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gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiw

nkåiy¥ gŸëfS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf«

m¿Kf«

khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, 2016-17M« fšéah©oš

nkåiy¥ gŸëfë‹ f‰wš ju¤Âid ca®¤Â¤ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid nk«gL

¤Jtj‰bfd jäœ, M§»y«, fz¡F, Ïa‰Ãaš, ntÂæaš, cæç-jhtuéaš, cæç-

éy§»aš, òéæaš, tuyhW, bghUëaš, tâféaš, fz¡F¥gÂéaš M»a

ghl§fS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf§fis cUth¡» cŸsJ.

Fiwªj kÂ¥bg© bgW« khztid¤ nj®¢Ábgw¤ jFÂ¥gL¤JtJ«, nj®¢

Áæ‹ éë«Ãš ÏU¡F« khztid mÂf kÂ¥bg© bgw it¥gJ«, mÂf kÂ¥bg©

bg‰W tU»‹w khzt®fis KG kÂ¥bg© bgw têfh£Ltj‰Fkhd Ïy¡Ffis

K‹åW¤Â Ï¡f£lf« totik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

muÁ‹ édh¤jhŸ £l tiué‹ mo¥gilæš khzt®fë‹ nj®¢Á éG¡fh

£oid mÂfç¡F« neh¡»š cUth¡f¥g£LŸs Ï¡f£lf¤Âid khzt®fS¡F

e‹Kiwæš vL¤J¢ br‹W, khzt®fis¤ nj®Îfis v®bfhŸs¤j¡f JâΫ

j‹d«Ã¡ifÍ« ä¡ft®fshf cUth¡FkhW khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ

‰Á ãWtd« mid¤J MÁça¥ bgUk¡fisÍ« nf£L¡ bfhŸ»wJ.

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tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT)

Class : +2 Time : 3 Hours

History Max.Marks : 200

Unit Knowledge Understanding Application Skill Total
Division

O VSA SA E O VSA SA E O VSA SA E O VSA SA E VSA SA

I to V 20 15 12 - 15 15 12 10 - 9 12 10 - - - 10 - 140
Modern India

Lessons
History

20 5 2 - 15 5 2 1 - 3 2 1 - - - 1 57
1-20
Ques

VI-X 5 3 12 - 5 3 - 10 - - 12 10 - - - - - 60
Lessons
History
World

5 1 2 - 5 1 - 1 - - 2 1 - - - - 18
21-35
Ques
Total 25 6 4 - 20 6 2 2 - 3 4 2 - - - 1 75 200

Note :

O - Objective Type

VSA - Very Short Answer(3 points) Q-Question

SA - Short Answer(100 Words) M-Marks

E - Essay(200 Words)

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Fiwe;jgl;r¡ fw;wy; gbepiyfs;

,e;jpa tuyhW

epiy I
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
16 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; 1917 -1947 30
17 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; jkpofj;jpd; 20
gq;F
18 ePjpf;fl;rpapd; Ml;rp 10
11 1857 Mk; Mz;L ngUq;fyfk; 10
nkhj;jk; 70
epiy II
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
10 NtY}®¡; fyfk; 9
9 ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; fpsh;r;rp 10
13 r%f rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk; 9
8 fy;tp r%f rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk; 10
nkhj;jk; 38
Fwpg;G : epiy I k‰W« epiy II M»at‰iw¥ gbj;jhy; 70 kjpg;ngz;
ngwyhk;

epiy III
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
1 thud; N`];bq;]; 14
2 fhud; thyp]; 10
3 nty;y];yp gpuG 7
4 N`];bq;]; gpuG 9
nkhj;jk; 40
Fwpg;G : epiy I Kjy; III tiu gbj;jhy; 100 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk.;

epiy IV
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
5 ngz;bq; gpuG 13
6 ly;`Trp gpuG 10
7 tUtha; eph;thfk; gphpl;b\hhpd; 9
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if
12 1858 -f;F gpd; gphpl;b\; ,e;Âah 6
nkhj;jk; 38

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epiy V
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
14 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; 1885-1905 10
15 ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; 1905-1916 10
20 tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpah 10
nkhj;jk; 30
Fwpg;G : epiy I Kjy; V tiu gbj;jhy; 170 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.

cyf tuyhW
epiy VI
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
21 kWkyh;r;rp 10
22 Gtpapay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; 9
23 rka¢ rPhj; pUj;jk;> vjph; rka¢ rPhj
; pUj;jk; 4
24 mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghh; 6
33 If;fpa ehLfs; rig 9
nkhj;jk; 38
epiy VII
ghl vz; ghlj; jiyg;G kjpg;ngz;fs;
27 Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; 13
31 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 14
29 gd;dhl;L¡ fofk; 6
28 u\;ag; Gul;rp 9
25 gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rp 9
nkhj;jk; 51
Fwpg;G : epiy I Kjy; VII tiu gbj;jhy; 200 kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk.;

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édh¤jhŸ - xU gh®it.
Mrphpah;; kw;Wk; khzth;fs; ftdj;jpw;F
nfhLf;fg; ,e;jpa cyf
gl;Ls;s tuyhW tuyhW
tpdhf;fs;
1. rhpahd tpiliaj; nj®ªbjL¤J
20 17 3
vGJf.
2. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf 10 7 3
3. nghUj;Jf 5 3 2
4. rhpahd nrhw;nwhliu vOJf 5 3 2
5. rhpah ? jtwh? 5 3 2
nkhj;jk; 45 33 12

,e;jpa tuyhW KOtJkhfg; gbj;jhy; 173/ 200 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

nfhLf;fg; ,e;jpa kjpg;ngz;fs;; cyf kjpg;ngz;fs; nkhj;jk;

gl;Ls;s tuyhW tuyhW
tpdhf;fs;
xU
kjpg;ngz; 45 33x1 33 12x1 12 45
tpdhf;fs;

%d;W
kjpg;ngz; 20 42 3 45
tpdhf;fs; 14x3 1x3
MW
kjpg;ngz; 12 8x6 48 2x6 12 60
tpdhf;fs
gj;J 4 +1
kjpg;ngz; 7 (fhyf; 50 50
tpdhf;fs NfhL)
nkhj;jk; 173 27 200

,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; cyf tuyhW KOtJkhfg; gbj;jhy; 200/ 200

kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

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I . rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHT nra;f :

1. gpshrpg; NghH eilngw;w Mz;L

(m)1757 (M)1764 (,)1772 (<)1777

2. ,uz;lhk; ik#H¥ Nghiu KbTf;F¡ nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if

(m) rhy;gha ; (M) kq;fSH (,) Gue;jH (<) ik#H

3. fhud;thyp]; gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

(m) kfy;thhp Kiw (M) epiyahd epythpj;jp;l;lk;
(,) ,uaj;Jthhp Kiw (<)[hfPHjhhp Kiw

4. 1798-,y; nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;¡nfhz;L tug;gl;l

Kjy; ehL.
(m)mNahj;jp (M)jQ;rht+H (,)#uj; (<)i`juhghj;

5. N`];bq;]; gpuG Neghsj;‹ÛJ NghH njhLj;j Mz;L

(m)1814 (M)1815 (,)1816 (<)1817

6. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyk; Ml;rpnkhopahf Vw;fg;gl;l Mz;L

(m)1833 (M)1835 (,)1837 (<)1839

7. rjp tof;fk; ,tuJ Ml;Á¡fhyj;jpy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

m)thud; N`];bq;]; M)fhud;thyp]; gpuG ,)nty;ny];yp gpuG
(<)tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG

8. ly;`Trp gpuG gQ;rhig ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l Mz;L

m)1839 M)1849 ,)1853 <)1856

9. ve;j khfhz Ml;rpf;F yhud;]; rNfhjuHfs; Nritahw;wpdhHfs;?

m)gHkh M)gQ;rhg; ,)tq;fhsk; <) ik#H

10. epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH

m)fhud; thyp]; gpuG M)nty;ny];yp gpuG
,)tpy;ypak;ngz;bq; gpuG <)ly;`Trp gpuG

11. N[hdhjd; lq;fd; tlnkhopf; fy;Y}hpia epWtpa ,lk;

(m)nrd;id M)gk;gha; ,) fy;fj;jh <)gdhu];

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12. tpjitfs; kWkz¢ rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L

m)1846 M)1856 ,)1870 <)1891

13. ney;fl;Lk ; nrty; gFjpia¡ ifg;gw;wpatH

m)fHdy; n`uhd; M)fHdy; Nfk;g;ngy; ,)fhypd; [hf;rd; <) Gypj;NjtH

14. fnyf;lH [hf;rd; fl;lnghk;kid te;J re;jpf;fr; nrhd;d ,lk;

m)kJiu M)ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp ,) ,uhkdhjGuk; <)tpy;ypGj;J}H

15. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; NtY}H¡ fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; vJ?

m)thhpR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if M)fg;gk; t#ypj;jdH
,)Gjpa MAjq;fisAk; rPUilfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
<)gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; nghUshjhu¢ Ruz;ly;

16.gpd;tUgtHfspy; 1857Mk; Mz;L fyfj;ij Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;NghH vd;W

fUjpatH ahH?

m) rH [hd; yhud;]; M) tPu rthHf;fH ,) v];.vd;.nrd; <) MH.rp.k[Pk;jhH

17. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 1857 Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpw;F cld; fhuzkhf
,Ue;j epfo;r;rp vJ?
m)gphpl;b\hH ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;ij¢ Ruz;baJ
M)ly;`Trp gpuGtpd; thhpR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if
,)fpwpj;Jt¢ rkag; gug;ghsHfspd; eltbf;iffs;
<)nfhOg;G¤ jltg;gl;l Jg;ghf;fpj; Njhl;lhf;fs;.

18. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; it];uha;

m)thud; N`];bq;]; M)ly;`Trp gpuG ,)fhdpq; gpuG <)hpg;gd; gpuG

19. ehl;Lbkhê¢ nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L vJ ?

m)1878 M)1882 ,)1898 <)1902

20. gpuk;k rkh[k; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L

m) 1827 M)1828 ,)1829 <) 1838

21. gpd;tUgtHfspy; mypfhH ,af;fj;ij¤ njhlq;fpatH ahH?

m)rH iraJ mfkJ fhd; M)ryp Ky;yh fhd;
,)KfkJ myp [pd;dh <)KfkJ my;-`hrd;
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22. rj;jpa Qhdrig epWtg;gl;l ,lk;

m)kJiu M),uhNk];tuk; ,)tlY}H <)rpjk;guk;

23. ,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpuir¤ Njhw;Wtpj;jtH

m)lgps; a+.rp. ghdH[p M)V.X.`_a+k;
,)kfhj;kh fhe;jp <)Nehjh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];

24. gpd;tUgtHfspy; kpjthjpfspd; jiytuhf ,y;yhjtH ahH?

m)RNue;jpuehj; ghdH[p M)Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
,)ghyfq;fhju jpyfH <) gpgpd; re;jpughy;

25. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzk; ,y;yhjJ vJ?

m),y;gh;l; kNrhjh M)fy;fj;jh khefuhl;rp rl;lk;
,)gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rl;lk; <)tq;fhsg; gphptpid

26. K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

m) 1906 M)1909 ,) 1916 <) 1926

27. ahiu Mjhpg;gjw;fhf Nflh rj;ahfpufj;ij¡ fhe;jp njhlq;fpdhH?

m) mThpg; gz;izahsHfs;M) Miyj; njhopyhsHfs;
,) FbahdtHfs; <) njhopw;rhiy gzpahsHfs;

28. nrshp nrsuh epfo;r;rp eilngw;w Mz;L

m)1920 M)1921 ,)1922 <)1923

29. ,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; khehl;by; jPHkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jtH

m)rPDthr gps;is M)yl;RkpehRnrl;b
,)uq;ifa ehAL <)[p.Rg;gpukzpa ma;aH

30. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;G¢ rj;jpahfpufj;jpw;F jiyikNaw;wtH

m)fhe;jp M)uh[h[p ,)t.c.rp <)fhkuh[;

31. njd;dpe;jpa ey chpikr; rq;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

m)1912 M) 1914 ,) 1916 <) 1917

32. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghpahH njhlq;fhj gj;jphpf;if vJ?

m)FbauR M)Gul;rp ,)tpLjiy <) Rauh[;ah

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33. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 1858Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpd; \uj;J vJ?

m),af;FeHfs; kd;wk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
M)tzpf;FOtpd; Ml;rp 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.!
,)15 cWg;gpdHfs; nfhz;l ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
<) Kd;G nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l cld;gbf;iffs; ahTk; uj;J nra;ag;gl;ld.

34. rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd NjHjiy¢ rl;lg;g+Htkhf Vw;W¡bfh©l rl;lk; vJ?

m) 1861Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; M) 1892 Mk; Mz;L rl;lk;
,) 1909Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; <) 1919 Mk; Mz;L rl;lk;

35. gpd;gtUgtHfspy; murpayikg;Gf; FOtpw;F jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH ahH?

m)lhf;lH mk;Ngj;fhH M)lhf;lH.uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
,)Nf.vk;.gzpf;fH <)[t`Hyhy; NeU

36. ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpy; Nru kWj;j muR

m)i`juhghj; M) ik#H ,)n[a;g;g+H <)jpUthq;$H

37.Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; fhq;fpu]; my;yhj Kjy; mikr;ruitf;F jiyikNaw;wtH

m)tp.gp.rpq; M)eurpk;kuht; ,)nkhuh[p Njrha; <)V.gp.th[;gha;

38.KjyhtJ ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gf; fofk; bjhl§fg;gl;l ,lk;

m)fhd;g+H M)gk;gha; ,)nrd;id <)Nfhuf;g+H

39.Ml;Nlhkd; JUf;fpaHfs; fhd;];lhd;b Nehgpisf; ifg;gw;wpa Mz;L

m)1453 M) 1533 ,)1543 <)1443

40.gpd;tUgtHfspy; “etPd mwptpaypd; je;ij” vd¡ fUjg;gLgtH ahH?

m)Nfhgh;epf]; M)gpuhd;rp];Ngfd; ,)nfg;sH <)epa+l;ld;

41.nkBuh kw;Wk; mNrhH jPTfis¡ fz;Lgpbj;jtH

m)n`d;wp M)ghHj;jNyhkpNah la]; ,)nfhyk;g]; <)nkfy;yd;

42.gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kWkyHr;rpf;fhd fhuzk; ,y;iy?

m)kWkyHr;rpahy; Vw;gl;l tpdtpawpAk; czHT
M)INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpa muRfs; Njhd;wpaJ
,)Gtpapay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
<)Nghg; kw;Wk; FUkhHfs; elj;jp te;j Mlk;gu tho;f;if

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43.”rkar;rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; tpbnts;sp” vdf; fUjg;gLgtH

m)vuh];k]; M)khHl;bd; Y}jH ,)[hd; `]; <)[hd; itf;spg;

44.”gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iyNay; thpapy;iy” vd;w Kof;fk; ve;j ehl;by;

eilngw;w òu£Áæ‹nghJ vOg;gg;gl;lJ?
m) gpuhd;R M)rPdh ,)mnkhpf;fh <)u\;ah

45.nghJ mwpT vd;Dk; E}ypd; MrphpaH

m)thy;NlH M)ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;f;spd; ,)jhk]; nga;d; <)jhk]; n[gHrd;

46.1789Mk; Mz;L gpuQ;Rg; òu£Áæ‹nghJ gpuhd;rpd; kd;dH

m)gd;dpuz;lhk; Y}ap M)gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap
,)gjpndl;lhk; Y}ap <)gjpdhwhk; Y}ap

47.gapH Row;rp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH

m)n`Htp M)lTd;n\z;l; ,)nkf;fhlk; <)`hHfphPt;];

48.gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; FbngaHe;NjhH FbNaw;wk; vJ?

m)gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah M) ,e;NjhrPdh
,)13 mnkhpf;ff; FbNaw;wq;fs; <) ,e;NjhNdrpah

49.u\;ahtpy; Nghy;\;tpf; fl;rpf;F¤ jiyikNaw;wtH

m)fhHy; khHf;]; M)rhH epf;Nfhy]; ,)nydpd; <) Vq;fy;];

50.gd;dhl;Lf; fofk; cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtH

m)[hH[; th\pq;ld; M) `hhp l;&kd;
,)vk;.b.&];nty;l; <)cl;Nuh tpy;rd;

51.KNrhypdp ntspapl;l gj;jphpf;if

m) Gjpa ,j;jhyp M) nka;d;fhk;g; ,)mte;jp <) hprhH[pnk©;Nlh

52.Njrpa Nrh\yp];L fl;rpia epWtpatH

m)`pl;yH M)KNrhypdp ,)nfa;rH tpy;ypak; <)fhHy; khHf;];

53.Ig;ghd; ngHy; JiwKfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; njhLj;j Mz;L

m) 1940 M) 1941 ,) 1942 <)1945

54.Mrpahtpd; Nehahsp vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ

m) JUf;fp M)[g;ghd; ,)u\;ah <)rPdh

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55.Kjy; mgpdpg; Nghiu KbTf;F¡ nfhz;L te;j cld;gbf;if

m)ehd;fpq; M)gPfpq; ,)ba©;l;rpd; <)\hq;ld;

56.v§F I.eh. rigapd; jiyikaplk; mike;Js;sJ.

m)n[dPth M)jp N`f; ,)epa+ahHf; <)rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh

57.nfLgpbg; NghH v‹Dk; nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH

m)ngHdhHl;gNuhr; M)vg;.b.&];nty;l; ,) ];lhypd; <) rHr;rpy;

58.gd;dhl;L thzpg mikg;ig cUthf;f¡ fhuzkhapUe;jJ.

m)th\pq;ld; khehL M)ypad;dh khehL ,) [.eh. khehL
<)gpul;ld; Tl;]; khehL

II.Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf :

1. tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ------- uhgHl; fpist;

2. i`jH myp kiwe;j Mz;L ---------- 1782

3. fhud;thyp]; gpuG jdJ rf¥gzpahsuhd--------------- JizAld; rl;lj;

njhFg;ig cUthf;fpdhH - [hH[; ghHNyh

4. ehd;fhk; ik#H¥ NghH eilngw;w Mz;L ------------ 1799

5. rpe;jpah gphpl;b\hUld; nra;J nfhz;l Jizg;gilj;

jpl;l cld;gbf;ifapd; ngaH---------------RH[pmH[Pd;fhd; cld;gbf;if

6. 1768-,y; -------------- typikkpf;f xU $Hf;fh ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wJ - Neghsk;

