Hindu Civilization-Marking-Scheme-Tamil-Medium

me;juq;fkhdJ
,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

f.ngh.j (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2021
46 - ,e;Jehfupfk;
Gs;spapLk; jpl;lk;
(1822-1879)
,e;j tpilj;jhs; guPl;rfu;fspd; cgNahfj;Jf;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpujk guPl;rfu;fspd;
fye;Jiuahly; eilngWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; fUj;Jf;fSf;fpzq;f>
,jpy; cs;s rpy tplaq;fs; khwyhk;.
,Wjpj; jpUj;jq;fs; cs;slf;fg;glTs;sd KOg;gjpg;GupikAilaJ
,yq;ifg; guPli
; rj; jpizf;fsk; me;juq;fkhdJ
f. ngh. j. (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2021(2022)

46 - ,e;J ehfupfk;
Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
gj;jpuk; II
gFjp I
xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; 20 Gs;spfs; cupj;jhFk;.

tpdh 01 - 4 × 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;
tpdh 02 - 4 × 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;
tpdh 03 - 4 × 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;
vitNaDk; 02 tpdhf;fs; 2 × 20 = 40 Gs;spfs;
gFjp II
tpdh 04 - 2  6  6  6 = 20 Gs;spfs;
tpdh 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;
vitNaDk; 03 tpdhf;fSf;F 3 × 20 = 60 Gs;spfs;
gFjp I - 40 Gs;spfs;
gFjp II - 60 Gs;spfs;
nkhj;jk; - 100 Gs;spfs;
,Wjpg; Gs;sp fzpj;jy; : gj;jpuk; I = 50 Gs;spfs;

gj;jpuk; II = 100 Gs;spfs;
= 50 + [ ] Gs;spfs;
46 – ,e;J ehfupfk; (Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;) - f.ngh.j (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2021(2022) ,Wjpj; jpUj;jq;fs; cs;slf;fg;glTs;sd. 1
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
YSs% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j

,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;
w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h $ f.ngh.j. (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2021 ^2022&
úIhh wxlh úIhh

ghl ,yf;fk; 46 ghlk;; ,e;J ehfupfk;
,l=Kq §fï mámdáh$Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
I m;%h$gj;jpuk; I
m%Yak ms<s;=re m%Yak ms<s;=re m%Yak ms<s;=re m%Yak ms<s;=re m%Yak ms<s;=re
wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh
tpdh tpil tpdh tpil tpdh tpil tpdh tpil tpdh tpil
,y. ,y. ,y. ,y. ,y. ,y. ,y. ,y. ,y. ,y.
2 4 4 2 2
01' 11' 21' 31' 41'
02' 1 12' 1 22' 2 32' 3 42' 1
03' 3 13' 1 23' 5 33' 5 43' 2
04' 4 14' 4 24' 1 34' 3 44' 5
05' 1 15' 1 25' 35' 45'

1 2 4
06' 2 16' 3 26' 36' 46'

2 1 4
07' 17' 27' 37' 47'

3 4 2 1 5
08' 18' 28' 38' 48'
3 5 3 3 3
09' 19' 29' 39' 49'
3 1 3 4 5
10' 20' 30' 40' 50'
3 2 1 3 3
 úfYaI Wmfoia$ tpNrl mwpTWj;jy; (
tla ms<s;=rlg$ xU rupahd tpilf;F 01 ,l=Kq ne.ska$Gs;sp tPjk;

uq`: ,l=Kq$nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 1  50 } 50
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
,yq;ifg; guPli
46 - ,e;Jehfupfk; II
gFjp – I
01. ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il tsk;gLj;Jtjpy; kfhGuhzq;fs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Nky;tUk;

jiyg;Gf;fspy; tpgupf;Ff
m) Guhzq;fspd; mikg;G
M) Guhzq;fspd; gFg;G
,) Guhzq;fs; $Wk; topghl;L Kiwfs;
<) gpw;fhy gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapy; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
(4 x 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;)
m) Guhzq;fspd; mikg;G
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis mwptjw;Fj; JizGupAk; rka
,yf;fpaq;fspd; tupirapy; kfhGuhzq;fs; Kf;fpaj;JtKilad. Ntjq;fis mLj;J
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWgit Guhzq;fNs vdpy; kpifapy;iy.
Guhzk; vd;gJ “Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;J eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUtJ” vd;w

nghUisj; jUtjhfTs;sJ. “fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; gjpNtL” vd;w nghUspYk;
Guhzk; vd;w nrhy; tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. Guhzq;fspy; gQ;ryl;rzq;fs;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. mit mtw;wpd; gz;ghf cs;sd.
1. ru;f;fk; - gilg;G
2. gpujpru;ff
; k; - kPs;gilg;G
3. tk;rk; - tk;r guk;giu
4. kd;te;juk; - kDf;fspd; fhyk;
5. tk;rhDrupjk; - tk;rq;fspd; tuyhW
,tw;iwtpl mtw;Wf;F jryl;rzq;fSk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. kfhGuhzq;fs; tlnkhopapy; cs;sd.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
M) Guhzq;fspd; gFg;G
Guhzq;fs; Nghw;wpf; $Wk; flTsu;fN
; fw;g mit tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mit
apy;
gFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
m) gpukd; - gpuk> gj;k Guhzq;fs; - 2

