BCGA CODE OF PRACTICE CP 36

BULK CRYOGENIC LIQUID STORAGE

AT
USERS’ PREMISES

2006
 BCGA CODE OF PRACTICE CP 36
BULK CRYOGENIC LIQUID STORAGE AT
USERS’ PREMISES

2006

Copyright © 2006 by British Compressed Gases

Association. First printed 2006. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, without permission
from the publisher:

BRITISH COMPRESSED GASES ASSOCIATION

1 Gleneagles House
Vernon Gate
South Street
Derby
DE1 1UP

Website: www.bcga.co.uk

ISSN 0260-4809

1
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 PREFACE

The various publications issued by the British Compressed

Gases Association have the objective of establishing
consistency in design, construction practices and user
operational and maintenance procedures, in order to
establish high standards of reliability and safety in the
interests of employers, employees and the general public.

The Association endeavours to compile these documents

using the best sources of information known at the date of
issue. The information is used in good faith and belief in
its accuracy. The publications are intended for use by
technically competent persons and their application does
not, therefore, remove the need for technical and
managerial judgement in practical situations and with due
regard to local circumstances, nor do they confer any
immunity or exemption from relevant legal requirements,
including by-laws.

The onus of responsibility for their application lies with

the user. The Association, its officers, its members and
individual members of any Working Parties can accept no
legal liability or responsibility whatsoever, howsoever
arising, for the consequences of the use or misuse of the
publications.

For the assistance of users, references are given, either in

the text or Appendices, to publications such as British,
European and International Standards and Codes of
Practice, and current legislation that may be applicable.
The intention of BCGA is that this document should be
read and used in the context of these references where the
subjects have a bearing on the local application of the
processes or operations carried out by the user.

BCGA’s publications are reviewed, and revised if

necessary, at three-yearly intervals. Readers are advised to
check the list of publications on the Association’s website
www.bcga.co.uk to ensure that the copy in their
possession is the current version.

2
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 CONTENTS

Section Page

Terminology and Definitions 6

Introduction 7

Scope 8

1. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8

1.1 General 8

1.2 Properties of Nitrogen, Argon and Oxygen 8

1.3 Precautions 9

1.4 Oxygen Deficiency or Enrichment of the Atmosphere 9

1.5 Cryogenic Burns 9

1.6 Air Condensation 9

1.7 Oil, Grease, Combustible Material and other Foreign Matter 10

1.8 Cleaning for Oxygen Service 10

1.9 Embrittlement of Materials 11

1.10 Fire Fighting System 11

1.11 Hot Work 11

1.12 Ignition Sources 11

1.13 Insulation Materials 11

1.14 Regulation and Codes 11

2. LAYOUT AND DESIGN FEATURES 12

2.1 General 12

2.2 Design and Manufacture of the Tank 12

2.3 Safety Distances 12

3
BCGA CP36 © 2006
Section Page

2.4 Location of Installation 13

2.4.1 Protection against Electrical Hazards 14

2.4.2 Installation Level and Slope 14
2.4.3 Position of Gas Vents 14
2.4.4 Vapour Clouds 14
2.4.5 Liquid Transfer Area 15
2.4.6 Ventilation of Pump Enclosure 16
2.4.7 Equipment Layout 16
2.4.8 Pressure Relief Devices 16
2.4.9 Isolation Valves 17
2.4.10 Secondary Isolation Valves 17
2.4.11 Couplings 17
2.4.12 Non-return valve 17
2.4.13 Fencing 17
2.4.14 Vaporisers 18
2.4.15 Foundations 18
2.4.16 Bolting Down 19
2.4.17 Other requirements 19

3. ACCESS TO THE INSTALLATION 19

3.1 Means of Escape 19

3.2 Personnel 19

3.3 Access to Installation Controls 19

3.4 Notices and Instructions 20

3.4.1 General Precautions 20

3.4.2 Identification of Contents 21
3.4.3 Legibility of Notices 21
3.4.4 Operating and Emergency Instructions 21

4. TESTING AND COMMISSIONING 21

4.1 Testing of Installation 21

4.1.1 Pressure Test 21

4.1.2 Pressure Relief Devices 22

4.2 Adjustment of Process Control Devices 22

4.3 Posting of Notices 22

4.4 Commissioning 22

4
BCGA CP36 © 2006
Section Page

5. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 23

5.1 Operation of the Installation 23

5.1.1 Operating Personnel and Procedures 23

5.1.2 Operating Difficulty or Emergency 23

5.2 In Service Inspection and Maintenance 24

5.2.1 General 24
5.2.2 Site 24
5.2.3 Tank Installation 24
5.2.4 Tank 24
5.2.5 Vaporisers 24
5.2.6 Pressure Relief Devices 25
5.2.7 Ancillary Equipment 25
5.2.8 Isolation Valves 25

6. PERMIT TO WORK 25

7. MODIFICATION OF SYSTEM 25

8. TRAINING AND DOCUMENTATION 25

8.1 Documentation 25

8.2 Training of Personnel 26

8.3 Emergency Procedures 27

9. REFERENCES 28

APPENDIX 1 HAZARDS FROM OXYGEN ENRICHMENT 31

APPENDIX 2 SAFETY DISTANCES 32

APPENDIX 3 PLAN VIEW OF LIQUID TRANSFER AREA,

ACCESS APRON AND TANKER STANDING AREA 33

APPENDIX 4 RELIEF DEVICE INSPECTION, TESTING AND 38

EXAMINATION

APPENDIX 5 “BURNS” DUE TO VERY COLD LIQUEFIED GASES 39

HISTORY AND OBJECTIVES OF BCGA 41

5
BCGA CP36 © 2006
BULK CRYOGENIC LIQUID STORAGE AT USERS’ PREMISES

Terminology & Definitions

1. Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement for compliance with this Code of Practice.

2. Should: Indicates a preferred requirement but is not mandatory for compliance with
this Code of Practice.

3. May: Indicates an option available to the user of this Code of Practice.

4. Tank: Indicates an assembly, complete with a piping system, of an inner vessel and an
outer jacket to contain insulation. The insulation space will normally be subject to a
vacuum.

5. Vessel: Indicates a pressure vessel, which may or may not be insulated.

6. System
7. Relevant Fluid
8. Danger These terms are defined in the
9. Examination Pressure Systems Safety Regulations
10. User 2000 (18)
11. Protective Device
12. Owner

13. Access Apron: Indicates an area between the tank and a tanker where the process
operating controls on both tank and tanker are accessible to the operator during
filling/discharging. This area will normally have provision for containing or diverting a
liquid spillage.

14. Liquid Transfer Area: Indicates an area adjacent to the tank which surrounds the
tanker, when the latter is in the filling/discharging position, and which includes the
access apron.

15. Competent Person: The competent person should have such practical and theoretical
knowledge and actual experience of the type of plant which he has to examine as will
enable him to detect defects or weaknesses, which it is the purpose of the examination
to discover, and to assess their importance in relation to the strength and function of the
plant. Equivalent levels of knowledge and experience are also required for competent
persons engaged in the writing or certifying of Written Schemes of Examination.

