the
spatial (angular) position of the transmitter (TX) is known, the RX can form an array
pattern in the direction of the TX (beamforming). This results in higher receive power
– e.g., an antenna array with eight elements can increase the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(SNR) by 9 dB compared with a single antenna.
In a noise-limited cellular system, an improvement in the SNR increases the
area that can be covered by one BS. Conversely, the coverage range can be kept
constant while the transmit power is decreased.
2. Increase of capacity: smart antennas can increase the SIR, e.g., through the
use of optimum combining; this in turn allows the number of users in the system to
be increased.
This is the practically most important advantage of smart antennas.
3. Improvement of link quality: by increasing signal power and/or decreasing
interference power, we can also increase the transmission quality on each single link.
4. Decrease of delay dispersion: by suppressing MPCs with large delays, delay
dispersion can be reduced. This feature can be especially useful in systems with a
very high data rate.
5. Improvement of user position estimation: knowledge of the DOAs, especially
for the (quasi-) Line Of Sight (LOS) component, improves geolocation. This is of value
both for location-based services and for the ability to locate users in case of
emergency.

Smart Antennas
Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas) are antenna arrays with
smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature such as
the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming
vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target.
 Smart Antenna Vs MIMO

Smart Antenna MIMO

1. Only TX or RX or both are equipped
with more than one antenna. [Typically it
is the transmitter station where the extra
cost and space is more easily available
and affordable than small phone
handsets].
1. Both sides of the communication have
more than one antenna. [Tx subscriber unit is
gradually evolving to become sophisticated
wireless Internet access device with maximum
features rather than just pocket telephones.
This makes multiple antenna a possibility at
both sides of the link, even though pushing
much of the processing and cost on the TX
side.].

2. Data is transmitted over a vector 2. Data is transmitted over matrix channel.

channel.
3. Some smart antenna system performs 3. Alternatively, MIMO technology can
better in LOS or close to LOS system. This perform well in non LOS but it really tries to
is especially true when the optimization mitigate multipath rather than exploiting it.
criterion depends explicitly on angle of
arrival departure parameter.

6.2 Spatial Multiplexing

• Spatial multiplexing uses MEAs at the TX for transmission of parallel data streams
• An original high-rate data stream is multiplexed into several parallel streams, each
of which is sent from one transmit antenna element.
• The channel “mixes up” these data streams, so that each of the receive antenna
elements sees a combination of them.
• If the channel is well behaved, the received signals represent linearly
independent combinations.
• It requires appropriate signal processing at the RX can separate the data
streams.
• A basic condition is that the number of receive antenna elements is at least as
large as the number of transmit data streams.
• It is clear that this approach allows the data rate to be drastically increased –
namely, by a factor of min(Nt,Nr).

Figure 6 - Principle behind spatial multiplexing

• For the case when the TX knows the channel, we can also develop another
intuition
• With Nt transmit antennas, we can form Nt different beams.
• We point all these beams at different Interacting Objects (IOs), and transmit
different data streams over them.
• At the RX, we can use Nr antenna elements to form Nr beams, and also point them
at different IOs.
• If all the beams can be kept orthogonal to each other, there is no interference
between the data streams; in other words, we have established parallel channels.
• The IOs (in combination with the beams pointing in their direction) play the same
role as wires in the transmission of multiple data streams on multiple wires.
 Figure 7 - Transmission of different data streams via different interacting objects
• From this description, we can also immediately derive some important principles:
the number of possible data streams is limited by min (Nt,Nr,Ns), where
Ns is the number of (significant) IOs.
• The number of data streams cannot be larger than the number of transmit antenna
elements, and need a sufficient number of receive antenna elements (at least as
many as data streams) to form the receive beams and, thus, be able to separate
the data streams.
• But it is also very important to notice that the number of IOs poses an upper
limit: if two data streams are transmitted to the same IO, then the RX has no
possibility of sorting them
• out by forming different beams.

Figure 8 - Block diagram MIMO system model

6.2.1 Layered Space Time Codes
Layered space–time structures have been proposed, which allow us to break up the
demodulation process into several separate pieces, each of which has lower
complexity.
These structures are also widely known under the name of BLAST architectures.
Following the proposal by Foschini at Bell Labs, a family of architectures emerged for
systems employing multiple antenna arrays at transmit and receive end, collectively
known as Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (BLAST) architectures.