M) R+upad; - gpukiftu;j;j Guhzk; - 1
,) mf;fpdp - Mf;fpNda Guhzk; - 1
,yq;ifg; guPli
<) rptd; - rpt> ];fe;j> ypq;f> $u;k> thkd> tuhf> gtp\;a> kj;];a>
khu;f;fz;Nla> gpukhz;l - 10
c) tp\;Z - ehujÆ ehujPa> ghftj> fUl> tp\;Z – 4 Guhzq;fs;
,it flTsu;fsJ nja;tf P r; rpwg;GfisAk;> ngUikfisAk; Nghw;Wfpd;wd.
gjpndz; Guhzq;fs; vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
,) Guhzq;fs; $Wk; topghl;L Kiwfs;

irtk;> itztk;> rhf;jk;> fhzhgj;jpak;> nfskhuk;> nrsuk; Mfpa mWtifr; rka
newpfs; rhu;e;j topghl;L Kiwfs; tsu;rr ; paile;jd. jpUf;Nfhapy; topghl;L
Kiwfisf; $Wfpd;wd. jhdk;> tpujk;> jtk;> jPu;j;jk;> jyahj;jpiu> Njhj;jpuk;> gf;jp>
%u;j;jp> jpahdk; Mfpait Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
rptuhj;jpup topghL> jpUf;fhu;jj

; pif topghL> jpUntk;ghit> fe;jr\;b> Mdpcj;juk;
Mfpait rpwg;G.
,iwtidg; gy;NtW ehkq;fshy; Nghw;wp topgLk; kuG.

mgpNlfk;> rf];u ehkk; Nghd;wit
(05 Gs;spfs;)
<) gpw;fhyg; gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapy; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; njd;dhl;by; Cu;NjhWk; vOr;rpngw> Guhzq;fs; $Wk; nja;tPff;
fijfs; %ykhf mike;jd. jpUtz;zhkiy> jpUf;flT+u; Nghd;wit cjhuzk;.
nja;tfP g; guj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fp epw;gd.
rptDf;Fupa ml;ltPul;lf;fijfSld; njhlu;Gila ml;l tPuj; jyq;fs;.

rptguj;Jtk; - mb Kb Njba fij
tp\;Z guj;Jtk; - jrhtjhuq;fs;
rf;jp guj;Jtk; - Ju;f;if kfplhRuid mopj;jJ.
jyGuhzq;fs; kw;Wk; jkpo;g;Guhzq;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf mike;jd. fr;rpag;gupd;

fe;jGuhzk;> kfhj;kpaq;fs; Njhd;w cjtpaJ.
Nfhapy; topghLk; jpUTUt topghLk; rpwg;Gilad.
f[Kf
rq;fhuk; , R+urq;fhuk; Nghd;wit epfo;e;J kf;fs; cs;sq;fspy; ,iwek;gpf;if gf;jp
czu;T tsk;ngw;wd.
jpUKiwfs;> jpt;a gpuge;jk; Mfpatw;wpy; Guhzr; nry;thf;F
gf;jp kuG rpwf;fg; Guhzq;fs; cjtpd.
,yq;ifg; guPli
Myaq;fspy; Guhzgld kuG tsk; ngw;wJ.
gpw;fhy ,yf;fpa kuGf;F %ykhf mike;jd.
Guhzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> jpUTUt mikg;G>

tpf;fpuff; fiy> Xtpaf;fiy tsk;ngw;wd.
,e;J mwptpaw; rpe;jid tsu;rr

; pf;F %ykhf mike;jd.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fe;jGuhzj;jpd; top fe;jGuhzf; fyhrhuk; tsk;ngw cjtpaik

Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ.
irtrpj;jhe;j kuG tsk; ngw;wJ.
ez;gu; Nghy; mwpTiu toq;Ftd.
Guhzq;fs; $Wk; rkakugpd; gadha; mwnewp> xOf;fnewp> gf;jpnewp> ,iw ek;gpf;if

Mfpa gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; tsu;rr
; paile;jd.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
02. jkpofj;jpy; gy;ytu; fhyf; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyapd; gbKiw tsu;r;rpia Nky;tUk;

jiyg;Gf;fspy; tpgupf;Ff.
m) fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpf;F kd;du;fspd; gq;fspg;G
M) Filjspfs;
,) kiy jspfs;
<) fl;Lj; jspfs; (4 x 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;)
m) fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr; pf;F kd;du;fspd; gq;fspg;G

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; gy;ytu; fhyk; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wJ.
fp.gp 6Mk; Ehw;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;yt kd;du;fsJ Ml;rp jkpofj;jpy;

,lk;ngw;wJ.
kNfe;jputu;kd;> eurpk;kd;> ,uh[rpk;kd;> ee;jptu;kd; Kjypa kd;du;fs; Fwpg;gplj;

jf;ftu;fs;. ,f;fhy kd;du;fspd; MjuT irt - itzt rka newpfSf;Ff;
t
ey;fpdu;. ,tu;fsJ ngaupy; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyg; ghzpfs; cUthfpd.
,jd; gadhf Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiy gy;NtW gupkhzq;fspy; tsu;rr ; p ngwyhapw;W.