16. Outer Jacket: The insulation container.

6
BCGA CP36 © 2006
BULK CRYOGENIC LIQUID STORAGE AT USERS’ PREMISES

Introduction

In 2004, the Industrial Gases Committee (IGC) of the Commission Permanente Internationale
(CPI) published a Document 115/04 (1) entitled “Storage of Cryogenic air gases at Users’
Premises”.

The objective of the BCGA Code of Practice is to make reference where applicable to UK
legislation and British Standards where these apply to cryogenic air gas systems and to take
into account the specific practices of the UK industrial gas companies particularly in relation to
safety distances.

This Code of Practice is based generally on the IGC Document but in some instances gives
more detailed requirements for the UK. The BCGA is grateful for the active help and co-
operation of the Health and Safety Executive. With the permission of the IGC, sections of the
IGC Document have also been duplicated.

The BCGA wishes to acknowledge the work done by the IGC committee which prepared
Document 115/04.

The storage of cryogenic gases in the liquid state under pressure at users' premises not only
provides an efficient way of storing gas, but improves safety when used in conjunction with a
distribution system by eliminating the need for cylinder handling. However, the particular
properties of cryogenic gases necessitate certain precautions to be taken and certain rules to
be followed.

As part of the continuing effort to promote a high standard of safety the former BCGA
documents CP19 & 21 have been reviewed and this new document incorporates the results of
that review plus recent information and experience in connection with the safety and
reliability of liquid cryogenic storage systems.

This BCGA document is intended for the guidance of those persons directly associated with
the design, operation and maintenance of bulk liquid storage installations. It does not claim to
cover the subject completely but gives advice and should be used with sound engineering
judgment.

All new storage installations shall comply with this document.

7
BCGA CP36 © 2006
SCOPE

A cryogenic air gas system installation on a users’ premises is defined for the purposes of this
Code of Practice as the installed static liquid storage tank together with the control equipment
and safety devices, vaporising equipment, the storage enclosure and the liquid transfer area.

This document covers tanks with an individual water capacity between 1,000 and 125,000
litres. Installations with individual tanks below 1,000 litres are covered in BCGA Code of
Practice CP 28 (31).

For installations in excess of 125,000 litres including multiple tanks operating as a single
tank, this document may also be used as a guidance; applicable regulation may impose
different safety distances and legal requirements e.g. COMAH (The Control of Major
Accident Hazards Regulations) (33).

Transportable cryogenic liquid storage tanks (such as “liquid cylinders”, cryogenic receptacles,
containerised tanks and road tankers) are specifically excluded from this Code of Practice.

For cylinder filling depots operated by gas suppliers, individual tank storage capacity is
normally less than 125,000 litres. In such cases the BCGA Code of Practice on Cryogenic
Storage at Production Sites, Reference CP 37 (2) should only apply to these systems when the
tank is connected to a manufacturing plant. However the safety distances, the provision for
periodic inspection, testing and examination and the liquid transfer area as specified in this
Users’ Premises Code of Practice may be applied.

1. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1.1 General

Gaseous oxygen, nitrogen and argon are colourless, odourless and tasteless.
Nitrogen and argon are non-toxic but asphyxiant.

Oxygen is not toxic; it is slightly denser than air. It is not a flammable gas but
vigorously supports combustion. Breathing pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure is
not dangerous although exposure for several hours may cause temporary functional
disorders to the lungs.

The following documents should be taken into consideration:

BCGA GN11 Use of gases in the workplace. The management of risks associated
with reduced oxygen atmospheres (34)
IGC Doc. 4/00 Fire hazards of oxygen and oxygen enriched atmospheres (32)
IGC Doc. 44/00 Hazards of inert gases (35)

1.2 Properties of nitrogen, argon and oxygen

The physical properties of nitrogen, argon and oxygen are:

Nitrogen Argon Oxygen

8
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Content in air Vol % 78.1 0.9 21

Gas density at 1.013 bar, 15 °C kg/m 3 1.19 1.69 1.36

Boiling temperature at 1.013 bar °C -196 -186 -183
Liquid density at 1.013 bar and
boiling temperature kg/l 0.8 1.39 1.14
Gas volume of the liquid
at ambient conditions l(gas) per l(liquid) 680 810 840

Cold oxygen, nitrogen and argon vapours are heavier than air and may accumulate in
pits and trenches.

1.3 Precautions

The properties of oxygen, nitrogen and argon justify the special precautions detailed
in 1.4 to1.13

1.4 Oxygen deficiency or enrichment of the atmosphere

The atmosphere normally contains 21% by volume of oxygen. Enrichment may give
rise to a significant increase in the rate of combustion. Many materials including some
common metals which are not flammable in air, may burn in oxygen, when ignited.
Detailed information on this subject is contained in IGC Document 04/00 (32).

Nitrogen and argon will act as asphyxiants by displacing the oxygen from the
atmosphere.

The hazards from oxygen enrichment or deficiency are explained in the BCGA/IGC
documents detailed in 1.1.

Good ventilation shall always be provided in places where liquid cryogenic gases are
stored and/or transferred.

1.5 Cryogenic burns

Severe damage to the skin may be caused by contact with liquid cryogenic gases, and
their cold gases or with uninsulated pipes or receptacles containing liquid cryogenic
gases. For this reason, gloves and eye protection shall be worn when handling
equipment in liquid cryogenic gases service.

All the safety aspects of handling cryogenic liquid oxygen cannot be covered
adequately in this Code of Practice. The reader is therefore referred to the British
Cryoengineering Society, ‘Cryogenic Safety Manual’ (6), for further information.

1.6 Air condensation

Ambient air will condense on uninsulated pipes and vessels containing liquid nitrogen
causing local oxygen enrichment of the atmosphere. Insulating materials should be
chosen bearing in mind that oxygen enrichment may occur.

9
BCGA CP36 © 2006
1.7 Oil, grease, combustible material and other foreign matter

Most oils, grease and organic materials constitute a fire or explosion hazard in oxygen
enriched atmospheres and must on no account be used on equipment which is
intended for oxygen service. Only materials acceptable for the particular oxygen
service application may be used.

All equipment for oxygen service shall be specifically designed and prepared.

1.8 Cleaning for Oxygen Service

Before putting equipment into service with oxygen, either for the first time or
following maintenance, it is essential that all surfaces which may come into contact
with an oxygen enriched environment are "clean for oxygen service", which means:
dry and free from any loose or virtually loose constituents, such as slag, rust, weld
residues, blasting materials and entirely free from hydrocarbons or other materials
incompatible with oxygen.

The maintenance and assembly of equipment for oxygen shall be carried out under
clean, oil free conditions. All tools and protective clothing (such as overalls, gloves
and footwear) shall be clean and free of grease and oil; where gloves are not used,
clean hands are essential.

Degreasing of an installation or parts of it demands the use of a degreasing agent

which satisfies the following requirements

• no or slow reaction with oxygen

• no or low toxicity (low vapour pressure to keep vapour concentration below
threshold limit)
• material compatible with oxygen

It is important that all traces of degreasing agents are removed from the system prior
to commissioning with oxygen. Some agents, such as halogenated solvents, may be
non-flammable in air, but can explode in oxygen enriched atmospheres or in liquid
oxygen.