Figure 9- V-BLAST Encoding architecture

Vertical BLAST (V-BLAST)
The information bit stream is processed by an optional conventional error encoder
and then split into Nr data streams, each of which is separately modulated before
being passed to its respective antenna for transmission (Figure 5.3).
The input is split into parallel streams that are depicted vertically – so called as
vertical BLAST.
Since each layer is capable of accommodating applications where different data rates
are applied to different layers.
Layers with higher data rates might use higher order modulation schemes so that
each layer would have the same bandwidth.
Since distinct data streams are applied to each of the Nt layers, during each use of
the channel (ie each modulation symbol period) there are Nt different modulation
symbols transmitted.
Spatial diversity is approximately equal to (Nr-Nt+1).
Advantages:
Detection of V-BLAST is simpler than diagonal BLAST
An array gain of Nr can be achieved
Drawbacks:
Complex decoding scheme
Not practical in cellular environments

H-BLAST

o It is similar to V-BLAST except that it includes separate conventional error

encoders on each of the transmit data streams instead of a single encoder prior
to the serial to parallel converter (Figure 5.4).

o The term ‘horizontal’ in the name refers to the fact that the encoders on each
layer perform coding in the time domain.

o It has same spatial rate, spectral efficiency and spatial diversity properties as V-
BLAST.

Figure 9. - H-BLAST Encoding architecture

Advantages:

H-BLAST receiver has been used for interference reduction

Drawbacks: Does not provide diversity

D-BLAST
It is similar to V-BLAST except that it includes a block after the modulators that
performs stream rotation (Figure 5.5).
Consider an example Nt=4.
The outputs from the conventional encoders are vectors denoted by a,b,c and d and
we assume that the outputs are divided into blocks consisting of Nt consecutive
segments.

Figure 10. - D-BLAST Encoding architecturee

D-BLAST
It is similar to V-BLAST except that it includes a block after the modulators that
performs stream rotation (Figure 5.5).
Consider an example Nt=4.
The outputs from the conventional encoders are vectors denoted by a,b,c and d and
we assume that the outputs are divided into blocks consisting of Nt consecutive
segments.
The first four encoded segments out of conventional encoder 1 by a1,a2,a3 and a4,
the next set of four encoded segments by a5,a6,a7 and a8 and so forth.
The outputs of the other encoders are denoted in a similar way.
Rather than simply passing the modulated outputs from each encoder into its
respective antenna, the stream rotator the modulated segments in a round – robin
fashion by performing two operations – (i) it distributes consecutive sequences of Nt
segments from each encoder onto each of the antennas and (ii) the order of the
encoders that it operates on is chosen in a circularly rotated manner rather than
simply sequentially from encoder 1 to Nt.
6.3 System Model
Figure 11 exhibits a block diagram of system model of MIMO.
• At the TX, the data stream enters an encoder, whose outputs are forwarded to Nt
transmit antennas.
• From the antennas, the signal is sent through the wireless propagation channel,
which is assumed to be quasi-static and frequency-flat if not stated otherwise.
• By quasi-static we mean that the coherence time of the channel is so long that “a
large number” of bits can be transmitted within this time.
• We denote the Nt x Nr matrix of the channel as

whose entries hij are complex channel gains (transfer functions) from the j th
transmit to the ith receive antenna.
The received signal vector

contains the signals received by Nr antenna elements, where s is the transmit

signal vector and n is the noise vector.
6.4 Pre-coding
• Spatial multiplexing with BLAST structure is used as a capacity achieving
techniques.
• It is not practical in cellular environments.
• It depends on high SNR, so error propagation will occur.
• So, to overcome this drawbacks, precoding technique is used.
• Precoding is motivated by the concept known as writing on dirty paper.
• Dirty paper coding (DPC) is a technique for efficient transmission of digital data
through a channel subjected to some interference known to the transmitter.
• The technique consists of precoding the data in order to cancel the effect caused
by the interference.
• Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-stream (or multi-
layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications.
• In conventional single-stream beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each
of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting (phase and gain) such that
the signal power is maximized at the receiver output.
• When the receiver has multiple antennas, single-stream beamforming cannot
simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas.
• In order to maximize the throughput in multiple receive antenna systems, multi-
stream transmission is generally required.
• In point-to-point systems, precoding means that multiple data streams are emitted
from the transmit antennas with independent and appropriate weightings such that
the link throughput is maximized at the receiver output.
• In multi-user MIMO, the data streams are intended for different users
(known as SDMA) and some measure of the total throughput (e.g., the sum
performance or max-min fairness) is maximized.
• In point-to-point systems, some of the benefits of precoding can be
realized without requiring channel state information at the transmitter, while such
information is essential to handle the inter-user interference in multi-user systems.
• Precoding in the downlink of cellular networks, known as network MIMO or
coordinated multipoint (CoMP), is a generalized form of multi-user MIMO that can
be analyzed by the same mathematical techniques
• Precoding is a technique which exploits transmit diversity by weighting
information stream, i.e. the transmitter send the coded information to the receiver
in order to the pre-knowledge of the channel. The receiver is a simple detector,
such as a matched filter, and does not have to know the channel side information.
This technique will reduce the corrupted effect of the communication channel.