rpwg;ghf jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr
; paila mur MjuT gf;fgykhf
mike;jJ.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
,yq;ifg; guPli
M) Filjspfs;
gy;ytu;fhyf; fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr
; papd; Muk;g fl;lkhf miktJ Filtiuf;
Nfhapy;fs;. Fiffisf; File;J mikf;fg;gl;l Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; kuigj;
njhlq;fp itj;j kd;dd; kNfe;jputu;kd; Mthd;. kz;lfg;gl;L> kNfe;jputhb>
khkz;^u;> ty;yk;> gy;yhtuk; Nghd;w Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; ,t;tiff;Fr; rhd;W.
,it nghJthf fUtiw> Kfkz;lgk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;like;jit.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
,) kiyjspfs;
gy;ytu; fhyf; fl;llf;fiyapd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l tsu;rr
; piaf; fhl;Lgit
kiyjspfshFk;. kiyjspfs; - ,ujf; Nfhapy;fs; , ghiwf; Nfhapy;fs; , nrJf;Fj;
jspfs; vdTq; $Wtu;. ghiwfis fPo; ,Ue;J Nkyhfr; nrJf;fp mikf;fg;gl;l
Nfhapy;fshf kiyjspfs; cs;sd. khky;yGuj;jpd; kiyjsp jUkuh[ujk; , mu;rR
; d
ujk;> gPk ujk;> rfhNjt ujk;> jpnusgjp ujk;> tlf;Fg; gplhup ujk; , njw;Fg; gplhup
ujk; , tisahd;Fl;il ujk;> fNzr ujk; vd;w ngau;fspdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
<) fl;Lj;jspfs;
fw;fisr; rPu;nra;J> xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf itj;Jf; fl;Lfpd;w fl;Lkhdf;
fl;llf;fiyNa fl;Lj;jspfs; my;yJ fw;wspfs; MFk;. ,k;kuG ,uh[rpk;k gy;yt
kd;ddJ fl;llf; fiykughFk;
cjhuzq;fs; - khky;yGuf; flw;fiuf; Nfhapy;> <];tud; Nfhapy;> KFe;jd; Nfhapy;>

gidkiyf; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rp itFe;jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
,uh[rpk;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;l fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy; tdg;GilaJ. ngupa
fw;wspnad gpw;fhyr; rhrdq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhapypd; gpujhd mikg;Gf;fshf
tpkhdk;> kz;lgk;> gupthuj; Njtu; Nfhl;lk;> Rw;whiy> NfhGuk; Mfpad
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
ee;jptu;kd; fl;llf;fiyg;gpupTf;Fupa Myaq;fs; mstpw; rpwpad. cjhuzq;fshf

fhQ;rp Kj;jP];tuu; Nfhapy;> kjq;Nf];tuu; Nfhapy;> jpUj;jzp tPul;lhNd];tuu; Nfhapy;
(05 Gs;spfs;)
,yq;ifg; guPli
03. ,yq;ifapy; ,e;Jrka gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapy; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid

Nky;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; tpgupf;Ff.
m) tho;tpay; mwpKfk;
M) rkag;gzp
,) fy;tpg;gzp
<) fiyg;gzp (4 x 05 = 20 Gs;spfs;)
m) tho;tpay; mwpKfk;
Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy> kl;lf;fsg;gpw;Fj; njw;NfAs;s fhiujPtpy;
1892Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. ,sikapw; jdJ fy;tpiaj; jf;ftu;fsplk; gapd;W> Mw;wy;>
mwpT> tpNtfk; Kjyhdit iftug; ngw;wtu;.
ghlrhiyf;fy;tp.
nfhOk;G Mrpupa fyhrhiyapy; tpQ;Qhd Mrpupau; bg;Nshkh gapw;rp.
1916 ,y; kJiu jkpo;rr

; q;fg; gz;bju; guPl;irapy; rpj;jp.
1920 ,y; ,yz;ld; tpQ;Qhdg; gl;ljhup

1922 ,y; nrd;id kapyhg;G+u; ,uhkfpU\;z klj;J Rthkp rpthde;juhy; gpuNghj
irjd;au; vd;Dk; gpukr;rupa ehkk; R+l;lg; ngw;wtu;.
1924 ,y; Qhd cgNjrk; ngw;W Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; vd;Dk; jPl;rhehkk; ngw;wtu;.
mtuJ JwT tho;T ,e;Jrkak; gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwfis tsk;ngwr; nra;aTk;> khdpl
Neaj;ij tsu;f;fTk; cjtpaJ.
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk>; rk];fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk; Mfpa nkhopfspYk; ty;Yeu;.
=,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;]u;, Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;, MWKfehtyu; Mfpa rkag;

ngupahu;fisg; Nghw;wp mtu;fsJ gzpfis Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L ,e;Jrka
gz;ghl;L tsu;rr
; pf;F mUe;njhz;lhw;wpatu;.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
M) rkag; gzp
,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w rka kfhehLfs;> fUj;juq;F Mfpatw;Wf;Fj;
jiyik jhq;fpatu;.
k;,
fjpiuak;gjp khzpf;ftpehafu; ,ul;il kzpkhiy Kjypa rka Ehy;fis Mf;fp
kf;fspilNa rka mwpT tpuptila gzpahw;wpatu;.
rkag; gpurq;fk; - nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;j;jpaik. ,yq;ifapy; mj;itj Ntjhe;j kuG

gut cjtpatu;. ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; rkaf;fy;tp tsk;ngw gzp nra;jtu;.
,yq;ifg; guPli
nts;spf;fpoikfspy; $l;Lg;gpuhu;j;jid, gf;jpg; ghRuq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy; , thu

,Wjpapy; rka tFg;G
; , gz;zpirg; gapw;rp Nghjpj;jy; ,tw;wpd;top ,se;
jiyKiwapdu; ,ilNa rka mwpit tsu;f;f gzpahw;wpatu;.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
,) fy;tpg; gzp
jkpo; khztu;fSf;F cau;fy;tp toq;Fk; nghUl;L> rpjk;guj;jpy; gy;fiyf;fofk;
epWTtij typAWj;jp> nrd;id khfhz murpd; fy;tpf; FOtpw;F rpghu;R nra;jtu;.
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; cjakhf tpj;jpl;lhu;. mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk;> ,yq;if nfhOk;G jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; Kjy;
Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;.
Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpia ,e;Jf; fy;tp kuGf;fikthfg; Nghjpf;f toptif nra;jhu;.