Good housekeeping is necessary to prevent contamination by loose debris or

combustibles.

Neither nitrogen nor argon reacts with oil or grease, but it is good practice to apply a
good standard of cleanliness, although not as stringent as that required for oxygen
installation.

Advice on the cleaning of oxygen systems is given in the following documents:

IGC Doc 33/06 Cleaning of equipment for Oxygen Service - Guidelines (3) gives
practical guidance on how to prepare equipment for oxygen service.
BS IEC 60877 Code of Practice for procedures for ensuring the cleanliness of
industrial process, measurement and control equipment for oxygen service (27).

10
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 BCGA Technical Report TR3 (4) gives information about cleaning oxygen system
components without the use of chemical solvents.

1.9 Embrittlement of materials

Many materials, such as some carbon steels and plastics, are brittle at very low
temperatures and the use of an appropriate material for the service conditions
prevailing is essential.

Metals suitable for cryogenic service include 9% nickel steel, 18/8 stainless steel and
other austenitic stainless steels, copper and its alloys and aluminium alloys.

PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is the most widely used plastic material for sealing
purposes in cryogenic service but other reinforced plastics are also used. For further
information on materials see BS 5429 (5). Sealing materials should be kept out of the
product flow.

1.10 Fire Fighting System

First aid fire fighting equipment comprising water hose reels and/or dry powder
extinguisher shall be available near a liquid oxygen storage installation. The type and
quantity of the fire fighting equipment depends on the size of the installation and should
be discussed with the fire authorities.

1.11 Hot Work

No hot work shall be performed in the vicinity of the installation without a Permit to
Work. (See 6).

1.12 Ignition Sources

Smoking and open fires shall be prohibited within the minimum distances specified in
Section 2.3 of this Code of Practice

For electrical equipment, see the safety distance diagram for oxygen storage in
Appendix 3.

1.13 Insulation materials

The components used in insulating materials shall be such that the finished insulation
is suitable for oxygen service.

1.14 Regulation and codes

This BCGA Code of Practice describes minimum requirements. All relevant statutory
regulations shall be applied and relevant Codes of Practice, standards and specifications
shall be taken into account in the designs and installations covered by this Code of
Practice (see reference list in Section 9).

11
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Liquid oxygen falls within the scope of DSEAR (The Dangerous Substances and
Explosive Atmospheres Regulations) (36) therefore a risk assessment shall be carried
out to ensure that all equipment is in compliance with these regulations.

2 LAYOUT AND DESIGN FEATURES

2.1 General

The installation shall be sited to minimise risk to personnel, local population and
property. Consideration should be given to the location of any potentially hazardous
processes in the vicinity, which could jeopardise the integrity of the storage installation.

An installation may, because of its size or strategic location, come within the scope of
specific planning controls. If so, the siting of any proposed installation shall be
discussed and agreed with the local authority and appropriate sections of the Health and
Safety Executive.

2.2 Design and Manufacture of the Tank

Tanks and associated equipment shall be designed, manufactured and installed in

accordance with recognised pressure vessel, storage tank and piping codes that meet the
requirements of the Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999 (28).

Tanks shall be designed to withstand wind loads in accordance with the appropriate
design codes e.g BS 6399 Part 2 (7).

2.3 Safety distances

Safety distances are defined as the distance from the exposure to:

Safety distances are defined as the distance from the exposure to:
a) any point on the storage system where in normal operation leakage or spillage
can occur (e.g. hose couplings, including those on extended fill lines, relief
valve vents, etc), or
b) the tank outer jacket, or
c) the tank nozzles,

whichever gives the greatest safety distance to the cryogenic storage tank.

Safety distances are intended to:

a) protect personnel from exposure to oxygen enriched or depleted atmospheres

and to prevent fire enhancement in the event of a release of liquid oxygen
b) protect the installation from the effects of thermal radiation or jet flame
impingement from fire hazards.

12
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 The safety distances given in this Code of Practice are based on experience and
calculations of minor release. The safety distances given are not intended to protect
against catastrophic failure of the liquid storage vessel. Previous operating history, the
protective devices fitted, material properties and the mode of vessel construction
support this philosophy.

The distances given in Appendix 3 are intended to protect the storage installation as
well as personnel and the environment. They are considered to give protection against
risks involved, according to practical experience, in the normal operation of storage
installations covered by this Code of Practice.

These distances correspond to well established practice and are derived from
operational experience within Europe and the USA. They relate to over hundreds of
thousands of tank years in service.

Consideration shall be given for provision to divert any spillage towards the safest
available area.

The safety distances provided to protect the installation against the effects of thermal
radiation and jet flame impingement may be reduced by the provision of impervious
fire resisting walls of concrete, masonry, or similar construction, (see BS 476 ‘Fire
Tests on Building Materials and Structures’ (8)) to a minimum height of 2.5m.

The distance between the installation and the exposure around the ends of the fire walls
should be equal to or greater than the separation distance given in Appendix 3.

Care must be taken to ensure that good ventilation is retained and a minimum clearance
between the barrier or wall and the installation shall be 0.6 metres to allow free access
to and escape from the enclosure. It is recommended that walls should not be
constructed on more than two sides of the installation. Where this is unavoidable a risk
assessment shall be conducted.

2.4 Location of the installation

Storage installations should be situated in the open air in a well-ventilated position and
where there is no risk of damage by passing vehicles.

Installations shall not be located where natural air ventilation is inhibited, unless they
are subjected to a suitable and sufficient risk assessment. Examples of locations where
such risk assessments are required are:-

• inside structures with two or more sides and a roof

• enclosed on three or more sides
• below ground level or where there are pits, ditches and other ground depressions.

Storage tanks should be at the same level as the tanker parking area to enable the
operator/driver to control the transfer operations.

13
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 2.4.1 Protection against electrical hazards

The location shall be chosen so that damage to the installation by electric arcing
from overhead or other cables cannot occur. Protection against lightning is not
normally required, but may be necessary to comply with local conditions or site
regulations. Any necessary lightning protection should be installed in
accordance with BS 6651 (11).

Flame proof, explosion proof, or other forms of classified electrical equipment

are not necessary for cryogenic liquid systems since the products are not
classified as flammable gases according to BS EN 60079 (12). Electrical
equipment, which is necessary for the installation shall be to BS EN 60529 (13),
protection class IP54 or better. For more severe environmental conditions
protection class IP55 (designed to protect against water jets) should be used.
Consideration should be given to earth bonding of the installation and pipework.
All electrical installation shall comply with current electrical legislation

2.4.2 Installation level and slope

Where liquid cryogenic storage tanks are required to be installed at an elevated

level, they shall be supported by purpose designed structures, which should
withstand or be protected from damage by cryogenic liquid spillage.

The slope of the ground, shall be such as to allow surface water run off.

Where liquid oxygen storage tanks are required to be installed on a slope,

consideration shall be given for the prevention of directing hazardous materials,
such as oil, towards the oxygen installation or of directing any oxygen spillage
towards locations where people are at risk or towards hazardous materials.

2.4.3 Position of gas vents

Vents, including those of safety relief devices, shall vent to a safe place in the
open, so as not to impinge on personnel, occupied buildings and structural
steelwork.