• For example you are sending the information and it will pass through the
channel, , and add Gaussian noise, . The received signal at the receiver front-end
will be

The receiver will have to know the information about h and n

6.5 Beamforming
• Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of the antenna
array by adding constructively the phases of the signals in the direction of the
targets/mobiles desired, and nulling the pattern of the targets/mobiles that are
undesired/interfering targets (Figure 5.6).
• This can be done with a simple FIR tapped delay line filter.
• The weights of the FIR filter may also be changed adaptively, and used to provide
optimal beamforming, in the sense that it reduces the MMSE between the desired
and actual beampattern formed.
• Typical algorithms are the steepest descent, and LMS algorithms.
• Goal: Improved SNRs or SINRs in multiuser scenarios
• Beamforming can be interpreted as linear filtering in the spatial domain

6.6 Transmit Diversity

• For many situations, multiple antennas can be installed at just one link end (usually
the BS).
• For the uplink transmission from the MS to BS, multiple antennas can act as
receive diversity branches.
• For the downlink, any possible diversity originates at the transmitter.
• Here transmit diversity refers to antenna diversity (which encompasses spatial
diversity, pattern diversity, and polarization diversity).
• Time diversity and frequency diversity inherently involve the TX, and thus need not
be discussed again here.
6.6.1 Transmitter Diversity with Channel State Information
• The first situation we analyze is the case where the TX knows the channel
perfectly.
• This knowledge might be obtained from feedback from the RX, or from reciprocity
principles.
• In this case, we find that (at least for the noise-limited case) there is a complete
equivalence between transmit diversity and receive diversity.
• The optimum transmission scheme linearly weights signals transmitted from
different antenna elements with the complex conjugates of the channel transfer
functions from the transmit antenna elements to the single receive antenna.
• This approach is known as maximum ratio transmission

6.6.2 Transmitter Diversity Without Channel State Information

• In many cases, Channel State Information (CSI) is not available at the TX.
• We cannot simply transmit weighted copies of the same signal from different
transmit antennas, because we cannot know how they would add up at the RX.
• It is equally likely for the addition of different components to be constructive or
destructive; in other words, we would just be adding up MPCs with random phases,
which results in Rayleigh fading.
• We thus cannot gain any diversity (or beamforming).
• In order to give benefits, transmission of the signals from different antenna
elements has to be done is such a way that it allows the RX to distinguish different
transmitted signal components.

(i) Delay diversity - In this scheme, signals transmitted from different

antenna elements are delayed copies of the same signal.
This makes sure that the effective impulse response is delay dispersive, even if the
channel itself is flat fading.
So, in a flat-fading channel, we transmit data streams with a delay of 1 symbol
duration (relative to preceding antennas) from each of the transmit antennas.
The effective impulse response of the channel then becomes

where the hn are gains from the nth transmit antenna to the receive antenna, and the
impulse response has been normalized so that total transmit power is independent of
the number of antenna elements.
• The signals from different transmit antennas to the RX act effectively as delayed
MPCs.
• If antenna elements are spaced sufficiently far apart, these coefficients fade
independently.
• With an appropriate RX for delay-dispersive channels – e.g., an equalizer or
a RAKE RX – we get a diversity order that is equal to the number of antenna
elements.
• If the channel from a single transmit antenna to the RX is already delay dispersive, then the
scheme still works, but care has to be taken in the choice of delays for different
antenna elements.
• The delay between signals transmitted from different antenna elements should be
at least as large as the maximum excess delay of the channel.
(ii) Phase-sweeping diversity - In this method, which is especially useful if there are
only two antenna elements, the same signal is transmitted from both antenna
elements.
• However, one of the antenna signals undergoes a time-varying phase shift. This
means that at the RX the received signals add up in a time-varying way; in other
words, we are artificially introducing temporal variations into the channel.
• The reason for this is that – even if the TX, RX, and the IOs are stationary – the
signal does not remain stuck in a fading dip.
• This scheme combined with appropriate coding and/or interleaving, it improves
performance.
(iii) Usage of space – time codes
6.7 Receive Diversity
• Diversity
• Types of diversity - microdiversity and macrodiversity
• Diversity combining Techniques

6.8 Channel State Information

• Algorithms for MIMO transmission can be categorized by the amount of CSI that
they require. We distinguish the following cases:
1.Full CSI at the TX (CSIT) and full CSI at the RX (CSIR):
• in this ideal case both the TX and the RX have full and perfect knowledge of the
channel.
• This case obviously results in the highest possible capacity.
• It is difficult to obtain the full CSIT.