,uhkfpU\;z kp\Df;Fupa fy;tpr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpatu;.
1925 ,y; ,yq;if ,uhkfpU\;z kp\d; ghlrhiyfspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg;

nghWg;Ngw;W gzpGupe;jtu;.
gy;NtW gpugy ghlrhiyfshfpa rpthde;jh Mz;fs; ghlrhiy, Midg;ge;jp

,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ngz;fs; ghlrhiy, jpUNfhzkiy ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup, tz;iz
itj;jP];tuhf; fy;Yhup Mfpa ghlrhiyfis epWtp> Vio khztu;fspd; fy;tp
tsu;rr
; pf;F cjtpatu;.
mehij Mrpukk; epWtp trjp Fiwe;j khztu;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jpdhu;.

rkak; rhu;e;j fy;tpg; gzpf;F Kf;fpa ,lkspj;jtu;.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
< ) fiyg;gzp
“,aypd;wp ,irapy;iy ,irapd;wp ,aypy;iy” vd;w nfhs;ifapy; ,irj;jkpopy;
kpFe;j <LghL – Ma;tpYk; <Lgl;ltu;.
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ftpij Gide;jtu;. FUNjtu; thf;fpak;> tpNtfhde;j gQ;rfk;
,aw;wpatu;.
,irEhy; - aho; Ehy;
Kj;jkpopYk; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; ty;ytu;. “Kj;jkpo; tpj;jfu;” Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;

Nghw;wg;gl;likf;F mtuJ gzpfspd; Nkd;ikf;Fr; rhd;W.
(05 Gs;spfs;)
,yq;ifg; guPli
,e;Jehfupfk;
gFjp II
04. Ntjhe;j jj;Jt tsu;r;rpapy; ,uhkhD[uJ tprpl;lhj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis

Nky;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; tpsf;Ff.
m) „tprp\;lhj;itjk;‟vDk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; tpsf;fk; (2Gs;spfs;)
M) <];tud; (6Gs;spfs;)
,) Md;kh (6Gs;spfs;)
<) Md;k tpLjiyf;fhd topfs; (6Gs;spfs;)
m) ‘tprp\;lhj;itjk;’vDk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; tpsf;fk;

tprpl;lhj;itjk; - tpNrlkhd mj;Jitjk;
tprpl;lk; + mj;itjk;
tpNrlzq;fSf;Fk;> tpNrbaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa njhlu;Ng (tprpl;lk;)
tprpl;lhj;itjk;
<];tud; - tpNrbak;
me;j tpNrbaj;jpd; tpNrlzq;fs; - cyF> capu;fs;
tprp\;lkhfpa <];tuDld;> Md;khf;fs; mj;Jtpjkhff; fyj;jy; tprpl;lhj;itjk;
vdg;gLk;
(02 Gs;spfs;)
M) <];tud;
tprpl;lhj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;by; <];tud; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.
gpuk;kk;> Md;kh> cyF Mfpa Kg;nghUs;fSk; cz;ik vd;w mbg;gilapy;

miktNj tprpl;lhj;itjf; Nfhl;ghL.
capu;fs; midj;ijAk; cs;epd;W ,af;Fgtd; ,iwtd; - <];tud;.
cyf ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; ,iwtNd fhuzkha; cs;shd;.
,iwtDf;Fk; capu;fSf;Fk; cs;s ,e;j ruPu ruPup rk;ge;jk; ,uhkhD[uJ

nfhs;ifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
cyF capu;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk;> ,iwtDf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G gpupf;f KbahjJ

vd;w nghUspy; mg;gpujf;rpj;jp vd;w nrhw;nwhliug; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
,tuJ jj;Jtj;jpy; cyF cz;L> capu;fSk; cz;L. Mdhy; mit> gpuk;kj;jpw;F

tpNrlzq;fs;. gpuk;kk; mt; tpNrlzq;fis cila tpNrbak;. ,e;j tpNrlzk; -
,yq;ifg; guPli
tpNrbak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;j tprpl;lNk ,uhkhD[u; NgRk; guk;nghUs;. vdNt

,tuJ Nfhl;ghL tprpl;lhj;itjk; vdg; ngau;ngw;wJ.
gpuk;kk; vd;w %yg;nghUs; tp\;Z> =kj; ehuaz%u;j;jpNa flTs;.

,iwtDf;Fupa gz;Gfs; $Wfpd;whu;. ,iwtd; g+uz mwpTilatd;> I];tu;ak;>
gyk;> tPu;ak;> Nj[];> Qhdk; Mfpait mtdJ gz;Gfs;.
rp;U\;b> jpjp> rq;fhuk;> Qhdk; vDk; ehd;F njhopy;fis ,aw;Wgtd;.