Oxygen vents shall be so positioned that the flow from them cannot mix with
that from flammable gas or liquid vents.

Consideration shall be given to the prevention of accumulation of water,

including that from condensation, in vent outlets.

All vent systems shall be adequately supported to cope with loads created
during discharge.

2.4.4 Vapour clouds

Vapour clouds may be formed during normal operation of a cryogenic system

e.g. from vaporisers, from venting during liquid transfer or from the operation
of protective devices. The extent of the visible vapour cloud resulting from

14
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 product release should not be relied upon to indicate the limit of an enriched or
depleted oxygen atmosphere.

Vapour clouds from releases are generally low lying (typically below waist
height). Such vapour clouds may be quite extensive depending on weather
conditions and persons working below ground or at low level in the vicinity
may be at risk.

When siting an installation, due consideration shall be given to the possibility

of the movement of vapour clouds, originating from spillage or venting, which
could be a hazard from oxygen enrichment/deficiency or decreased visibility
e.g crossing roads. The prevailing wind direction and the topography shall be
taken into account.

In the case of oxygen refer to BCGA Technical Reports TR1 A Method for
Estimating the Off-Site Risks from Bulk Storage of Liquefied Oxygen (10) and
TR2 The Probability of Fatality in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres due to
Spillage of Liquid Oxygen (30).

In the case of nitrogen and argon refer to BCGA guidance note GN11 (34)

2.4.5 Liquid transfer area

The liquid transfer area shall be designated a ‘No Parking’ area and should be
level.

A road tanker, when in position for filling from or discharging to the

installation, shall be in the open air and not be in a walled enclosure from which
the escape of liquid or heavy vapour is restricted. Tankers should have easy
access to and from the installation at all times.

Kerbs or barriers or bumper blocks shall be provided to prevent damage to any

part of the installation by the tanker or other vehicles.

The liquid transfer area should normally be located adjacent to the fill coupling
of the installation and be positioned in such a way that it facilitates the
movement of the tanker in the case of an emergency. Extended fill lines should
be avoided if possible. Where there is no alternative then suitable ‘repeater’
gauges and valves should be installed. Extended filling connections should be
limited to 10m unobstructed line of sight. Greater distances require special
provisions.

Transfer of liquid with the tanker standing on public property is not

recommended. However, if this cannot be avoided, the hazard area shall be
clearly defined, using suitable notices during the transfer period. Access to this
area during transfer shall be strictly controlled.

The road tanker transfer area shall be made of concrete or any other suitable
non porous and for oxygen non combustible material - this also includes any
expansion joints. See appendix 4 for diagram.

15
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 2.4.6 Ventilation of pump enclosure

Where pumps and/or vaporising equipment are located in enclosures, these

shall be properly ventilated. Openings used for access and/or free or forced
ventilation shall lead to a place where there is free escape for cold vapour and
in case of oxygen where there will be no accumulation of combustible material
liable to form a hazard.

Personnel and equipment should be protected from any oxygen pump fire by
means of barriers or suitable shielding. Openings used for access and/or free or
forced ventilation shall lead to a place where there is free escape for cold vapour
and where there will be no accumulation of combustible material, liable to form
a hazard.

2.4.7 Equipment layout

The equipment shall be installed so as to provide for easy access, operation

and maintenance. Consideration should be given to the location of valves
pipework and controls etc to ensure these are easily accessible. Equipment,
pipework and cables should be installed so as to minimise hazards e.g. tripping
and allow safe access and egress to the installation.

2.4.8 Pressure Relief Devices

Pressure relief devices shall be provided to prevent over pressure, where this
can occur, including situations where liquid can be trapped.

If a three-way valve is installed to accommodate two pressure relief devices

operating, either simultaneously or alternatively, then the size of the valve,
regardless of the position of the actuating device, shall be such that adequate
protection is provided. The three-way valve should be provided with a position
indicator showing which relief devices are “on-line”.

For sizing the relieving capacity of pressure relief devices all operational
conditions shall be considered including:

• boil off rate (including a safety factor) in case of insufficient insulation

due to loss of vacuum
• flash gas from filling operations of road tankers
• malfunction of control valves in pressure raising systems; or
• any other foreseeable source of energy input into the vessel

Consideration shall be given to the provision of secondary relief devices, such

as bursting discs, depending on the degree of risk associated with the installation
and prevailing climatic or environmental conditions, e.g. icing due to high

16
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 humidity, corrosion etc. Safety relief systems should comply with BS EN
13648 (14).

Consideration shall also be given in the design of the installation to facilitate the
periodic testing of the pressure relief devices. (See 5.2.6).

2.4.9 Isolation valves

Any primary process isolation valve shall be located as close as practical to the
vessel itself and be easily accessible. Protection against over pressure shall be
installed between any two isolation valves where liquid or cold vapour can be
trapped and the position of isolation valves should be such that they can be
afforded adequate protection against damage from external sources.

2.4.10 Secondary isolation valves

A secondary means of isolation shall be provided for those lines greater than 9
mm nominal bore and

• emanating from below the normal liquid level and

• having only one means of isolation between tank and atmosphere (such as
liquid filling lines),

to prevent any large spillage of liquid should the primary isolating valve fail.

The secondary means of isolation, where provided, may be achieved for

example, by the installation of a second valve or a non-return valve.

Suitable means shall be provided for preventing the build up of pressure of

any trapped liquid.

2.4.11 Couplings

Couplings used for the transfer of liquid oxygen shall be non-interchangeable

with those used for other products.

2.4.12 Non-return valve

Consideration shall be given to the need to incorporate a non-return valve after

the cryogenic gas vaporiser to avoid backflow into the storage tank system.

2.4.13 Fencing

Fencing is required to prevent access of unauthorised persons, where other

means are not provided.

On controlled sites with sufficient supervision fencing is optional.

17
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Where fencing is provided the minimum clearance between the fence and the
installation shall be 0.6 m to allow free access and escape inside the enclosure.

The safety distances given in Appendix 3 will apply regardless of the position
of the fence.

The height of the fence shall be approximately 1.8 m.

Timber or other readily combustible materials shall not be used for fencing.

Any gates should be outward opening and wide enough to provide for an easy
access and exit of personnel:
• the main gate should have two wings, each at least 0.6 m wide
• the emergency exit gate should have one wing, at least 0.8 m wide

Gates shall be locked during normal operation. Consideration should be given

to the provision of an additional emergency exit where the size of fenced area or
equipment location necessitates this.

2.4.14 Vaporisers

Vaporisers shall be adequately sized for the off take rate specified by the
customer. Where necessary a device to restrict the flow to the maximum flow
capacity of the vaporisers shall be installed.

Measures shall be taken to prevent the system temperature downstream of the

vaporiser, dropping to a value, which could cause damage to pipework, etc.

The position of ambient vaporisers can severely affect their performance, as

they rely on the free movement of air.

2.4.15 Foundations

The site chosen shall be capable of supporting the plinth, a full vessel and
vaporisers under adverse weather conditions. The tank supplier will provide
indicative foundation requirements but it is the responsibility of the user to
ensure the tank foundation is designed to safely withstand the weight of the tank
and its contents plus other possible loads resulting from wind, snow, earthquake
etc.