2.Average CSIT and full CSIR:

• The RX has full information of the instantaneous channel state, but the TX knows
only the average CSI – e.g., the correlation matrix of H or the angular power
spectrum.
• This is easier to achieve and does not require reciprocity or fast feedback; however,
it does require calibration (to eliminate the nonreciprocity of transmit and receive
chains) or slow feedback.
3.No CSIT and full CSIR:
• This is the case that can be achieved most easily, without any feedback or
calibration.
• The TX simply does not use any CSI, while the RX learns the instantaneous
channel state from a training sequence or using blind estimation.
4,Noisy CSI :
• when we assume “full CSI” at the RX, this implies that the RX has learned the
channel state perfectly.
• However, any received training sequence will be affected by additive noise as well
as quantization noise.
• It is thus more realistic to assume a “mismatched RX,” where the RX processes the
signal based on the observed channel Hobs, while in reality the signals pass through
channel Htrue
Htrue = Hobs + ∆
• Some papers have taken this into account by ad hoc modification of noise variance
(replacing is the variance of the entries of ∆ ).

5.No CSIT and no CSIR:

It is remarkable that channel capacity is also high when neither the TX nor the RX
have CSI.
We can, e.g., use a generalization of differential modulation.
For high SNR, capacity no longer increases linearly with m = min(Nt,Nr), but rather
increases as
and Tcoh is the coherence time of the channel in units of symbol duration.

6.9 Capacity of MIMO System

6. 9.1 Capacity in Nonfading Channels
As Shannon showed, the information-theoretic (ergodic) capacity of a channel is

where γ is the SNR at the RX, and H is the normalized transfer function from the TX
to the RX. The key statement of this equation is that capacity increases only
logarithmically with the SNR, so that boosting the transmit power is a highly
ineffective way of increasing capacity.
Consider now the MIMO case, where the channel is represented by H matrix

SVD: Singular Value Decomposition

It is similar to eigenvalue decomposition, but exists also for rectangular
matrices (more rows than columns, or vice versa). It decomposes any matrix into a
product of three matrices: a unitary matrix corresponding to the row space, a
diagonal matrix describing the strength of different eigen modes, and a unitary matrix
describing the column space. Let us then consider a singular value decomposition of
the channel

where ∑ is a diagonal matrix containing singular values, and W and U† are unitary
matrices composed of the left and right singular vectors, respectively.
The received signal is then

Then, multiplication of the transmit data vector by matrix U and the received signal vector by
W† diagonalizes the channel:

Note that – because U and W are unitary matrices - has the same statistical properties as
n – i.e., it is independent identically distributed (iid) white Gaussian noise. The
matrix ∑ is a diagonal matrix with RH nonzero entries σk, where RH is the rank of H (and thus
defined as the number of nonzero singular values), and σk is the kth singular value of H. We
have therefore RH parallel channels (eigenmodes of the channel), and it is clear that the
capacity of parallel channels just adds up.
The capacity of channel H is thus given by the sum of the capacities of the eigenmodes of the
channel:

Where is noise variance, and Pk is the power allocated to the kth eigen mode; we
assume that Pk = P is independent of the number of antennas. This capacity expression can
be shown to be equivalent to

where INr 🡪 is the Nr × Nr identity matrix,

γ is the mean SNR per RX branch, and Rss is the correlation matrix of the transmit data (if
data at the different antenna elements are uncorrelated, it is a diagonal matrix with entries
that describe the power distribution among antennas).
• The distribution of power among the different eigenmodes (or antennas) depends on the
amount of CSIT; we also assume for the moment that the RX has perfect CSI.
• The equations above confirm our intuitive picture that capacity increases linearly with
min(Nt,Nr,Ns), as the number of nonzero singular values RH is upper-limited by
min(Nt,Nr,Ns).
A) No Channel State Information at the Transmitter and Full CSI at the
Receiver
When the RX knows the channel perfectly, but no CSI is available at the TX, it is
optimum to assign equal transmit power to all TX antennas, Pk = P/Nt, and use
uncorrelated data streams.Capacity takes the form,
It is worth noting that (for sufficiently large Ns) the capacity of a MIMO system
increases linearly with min(Nt,Nr), irrespective of whether the channel is known at
the TX or not. Let us now look at a few special cases.
To make the discussion easier, we assume that Nt =Nr = N:
1. All transfer functions are identical – i.e., h1,1 = h1,2 = . . . = hN,N. This case
occurs when all
antenna elements are spaced very closely together, and all waves are coming from
similar directions. In such a case, the rank of the channel matrix is unity.
Then, capacity is

We see that in this case the SNR is increased by a factor of N compared with the
single antenna case, due to beamforming gain at the RX. However, this only leads to
a logarithmic increase in capacity with the number of antennas.
2. All transfer functions are different such that the channel matrix is full
rank, and has N eigenvalues of equal magnitude. This case can occur when the
antenna elements are spaced far apart and are arranged in a special way. In this
case, capacity is

and, thus, increases linearly with the number of antenna elements.