,iwtdpd; rf;jp =. =apdpd;Wk; gpupf;f Kbahjtd; =epthrd;.
(06Gs;spfs;)
,) Md;kh
Md;khf;fshfpa rPtd; vz;zpf;ifapy; gy. mit epj;jpakhdit. moptw;wit. jhk;
nra;j tpidfSf;F Vw;g cly;fis vLf;fpd;wd.
%tif Md;khf;fs; - vg;nghOJk; Kj;jp epiyapy; cs;sit
fl;Lz;l epiyapy; ,Ue;J Kj;jpaile;jit
vg;nghOJk; fl;Lz;l epiyapy; cs;sit
Md;khf;fspd; Kf;fpa Fzk; Qhdk; cilik. ,jid ,uhkhD[u; ju;kg+jQhdk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. me;jf;fuzq;fspd; JizAlNdNa mwpAk; ,ay;GilaJ.
,d;gk;> Jd;gk;> tpUg;G> ntWg;G vd;gd mwptpd; ,ay;Gfs;> Md;khf;fspd; JaUf;Fk;
,d;dy;fSf;Fk; fhuzk; mwpTf;FiwT.
(06Gs;spfs;)
<) Md;k tpLjiyf;fhd topfs;

Md;khf;fspd; fd;k gyd;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa tPLNgW fpilf;Fk;.
gfthdJ NguUshy; Md;khf;fspd; fd;kk; mope;J Kj;jpepiyahfpa Md;k tpLjiy
fpilf;Fk;.
gpwtpj;Jd;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J ePq;fp =kj; ehuhazd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; = itFz;lj;ij
miltNj Md;k tpLjiyahfpa tPLNgW.
,jw;Ff; fd;k khu;f;fk;> gf;jp khu;f;fk;> Qhd khu;f;fk; Mfpa %d;Wk; Md;khf;fSf;F
Jiz nra;Ak; vd;gJ ,uhkhD[uJ nfhs;if.
if
itj;J jd;id KOikahf mtdplk; xg;gilj;jNy gpugf;jp MFk;.
kdpjDk; KayNtz;Lk; - mNj rkak; ,iwtDk; mUs Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpugf;jp

newpahf ,uhkhD[u; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;whu;.
jpahdk;> cghrid MfpaitAk; tPLNgw;wpw;F toptFg;git
(06 Gs;spfs;)
,yq;ifg; guPli
05) irtrpj;jhe;j jj;Jt kugpy; Md;kh gw;wpa nfhs;ifia Md;khtpd; ,ay;Gfs; mtw;wpd;
,yl;rpak; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Ff
(20 Gs;spfs;)
Md;khtpd; ,ay;G
irtrpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; Kg;nghUs;fspy; xd;nwdr; rpwg;Gg; ngWk; Md;kh gR vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. flTisg; NghyNt Md;khTk; mehjp. epj;jpag; nghUs;. vz;zpf;if
fle;j gd;ikahdit.
 gR - ghrj;NjhL rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.
 Kk;kyq;fshy; fl;Lz;lit
 Md;khtpw;Fg; gy Fzq;fs; cz;L
 mit mwptpj;jhy; mwpAk; jd;ik
 rhu;e;jjd; tz;zkha; epw;Fk; jd;ikaJ
 rpw;wwpT Rje;jpukw;wJ fd;k tpidfis mDgtpf;Fk;
 gy gpwtpfisg; ngWk;
Md;khtpw;Fg; gy ngau;fs; cz;L. [Ptd; rjrj;J vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Md;khTk; Kk;kyq;fSk;
1. Nftyhtj;ij
2. rfyhtj;ij
3. Rj;jhtj;ij tpsf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
gRf;fshfpa Md;kh ngj;j epiyapy; %tifg;gLk;

1. tpQ;Qhdfyu; 2. gpusahfyu; 3. rfyu;
Md;kh GupAk; tpidfSf;Nfw;g mtw;wpd; nraiy mDgtpf;f Vw;w clk;igg; ngWtd.

kyq;fs; %tif – Mztk; , fd;kk; , khia
Mztk; Md;khtpd; Fzkd;W Fw;wNk.
ehd; vd;Dk; mfe;ij> ,J vdJ vd;Dk; kkij> Mztj;jhy; Md;khf;fSf;F

cz;lhfpd;wd.
Mztk; nrk;gpw; fspk;G Nghd;W capUld; fye;J epw;Fk;.
Md;khtpd; ,yl;rpak;.
Md;kh gpwg;ig xopj;J Kj;jp ngw kyq;fspypUe;J tpLgl Ntz;Lk;.

Md;kh jd; ,yl;rpaj;ij mila irtrpj;jhe;jk; gy topfisf; $Wfpd;wJ.
rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;> Qhdk; vDk; ehd;F khu;f;fq;fs;.
,yq;ifg; guPli
,e;ehd;F topfshYk; Md;kh gbKiwahf Kj;jp epiyia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;

,jd; Kjw;gb jPl;irahFk;.
kdpjg;gpwtp vLj;j Md;kh Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba xOf;fj;ij “,iwgzp epw;wy;” vd;gu;.

mfg;G+ir> Gwg;G+ir> ,Utpidnahg;G> kygupghfk;> rj;jpdpghjk; vDk; gbepiyfshf
irtrpj;jhe;jk; $Wk;.
,iwtd; FUtbthf te;J> Md;khtpd; gf;Ft epiyf;Nfw;g mtw;iw Ml;nfhs;thd;.
,t;thW Md;kh kyq;fs; xope;J jpUtUl;rf;jpapdhy; Qhdk; ngw;Wg;> gpwtpr;
Row;rpapypUe;J ePq;fp Kj;jpepiyahfpa tPLNgw;iw milAk;.
,iwtd; jpUtbia mile;J Ngupd;gk; ngWjNy Kj;jpepiy. ,e;epiyia “jhliy

Nghy; $ly;” vdj; jpUtUl;gad; $Wk;.
,JNt Md;khtpd; ,yl;rpak;.
06. ,e;J tho;tpaypy; mwk; ngWfpd;w Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpgupf;Ff.