In case of oxygen:

• the foundation on which the equipment is installed shall be made of concrete

or any other suitable, non flammable, and non porous material.
• Expansion joint materials shall be acceptable for use with liquid oxygen,
however the design should avoid joints within 1 m of the hose coupling points
and any operational discharge points.

18
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Accumulation of water shall be avoided.

2.4.16 Bolting down

Many factors determine whether a tank needs to be bolted down.

The following are some of the main factors that should be considered:

• seismic activity
• wind speed
• topography (nature of surrounding terrain)
• ground roughness (open or protection provided)
• tank shape factor (L/D ratio, attachments to tank)
• the potential to tip the foundation

The principles of BS 6399 (7) shall be followed to determine bolting down

requirements.

2.4.17 Other requirements

The location chosen for the installation shall be acceptable to both the gas
supplier and the user and shall be exclusively reserved for the storage of
cryogenic liquids.

Any modifications shall be carried out in accordance with the applicable

design code and in consultation with the liquid supplier.

3 ACCESS TO THE INSTALLATION

3.1 Means of Escape

Installations covered by this Code of Practice storing or having facilities to store greater
than 135 tonnes of liquid oxygen require a Fire Certificate under the provisions of the
Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulations 1976 (9) which are enforced by HSE.
The Fire Certificate deals with means of escape in case of fire, fire warning systems,
fire training and similar general fire precautions matters.

3.2 Personnel

The installation shall be so designed that authorised persons shall have easy access to
and exit from the operating area of the installation at all times.
Access to the installation shall be forbidden to all unauthorised persons.
Warning notices shall support this.

3.3 Access to installation controls

Filling connections and equipment controls shall be located in such a way that easy
access to them is provided.

19
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Filling connections and equipment controls should be located in close proximity to each
other and in such a way that tanker controls are visible and easily accessible from the
tanker operator’s position.

It shall be kept in mind that the length of the flexible connecting hose is normally 3 m.

3.4 Notices and instructions

3.4.1 General precautions

Notices shall be clearly displayed, to be visible at all times, on or near the

tank, particularly at access points, the following should be considered:

• LIQUID NITROGEN/ARGON/OXYGEN (as appropriate)

• NO SMOKING*
• NO NAKED LIGHTS*
• NO STORAGE OF OIL, GREASE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS *
• AUTHORISED PERSONS ONLY
• EXTREME COLD HAZARD

In addition for argon and nitrogen storage installation

• ASPHYXIATION HAZARD

In addition for oxygen storage installation

• OXIDISING SUBSTANCE

* Although nitrogen/argon are inert gases it is recommended that smoking and

open flames are prohibited within the immediate area to avoid the possibility
of causing fire.

Symbols should be used instead of written notices wherever possible, e.g.:

ASPHYXIATION DANGER

Cryogenic Oxidising No naked No Smoking No

Liquid Substance flames Unauthorised
Access

These signs shall comply with The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals)
Regulations 1996 (15) and with BS 5499 Pt 5 “Safety Signs and Colours” (16).

A sign shall be displayed showing:

20
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 – gas supplier’s name and local address
– gas supplier’s emergency phone number

This information should also be available at a control point.

3.4.2 Identification of contents

The storage tank shall be clearly labelled "LIQUID NITROGEN"; "LIQUID

ARGON” or "LIQUID OXYGEN" as appropriate.

The storage tank or compound should be clearly labelled with the appropriate
UN product identification numbers.

The connection fittings of multistorage installations or long fill lines shall also
be clearly marked with gas name or symbol in order to avoid confusion (see
also 2.4.5).

3.4.3 Legibility of notices

All displayed notices shall be kept legible, visible and up-to-date at all times.

3.4.4 Operating and emergency instructions

Operating and emergency instructions shall be provided by the product supplier

and shall be available and understood by the user before commissioning the
installation. (See also 8.1).

These instructions shall be kept up-to-date.

4. TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

4.1 Testing of the installation

Prior to commissioning the following tests shall be carried out by the supplier or his
representative in accordance with established procedures.

4.1.1 Pressure test

Works manufactured storage tanks and pressure vessels of the installation will
already have been tested/inspected in compliance with the relevant Pressure
Vessel Code in the manufacturer’s workshop prior to the first installation. This
should be verified from the name plate on the vessel. Further pressure tests shall
not be carried out on the vessel without reference to the vessel design
documents and tank history.

In order to ensure the integrity of the installation, a pressure test shall be carried
out on site-erected piping/systems in accordance with design codes and

21
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 appropriate standards. Precautions shall be taken to prevent excessive pressure
in the system during the test. Following any hydraulic test, the
system/equipment shall be drained, thoroughly dried out and checked for
moisture content.

Where a pneumatic pressure test is specified, nitrogen or dry oil free air shall be
used as the test medium. The pressure in the system shall be increased
gradually up to the test pressure. Pneumatic pressure testing is potentially
hazardous and should be carried out in accordance with HSE Guidance Note
GS4 (17).

Any defects found during the testing shall be rectified in an approved manner
and the system then retested

A leak and function test shall be carried out in accordance with GS4 and at a
pressure in accordance with the applicable code or regulation.

Pressure tests/leak tests shall be witnessed by a competent person and a test

certificate signed and issued. Such certificates shall be kept for future reference.

4.1.2 Pressure relief devices

A check shall be made to ensure that all transport locking devices have been
removed from pressure relief devices of inner vessel, outer jacket and piping
systems and that the devices are undamaged and in working order. The relief
device set pressure (stamped on or attached to each device) shall be checked to
see it is in accordance with the maximum permissible operating pressure of the
system.

Relief valves must have a valid test certificate or be subjected to a successful

functional test the results of which shall be recorded.

Where relief devices are adjustable, tamper proof devices shall be fitted.

4.2 Adjustment of controlling devices

The controlling devices shall be adjusted to the required operating conditions of the
system and be subjected to a functional test.

4.3 Posting of notices

Notices (see 3.4) shall be posted before putting the installation into service.

4.4 Commissioning

Prior to first fill checks shall be carried out to ensure the suitability of the installation
for commissioning.

Commissioning shall only be carried out by experienced personnel and in accordance

with a written procedure which shall address the following significant risks:

22
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 • thermal shock
• rapid pressure rise
• Contamination in oxygen systems leading to auto ignition.
• Noise
• Gas release

5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

5.1 Operation of the installation

5.1.1 Operating personnel and procedures

Only authorised persons shall be allowed to operate the installation. Operating

instructions shall be supplied to operating personnel.

The instructions shall define the safe operating limits of the system and include
the necessary safety information relating to the product and the installation.

In general such instructions should be written and presented in a clear concise

format.

For the convenience of the operator the supplier may colour code or identify
by other means the hand wheels of these valves which are to be shut in an
emergency. These valves should normally be:

• feed and return valves to and from the pressure build up vaporiser
• feed valve to the product vaporiser
• user house line isolation valve
• any withdrawal valve.

The number of valves will vary, depending on the type of the installation.