3. Parallel transmission channels – e.g., parallel cables. In this case, capacity
also increases linearly with the number of antenna elements. However, the SNR per
channel decreases with N, so that total capacity is

B) Full Channel State Information at the Transmitter and Full CSI at the
Receiver
Let us next consider the case where both the RX and TX know the channel perfectly.
In such a case, it can be more advantageous to distribute power not uniformly
between the different transmit antennas (or eigenmodes) but rather assign it based
on the channel state.
In other words, we are faced with the problem of optimally allocating power to
several parallel channels, each of which has a different SNR.
Solution is : waterfilling.
It is worth noting that (for sufficiently large Ns) the capacity of a MIMO system
increases linearly with min(Nt,Nr), irrespective of whether the channel is known at
the TX or not. Let us now look at a few special cases.
To make the discussion easier, we assume that Nt =Nr = N:
1. All transfer functions are identical – i.e., h1,1 = h1,2 = . . . = hN,N. This case
occurs when all
antenna elements are spaced very closely together, and all waves are coming from
similar directions. In such a case, the rank of the channel matrix is unity.

6.9.2 Capacity in Flat-Fading Channels

• In the previous section, we considered capacity for one given channel realization –
i.e., for one channel matrix H. In wireless systems, we are, however, faced with
channel fading. In this case, entries in channel matrix H are random variables.
• If the channel is Rayleigh fading, and fading is independent at different antenna
elements, the hij are iid zero-mean, circularly symmetric complex Gaussian
random variables with unit variance – i.e., the real and imaginary part each has
variance 1/2.
• Consequently, the power carried by each hij is chi-square-distributed with
2 degrees of freedom. This is the simplest possible channel model; it requires
the existence of “heavy multipath” – i.e., many MPCs of approximately
equal strength as well as a sufficient distance between the antenna
elements.
• Since fading is independent, there is a high probability that the channel matrix is
full rank and the eigenvalues are fairly similar to each other; consequently,
capacity increases linearly with the number of antenna elements.
• Thus, the existence of heavy multipath, which is usually considered a
drawback, becomes a major advantage in MIMO systems.
• Because the entries of the channel matrix are random variables, we also have to
rethink the concept of information-theoretic capacity. As a matter of fact, two
different definitions of capacity exist for MIMO systems:
• Ergodic (Shannon) capacity: this is the expected value of the capacity,
taken over all realizations of the channel. This quantity assumes an infinitely
long code that extends over all the different channel realizations.
• Outage capacity: this is the minimum transmission rate that is achieved over a
certain fraction of the time – e.g., 90% or 95%. We assume that data are encoded
with a near-Shannon-limit achieving code that extends over a period that is much
shorter than the channel coherence time. Thus, each channel realization can be
associated with a (Shannon) capacity value. Capacity thus becomes a random
variable (rv) with an associated cumulative distribution function (cdf).
Figure 5.7 – Cumulative distribution function of capacity for 1 x 1, 1x 8 and
the 8 x 8 optimum scheme

A) No Channel State Information at the Transmitter and Perfect CSI at the

Receiver
Now, what is the capacity that we can achieve in a fading channel without CSI?
Figure 5.7 shows the result for some interesting systems at a 21-dB SNR.
The (1, 1) curve describes a Single Input Single Output (SISO) system. We find that
the median capacity is on the order of 6 bit/s/Hz, but the 5% outage capacity is
considerably lower (on the order of 3 bit/s/Hz).
When using a (1, 8) system – i.e., 1 transmit antenna and 8 receive antennas – the
mean capacity does not increase that significantly – from 6 to 10 bit/s/Hz.
However, the 5% outage capacity increases significantly from 3 to 9 bit/s/Hz.
The reason for this is the much higher resistance to fading that such a diversity
system has. However, when going to a (8, 8) system – i.e., a system with 8 transmit
and 8 receive antennas – both capacities increase dramatically: the mean capacity is
on the order of 46 bit/s/Hz, and the 5% outage probability is more than 40 bit/s/Hz.
The exact expression for the ergodic capacity was
where m = min(Nt,Nr) and n = max(Nt,Nr) and are associated
Laguerre polynomials.Exact analytical expressions for the cdfs of capacity are rather
complicated; therefore, two approximations are in widespread use: Capacity can be
well approximated by a Gaussian distribution, such that only the mean – i.e., the
ergodic capacity given above – and variance need to be computed.
From physical considerations, the following upper and lower bounds for capacity
distribution have been derived for the case Nt ≥ Nr:

where is a chi-square-distributed random variable with 2k degrees of freedom.