(20 Gs;spfs;)
,e;Jrkak; rhu;e;j xOf;ftpay; rpe;jidfisAk;> mwr; rpe;jidfisAk; cs;slf;fp
epw;gNj ,e;J mwtpay;.
ju;kk; vDk; nrhy; mwk;> xOf;fk;> ePjp> jhdk;> flik vdg; gy nghUs;gLk;.
ju;kk; - “j;U” vDk; nrhy;ypd; tpidab
nghUs; - jhq;FtJ
mW + mk; = mwk;
jFe;j topapy; elj;jy;
kdpjdpd; ,d;g> Jd;gq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf miktJ.

,e;J mwkhdJ kdpjd; Rfkhf thoTk;> ,d;gk; ngwTk;> Jd;gq;fisj; jhq;fTk; top
rikf;fpwJ.
,e;J mwtpaw; rpe;jidfis typAWj;Jk; E}y;fs; - Ntjq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;>
Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;> gftj;fPij> ju;krh];jpuq;fs;> mu;j;j rh];jpuk;> jpUke;jpuk;>
jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> ehybahu;> Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> %Jiu> gd;dpU
,e;J ,iw ek;gpf;ifAk; mw tho;Tk;.

jdpkdpj xOf;fj;jpYk;> r%f Nkk;ghl;bYk; mwj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
,e;J r%ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; Clhf mwj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; typAWj;jg;gLjy;.

cjhuzk; - tu;zf; Nfhl;ghL> Mr;rpukf; Nfhl;ghL> GUlhu;j;jf; Nfhl;ghL.
,yq;ifg; guPli
,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf typAWj;jg;gLk; mw tpOkpaq;fs;.
Ntjq;fs; - upjk; - mwf;flTs;

tu;z #f;jk; - ,aw;if mw xOq;NfhL njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;lik
cgepljq;fs; - ]j;jpak; tj – cz;ik NgR
ju;kk; ru – ju;k topapy; el
gpj;U NjNth gt – je;ijiaj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;W
khj;U NjNth gt – jhiaj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;W
,t;thW Vida ,yf;fpaq;fs; typAWj;Jk; tpOkpag; gz;Gfs;.
,e;J tpujq;fs;> tpohf;fs; Clhf mwpag;gLk; mw tpOkpaq;fs;.

cjhuzk; ijg;nghq;fy;> jPghtsp
mur ju;kq;fs; - murd; ju;kj;jpd; fhtyd;.
ed;dlj;ijg; gz;Gfs; - m`pk;ir> nghWik> jia> jhdk;…
Md;kPf tpLjiyAk;> mw tho;Tk;
Md;kPf ,yl;rpaj;jpd; ,Wjpg;NgW tPLNgW. me;jtifapy;> Md;kPf ,yl;rpaj;jpid

miltjw;F mwtho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
07. ,e;J mwptpay; kugpy; kUj;Jtf; fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff.

(20 Gs;spfs;)
,e;J mwptpay; kugpy; MAu;Ntjk;> rpj;j kUj;Jtk; vd ,Utif kUj;Jt mwpTg;

Gyq;fs; tsu;rr
; p ngw;wd.
MAu;Ntjk; - cgNtjq;fspy; xd;W.
itjPf kuG rhu;e;J tsu;rr
; p ngw;wJ.
mju;t Ntjj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ.

Neha;ff
; huzp> clw;$w;wpay;> FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;> ehb – ehsk; gw;wpa mwpT
tpUj;jpailjy;.
R];Uj – ruf rk;`pijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
mWitr; rpfpr;ir Kiwfs; mwpag;gl;bUe;jik.
R];Uj rk;`pij – ry;aje;jpuh
,yq;ifg; guPli
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf gjpndz; rpj;ju; gDty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
tsu;rr
; p ngw;wJ.
jpU%yu;> mfj;jpau;> Njiuau;> Nghfu; KjypNahupd; gDty;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
czNt kUe;J vd;w fUj;J epiy
gf;ftpisTfs; mw;w jd;ik

RNjrpa kf;fspd; fhyepiy> czTtif> njhopy;fSf;F xj;jpirthdJ.
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> kUj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;Gila fUj;Jf;fs; ,ioNahbAs;sd.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; - kUj;Jtd; jhNkhjudhu;
Nghu; - tpOg;Gz; %ypiffs;
mwnewpf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; - jpUf;Fwspy; “kUe;J” mjpfhuk;
E}y;fspd; ngau;fspy; kUe;J – jpupfLfk;> Vyhjp> rpWgQ;r%yk;
gy;ytu;fhy ehad;khu;fspd;; mw;Gjq;fs; kUj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;Gilait – ntg;GNeha;
jPu;j;jy;
,e;Jf;fspd; rka tho;tpy; kUj;Jtk;
Myaq;fs; kUj;Jt rhiyfshfj; njhopw;gl;lik ,e;Jf;fspd; rka tho;tpay;
eilKiwfSk;> gof;ftof;fq;fSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; ,ay;ghfNt kUj;Jtf; fiyAld;
njhlu;Gilait.
tpuj eilKiwfs;
ml;lhq;f> gQ;rhq;f ek];fhuq;fs;
tpG+jp mzpjy;> cUj;jpuhf;fk; mzpjy;
Nahfhrdk;> jpahdk;> $l;Lg;gpuhu;j;jid – cs neUf;fPLfSf;fhd jPuT