5.1.2 Operating difficulty or emergency

If during the operation of the installation an excursion occurs outside the safe
operating limits of the system (e.g. overpressure, rapid temperature change), or
mechanical damage, this shall be reported immediately to the product supplier
and/or tank owner so that a decision about the continued use of the tank can be
made and a programme of inspection drawn up by a competent person and
implemented.

Any operating difficulty or emergency concerning the installation that does not
respond to measures covered by the instructions shall be referred to the product
supplier. (See also 8.3).

5.2 In Service inspection and maintenance

23
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 5.2.1 General

The introduction of the Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 (18), which
are referred to as “the Regulations” in this Code of Practice, has introduced
specific requirements covering design, manufacture, installation, operation,
maintenance and examination of pressure systems.

BCGA Code of Practice CP 23 (19) details requirements arising from these

Regulations, as applied to cryogenic liquid storage systems at user premises.

For the purpose of clarification in this document, the terms ‘inspection’,

‘checks’ and ‘regular tests’ are activities associated with the normal operation of
the installation.

The term ‘examination’ means examination in accordance with the Written

Scheme as detailed in the Regulations and CP 23.

5.2.2 Site

The site should be inspected regularly to ensure that it is maintained in a proper

condition and that safety distances are maintained.

5.2.3 Tank Installation

Periodic and planned maintenance of the installed equipment shall be carried out.

An annual external visual inspection should be carried out to confirm the

satisfactory condition of the outer jacket, pipework, valves, controls and auxiliary
equipment. A check on the vacuum shall be made whenever an abnormal
pressure increase inside the inner vessel has occurred or excessive ice build up is
visible.

When the tank is taken out of service a Competent Person shall endorse the
further use of the tank, taking into account the condition of the tank, the operating
history and the degree and results of any previous examination(s).

5.2.4 Tank

A Competent Person shall validate the vessel as fit for its purpose for a defined
period prior to its first installation.

Guidance on periodic revalidation is given in BCGA Code of Practice CP 25 (20).

5.2.5 Vaporisers

In cold weather, the operator should regularly check ambient air vaporisers for
any build-up of excessive ice formation. Any such build-ups should be removed
by the use of steam or water.

5.2.6 Pressure Relief Devices

24
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Periodic visual inspections and examination of the devices shall be carried out in
accordance with CP 23. Blockages such as ice or foreign debris shall be removed
and care taken to monitor for seat leakage, corrosion or other visual defects.

Bursting disc elements may deteriorate due to aggressive environments resulting

in their relief pressure rating being reduced. It may, therefore, be necessary to
replace disc elements in such environments on a planned basis.

Overpressure/fill protection

The overpressure/filling protection system should be tested in accordance with the

Written Scheme. This test must confirm operability of the entire system including
actuation of the shutdown device at the appropriate set point.

5.2.7 Ancillary Equipment

Ancillary equipment (other than previously detailed), e.g. pressure/temperature

gauges, should be maintained in accordance with either manufacturers’
recommendations or national codes, whichever is the more stringent.

5.2.8 Isolation Valves

Isolation valves should be periodically checked for correct functional operation.

6. PERMIT TO WORK

Before maintenance is carried out on the installation, a written Permit to Work may be
required for the particular type of work (e.g. cold work, hot work, entry of vessel,
electrical work).

7. MODIFICATION OF SYSTEM

The supplier's equipment shall not be modified by the customer. Any proposed
modification to a customer owned installation, or any attached system, shall be discussed
and agreed with the product supplier prior to implementation.

8. TRAINING AND DOCUMENTATION

8.1 Documentation

The supplier of the system shall provide sufficient written information concerning the
design, construction, examination, operation and maintenance to ensure compliance
with the PSSR Regulations (18).

As a minimum, the suppler shall provide the user with:

a) a manual covering operation, maintenance and the safe operating limits of the
system including system flow diagrams.
25
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 b) the provision of a contact address and emergency telephone number should the
user have any questions about his installation.

c) a Safety Data Sheet, which gives information in accordance with the requirements
of the CHIP Regulations (24) and which deals with the prevention of accidents
arising from the uncontrolled escape of product from the system.

Note that a written scheme of examination shall be required for the system. The
responsibility for providing and complying with this scheme lies with the user. Where
systems are leased or hired the user may transfer his responsibility to the owner by
written agreement (in accordance with PSSR Schedule 2 (18)).

8.2 Training of personnel

All personnel directly involved in the commissioning, operation and maintenance of

liquid cryogenic storage systems shall be fully informed regarding the hazards
associated with cryogenic gases and properly trained as applicable to operate or
maintain the equipment.

Training shall be arranged to cover those aspects and potential hazards that the
particular operator is likely to encounter.

It should cover, but not necessarily be confined to, the following subjects for all
personnel :

• potential hazards of the gases

• site safety regulations
• emergency procedures
• use of protective clothing/ apparatus including breathing sets where appropriate
• first aid treatment for cryogenic burns
• use of fire fighting equipment

In addition individuals shall receive specific training in the activities for which they are
employed.

It is recommended that the training be carried out under a formalised system and that
records be kept of the training given and, where possible, some indication of the results
obtained, in order to show where further training is required.

The training programme should make provision for refresher courses on a periodic
basis.

8.3 Emergency procedures

26
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Emergency procedures shall be prepared to cover the event of a spillage of liquid
cryogenic gases so that persons likely to be affected shall know the actions required to
minimise the adverse effects of such spillage.

Local emergency services should be party to the preparation of the emergency

procedures. Consideration should be given to the carrying out of practical exercises.

The following are guidelines which may be used for formulating emergency
procedures:

• raise the alarm

• summon help and emergency services
• isolate the source of gases, if appropriate, safely - where possible
• evacuate all persons from the danger area and seal it off
• alert the public to possible dangers from vapour clouds and evacuate when necessary
• notify the gas supplier.

After the liquid spillage has been isolated, oxygen enrichment/depletion checks should be
carried out in any enclosed areas where the vapour cloud may have entered. This
includes basements, pits and confined spaces.

9. REFERENCES

27
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 (1) IGC Document
No. 115/04* Storage of cryogenic air gases at users’ premises

(2) BCGA Bulk cryogenic liquid storage at production sites.

Code CP 37

(3) IGC Document Cleaning of equipment for oxygen service - guidelines.

No. 33/06*

(4) BCGA Technical Replacement substances for the cleaning of oxygen system
Report TR3 components.

(5) BS 5429 Code of Practice for Safe Operation of small-scale storage facilities
for cryogenic liquids.

(6) ISBN No British Cryoengineering Society : Cryogenic Safety Manual.

8543 2605 7

(7) BS 6399 Part 2 Code of Practice for Wind Loads.

(8) BS 476 Fire tests on building materials and structures.

(9) SI 2003 : 1976 Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulations 1976.

(10) BCGA Technical A Method for Estimating the Off-Site Risks from Bulk Storage of
Report TR1 Liquefied Oxygen R1 (LOX).

(11) BS 6651 Code of Practice for Protection of Structures against Lightning.

(12) BS EN 60079 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres. Part 14.

(13) BS EN 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures.

(14) BS EN 13648 Cryogenic vessels. Safety devices for protection against excessive
pressure.