• These two bounds have very clear physical interpretations. The lower bound
corresponds to capacity that can be achieved with a Bell labs LAyered Space Time
(BLAST) system.
• The upper bound corresponds to an idealized situation where there is a separate
array of receive antennas for each transmit antenna; it receives the signal in such a
way that there is no interference from other transmit streams.
• The lower bound is fairly tight, while the upper bound can become rather loose
especially for large number of antennas.
B) Perfect Channel State Information at the Transmitter and Receiver
• The capacity gain by waterfilling (compared with equal-power distribution) is rather
small when the number of transmit and receive antennas is identical.
• This is especially true in the limit of large SNRs: when there is a lot of water
available, the height of “concrete blocks” in the vessel has little influence on the
total amount that ends up in the vessels.
• When Nt is larger than Nr, the benefits of waterfilling become more pronounced.
• if the TX has no channel knowledge, then there is little point in having more
transmit than receive antennas – the number of data streams is limited by the
number of receive antennas.
• we can transmit the same data stream from multiple transmit antennas, but this
does not increase the SNR for that stream at the RX; without channel knowledge at
the TX, the streams add up incoherently at the RX.
• If the TX has full channel knowledge, it can perform beamforming, and direct the
energy better toward the receive array.
• Thus, increasing the number of TX antennas improves the SNR, and
(logarithmically) capacity.
• Thus, having a larger TX array improves capacity. However, this also
increases the demand for channel estimation.
 Links to videos and e-
book references

1. Principles of Modern CDMA/OFDM/MIMO Wireless

Communications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwSDZ6tp8WY

2. Capacity of MIMO Channel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85xBuy9YQM
s

3.Advanced 3G and 4G Wireless Mobile

Communications(BLAST)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5pa3RpHUWk

4. Channel State Information, Optimum Power

Allocation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y9xnUUBwvI

5. Spatial Multiplexing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxp0P_1wfeE
 6.4 ASSIGNMENT

Simulate a model of point-to-point MIMO-OFDM system with K4

1.
Beamforming using MATLAB CO6

Improve SNR and Capacity of Wireless Communication Using Antenna

K4
2. Arrays using MATLAB
CO6

Demonstrate MIMO-OFDM Precoding with Phased Arrays using K4

3.
MATLAB CO6
 6.5 PART A – QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
K
S. NO. QUESTIONS LEVE CO
L
What is spatial Multiplexing?
Spatial multiplexing or space-division multiplexing is a
multiplexing technique in MIMO wireless communication,
1 K1 CO6
fibre-optic communication and other communications
technologies used to transmit independent channels
separated in space.
Define beam forming.
Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing
technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal
transmission or reception.[1] This is achieved by combining
2 elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at K1 CO6
particular angles experience constructive interference while
others experience destructive interference. Beamforming
can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in
order to achieve spatial selectivity.
Define diversity gain.
Diversity gain is the increase in signal-to-interference ratio
due to some diversity scheme, or how much the
3 transmission power can be reduced when a diversity scheme K1 CO6
is introduced, without a performance loss. Diversity gain is
usually expressed in decibels, and sometimes as a power
ratio.
List the applications of Multiple antennas
Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a
multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus
4 K1 CO6
enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-
to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems,
respectively
What is MIMO system ?
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO , is a
method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using
5 multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit K1 CO6
multipath propagation. MIMO has become an essential
element of wireless communication standards including IEEE
802.11n (Wi-Fi)
PART A – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

K
S. LEVE
QUESTIONS CO
NO.
L
What is pre-coding?
Precoding involves the individual control of the amplitudes and
phases of the signals sent from the various transmit antennas.
6 K2 CO6
When precoding is implemented together with beamforming, it
can better focus energy towards the intended receiver.

What do you mean by transmit diversity?

Transmit diversity is radio communication using signals that
originate from two or more independent sources that have
7 been modulated with identical information-bearing signals and K2 CO6
that may vary in their transmission characteristics at any given
instant.
Define Multiplexing Gain.
The spatial multiplexing gain is defined as the additional gain
of a spatial multiplexing system compared to a diversity
8 system. From this definition, the maximum signal-to-noise K2 CO6
ratio gain of an ideal spatial multiplexing system can be
expressed analytically.
Spatial Multiplexing Gain: r=R/log SNR
Compare various MIMIO techniques.
• SISO/SIMO/MISO are special cases of MIMO.Multiple-input
single-output (MISO) is a special case when the receiver has
a single antenna.
• Single-input multiple-output (SIMO) is a special case when
9 the transmitter has a single antenna. K2 CO6
• Single-input single-output (SISO) is a conventional radio
system where neither transmitter nor receiver has multiple
antennas.