;
ahj;jpiu nra;jy;
jytpUl;rk; Rw;Wjy;
gpurhjq;fspy; kUj;Jt Fzk;

kQ;rs;> Ntk;G> gQ;rft;tpaq;fspy; kUj;Jt Fzk;
,yq;ifg; guPli
08) Guhjd ,e;Jf;fs; Ngzptsu;j;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; gw;wp mjd; Nehf;fk;> fy;tp Kiw
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Ff.
(20 Gs;spfs;)
Guhjd ,e;Jf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; ,Utifg; Nghf;Filajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

1. Md;kPf <Nlw;wk; rhu;e;j mwpitg; ngWjy;
2. cyfpay; rhu;e;j mwpitg; ngWjy;
,tw;iw KiwNa gutpj;jpah> mgutpj;jpah vd mioj;jdu;.
gu tpj;ah - Md;kPf <Nlw;wk; rhu;e;j fy;tp. Ntj cgepljq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. caupa ,yl;rpaj;ij mila
topfhl;baJ.
mgutpj;jpah - cyfpay; rhu;e;j njhopy;rhu; fy;tpahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> Ntl;ly;> Ntl;gpj;jy; vd;gd me;jzu;fSf;Fupa nraw;ghLfshf

mike;jd.
rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fupa njhopw;fy;tp je;ijtop kugpy; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;Jf;fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; Md;kPf ,yl;rpakhfTk;> jdpkdpj tho;tpYk; - FLk;g
tho;tpYk; mwnewpiaf; filg;gpbj;jiyAk; nfhz;lJ.
r%f Nehf;fk; - ,e;Jr%fj;jpy; ju;kj;ijg; Ngzy;, ehl;by; mikjp, rkhjhdk;>

xw;Wik NgzYk; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhf mike;jJ.
murNehf;fk; - mur ju;kj;ijg; gw;wpaJ.
Guhjd ,e;Jf;fspd; fy;tpKiw

Guhjd fy;tpkuG FUFythrf; fy;tpiaNa rpwg;ghff; fUjpaJ.
gpukr;rupa epiyapYs;s khzhf;fu; FUFythrk; nra;J> fy;tp fw;fNtz;Lk; vdTk;

mJNt fy;tpf;Fupa fhykhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ.
FUrPl guk;giuapy; ngUk;ghYk; nrtptop kugpNyNa fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. kddNk

fy;tpapd; mbg;gilahdJ. FUFyf; fy;tpapd; ,yl;rpakhf xOf;fk; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wJ.
FUFyf;fy;tpg; gapw;rpapd; epiwtpy; jd; FUTf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd FUjl;riz
toq;FtJ kuG.
FUFyf;fy;tpapy; rPld; FUtpd; ,y;yk; ehbr; nry;Yjy; , mq;F FUFy tho;T,

FUNrit, FUgf;jp, FUju;kk;, FUxOf;fk; Mfpait Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd.
,f;fy;tpg; gapw;rpapd; cau;epiyia cgepljq;fs; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. khztd;
FUtpw;Fg; gzptpil nra;J FUtplk; fy;tp fw;whd;. Guhz ,jpfhrq;fspy;
Kdptu;fsJ Mr;rpukq;fNs fy;tp epiyaq;fshf rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F Ntj
Past Papers Wiki - Download More Past Papers and Study Well!
,yq;ifg; guPli
cgepljf; fy;tpNahL tpy;tpj;ij> kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;> ,yf;fzk; vd;gdTk;

fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. FUFyf;fy;tpapd; epiwtpy; Mrpupau; khztDf;F tho;tpaypy;
filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba ju;kq;fis cgNjrpf;fpwhu;. “rj;jpaj;ijg; NgR”, “ju;kj;ijf;
filg;gpb”, “ngw;Nwhiu nja;tkhfg; Nghw;W”> “FUitj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;W”, “FUrPl
cwit mWj;JtplhNj” Nghd;w mwpTiufs; $wg;gl;ld.
fy;tpapd; gad; “,iwtdJ jpUtbfisj; njhOjy;” vd;gJ jpUf;Fws; jUk;

,yl;rpak;. fw;f Ntz;batw;iwf; fw;W mtw;Wf;Nfw;g tho;jy; vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
murpay; fy;tp -
Ntj ,jpfhr Guhzq;fspy; rj;jpupau;fSf;F Ntjf; fy;tpNahL murpaw; fy;tp
,uh[ju;kk; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. murpay; Kiwik, murpay; epu;thfk;, ePjpgupghydk;,
r%fg; ghJfhg;G Kjypatw;wpd; nghUl;L ju;k rhj;jpuq;fs;, mu;j;j rhj;jpuq;fs;
vd;gdTk; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. Nghu;f;fiyfSk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;Jf; fy;tp kugpy;
Guhjd fy;tpf; $lq;fs; gy rpwg;gile;jd. ehye;jh, fhQ;rp fbif];jhdk;, ghlypGuk;
, fhrp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. klq;fs; MjPdq;fspYk; fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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me;juq;fkhdJ

,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;

f. ngh. j. (cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2021(2022)

xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; 20 Gs;spfs; cupj;jhFk;.

vitNaDk; 02 tpdhf;fs; 2 × 20 = 40 Gs;spfs;

vitNaDk; 03 tpdhf;fSf;F 3 × 20 = 60 Gs;spfs;

nkhj;jk; - 100 Gs;spfs;