(15) SI 341 : 1996 The Health & Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996.

(16) BS 5499 Part 5 Graphical symbols and signs. Safety signs including fire
safety signs. Signs with specific safety meanings.

(17) HSE GS 4 Safety in Pressure Testing 1998.

(18) SI 128 : 2000 The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000.

(19) BCGA Application of the Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 to

Code CP 23 Industrial and Medical Pressure Systems Installed at User Premises.

(20) BCGA Revalidation of Bulk Liquid Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon and

Code CP 25 Hydrogen Cryogenic Storage Tanks.
28
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 (21) IGC Document Cryogenic pressure vessels - pressure protection devices.
No 24/02 *

(22) HS (G) 191 Emergency Planning for COMAH Regulations 1999.

(23) BCGA Guidance Guidance Notes on the Preparation of Major Emergency

Note GN1 Procedures.

(24) SI 1689 : 2002 The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply)
Regulations

(25) LPGA COP 1 Bulk LPG storage at fixed installations

(26) BCGA The Safe Use of Acetylene in the Pressure Range 0-1.5 bar (0-22
Code CP 6 lb/in2).

(27) BS IEC 60877 Procedures for ensuring the cleanliness of industrial process-
measurement and control equipment in oxygen service.

(28) SI 2001 : 1999 The Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999.

(29) IGC Document The prevention of excessive pressure in cryogenic tanks during
59/98* filling.

(30) BCGA Technical The Probability of Fatality in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres due
Report TR2 to spillage of Liquid Oxygen.

(31) BCGA Vacuum Insulated Tanks of not more than 1000 litres Volume
Code CP28 which are Static Installations at User Premises.

(32) IGC Document Fire hazards of oxygen and oxygen enriched atmospheres
04/00*

(33) SI 743 : 1999 The Control of Major Accident Hazards 1999

(34) BCGA Guidance Use of gases in the workplace. The management of risks
Note GN11 associated with reduced oxygen atmospheres

(35) IGC Document Hazards of inert gases

44/00*

(36) SI 2776 : 2002 The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres

Regulations

Legislation generally applicable to storage of cryogenic gases at User’s Premises:

- Housing and Planning Act 1986 Part iv - Hazardous Substances

- The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974
- The Factories Act 1961
- The Offices Shops and Railways Premises Act 1963
29
BCGA CP36 © 2006
- The Consumer Protection Act

* A European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) publication obtainable from:

Website: www.eiga.be

e-mail: info@eiga.be

30
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 1
Sheet 1 of 1
Asphyxiation

Nitrogen and argon may produce local oxygen-deficient atmospheres, which

will produce asphyxia if breathed. This is especially true in confined spaces.

Atmospheres containing less than 18% oxygen are potentially dangerous and
entry into atmospheres containing less than 19.5% is not recommended.

Atmospheres containing less than 10% oxygen can cause brain damage and
death.

Asphyxia due to oxygen deficiency is often rapid with no prior warning to the
victim. A general indication of what is liable to happen in oxygen deficient
atmospheres is given in the table below, but it should be appreciated that the
reactions of some individuals can be very different from those shown.

.
Oxygen Content Effects and Symptoms
(Vol %) (at atmospheric pressure)
11-14 Diminution of physical and intellectual performance
without person’s knowledge.
8-11 Possibility of fainting after a short period without prior
warning.
6-8 Fainting within a few minutes; resuscitation possible if
carried out immediately.
0-6 Fainting almost immediate; death ensues; brain damage
even if rescued.

The victim may well not be aware of the asphyxia. If any of the following
symptoms appear in situations where asphyxia is possible and breathing
apparatus is not in use, immediately move the affected person to the open air,
following up with artificial respiration if necessary.

(i) Rapid and gasping breathing

(ii) Rapid fatigue
(iii) Nausea
(iv) Vomiting
(v) Collapse or incapacity to move
(vi) Unusual behaviour

Attempts to rescue affected persons from confined spaces or where oxygen

deficient atmospheres may be present should only be made by persons trained in
the use of breathing apparatus and confined space entry procedures.

Further details of the hazards of asphyxiation can be found in BCGA GN11 (25)

31
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 2
Sheet 1 of 1

HAZARDS FROM OXYGEN ENRICHMENT

Fire Hazards from Oxygen Enrichment

Oxygen reacts with most elements. The initiation, speed, vigour and extent of these reactions
depend in particular upon:

- the concentration, temperature and pressure of the reactants

- ignition energy and mode of ignition

Reaction Mechanism

The mechanism of these reactions is complicated and depends, among other things, upon the
nature of the substances concerned, their physical state, geometric configuration, concentration
and manner of ignition. This too influences the speed of reaction, which can vary from slow
combustion to an explosion.

Combustibility of Materials

Oxygen enrichment of the atmosphere, even by a few percent, considerably increases the risk
of fire. Materials which do not burn in air, including fireproofing materials, may burn
vigorously or even spontaneously in enriched air.

Combustion Characteristics

Oxygen enrichment alters considerably the characteristics of combustion.

Materials ignite more easily and sparks which would normally be regarded as harmless can
cause fire. The resulting flames are much hotter and are propagated at much greater speed.

Hydrocarbon Oils and Grease

Oil and grease are particularly hazardous in the presence of oxygen as they ignite
spontaneously and burn with explosive violence. They should NEVER be used to lubricate
oxygen or enriched air equipment. Special lubricants with which oxygen can be used under
certain conditions are available.

Smoking

Burning accidents, which occur, are often triggered off by the lighting of a cigarette. Therefore
it is impossible to over-emphasise the danger of smoking in oxygen-enriched atmospheres or
where oxygen enrichment can occur. In such areas smoking shall be forbidden.

32
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 3
Sheet 1 of 5
SAFETY DISTANCES IN METRES
Distance between oxygen storage tanks from 1000 up to 175,000 litres water capacity and typical hazards.

NOTE (1) The safety distances are measured from the exposure to whichever is the lesser of:
a) Any point on the storage system where, in normal operation, leakage or spillage can occur.
b) The tank outer jacket.
c) The vessel nozzles.
NOTE (2) Assumed maximum liquid phase pipework diameter 42mm (1.5″ nominal bore).
NOTE (3) For buildings the distances are measured to the nearest opening: ie door, window, vent etc.

33
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 3
Sheet 2 of 5

TABLE 1: SEPARATION DISTANCES: LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE GASES,

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS AND OXYGEN STORAGE

a) LPG Storage

Size of Storage LPG Vessels

Liquid Oxygen Weight Capacity Equivalent Liquid Separation Distance

Vessel (tonnes) Capacity (metres)
(tonnes) (m³) 15ºC

0 - 1.1 0 - 2.2 6.0

1.1 - 4.0 2.2 - 7.8 7.5
Up to 200 4.0 - 60.0 7.8 - 117.0 15.0
60.0 - 150 117.0 - 124.0 22.5
150.0 and above 294.0 and above 30.0
LPG cylinders and other liquefied
flammable gas(*) cylinders above 7.5
50 kg total capacity.