What is BLAST?
Bell Laboratories Layer Space-Time (BLAST) is a transceiver
architecture for offering spatial multiplexing over multiple-
10 antenna wireless communication systems. Such systems have K1 CO6
multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver in
an effort to exploit the many different paths between the two
in a highly-scattering wireless environment.
 PART B – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

S. K
Question CO
No. level

Explain in detail how inherent delay in a multiuser system is overcome by

1. K2 CO6
beam forming.

Explain with relevant diagrams the layered space time structure with
2. K2 CO6
respect to MIMO system.

Short notes on the following:

i) Precoding
3. K2 CO6
ii) Beam forming

Determine the capacity of frequency selective fading channel and explain

4. K2 CO6
the concept of water filling/water pouring.

Determine the capacity of slow fading channel and prove that the outage
5. probability for receive system with L receive antenna is Pout( R ) = (2R- K2 CO6
!)L /L!SNRL , where R is the data Rate.

6. Explain about the capacity in fading and non-fading channels. K2 CO6

7. Explain BLAST Architecture in detail with necessary diagrams. K2 CO6

8. Explain in detail demultiplexing in MIMO systems. K2 CO6

 6.7 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION
COURSES

Course Name: INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS AND CELLULAR

COMMUNICATIONS
Certification : NPTEL Online Certification

Duration : 12 weeks

Course Overview:
An in-depth understanding of the wireless channel and
the related impairments (multipath, fading), small-scale and
large-scale propagation ,Understanding of the design of cellular
systems, Detailed discussion of Multiple Access
(TDMA/CDMA/OFDM), Antenna diversity, MIMO, Wireless
Channel Capacity, Computer simulations of wireless systems,
Exposure to current and emerging wireless and cellular systems
(LTE, 802.11).

Course Instructor: Prof. David Koilpillai, IIT Madras

Course Link : https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/106/106106167/

6.8 REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY
LIFE

Massive MIMO Systems for 5G and beyond Networks

The global bandwidth shortage in the wireless communication sector has motivated
the study and exploration of wireless access technology known as massive Multiple-
Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Massive MIMO is one of the key enabling technology
for next-generation networks, which groups together antennas at both transmitter
and the receiver to provide high spectral and energy efficiency using relatively
simple processing. Obtaining a better understating of the massive MIMO system to
overcome the fundamental issues of this technology is vital for the successful
deployment of 5G—and beyond—networks to realize various applications of the
intelligent sensing system. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of
the key enabling technologies required for 5G and 6G networks, highlighting the
massive MIMO systems. We discuss all the fundamental challenges related to pilot
contamination, channel estimation, precoding, user scheduling, energy efficiency,
and signal detection in a massive MIMO system and discuss some state-of-the-art
mitigation techniques. We outline recent trends such as terahertz communication,
ultra massive MIMO (UM-MIMO), visible light communication (VLC), machine
learning, and deep learning for massive MIMO systems. Additionally, we discuss
crucial open research issues that direct future research in massive MIMO systems for
5G and beyond networks.
Why Is Massive MIMO Becoming More Important for 5G Networks and
beyond?

Since the Massive MIMO concept was introduced a few years ago, it has gained new
heights every year. It has become one of the hottest research topics in the wireless
communication community due to its immense benefits in 5G standardization. The
current MIMO systems have been unable to cope with the massive influx in wireless
data traffic. With the introduction of concepts like IoT, machine to machine
communication, virtual reality, and augmented reality, the current system is unable
to deliver the required spectral efficiency. The recent experiments in the massive
MIMO system have proven its worth by showing record spectral efficiency. A
research conducted by Lund University together with Bristol University in 2015
achieved 145.6 bits/s/Hz spectral efficiency for 22 users, each modulated with 256-
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256-QAM), on a shared 20 MHz radio channel at
3.51GHz with 128 antennas at the base station. The following figure shows the 100
antennae massive MIMO testbed created by Lund University in 2015. The
improvement in spectral efficiency was huge when compared with 3 bit/s/Hz, which
is International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) advanced requirement for 4G.
 6.9 CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