7. %d;whk;; ghå¥g£L¥ ngh® eilngw;w Mz;L ---------1761

8. NtY}H¢ rpg;gha¡; fyfk; Njhd;wpa Mz;L ---------- 1806

9. ,uhZtj; Jiwapy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG----------- Kiwia uj;J

nra;jH.,ul;ilg; gb (Ngl;lh)

10. gk;gha; jhzhit ,izj;j Kjy; ,uapy; ghij jpwf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

-------------1853

11. etPd mQ;ry; Kiwia¤ njhlq;fp itj;jtH ------------- ly;`Trp gpuG

12. kfy;thhp Kiwæ‹Ñœ ; epythpj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil myF -------------

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fpuhkk; my;yJ XhpU fpuhkq;fs;

13. rhujh rl;lk; ngz;fspd; jpUkzj;jpw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r taij -------------

Mz;Lfshf caHj;jpaJ gjpdhd;F

14. `plhfhhpzp rigia mikj;jtH -------------lhf;lH gPk;uht;mk;Ngj;fhH

15. nkf;fhNytpd; Fwpg;G ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1835

16.tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kdpd; je;ij ngaH -------------n[ftPughz;bad;

17. fl;lnghk;kd; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l ,lk; -------------faj;jhW

18. ghQ;rhyQ;Fwpr;rp kPJ gilnaLj;j jsgjp -------------Nk[H ghdHNkd;

19. NtY}H¡ Nfhl;ilapd; ,uhZtj; jsgjp -------------rH [hd; fpulhf;

20. -------------Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa ,Ue;Jnfhz;L ,uhzpg;Ngl;ilf;F¢

nrd;W cjtpia ehbdhH - Nk[H $l;];

21. ghuf;g+hpy; nfhOg;G¤ jltpa Jg;ghf;fp¤ Njhl;lhf;fis¥ gad;gLj;j kWj;j

rpg;gha;- ---------kq;fs; ghz;Nl

22. Nguurpapd; mwpf;ifia¡ fhdpq; gpuG -------------v‹Dk; ,lj;jpy; gbj;jhH-

myfhghj;

23. “tq;fg;Gyp” vd;W jd;id mioj;Jf; nfhz;lth;------------------- nty;y];yp gpuG

24. KjyhtJ gQ;r epthuzf;FO -------------jiyikapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

rH hpr;rHL];l;Nuhr;rp

25. ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1904

26. ,uh[huhk; nkhf‹uhŒ njhlq;fpa tq;fhsg; gj;jphpf;if ------- rk;thj;nfsKjp

27. Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp vOjpa E}y; -------------rj;ahHj;j gpufh\;

28. rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[j;ij epWtpaH -------------N[hjpgh Nfhtpe;jhg+Ny

29. ,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpu]; Kjy; khehL eilngw;w ,lk;--------- gk;gha;

30. gphpl;b\; nghJkf;fs; rigapy; cWg;gpduhd Kjy; ,e;jpaH -------------jhjhgha;

nesNuh[p

31. #uj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpu]; gpsTg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1907

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32. md;dpngr©;l; mk;ikaH jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij -------------,lj;jpy;

njhlq;fpdhH nrd;id

33. ghujkhjh rq;fj;ij¤ Njhw;Wtpj;jtH -------------ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp

34. nusyl; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1919

35. KOr; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa jPHkhdk; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,lk; ------------- yh$H

36.tFg;G thhp¡ nfhilia mspj;j gphpl;b\; gpujkH------------- uhk;Nr nkf;Nlhdhy;l;

37.nrd;id¢ RNjrp rq;fk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1852

38.RNjrp ePuhtp¡ fg;gy; fk;ngdpia¤ njhlq;fpatH -------------t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is

39.,e;J rka mwepiya¢ rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1921

40.1919Mk; Mz;L muR¢ rl;lk; -------------it];uhahf ,Ue;j NghJ

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. nrk;]; NghHL gpuG

41.1935Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR¢ rl;lk; khfhzq;fspd; --------- mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

Rahl;rp
42.jiyik MSehpd; epHthff;FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpa rl;l cWg;gpdH
------------v];.gp. rpd;`h
43.,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G kdpjH -------------rHjhH ty;ygha; gNly;

44.Me;jpu khepyk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1953

45.etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp vdf; fUjg;gLgtH ------------- [t`Hyhy; NeU

46.Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH-------------uh[Pt; fhe;jp

47.cztpy; jd;dpiwit miltij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L -------------

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. gRikg;Gul;rp

48.ghgh mZ Ma;T ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; -------------buhk;Ng

49.gq;fshNj\; ehL cUthd Mz;L -------------1971

50.nghf;fhrpNah -------------d; rPluhthH. ngl;uhHf;

51.,sturd; v‹D« murpay; mwptpay; E}iy vOjpatH------------- khf;fpa ty;yp

52.njhiyNehf;fpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH -------------fypypNah

53.th];Nfhlfhkh ϪÂahΡF tªj Mz;L -------------1498

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54.fdlhit¡ fz;Lgpbj;jtH -------------N[f;f];fhHl;baH

55.,NaR rigia epWtpaH -------------,f;Nd\pa];yNahyh

56.n[dpth gy;fiyf;fofj;ij¤ Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ------------- [hd; fhy;tpd;

57.1774,y; Kjy; fz;l khehL eilngw;w ,lk-------------gpynly;gpah

58.Vohz;Lg; NghH epiwtile;j Mz;L -------------1763

59.mnkhpf;f tpLjiyg; NghH -------------cld;gbf;ifg;gb KbTf;F te;jJ - ghhp];

60.r%f xg;ge;jk; v‹D« E}ypd; MrphpaH -------------&Nrh

61.];Nll;]; n[duypd; KjyhtJ gphpT-------------gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;lJ

caH FbapdH

62.mnyf;]he;jH fpu`hk; ngy; -------------fz;lwpe;jtH njhiyNgrp

63.kpd;rhu tpsf;if¡ fz;lwpe;jtH -------------vbrd;

64.%d;W NguurHfs; fofj;ij mikj;jtH -------------gp];khHf;

65.ngHypd; khehL $l;lg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1878

66.u\;a Nrh\ypr [dehaff; fl;rpia mikj;jtH -------------[hH[; gpsf;Ndht;

67.Nrhtpaj; Nrh\yp];L $l;luR mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L------------- 1922

68.gd;dhl;L¡ fofk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L -------------1920

69.ghrprk; vd;gJ -------------vd;gtuJ nfhs;ifahFk. ; ngdpNlh KNrhypdp

70.Nuhk; - ngHypd; -Nlhf;fpNah mr;R cUthd Mz;L -------------1937

71.mnkhpf;f `pNuh\pkh kPJ mZFz;il tPrpa ehs; -------------1945 Mf];L 6

72.grpgpf; gFjpapd; jiyikj; jsgjp -------------n[duy; nkf; MHjH

73.Nfhkp©;lhq; fl;rpia epWtpatH -------------lhf;lH rd; ahl;nrd;

74.rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh mDkjp cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L-------------

1951 nrg;lk;gH

75.[.eh. rig mikf;fg;gl;l ehs; -------------1945 mf;NlhgH 24

76.[.eh. rigapd; ePjpj;Jiw -------------gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk;

77.MAjf; Fiwg;G xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhd Mz;L-------------1972

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78.cyf tHj;jf ikaj;jpd; ,ul;ilf; NfhGuq;fs; jhf;fg;gl;l Mz;L -------------

2001 nrg;lk;gH 11
79.cyf tHj;jf ikaj;jpd; jiyikaplk; cs;sJ -------------n[dpth
III. nghUj;Jf:
1. gpuhd;rp]; Nl - Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il

2. rjh; jpthdp mjhyj; - rptpy; ePjpkd;wk;

3. `gp];ufkj;fhd; - Nuhfpy;fz;l;

4. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; - gpl; ,e;jpa¢ rl;lk;

5. %th; $l;lzp - 1789

6. =uq;fg; gl;lzk; cld;gbf;if - 1792

7. kq;f@h; cld;gbf;if - 1784

8. gpl; ,e;jpa jpUj;jr;rl;lk; - 1786

9. ruNgh[p - jQ;rhT+H

10. ehdhgl;dhtp]; - kuhl;bah;

11. %d;whk; fpU\;z uh[h - ik#H

12. mkh;rpq; jhgh - Neghs gilj;jsgjp

13. fhPk;fhd; - gpz;lhhpfs;

14. rh;jhk]; kd;Nwh - ,uaj;Jthhp Kiw

15. rkh¢rhh; jh;gd; - tq;fhs thu ,jo;

16. k];ypd; - lhf;fh

17. gl;L - gdhu];

18. fk;gs tphpg;Gfs; - yh$H

19. cNyhf Ntiyg;ghLfs; - jQ;rhT+H

20. gNj i`jh; - jpg;Gtpd; %j;j kfd;

21. fh;dy; ghd;Nfhh;l; - fyfj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lth;

22. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG - nrd;id MSeh;

23. fh;dy; [py;ny];gp - fyfj;ij mlf;fpath;

