STRUCTURE

WORD

Complex Word
Simple Word at least 01 bound Compound Word
a single free base, morpheme as an at least 02 free base,
with/without inflectional immediate constituent, with/without bound
suffixes with/without derivational morphemes
suffixes

Complex words-free base Complex words-bound base

01 free morpheme as IC 01 bound morpheme for each IC

'bluebell >< blue 'bell

Phonological (âm vị) 'redcoat >< red 'coat
THE FEATURES OF COMPOUNDS

'greenhouse >< green 'house

Order
fall down >< downfall
sweeter heart
break out >< outbreak
Syntactic (cú pháp) sweet, kind heart
Indivisibility very sweet heart
sweet heart >< sweetheart
can't insert anything
between sweet and heart
egg and head >< egghead
Semantic (ngữ nghĩa) (brain)
 noun base+noun base+-er
footballer, honeymooner, mill-owner, backbencher, eye-opener, first-nighter,
left-hander
Derivational adj base+noun base+-ed
compounds
absent-minded, light-hearted, bare-legged, black-haired, blue-eyed, ill-
derivational mannered, many-sided, short-sighted, far-sighted
THE TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

suffix
attached to noun base+noun base+-ed
combination bow-legged, war-minded, heart-shapped, moon-shaped
as a whole
number base+noun base+-ed
five-coloured, three-fingered, one-eyed, two-headed

Reduplicative: double the word

drip-drip, tap-tap, hush-hush, fifty-fifty, pooh, blah-blah, murmur, quack-quack,
Pops-pops, pretty-pretty,goody-goody, never-never

Ablaut: different vowel

Repetitive chit-chat, tittle-tattle,shilly-shally, dilly-dally, zigzag,riff-raff, tip-top, ping-pong,
compounds sing-song, see-saw

Rhyme: sound behind

boogie-woogie, harum-harum, helter-skelter, hoity-toity, humdrum, hurry-
scurry, hurdy-gurdy, lovey-dovey, mumbo-jumbo, namby-pamby, willy-nilly, pell-
mell,hurly-burly

WORD-FORMING PROCESS
1. COINAGE: creation of totally new words.
Nylon, aspirin, Vaseline, Frigidaire, sandwich, robot, gargantuan, jumbo, lazy Susan, the
Susan, denim, the Nimes.
2. BORROWING: borrowed from another language
French: champagne, garage, beige, rouge, couchette
Germany: rucksack, kindergarten
Italy: cantata, opera, concerto
America India: shampoo, cot
3. BLENDING: fusion of 2 words into 1 word
4. CLIPPING: cutting, leaving a part
5. ACRONYMY: initials/beginning segments of a succession of words
6. CONVERSION
COMPLETE: shifting a word from one word class to another without adding affix
APPROXIMATE: changing grammatical function, slight change pronunciation/spelling
7. AFFIXATION: affixes added to form new word
 PREFIXATION
SUFFIXATION
8. BACK-FORMATION: removing suffix from existing word
9. COMPOUNDING: combining 2/more existing words to form new word except back-
formation