Reconfigurable Antennas for Wireless and Space Applications

• Reconfiguring an antenna is achieved through deliberately changing its frequency,
polarization, or radiation characteristics. This change is achieved by many
techniquesthat redistribute the antenna currents and thus alter the electromagnetic
fields of the antenna’s effective aperture. Reconfigurable antennas can address
complex system requirements by modifying their geometry and electrical behavior,
thereby adapting to changes in environmental conditions or system requirements
(i.e., enhanced bandwidth, changes in operating frequency, polarization, and radiation
pattern).
• Reconfigurability has become an important and desired feature of modern, agile,
radio-frequency (RF) systems forwireless and satellite communications, sensing, and
imaging. There is a shift toward incorporating smart, cognitive and agile RF devices
that can both sense the surrounding RF environment and communicate at the
sametime in any contested/congested environment. Some of the new desired
capabilities include frequency-agile, softwaredefined, and cognitive radios to cope
with extendable and reconfigurable multiservice, multistandard, and multiband
operation, as well as with efficient spectrum and power utilization. These concepts
can significantly reduce the cost compared to today’s radio technology, which relies on
incompatible communications systems with inflexible hardware.
• Reconfigurable antennas have been studied in the past ten years for a variety of
applications but almost all of them have made use of some kind of a switching
mechanism. Once these antennas are constructed and placed on a certain platform,
they can be reconfigured remotely without having to reconstruct the antenna or the
platform upon which the antenna structure is mounted.The following figure shows
Various techniques adopted to achieve reconfigurable antennas.
 CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
The first patent on reconfigurable antennas appeared in 1983 by Schaubert . In
1999, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) launched a
multiuniversity program between 12 well-known universities, research institutes,
and companies in the United States under the name Reconfigurable Aperture
Program (RECAP), to investigate reconfigurable antennas and their potential
applications .
When designing reconfigurable antennas, RF engineers must address three
challenging questions.
1) Which reconfigurable property (e.g., frequency, radiation pattern, or
polarization) needs to be modified?
2) How are the different radiating elements of the antenna structure reconfigured
to achieve the required property?
3) Which reconfiguration technique minimizes negativeeffects on the antenna
radiation/impedance characteristics?

RECONFIGURATION TECHNIQUES AND CLASSIFICATION OF

RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS
Six major types of reconfiguration techniques are used to implement
reconfigurable antennas.Antennas based on radio-frequency
microelectromechanical systems (RF-MEMS) , PIN diodes , and varactors to
redirect their surface currents are called electrically reconfigurable. Antennas that
rely on photoconductive switching elements are called optically reconfigurable
antennas . A description of the operation of the switches is summarized in Table 1
Physically reconfigurable antennas can be achieved by altering the structure of
the antenna . Finally, reconfigurable antennas can be implemented through the
use of smart materials such as ferrites and liquid crystals.
Reconfigurable antennas can be classified into four different categories .
• Category 1: A radiating structure that is able to change its operating or notch
frequency by hoping between different frequency bands is called frequency
reconfigurable antenna. This is achieved by producing some tuning or notch in
the antenna reflection coefficient.
Category 2: A radiating structure that is able to tune its radiation pattern is called
radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna. For this category, the antenna radiation
pattern changes in terms of shape, direction, or gain.
 Content beyond the syllabus

Category 3: A radiating structure that can change its polarization (horizontal/vertical,

slant 45, left hand or right-hand circular polarized, etc.) is called polarization
reconfigurable antenna. In this case, the antenna can change, for example, from vertical
to left-hand circular polarization.
Category 4: This category is a combination of the previous three categories. For
example, one can achieve a frequency reconfigurable antenna with polarization diversity
at the same time.
The corresponding reconfigurability for each of the four categories can be obtained by a
change in the antenna surface current distribution, a change in the feeding network,
a change in the antenna physical structure, or a change in the antenna radiating edges.
It is essential to note that the change in one parameter in the antenna characteristics can
affect the other parameters. Therefore, an antenna engineer should be careful during the
design process to analyze all the antenna characteristics simultaneously in order to
achieve the required reconfigurability.
7. Assessment
Schedule
 ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

Assessment Proposed Date Actual Date

Unit Test 1

Internal Assessment 1

Unit Test 2

Internal Assessment 2

Model Exam
8. Prescribed Text
Books
&
Reference Books
PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK AND REFERENCES:

TEXT BOOK:
1. Rappaport,T.S ―Wireless communications, Pearson Education,
Second Edition,2010.(UNIT I, II, IV)
2. Andreas.F. Molisch ―Wireless Communications, John Wiley – India,
2006. (UNITIII,V)
REFERENCES:
1. Wireless Communication – Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University
Press, 2011
2. Van Nee, R. and Ramji Prasad, ― OFDM for wireless multimedia
communications,Artech House, 2000
3. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, ― Fundamentals of Wireless
Communication,Cambridge University Press, 2005.
4. Upena Dalal, ― Wireless Communication, Oxford University Press,
2009
9. Mini Project
Suggestions
 9. MINI PROJECT SUGGESTIONS

Sl. NO Title Link

Simulation of Massive MIMO https://www.youtube.com/watch?

Beamforming in an Urban Small
1. v=LAsQXBXrviQ
Cell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
MIMO wireless system design for
2. v=qcbGWxQpe6Y
5G, LTE, and WLAN in MATLAB

https://www.youtube.com/watch
Underwater wireless optical ?v=U5aHrRsBWpo
3.
communication

4. MIMO-OFDM system for Wi-max MIMO | ProjectAbstracts.com –

Projects Ideas and Downloads
 Thank you

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