24. gfJh;\h - nly;yp

25. ehdhrhfpg; - fhd;G+H

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26. mNahj;jp Ngfk;fs; - yf;Ndh

27. uhzp yl;Rkp gha; - [hd;rp

28. fd;th; rpq; - gPfhh;

29. cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs; - hpg;gd; gpuG

30. fy;tpf;FO - tpy;ypak; `z;lh;

31. tq;fg;gphptpid - fh;rd; gpuG

32. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rpf;fy; - hpg;gd; gpuG

33. ,e;jpa rq;fk; - v];.vd;.ghdh;[p

34. ,e;jpag; gzpahsh; rq;fk; - NfhfNy

35. nry;tr;Ruz;ly; Nfhl;ghL - jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

36. nkf;fhNy gpuG - rl;l cWg;gpdh;

37. tPuuh[h - $h;f;

38. tpy;ypak; rPypNkd; - jf;fh;fs;

39. ,uq;rpj; rpq; - gQ;rhg;

40. Tl; mwpf;if - 1854

41. ,uz;lhk; gh;kpag; Nghh; - 1852

42. mNahj;jp ,izg;G - 1856

43. nrd;id¥ gy;fiyf;fofk; - 1857

44. `hp[d; Nrtf; rq;fk; - kfhj;kh fhe;jp

45. rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[k; - N[hjpuht; g+Ny

46. ehuhaz jh;k ghpghyd; Nahfk; - ehuhaz FU

47. Rakhpahij ,af;fk; - nghpahh; <.nt.uh.

48. mfpy ghujPa jypj; th;f;f rig - mk;Ngj;fh;

49. Mj;kpa rig - ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

50. ,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk; - n`d;wp tptpad; nlNuhNrh

51. gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k; - Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq;

52. epuq;fhhp ,af;fk; - ghgh jahs;

53. gpuk;kQhd rig - My;fhl;

54. ,Wjp tpUe;J - ypahdh;Nlh lhtpd;rp

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55. ÏW¤ jPh;g;G - ikf;Nfy; MQ;rNyh

56. kNlhd;dh - uNgy;

57. cNlhgpah - rh;.jhk];%h;

58. Kl;lhs;fspd; fg;gy; - nrgh];bad; gpuhz;l;

59. Kj;jpiuj;jhs; rl;lk; - 1765

60. rh;f;fiu rl;lk; - 1764

61. gh];ld; NjePh; tpUe;J - 1773

62. lTz;n\z;l; rl;lq;fs; - 1767

63. KNrhypdp - ghrprk;

64. kQ;#hpah - [g;ghd; gilnaLg;G

65. jsgjp nkf;Mh;jh; - grpgpf; gFjp jsgjp

66. `pl;yh; - ehrprk;

IV. rhpahd nrhw;nwhliu¡ fz;lwpf. (rhpahdit kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.)

1. thud;N`];bq;]; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Nuhfpy;yhg; Nghh; eilngw;wJ.

2. %d;whk; Mq;fpNya ik#h;g; Nghh; i`jh; myp kiwe;j gpwF eilngw;wJ.
3. 1802Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; Ng\;th gh[puht; Mq;fpNyaUld; grPd;
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;.
4. fy;fj;jh ,e;J¡ fy;Y}hpia N`];bq;]; gpuG Mjhpj;jhh;.
5. 1833Mk; Mz;L¥ gl;lar; rl;lk; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGit ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
jiyik MSeuhf;fpaJ.
6. 1857Mk; Mz;L¢ rpg;gha¡ ; fyfj;Jf;Fg; gpd; thhpR ,of;Fk;
nfhs;if jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ.
7. fPo;j;jpirthjpfs; fPo;j;jpir¥ ghlq;fis ,e;jpa nkhoptop fw;gpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd thjpl;ldh;.
8. A+Rg;fhd; fhd; rhfpg; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
9. NtY}h; fyfj;jpw;F¥ Gjpa ,uhZt tpjpKiwfs; Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;.
10.1857Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpd; NghJ ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h;\h ,e;jpahtpd;
Nguuruhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
11. eh£Lbkhê¢ nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lj;ij uj;J¢ nra;J ,e;jpah;fspilNa
hpg;gd; gpuG Gfo; ngw;whh;.
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12. 1867,y; gk;ghapy; gpuhh;j;jd rkh[k; epWtg;gl;lJ.

13. 1857Mk; Mz;L¡ fyfk; xUtpjkhd epue;ju¡ frg;Gzh;it
Mq;fpNyah; kw;Wk; ,e;jpah;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
14. gphpl;b\hhpd; ePjpAzh;tpy; jPtputhjpfs; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iy.
15. nusyl; rl;lj;jpd;gb re;Njfj;jpd;Nghpy; vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;.
16. ,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpurpd; %d;whtJ Mz;L¥ Nguitf; $l;lk;
nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ.
17. nrd;id¤ jpuhtplh; fofk; etk;gh; 1912,y; bjhl§f¥g£lJ.
18. tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; mwpf;ifia¡ fhdpq;gpuG myfhghj;jpy; mwptpj;jhh;.
19. [dhjpgjp ehl;bd; murpayikg;G hPjpahd jiyth;.
20. [hd; $l;ld;gh;f; ntspapl;l Kjy; Gj;jfk; iggpshFk;.
21. bg®odh©L nkfy;yd; jdJ gaz¤Â‹bghGJ mikjpahd fly; gFjpia¥
grpgpf; ngUq;fly; vd¥ ngahpl;lhh;.
22. ,f;Nd\pa]; yNahyhtpd; rPlh;fs; fy;tpiag; gug;gpdhh;fs;.
23. giltPuh; jq;Fkplr;rl;lk; Mq;fpNya¢ rpg;gha;fSf;F¡ f£lhakhf¤
j§Fäl¤ijÍ« czitAk; mspf;f tif nra;jJ.
24. Ngf;nty; gz;iz tpyq;Ffspd; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F mwptpay;
Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
25. n#¡nfhÃa‹fŸ muÁaš r£l¤ij jŸëit¤J é£L k¡fŸ ey¡FGit
mik¤jd®
26. ,Uth; $l;lzpapy; ,j;jhyp ,ize;jNghJ mJ %th; $l;lzpahf khwpaJ.
27. nkd;\;tpf; murhq;fk; nfud;];fp jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
28. mnkhpf;f gd;dhl;Lf; fofj;jpy; cWg;gpduhftpy;iy.
29. KNrhypdp Nrh\ypr fUj;Jf;fshy; ftug;gl;lhh;.
30. brk;gh; 1941-,y; [g;ghd; ngh;y; JiwKfj;ij¤ jhf;fpaJ.
31. nka;[p kPl;rpf;Fg;gpd; [g;ghd; etPd kakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
32. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpy; 15 ePjpgjpfs; cs;sdh;.
33. Vg;uy; 4 1949-,y; tl ml;yhz;bf; xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ.
34. epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; [kPd;jhHfsplkpUe;J ePjpj;Jiw gzpfis¤
jpUk;gg; ngw;wJ.
35. »sh° eh°£ v‹w bgaçš mt® gy muÁaš Ó®ÂU¤j§fis bfh©Ltªjh®

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V. rhpah ? jtwh ? (ÑGŸsit midj;Jk; rhp)

1. Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FO 1600Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 31Mk; ehs;

epWtg;gl;lJ.
2. kq;fSh; cld;gbf;if Mq;fpNyahpd; gytPdj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
3. 1802,y; ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; grPd; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;
4. eh‹fh« ikN®¥ NghUf;Fg;gpwF jpg;Gtpd; FLk;gk; NtY}h;f; Nfhl;ilf;F
mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
5. $h;f;fh NghUf;Fg;gpwF fhj;kz;Ltpy; gphpl;b\; J}jiu epakpf;f
$h;f;fhf;fs; rk;kjpj;jdh;.
6. jphpak;gf;[p ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd; Kjyikr;ruhthh;.
7. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;gpuG fy;fj;jh kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpia epWtpdhh;.
8. 1853,y; gk;gha;f;Fk; jhzhTf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Kjy; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J
bjhl§f¥g£lJ.
9. thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG epyj;ij Vyj;Jf;Ftpl;L Mz;L Fj;jif Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
10.Mq;fpy Mjuthsh;fs; Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpay; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;ij
Mq;fpy nkhoptop gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjhbdh;.
11.<];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh; tpjit kWkzj;ij¥ gpugyg;gLj;j
gpur;rhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
12.jkpo;ehl;by; tp[a efu Ml;rp tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lNghJ ghisaf;fhuu; Kiw
Njhd;wpaJ.
13.Át»ç ghisa¡fhu®, Mq;fpNyah; tzpff; FOtpw;F fl;Lg;gl;bUe;jhh;.
14.NtY}h¡ ; fyfj;ijg; gw;wp ,e;jpa¢ rpg;ghahd K];jgh ngf; K‹ vr;rhpf;if
nra;jhh;.
15.,uz;lhk; gfJ}h;\h ifJ nra;ag;gl;L uq;$Df;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
16.1806 Mk; Mz;L NtY}h; rpg;gha; fyfk; 1857 Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpw;F xU
Kd;Ndhbahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
17. gphpl;b\; gpujkh; b];Nuyp>ypl;ld; gpuGit ,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf epakpj;jhh;.
18.eh£Lbkhê¢ nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk; ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffspd; Rje;jpuj;ij
eRf;fpaJ.
19. ‘Ntjfhyj;jpw;F¤ jpUk;Gq;fs;” vd;gJ Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpapd;
nfhs;ifahFk;.