See also LPGA COP 1 Bulk LPG storage at fixed installations(25).

b) Other Bulk Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Flammable Gases

The separation distances listed above for LPG should be applied to the same stored
volumes (m3) of other bulk liquefied flammable gases and may be used for the same
stored volumes (m3) of bulk flammable liquids (#). These distances may be reduced
depending on the nature of the flammable liquid and any protective measure and in these
cases an individual assessment of the proposed location shall be carried out.

* Common examples of liquefied flammable gases supplied in cylinders include: ammonia,

hydrogen sulphide and ethylene oxide.

# Common examples of bulk flammable liquids include: acetone, methanol, diesel, petrol.

34
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 3
Sheet 3 of 5

TABLE 2: SEPARATION DISTANCES: COMPRESSED FLAMMABLE GASES

AND OXYGEN STORAGE

Compressed Flammable Liquid Oxygen Storage

Gas Cylinders (m³) up to 200 tonnes
(Gas volume measured Separation Distance (metres)
at 1013 mbar and 15°C)

Up to 70 5.0
Above 70 8.0

Notes:

1) For liquefied flammable gas cylinders, see Table 1.

2) Distances in Table 2 are based on hydrogen cylinders.

3) For separation distance for Acetylene, see BCGA CP 6 (26).

35
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 3
Sheet 4 of 5

TABLE 3: SEPARATION DISTANCES: FLAMMABLE LIQUID OR GAS LINES

WITH UNION FLANGES ETC AND OXYGEN STORAGE

Flammable Liquid Liquid Oxygen Storage up to 200

or Gas Line Size Tonnes Separation Distance
(nominal) (metres)

mm inches Metres
Bore Bore

Up to 25 1 6.0
Up to 50 2 10.0
Above 50 2 15.0

Notes:

1. The above separation distances are intended to provide protection for the LOX storage
tank against jet flame impingement from an ignited release from the flammable liquid/gas
line.

2. The distances are based on LPG as the contents of the flammable liquid/gas line and are
given as a ‘worst case’.

3. For flammable liquids or gases other than LPG in the line, the above distances should be
used, unless it can be shown that smaller distances are adequate to avoid jet flame
impingement.

4. If some means of protection from jet flame impingement (such as shielding of the joint
by fire resistive material) can be provided between the union/flange on the flammable
liquid/gas line and the LOX storage and this can be shown to provide an equal or greater
degree of protection than the separation distances shown, the separation distances may be
reduced.

36
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Appendix 3
SAFETY DISTANCES Sheet 5 of 5

Distance between nitrogen or argon storage and typical exposures for individual storage tanks
from 1000 litres up to 250,000 litres net liquid capacity (distance in metres).

NOTES: (1) The safety distances are measured from the exposure to:
(a) any point on the storage system where in normal operation leakage or spillage
can occur, or:
(b) the tank outer jacket, or:
(c) the vessel nozzles, whichever gives the greatest safety distance to the
nitrogen/argon storage tank.
(2) Assumed maximum liquid phase pipework diameter 50 mm (2") nominal bore.
(3) For offices, canteens, etc. the distances are measured to the nearest opening in the
building, eg doors and windows. Ventilator air intakes should be at least 1.0
metre above ground level, if within 10 metres of the installation.
(4) Any door within 3 metres of the installation should be of the self closing type.
* For acetylene refer to BCGA CP 6 (26)
37
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 APPENDIX 4

PLAN VIEW OF LIQUID TRANSFER AREA,

ACCESS APRON AND TANKER STANDING AREA

38
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Appendix 5
Sheet 1 of 2

“BURNS” DUE TO VERY COLD LIQUEFIED GASES

The temperature of liquefied gases varies. The boiling points, i.e. the temperatures at which the
liquefied gas vaporises, are as follows:

Nitrogen -196oC
Argon -186oC
Oxygen -183oC

General Effect on Tissue

The effect of extreme cold on tissue is to destroy it, a similar end result to that of heat exposure,
and in like fashion the amount of cold and the duration of contact is crucial. The destruction of
tissue is not so immediately obvious as in the case of burns, since pain is absent in the frozen
stage, and the tissue, although rigid, keeps its normal shape and is not obviously destroyed.
Pain and destruction becomes more apparent as thawing occurs. Those who have had mild
frostbite of fingers or toes will have some idea of the pain on re-warming.

Prevention of contact with very cold liquids is quite vital and those who work in this field must
be aware of the hazard.

Skin Effects

Liquid, vapour, or low-temperature gas can produce effects on the skin, which will vary in
severity with temperature and the length of exposure. Naked or insufficiently protected parts of
the body coming into contact with uninsulated pipes or vessels may stick fast by virtue of the
freezing of moisture and flesh may be torn in removal. The wearing of wet clothing should be
avoided.

Continued exposure of naked flesh to cold atmospheres can result in frostbite. There usually is
sufficient warning by local pain whilst the freezing action is taking place. Re-warming with
lukewarm water at 42oC to 44oC (107 oF to 111oF) is generally sufficient safeguard against
injury.

Effect of Cold on Lungs

Whilst transient and short exposure produces discomfort in breathing, prolonged inhalation of
vapour or cold gas, whether respirable or not, can produce serious effects on the lungs.

39
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 Appendix 5
Sheet 2 of 2

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF COLD CONTACT BURNS

Flush the affected areas of skin with copious quantities of tepid water, but do not apply any
form of direct heat, e.g. hot water, room heaters, etc. Move casualty to a warm place (about
22°C; 295K). If medical attention is not immediately available, arrange for the casualty to be
transported to hospital without delay.

While waiting for transport:

• Loosen any restrictive clothing.

• Continue to flush the affected areas of skin with copious quantities of

tepid water.

• Protect frozen parts with bulky, dry, sterile dressings. Do not apply too
tightly so as to cause restriction of blood circulation.

• Keep the patient warm and at rest.

• Ensure ambulance crew or hospital is advised of details of accident and

first aid treatment already administered.

• Smoking and alcoholic beverages reduce the blood supply to the affected
part and should be avoided.

The above text has been reproduced with the permission of the British Cryoengineering Society
from its “Cryogenics Safety Manual”, Reference No. ISBN 08543 26057 (6).

40
BCGA CP36 © 2006
 HISTORY AND OBJECTIVES OF BCGA

The British Compressed Gases Association was established in August 1971, as

the successor to the British Acetylene Association, formed in 1901. Its
members consist of producers, suppliers of gases equipment and container
manufacturers and users operating in the compressed gases field.

The main objective of the Association is the advancement of technology and

safe practice in the manufacture, handling and use of all gases and the design
and manufacture of all containers, apparatus, appliances, plant, etc. BCGA
also provides advice and makes representations, insofar as these relate to
particular problems of the compressed gases industry, on behalf of its members
to all regulatory bodies, including the UK Government, concerning legislation
both existing and proposed.

Policy is determined by a Council elected from member firms, with detailed

technical studies being undertaken by a Technical Committee and its specialist
Sub-Groups appointed for this purpose.

Further details of the Association may be obtained from:

BRITISH COMPRESSED GASES ASSOCIATION

1 Gleneagles House
Vernon Gate
South Street
Derby
DE1 1UP

Website: www.bcga.co.uk

41
BCGA CP36 © 2006
www.bcga.co.uk