,Wjpg; Gs;sp fzpj;jy; : gj;jpuk; I = 50 Gs;spfs;

YSs% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j

úIhh wxlh úIhh

02' 1 12' 1 22' 2 32' 3 42' 1

03' 3 13' 1 23' 5 33' 5 43' 2

04' 4 14' 4 24' 1 34' 3 44' 5

05' 1 15' 1 25' 35' 45'

06' 2 16' 3 26' 36' 46'

07' 17' 27' 37' 47'

 úfYaI Wmfoia$ tpNrl mwpTWj;jy; (

tla ms<s;=rlg$ xU rupahd tpilf;F 01 ,l=Kq ne.ska$Gs;sp tPjk;

01. ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il tsk;gLj;Jtjpy; kfhGuhzq;fs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Nky;tUk;

Guhzk; vd;gJ “Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;J eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUtJ” vd;w

m) gpukd; - gpuk> gj;k Guhzq;fs; - 2

,) Guhzq;fs; $Wk; topghl;L Kiwfs;

rptuhj;jpup topghL> jpUf;fhu;jj

,iwtidg; gy;NtW ehkq;fshy; Nghw;wp topgLk; kuG.

<) gpw;fhyg; gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapy; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

rptDf;Fupa ml;ltPul;lf;fijfSld; njhlu;Gila ml;l tPuj; jyq;fs;.

jyGuhzq;fs; kw;Wk; jkpo;g;Guhzq;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf mike;jd. fr;rpag;gupd;

jpUKiwfs;> jpt;a gpuge;jk; Mfpatw;wpy; Guhzr; nry;thf;F

gf;jp kuG rpwf;fg; Guhzq;fs; cjtpd.

Myaq;fspy; Guhzgld kuG tsk; ngw;wJ.

gpw;fhy ,yf;fpa kuGf;F %ykhf mike;jd.

Guhzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> jpUTUt mikg;G>

,e;J mwptpaw; rpe;jid tsu;rr

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; fe;jGuhzj;jpd; top fe;jGuhzf; fyhrhuk; tsk;ngw cjtpaik

Guhzq;fs; $Wk; rkakugpd; gadha; mwnewp> xOf;fnewp> gf;jpnewp> ,iw ek;gpf;if

02. jkpofj;jpy; gy;ytu; fhyf; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyapd; gbKiw tsu;r;rpia Nky;tUk;

m) fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr; pf;F kd;du;fspd; gq;fspg;G

fp.gp 6Mk; Ehw;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;yt kd;du;fsJ Ml;rp jkpofj;jpy;

kNfe;jputu;kd;> eurpk;kd;> ,uh[rpk;kd;> ee;jptu;kd; Kjypa kd;du;fs; Fwpg;gplj;

,jd; gadhf Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiy gy;NtW gupkhzq;fspy; tsu;rr ; p ngwyhapw;W.

cjhuzq;fs; - khky;yGuf; flw;fiuf; Nfhapy;> <];tud; Nfhapy;> KFe;jd; Nfhapy;>

ee;jptu;kd; fl;llf;fiyg;gpupTf;Fupa Myaq;fs; mstpw; rpwpad. cjhuzq;fshf

03. ,yq;ifapy; ,e;Jrka gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapy; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid

1916 ,y; kJiu jkpo;rr

1920 ,y; ,yz;ld; tpQ;Qhdg; gl;ljhup

jkpo;> Mq;fpyk>; rk];fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk; Mfpa nkhopfspYk; ty;Yeu;.

=,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;]u;, Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;, MWKfehtyu; Mfpa rkag;

rkag; gpurq;fk; - nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;j;jpaik. ,yq;ifapy; mj;itj Ntjhe;j kuG

nts;spf;fpoikfspy; $l;Lg;gpuhu;j;jid, gf;jpg; ghRuq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy; , thu

Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpia ,e;Jf; fy;tp kuGf;fikthfg; Nghjpf;f toptif nra;jhu;.

1925 ,y; ,yq;if ,uhkfpU\;z kp\d; ghlrhiyfspd; Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg;

gy;NtW gpugy ghlrhiyfshfpa rpthde;jh Mz;fs; ghlrhiy, Midg;ge;jp

mehij Mrpukk; epWtp trjp Fiwe;j khztu;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jpdhu;.

,irEhy; - aho; Ehy;

Kj;jkpopYk; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; ty;ytu;. “Kj;jkpo; tpj;jfu;” Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;

04. Ntjhe;j jj;Jt tsu;r;rpapy; ,uhkhD[uJ tprpl;lhj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis

m) ‘tprp\;lhj;itjk;’vDk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; tpsf;fk;

gpuk;kk;> Md;kh> cyF Mfpa Kg;nghUs;fSk; cz;ik vd;w mbg;gilapy;

capu;fs; midj;ijAk; cs;epd;W ,af;Fgtd; ,iwtd; - <];tud;.

cyf ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; ,iwtNd fhuzkha; cs;shd;.

,iwtDf;Fk; capu;fSf;Fk; cs;s ,e;j ruPu ruPup rk;ge;jk; ,uhkhD[uJ

cyF capu;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk;> ,iwtDf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G gpupf;f KbahjJ

,tuJ jj;Jtj;jpy; cyF cz;L> capu;fSk; cz;L. Mdhy; mit> gpuk;kj;jpw;F

tpNrbak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;j tprpl;lNk ,uhkhD[u; NgRk; guk;nghUs;. vdNt