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20. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; jpUmUl;ghit ,aw;wpdhH.

21. ,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiyth; lgps;A+.rp.ghdh;[p.
22. ypl;ldJ Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; Njhd;w toptFj;jJ.
23. fh;rd; gpuGtpd; gpw;Nghf;F¡ nfhs;ifNa jPtputhjpfspd; vOr;rpf;F cldb
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
24.Rauh[;aj;ij¥ gpwg;Ghpikahf¡ fUjp Kjypy; Nfhhpf;if vOg;gpath;fs;
jPtputhjpfNs;.
25.Kjy; cyfg;Ng
; hhpy; JUf;fp Njhw;wNj fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpw;F Kf;fpa¡
fhuzkhFk;.
26.ghujkhjh rq;fk; vd;gJ jkpo;ehl;by; nray;gl;l xUGul;rp ,af;fk;.
27.nghpahh; <.nt.uh. itf;fk; rj;ahfpufj;ij¤ njhlq;fpdhh;.
28.ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp 13 Mz;LfSf;F ePbj;jJ.
29.,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia ePjpf;fl;rp mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
30.1858Mk; Mz;L¢rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeiu
,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf epakpj;jJ.
31.1919 Mk; Mz;L¢rl;lg;gb ,yz;ldpy; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd cah; Mizah;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
32. gry; myp jiyikapy; khepyq;fs; rPuikg;Gf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
33. gp.tp. eurpk;kuht; Ml;rpapd; NghJ lhf;lh; kd;Nkhfd;rpq;
epjpaikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;.
34. ,j;jhypa khYkpahd mnkhpf;Nfh nt];Gfp ];ngapd; ehl;L
murhpd; cjtpAld; njd; mnkhpf;fh gFjpfis Muha;e;jhh;.
35. Mq;fpNya¤ jpUr;rig vl;th;L fhyj;jpy; Kw;wpYk; gpuhl;l];lz;L
kjj;jpw;F khwpaJ.
36. ruNlhfh ntw;wp mnkhpf;f¢ Rje;jpug;Nghhpy; jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ.
37. Nkhp md;lha;zl; gjpdhwhk; Y}apapd; murp kw;Wk; kidtpahthh;.
38. mjpfhug;gphptpidf; fUj;ij khz;l];fpA+ $wpdhh;.
39. gd;dhl;L mQ;ry; Nritf;F cjtpahf 1875,y; midj;Jyf mQ;ry;
$l;likg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
40. Kf;$l;L xg;ge;jk; n[h;kdp ,j;jhyp M];jphpah-`q;Nfhp ehLfSf;fpilNa
nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
41. MHr;ba+f; ngHbdz;bd; gLnfhiy Kjy; cyfg; NghUf;F cldb¡
fhuzkhFk;.

42. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; n[h;kdpapd; muruhf ,Ue;jhh;.

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43. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; ,ilapy; u\;ah tpyfpf; nfhz;lJ.

44. nydpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa Njhoh; ypahd; l;uhl;];fp.
45. gd;dhl;Lf; fofk; ghJfhg;G Kiwia nfhz;Lte;jJ.
46. gd;dhl;Lf; fofj;Jf;Fg; gjpy; I.eh. rig Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
47. `pl;yhpd; Mf;ukpg;ghd maYwTf; nfhs;if ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F
toptFj;jJ.
48. ‘nkapd; Nfk;g;’ v‹D« E}iy `pl;yh; vOjpdhh;.
49. n[duy; gpuhq;Nfh ];ngapd; ehl;bd; rh;thjpfhhp.
50. ];lhypd;fpuhl; Nghh; n[h;kdpf;Fk; Nrhtpaj; A+dpaDf;Fk; ,ilNa
eilngw;wJ.
51. murp Rrp rPdhit 1860 Kjy; 1908 tiu Ml;rpGhpe;jhh;.
52.Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpah;fshy; FbNaw;wk; mikf;fg;glhj xNu ehL [g;ghd; MFk;.
53. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ [g;ghd; rPdhkPJ 21 Nfhhpf;iffisj; jpzpj;jJ.
54. 1945,y; rhd;gpuhd;]p];Nfh efhpy; 51 ehLfs; I.eh.rhrdj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;ld.
55. 1991,y; ,e;jpa muR gy njhlh; nghUshjhu¢ rPh;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp
jhuhskakhf;fy; kw;Wk; cyf kakhf;fiy ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
56. »ôgh VÎfiz beU¡foæ‹ nghJ mbkç¡fh jdJ VHhtJ mQ MÍj
f¥g‰gilia mD¥ÃaJ.

,e;jpa tuyhW (3 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

1. Nuhfpy;yh¥ Nghh; (1774)
Nuhfpy;fz;l; Ml;rpahsh; !`gp]; ufkj;fhd;.
kuhl;ba gilnaLg;G mr;rk; fhuzkhf> mNahj;jp ethg;Gld; ghJfhg;G
cld;gbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
gilnaLg;G eilngwhjjhy;> fl;lzk; ju kWj;j Nuhfpy;fz;l; Ml;rpahsh;
kPJ gphpl;b\; cjtpAld; ethg; gilnaL;jJ; jd; ehl;Lld; ,izj;jhh;.
2. gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; : (1784)
xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rpyf;FiwghLfis ePf;f ,r;rl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1784 ,y; ,isagpl; vd;gth; gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;fhd
tiuT kNrhjhitf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
,r;rl;lNk gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; vdg; Gfo; ngw;wJ.
3. ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy ikN®¥Nghh;:
gphpl;b\hUf;Fk;> i`jh; mypf;FkpilNa ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy ikN®¥Nghh;
Vw;gl;lJ.
i`jh;myp Njhy;tpailª;J> Gw;WNehahy; ,we;jhh;.
,g;Nghh; 1784,y; kq;f@h; cld;gbf;ifahy; Kbtile;jJ.

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4. $u§f¥g£lz«; cld;gbf;if (1792)

1792 ,y; %d;whk; ikN®¥Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ $u§f¥g£lz«;
cld;gbf;if.
Njhy;tp mile;j jpg;G Ry;jhd; jdJ Ml;rpapd; ghjp¥ gFjpia¥
gphpl;b\hUf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jhh;.
Nghh; ,og;;gPl;Lj; njhif 3 Nfhb &gha;f;F ,izahf¤ jpg;Gtpd; ,U
Gjy;th;fisAk; Mq;fpNyahplk; tpl;ldh;.
5. fhud; thyp]; gpuGtpd; fhty; Jiw rPh;j;jpUj;jk;:
khtl;l ePjpgjpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; fhty; Jiw ,Ue;jJ.
xt;nthU khtl;lKk;’jhzh”vd;w gphpTfshf¥ gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
‘jNuhfh”vd;w ,e;jpa mjpfhhpapd; fPo; jhzh xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

6. grPd; cld;gbf;if
1802 ,y; gphpl;b\hUf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; gh[puhTf;Fk; ,ilNa grPd;
cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.
kuhl;ba maYwTf; nfhs;if gphpl;b\; fl;;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,J Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F kzpkFlkhfTk;> kuhl;bah;fSf;F mbik¢
rhrdkhf mike;jJ.
7. $h;f;fh Nghh;:

1814,y; $h;f;fh;fs; gphpl;b\; fhty;epiyaj;ij¤ jhf;fp 18 fhtyh;fis¡

nfhd;wdh;.

N`];bq;]; gpuG Neghsj;jpd; kPJ Nghh; njhL;j;jhh;.Neghs jsgjp mkh;rpq;

jhgh ruzile;jhh;.

1816,y; rnfsyp cld;gbf;ifahy; ,g;Nghh; KbTf;F te;jJ.

8. rjp:

fzthpd; rpijapNyNa kidtpiaj; js;sp¡ nfhd;W tpLjy;.

tl ,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf tq;fhsj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

1829,y; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG rjp jilr;rl;lk; nfhz;L te;J ,ij

xopj;jhh;.

1830 ,y; nrd;id kw;Wk; gk;gha; khfhzq;fSf;F tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

9. nkf;fhNy gpuG:

jiyik MSeh; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd; MNyhridf; FOtpy;

epakpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpdh; b.gp. nkf;fhNy gpuG.

fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf ,tuJ jiyikapy; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd; %yk; 1835,y; Mq;fpyk; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk;> ,yf;fpa nkhopahfTk;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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10. rh; rhh;y]; Tl; mwpf;if:

ly;`Trp fhyj;jpy; 1854,y; rh; rhh;y]; Tl; fy;tp mwpf;ifiaj; jhf;fy;
nra;jhh;.

,J ,e;jpahtpd; mwpT¥gl;lak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

njhlf;ff;fy;tp> ,ilepiyf;fy;tp> cah;fy;tp Mfpatw;wpd; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F

toptFj;jJ.
11. ly; `Trpapd; mQ;ry;Jiwr; rPh;jpUj;jk;:

etPd mQ;ry;Kiwia¤ njhlq;fp itj;jhh; ly;`TrpgpuG.

