Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry

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 UNIT 9

Liquids

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 Comparison between States of
Matter
▪ The fundamental difference between states of matter
is the distance between particles.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Comparison between States of
Matter
▪ The fundamental difference between states of matter
is the distance between particles.

State Shape and Volume Compressibility Ability to Flow

Gas Conforms to shape and High High

volume of container

Liquid Conforms to shape of Very low Moderate

container; volume limited by
surface
Solid Maintains its own shape and Almost none Almost none
volume

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Attractive Forces
▪ Intramolecular or bonding forces are found within a
molecule.
▪ Intermolecular or nonbonding forces are found
between molecules.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Attractive Forces

– Intermolecular forces arise from the attraction between molecules

with partial charges, or between ions and molecules.

– Intermolecular forces are relatively weak compared to

bonding forces because they involve smaller charges
that are farther apart.

– properties of liquids such as boiling point and melting point reflect

the strength of IMFs

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Attractive Forces
Table 12.2 Comparison of Bonding and Nonbonding
(Intermolecular) Forces

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Attractive Forces
Table 12.2 Comparison of Bonding and Nonbonding
(Intermolecular) Forces (continued)

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Intermolecular Forces

Types of Intermolecular forces:

(1) Dispersion (London) forces
van der Waals forces
(2) Dipole – Dipole forces
(3) Hydrogen Bonding
(4) Ion-dipole forces

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Dispersion Forces
– a temporary attractive force that results when the
electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that
make the atoms form temporary dipoles

– also called London Dispersion Forces

– weakest IMF and present in all molecules

– the only force found in nonpolar molecules

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Dispersion Forces

A. When atoms are far apart they

do not influence one other.

B. When atoms are close

together, the instantaneous C. The process occurs
dipole in one atom induces a throughout the sample.
dipole in the other.

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 Dipole-dipole Forces
– attractive forces between polar molecules
– similar in origin to H-bonding but weaker
– increases with increasing polarity

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Dipole-dipole Forces
– attraction between dipole molecules.
– for molecules of approximately equal mass and size,
the strength of intermolecular attractions increases with
increasing polarity.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Hydrogen Bonding

– An intermolecular hydrogen bond is the attraction

between the H atom of one molecule and a lone
pair of the N, O, or F atom of another molecule.
– strongest IMF
– a special type of dipole-dipole attraction

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Ion-Dipole Forces

– occurs when
ionic
compound is
mixed with a
polar
compound

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Summarizing Intermolecular
Forces
• Dispersion
• Weak
• Present in all molecules
• Increase with molar mass
• Dipole – Dipole
• Present in polar molecules
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Strongest IMF in a pure substance
• Ion – dipole
• Present in mixture of ionic and polar compounds

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
Intermolecular Forces

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
Exercise 1
Indicate what type of bonding is holding the atoms
together in one molecule of the following.
(a) NH3
(b) HCl
(c) NaCl in water
(d) F2

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Properties of Liquids

- Viscosity
- Surface Tension
- Vapor Pressure

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Viscosity
• Resistance of a liquid to
flow.
• Increasing molecular weight,
increasing intermolecular
forces, increases viscosity.
• Decreasing temperature,
increases viscosity.
• SI unit for viscosity: kg m-1 s-1

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
Surface Tension
• Surface tension is the
energy required to increase
the surface area of a liquid.
– The stronger the
intermolecular attractive
forces, the higher the surface
tension will be.
– Increasing the temperature
of a liquid decreases its
surface tension.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Vapor Pressure
• Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by its vapor
when the liquid and vapor are in dynamic
equilibrium..

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Volatility

• The rate at which a chemical will evaporate.

• The weaker the intermolecular forces in the liquid,
the more easily molecules can escape, the higher
the vapor pressure.
Example: At 25 ◦C, CCl4 is more volatile than CBr4, because
dispersion forces between its molecules are smaller than in
CBr4.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Boiling Point

• The temperature at
which the vapor
pressure of a liquid
equals the external
pressure.
• Increasing
temperature,
increases the vapor
pressure.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
 Summarizing Intermolecular
Forces
• Dispersion
• Weak
• Present in all molecules
• Increase with molar mass
• Dipole – Dipole
• Present in polar molecules
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Strongest IMF in a pure substance
• Ion – dipole
• Present in mixture of ionic and polar compounds

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry
Exercise 2
1. Based on their composition and structure, list
CH2Cl2, CH3CH2CH3, and CH3CH2OH in order of:
(a) increasing intermolecular forces,
(b) increasing viscosity,
(c) decreasing surface tension.

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Chem 16 | Principles of Chemistry 27