1854,y; Gjpa mQ;ryfr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa KOtJk; nry;yf;$ba xNu khjphpahd miuazh mQ;ry; ml;il

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Kjy; Kjyhf mQ;ry;jiyfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

12. kfy;thhp Kiw:

1833,y; kfy;thhp Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fpuhkk; my;yJ XhpU fpuhkq;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G “kfy;”

gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa khfhzq;fs; tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspy; mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fpuhkq;fs; muRf;F thp nrYj;Jk; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld.

,ilj;jufh;fs; ,y;iy.
13. ,uaj;Jthhp Kiw:

,uj;Jthhp Kiw nrd;id> gPfhh;> gk;gha; kw;Wk; mrhk; khfhzq;fspy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

rh;jhk]; kd;Nwh nrd;idapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;.

Fbahdth;fNs epyj;jpd; clikahsh;fs;.

ve;jnthU ,ilj;jufUk; ,y;iy.epy cilikahsh;fNs murhq;fj;jpw;F

Neubahf thp nrYj;Jth;.
14. bg©ÁR¡ nfhiy:

uh[Gjdk;> gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspy; bg©ÁR¡ nfhiy gutyhf

fhzg;gl;lJ.

ngz;Zf;F Vw;w tud; fpilf;fhJ v‹D« mr;rk;> khkpahhplk;

gzpe;JNghjy; vd;gjhy; ngz;rpRf;nfhiy eilngw;wJ.

,e;j tof;fj;ij xopf;f gy rl;lq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.

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15. gh;jh Kiw:

19 kw;Wk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,Ue;j gh;jh mzpAk; tof;fj;jpw;F
vjpuhf Fuy;fs; vOe;jd.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,t;tof;fk; ngUksT ,y;iy.

ve;j¢ rl;lKk; ,aw;whkNy fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kiwe;jJ.

16. Gypj;Njth;:
ney;fl;Lk; nrty; gFjpapd; jiyth;.

kwth;fspd; tPuj;ijAk;> Njrg;gw;iwAk;> ntspf;nfhzh;e;jth;.

fh;dy; Nfk;gy; vd;w gphpl;b\; jsgjpahy; Gypj;Njth; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.

17. ghdh;Nkd;:

fl;lnghk;kDf;F vjpuhf¥ gphpl;b\; gilfSf;F¤ jiyik tfpj;jth;

ghdh;Nkd;.

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpia¥ ghdh;Nkd; jfh;j;jhh;.

rptRg;gpukzpa gps;is kw;Wk; fl;lnghk;kid¤ J}f;fpypl cj;jutpl;lhh;.

fl;lnghk;kid ifJ nra;J tprhuiz elj;jp¡ > faj;jh‰wpy; 1799 ,y;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
18. rh;[hd;fpulhf;:

1806 ,y; NtY}h; fyfj;jpw;F Kf;fpa¡ fhuzk; rh;[hd; fpulhf; vd;w

gil¤jsg mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rPUilahFk;.

,e;j¥Gjpa jiy¥ghifAld; $ba rPUil INuhg;;gpa njhg;gpapid¥ NghyNt

,Ue;jJ.
NkYk; fhjzpfis mzptJk;> rkar; rpd;dq;fis ,l;Lf; nfhs;tJk;
,tuhy; jilnra;ag;gl;ld.
19. fh;dy; [py;y];gp

,uhzpg;;Ngl;ilapypUªj Mq;fpy ,uhZtj;jsgjp fh;dy; [py;ny];gp Mthh;.

NtY}h;¡; Nfhl;ilapy; ngUk;ghyhd rpg;gha;fis¢ Rl;Lf; nfhd;wth;.

NtY}h¡ ; fyfj;ij mlf;fpath;.

20. uhzp yl;Rkpgha;:

[hd;rpia¢ rhh;e;j murh; fq;fhjuhtpd; kidtp ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha;

ly;n`rpapd; thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifahy; Neubahf¥ ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;

1857,y; ngUk; fyfj;jpy; tPukhfg; Nghhpl;L tPukuzk; mile;jhh;.

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21.Nguurpapd; mwpf;if

1858 y; myfhghj; efhpy; fhdpq;gpuG mwptpj;jhh;

tzpff;FO Ml;rp> KbTf;F te;jJ.
murpahh;; Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig¤ jhNk Neubahf V‰W¡bfh©lh®.

22.ehl;Lnkhop¢ nra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk;

1878,y; ypl;ld; gpuGthy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ

Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf nra;jpfisg; gpuRhpf;f $lhJ. kPWgth;fs; rl;lg;gb
jz;lidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLth;.
,J ,e;jpa¥ gj;jphpf;if¢ Rje;jpuj;ij eRf;fpaJ

23. ehdhrhfpg;:

filrp Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd; jj;Jg; Gjy;th;. fhd;G+hpy; eilngw;w

fyfj;jpw;Fj; jiyik Vw;wth;.
,tUf;Fg; gf;f gykhf ,Ue;jth; jhe;jpah NjhNg.
fhd;G+h; fyfk; rh; fhypd; fhk;ngy; vd;gtuhy; mlf;fg;gl;lJ.

24.,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rh;r;ir

,y;gh;l; kNrhjh hpg;gd; gpuGthy; 1884 -Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa> INuhg;gpa ÚjpgjpfSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghl;il¡fisa ,J

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

INuhg;gpah; tof;if ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfSk; tprhhpf;fyhk; vd ,k;kNrhjh

$wpaJ.
gphpl;b\hhpd; fLk; vjph;g;Gf;F¥ gpwF jpUk;g¥ ngwg;gl;lJ.

25. Mhpa rkh[k;:

1875 Mk; Mz;L gk;ghapy; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp Mhpa rkh[j;ijj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
“Ntjfhyj;jpw;F jpUk;Gq;fs;” vd;gJ mtuJ Kof;fk;.
cUttopghL> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> rhjpKiw Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;jy;>
fyg;Gkzk;> tpjitfs; kWkzk; Mjhpj;jy;.
,t;tpaf;fk; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf mUk;ghLgl;lJ.

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26.Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;

Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; ,aw;ngah; eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh

uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rhpd; Kf;fpa¢ rPlh;. “kdpjDf;F nra;Ak; NritNa
,iwtDf;F nra;Ak; Nrit” vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bid jplkhf ek;gpdhh;.
1893 mnkhpf;fhtpy; rpf;fhNfh efhpy; eilngw;w cyf rkaq;fspd; khehl;by;
,e;J rkaj;jpd; Gfio cyfwpar; nra;jhh;

27.,e;jpa Njrpa¡ fhq;fpu];

A.O. `PA+k; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ

1885,y; Kjy; $l;lk; gk;ghapy; eilngw;wJ
W.C. ghdh;[p jiyik tfpj;jhh;

28.tq;fg; gphptpid

1905,y; tq;fhsk; fh;rd; gpuGthy; ,U khepyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;Jf;fisAk; K];yPk;fisAk; gphpg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; tYg;gl;lJ

29. K];yPk; yPf; : 1906

,J 1906 Mk; Mz;L K];ypk;fs; eyDf;fhf lhf;fhitr; rhh;e;j ethg;

rypKy;yh vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpui]g; NghyNt Mz;LNjhWk; khehLfs; elj;jp
gphpl;b\; murpw;F Nfhhpf;iffis mDg;gp itj;jdh;.
Kjy; rhjidahf kpd;Nlh-khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; NghJ K];ypk;fSf;nfd
jdpj;njhFjpfisf; Nfl;Lg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.

30. #uj; gpsT:

1907 ,y; #uj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;> fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;lJ.

Ïš ÔéuthÂfŸ, äjthÂfŸ vd ÏU ÃçÎfshf Ãçªjd®.
jpyfh; jiyikapy; jPtputhjj; jiyth;fs; khehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdh;.
,itNa #uj; gpsT vdg;gLk;.

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31.jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;

gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;; nghJkf;fs; mitapy; cWg;gpduhd Kjy;
,e;jpah;
“,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk; gphpl;b\; jd;ikaw;w Ml;rpAk;“ vd;w E}ypy; nry;t
Ruz;ly;> vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyah; vt;thW
Ruz;Lfpd;wdh; vd;gjid tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

32.nfhOg;G¤ jltg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs;

,uhZtj;jpy; Gjpa vd;gPy;L ufj; Jg;ghf;fpfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.

Jg;ghf;fp¤ Njhl;lhf;fspy; nfhOg;G¤ jltg;gl;bUe;jJ. Njhl;lhf;fis¥
nghUj;Jtjw;F Kd; mij thahy; ft;tp ciwfis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.
mjpy; jltg;gl;bUe;j nfhOg;G khl;L ,iwr;rp> kw;Wk; gd;wp
,iwr;rpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;litahFk;.
,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; rpg;gha;fspd; rka czh;T ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

33. jz;b ahj;jpiu:

1930 khh;r; 12 ,y; fhe;jp jdJ Gfo; ngw;w jz;b ahj;jpiuia Jtq;fpdhh;.
mtuhy; njhpT nra;ag;ngw;w 79 rPlh;fs; gpd;njhlu> cg;Gr; rl;lq;fis
kWg;gjw;fhf> 200 iky; ele;J nrd;W 1930 Vg;uy; 5 ,y; jz;b flw;fiuiar;
nrd;wile;jhh;.
cg;Gr; rl;lq;fis kPwpajw;fhf Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fs; gphpl;b\huhy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

34.,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;

1943,y; Rgh\; Rgh\;re;jpuNgh]; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

ehl;bw;;F n[a;`pe;j; Kof;fj;ij toq;fpdhh;.
“nly;yp rNyh” vd;W Kof;fkpl;L tPuh;fis cw;;rhfgLj;jpdhh;.
Ïš uhâ Ïy£RäghŒ bgaiu¡ bfh©l bg©fŸ ÃçitÍ« bjhl§»dh®.

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35.Ntjhuz;ak; ahj;jpiu

1930,y; ,uh[h[p jiyikapy; Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr;rj;jpahfpufk; eilngw;wJ

jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;ak; tiu eilgazk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
Mq;fpy murhq;fk; mtiu ifJ nra;jJ

36. kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;:

jkpo;ehl;by; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Kd;epd;W elj;jpath;fSs; xUth; kfhftp

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; Mthh;.
,th; rpwe;j Kw;Nghf;FthjpahfTk;> gioik thjj;ij rhLgtuhfTk;
tpsq;fpa Gul;rpahsh;.
“,e;jpah” vd;w jkpo; thu ,jopd; MrphpauhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.

37. `z;lh; FO:

hpg;gd; gpuGthy; ,e;jpah;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf tpy;ypak; `z;lh; jiyikapy;

1882 ,y; FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J tpy;ypak; `z;lh; FO vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fspd; njhlf;ff; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jp tphpTgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;FO
ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
Ïjdhš ϪÂahéš fšé ãWtd§fë‹ v©â¡if gš»¥ bgU»aJ.

38. ,l xJf;fPl;L murhiz:

1921-22 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ,l xJf;fPl;L Miz nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

,jd; %yk; cs;shl;rp mikg;GfspYk;> fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; gpuhkzh;
my;yhjth;fSf;F ,lxJf;fPl;Lf;F toptif nra;jJ.
,J ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.

39.gQ;rrPyf;nfhs;if
gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifia tbtikj;jth; NeU
,e;jpahtpd; maYwTf; nfhs;ifapy; gQ;r rPyf;nfhs;if Kf;fpakhdJ
ehLfSf;fpilNa ey;YwT> rkhjhd rftho;T Vw;gl Ie;J nfhs;iffis
NeU ntspapl;lhh;.

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40.gRikg; Gul;rp

Dr.tpy;ypak;fhh;l; vd;gth; gRikg; Gul;rp v‹D« nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjyhf¥

gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT miltjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpy; gRikg;Gul;rp
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jpia¥ ngUf;f Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
1980,y; ,e;jpah Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwit vl;baJ.

41.I.v];.Mh;.x(,];Nuh)

,];Nuh vd;gJ ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak; MFk;

tpf;uk; rhuhgha; tpz;ntsp ikak; jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; cs;sJ.
ngq;fShpYs;s ,uhf;nfl; njhopy;El;gk;> =`hpNfhl;lh VTjsk;
,];Nuhtpd; nfhs;ifis epiwNtw;wpaJ.

cyf tuyhW (3 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

42.kWkyh;r;rpapd; nghUs;:
kWgpwg;G my;yJ kPl;rp v‹gJ nghUs;.
kWkyh;r;rpapd; jhafk; ,j;jhyp.
gz;ila fpNuf;f> ,yj;jPd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fiy mwptpaypy; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld.
43. Nfhgh;epf];:
#hpaNd gpugQ;rj;jpd; ikak; vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhh;.
Nfhs;fs; ahTk; G+kpia tyk; tUtjpy;iy vd;Wk;> mit #hpaid
ikakhff; nfhz;Nl tyk; tUfpd;wd vd;w cz;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jpdhh;.
Nfhgh;epf]pd; KbTfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; n`g;yh; gy;NtW fzpj
tpjpfis tbtikj;jhh;.

44.ypahdhh;Nlh lhtpd;rp:
kWkyh;r;rp¡ fhy Gfo;ngw;w Xtpah;.
,th; fiyQh;> ftpQh;> ,irthzh;> nghwpapay; ty;Yeh; vd¥gy;jpwd;
nfhz;lth;.
gpshud;]; efhpy; gpwe;jhh;.
Nkhdhyprh> ,Wjp tpUe;J Mfpait ,tUila Gfo;ngw;w Xtpaq;fs;.
,th; kWkyh;r;rp fhy kdpjh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

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45.khYkp n`d;wp:
Nghh;r;Rfy; ehl;L muruhd n`d;wp “khYkp murh;”; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;
fly;gFjpapy; njhlh; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; n`d;wp nghpJk; Mh;tk;
fhl;bdhh;.
nkBuh> mNrhh; kw;Wk; vth;b¤ jPTfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
46.nkfy;yd;:

nkfy;yd; Ie;J ];ghdpa fg;gy;fNshL khYkpfis mioj;Jf;nfhz;L

cyfj;ij¢ Rw;wp tu gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

cyif tyk; te;j Kjy; gazk;.

nkfy;yd; gpypg;igd;]; jPtpy; goq;Fb kf;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

47.,NaR rig:

,NaR rigia cUthf;fpath; ,f;Nd\pa]; yNahyh.

,e;j¢ rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; n[R+l;Lfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

,NaR rig¢ rPlh;fs; fy;tpia¥ gug;gpdh;.

48.gh];ld; NjePh; tpUe;J:

1773,y; Njapiy ,wf;Fkjpapd; kPJ Gjpa thpia ,q;fpyhe;J, mnkhpf;f

FbNaw;wq;fspy; tpjpj;jJ.

mnkhpf;fh;fs; nrt;tpe;jpah;fs; Nghy; Ntlk; jhpj;;jdh;.

gh];ld; JiwKfj;jpy; Njapiy¥ ngl;bfis¡ flypy; tPrpdh;.

49.&Nrh:

r%f xg;ge;jk; v‹D« E}ypd; Mrphpah;.

murpd; cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; cs;sJ.

kdpjd; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwf;fpwhd;. Mdhy; gpd;G rq;fpypfshy;

gpizf;fg;gLfpwhd; vd;W &Nrh $wpdhh;.
50.[hd; nkf;fhlk;:
,q;fpyhe;jpy; [hd; nkf;fhlk; vd;gth; epyj;jpd; nfl;bahd nkšgu¥Ã‹ÛJ
rhiyia mikj;jhh;.

Nrw;Wf;F¥ gjpyhf¤ jh®¡ fyit nfhz;l fw;fs; ,jw;F¥

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

murpd; MjuTld; gy rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

51.nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if:
nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if %yk; Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; KbTf;F te;jJ.

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1919 Mz;L ,e;j cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.

Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j n[h;kdp>ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfSf;F xU ngUk;

njhifia¥ Nghh; ,og;gPlhf¤ juNtz;b ,Ue;jJ.

52.FUjp QhapW:
u\;ahtpy; njhopyhsh;fs; jq;fsJ Fiwfis¤ njhptpf;f murh;
khspifia Nehf;fp Ch;tykhf¢ nrd;wdh;.

Nfgd; vd;gth; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

C®ty¤Â‹ÛJ fhtyhspfs; Jg;ghf;fp¢ R+L elj;jpdh;.,e;j epfo;r;rp
1905Mk; Mz;L Qhapw;W¡ fpoik eilngw;wJ.
53.ePz;l gazk;:
khNrJq; vd;gth; rPd¡ fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; jiyth;.
,th; tlrPdhtpw;F ePz;l gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapy; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
54. nka;[p Kd;dpiy kPl;rp
mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh;ej
; fk;Nkhlh;; ngh;hp [g;ghdpd; jdpj;jpUf;Fk;
nfhs;ifia cilj;njwpe;jhh;
[g;ghid NjhFfth N\hfd;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jp te;jdh;
ngh;hpapd; tUif [g;ghdpa murUf;F kPz;Lk; KO mjpfhuk; fpilf;f
tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,JNt nka;[p K‹åiy kPl;rp vdg;gLfpwJ.
55. Nuhk; - ngh;ypd; Nlhf;fpNah mr;R - 1937
Nuhk; - ngh;ypd; Nlhf;fpNah mr;R vd;gJ ,j;jhyp- n[h;kdp-[g;ghd; Mfpa
ehLfSf;fpilNa nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jk; MFk;
,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];> u\;ah Mfpa ehLfSf;F vjpuhf ,e;j mr;R
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
,JNt ,uz;lhk; cyfk; NghUf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;wJ
56. nfLgpbg; Nghh;
mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fk;> Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpw;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gl;l ghjfkhd
cwTKiw nfLgpbg; Nghh; MFk;
nfLgpbg; Nghh; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Kj‹Kjyhf gad;gLj;jpath; ngh;dhh;l;
g&r; vd;gth;
nfLgpbg;Nghiu¡ fUj;J hPjpapyhd Nghh; my;yJ gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhd Nghh;
my;yJ murpay; nty;jpwDf;fhd Nghh; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
57. cyf th;j;jf mikg;G
,J epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1995
,jd; jiyik ,lk; n[dpth
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cyf th;j;jf tpjpfis cUthf;FtJk;> vOk; rpf;fiyj; jPh;g;gJk; ,jd; gzp

,jpy; jw;NghJ 187 ehLfs; cWg;G ehLfshf cs;sd.
58. nrh;G epfo;r;rp
,j;jhypiar; rhh;e;j jsgjpAk; ,uz;L mjpfhhpfSk; fpNuf;fj;jpy;
gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;
,j;jhypah;fs; ,e;jf; Fw;wj;jpw;fhd ,og;gPl;ilAk; kd;dpg;igAk; Nfhhpdh;
,e;j¡ Nfhhpf;ifia¡ fpNuf;fk; epuhfhpj;jJ
vdNt ,j;jhyp > nrh;G¤ jPit Mf;fpukpj;jJ

,e;jpa tuyhW (6 kjpg;ngz;)

1. xOq;F Kiwr;rl;lk; (fp.gp.1773)

1773- Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;l xOq;FKiwr;rl;lk; tzpff;FOtpd;

murpayikg;G tuyw;wpy; xU GJ mj;jpahak;.

,af;Feh; FO cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtpf;;fhyk; Xuhz;bypUe;J 4 Mz;lhf

cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

tq;fhs MSeh; tpy;ypak;, Nfhl;ilapd; jiyikMSeuhf

cah;j;jg;gl;llhh;.mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;.

jiyik MSeUf;F cjtpahf 4 Ngh; nfhz;l X® MNyhridf;FO

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghd;ik KoΥgomuR nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jiyik MSeUf;F KbT nra;Ak; thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ. jiyik

MSeh; kw;Wk; MNyhridf; FOtpw;F¥ Nghh; mikjp kw;Wk; cld;ghL
Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; kw;w khfhzq;fis¡ fl;LgLj;j mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fy;fj;jhtpy; X® cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L xU jiyik ePjpgjp> %d;W

Jiz ePjpgjpfs; ,Ug;gh;.,e;ePjpkd;wk; jiyik MSeh; kw;Wk; MNyhrid¡
FOtpw;F mg;ghw;gl;L¤ jdpj;J ,aq;Fk;.

tzpff;FOtpd; gzpahsh;fs; vtUk; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth

ghpRg;nghUŸ;fs;> epjpntFkjpfs; ngWtJ jilnrag;gl;lJ.

2. %d;whk; - ikN®¥ NghUf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;:

Mq;fpNyaiu ,e;jpahittpl;L mfw;Wtjpy; jpg;G Mh;tk; fhl;bdhh;.

31
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gy;NtW cs;ehl;L¢ rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L jpg;G jdJ gil

typikia¥ ngUf;fp¡ nfhz;lhh;.

,jdhy; gphpl;b\hUk;> i`jughj; eprhKk;> kuhl;bahUk; ftiynfhz;ldh;.

gpuhd;R> JUf;fp ehLfSf;F¤ J}Jth;fis mDg;gp¤ jpg;G Mq;fpNyaUf;F

vjpuhf cjtp Nfhhpdu;.

Ãç£Oõhç‹ ; $l;lhspahd jpUthq;$h; murplk; epyk; ifg;gw;wp¤ jpg;G jkJ

vy;iyia tphpTg;gLj;jpdhh;.

jpg;Gf;F vjpuhf i`jughj; eprhk; kw;Wk; kuhl;baUld; Kf;$l;L

cwtpid¥ Ãç£Oõhh; Vw;gLj;jp¡ nfhz;ldh;.

3. fhud;thyprpd; ePjpj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

ePjpj;Jiwapd; nkšk£l¤Âš “rjh;jpthdp mjhyj;”; vd;w chpikapay;
ePjpkd;wKk; “rjh;eprhkj; mjhyj;” Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wKk; fy;fj;jhtpy;
nray;gl;L te;jd.
fy;fj;jh lhf;fh> Kh;\pjhghj;> ghl;dh Mfpa efuq;fspy; ehd;F khfhz
Nky;KiwaPPL ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
khtl;le;NjhWk; xU ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ePjpj;Jiwapd; fPo;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; ,e;jpa
ePjpgjpfs; my;yJ Kd;rPg;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffisg; nghUj;jtiu ,];yhkpar; rl;lk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L¥
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ .
chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; ,e;J kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa¢ rl;lq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld.
fUiz cs;sk; nfhz;l fhud;thyp]; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj; jdkhd
jz;lidfis xopj;jhh;.
4.Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jpd; $Wfs;:

Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUk; ,e;jpa murh; jdJ Ml;rpg;gFjpapy; gphpl;b\;

gilia itj;J¥ guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F¥ gphpl;b\; mjpfhhp jiyik
tfpg;ghh;.

gphpl;b\; muR jiyik muR v‹W« ,e;jpa muR ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muR

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

may;ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; cŸeh£L mikjp M»at‰iw ghJfhg;gJ

gphpl;b\hhpd; flikahFk;.

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l murpd; Ml;rpahsh; jdJ gilfis¡ fiyg;gJld;> xU

gphpl;b\; JhJtiuAk; jdJ muritapy; itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

32
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ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muR Mq;fpNyah; jtpu NtW INuhg;gpa muRld; cwT

itf;ff;$lhJ.

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l murpd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; gpupl;b\; muR jiyaplf;$lhJ.

5. gpz;lhhpfis xLf;Ftjw;F N`];bq;]; gpuGthy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

eltbf;iffs; :

,uh[Gjdg;gFjp> kj;jpa khfhzg;gFjp Mfpait gpz;lhhpfspd; Kf;fpa

,Ug;gplkhFk;.
nfhs;isabg;gNj ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy;.
1812 ,y; kPh;rhG+H> rhfhghj; Mfpa khtl;lq;fisj; jhf;fpf;
nfhs;isabj;jdh;.
1816 ,y; tlrh;f;fhh; khtl;lq;fisf; nfhs;isabj;jdh;.
gpz;lhhpfis xLf;f N`];bq;]; gpuG 1>13>000 tPuh;fs; 300 Jg;ghf;fpfs;
nfhz;l ngUk; giliaj; jpul;b ehw;GwKk; jhf;fpdh;.
tlf;fpy; N`];bq;]{k;> njw;fpy; rh;jhk]; th];yhTk; gilia
topelj;jpdhh;fs;.
fhPk;fhDf;F xU rpwpa gz;iztPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. thrpy; KfkJ rpiw
gpbf;fg;gl;L jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;. rpj;J fhl;Lf;Fj; jg;gpNahb
Gypf;F ,iwahdhh;. 1818 ,y; gpz;lhhpfs; KOtJk; xLf;fg;gl;ldh;.

6. kuhl;ba $l;biztpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

jpwikahd jiyik ,y;yhjJ.

giltypik ,y;yhjJ.
jq;fSf;fpilNa epytpa cl;G+ry;fs; kw;Wk; xw;Wikapd;ik.
,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rp nra;j kw;w murh;fs; kw;Wk; ethg;Gld; el;gpd;ik.
gphpl;b\hhpd; murpay; kw;Wk; ,uh[ je;jpuj;ij rhpahf kjpg;gplj; jtwpaJ.
jhq;fs; ntd;w gFjpfspd; Mjuitg; ngwj; jtwpaJ.
7.thhpR ,og;Gf;nfhs;ifapd; fUj;J kw;Wk; eilKiw
thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ly;n`srp gpuG
,e;Jr; rl;lg;gb ;xUtU¡F Mz; thhpR ,y;iy vd;why, jj;J vLj;J¤; jdJ
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F mtiu chpikahf;fyhk;
Mdhy; gphpl;b\; murhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; muR gphpl;b\; mDkjpNahLjhd;
jj;J vLf;f KbAk;
ly;n`srp nfhs;ifg;gb gphpl;b\; muR jj;J vLf;f kWj;jhy; mg;gFjp
gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLk;.

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jdpegh; jj;J vLj;J¤; jdJ nrhj;Jf;fSf;F thhpR Mf;Ftjw;Fk; jj;J

vLf;fg;gl;lth; ehl;il MSk; chpik ngWtjw;Fk NtWghL cs;sJ.
thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; [hd;rp> rjhuh> ehf;g+h; gFjpfs; gphpl;b\;
gFjpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld .
8.epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk;;
epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jth; fhud;thyp]; gpuG
tq;fhsj;jpy;; [kPd;jhh;fs;> fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FOtpw;F thp nrYj;Jk;;
fhyk; tiu epy cilikahsh;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;;gLth;
[kPd;jhh;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba thp epiyahf eph;zapf;fg;gl;L mJ ve;j¢
#o;epiyapYk; cah;j;jg;glkhl;lhJ
nkhj;j tUthapy; tzpff;FO 89% vLj;Jf;nfhz;L vQ;rpaij
[kPd;jhh;fSf;F¡ nfhLj;jJ
epyj;ij cOj Fbahdth;fs; Fj;jifjhuh;fshf¡ fUjg;gLth;
ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; Ml;rpj;Jiw nghWg;gpypUe;J [kPd;jhuh;fs;
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lh®fŸ;

9.1857 Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpd; tpisTfs; ahit?

,e;jpa Ml;rpapy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.
fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ.
1858Mk; Mz;L Nguurpapd; mwpf;ifgb gphpl;b\hhpd; Neub Ml;rp
eilKiwf;F te;jJ
,e;jpa¤ jiyik MSeh; murg;gpujpepjp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
Gjpa gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;glkhl;lh
rka¢ rfpg;Gj;jd;ik gpd;gw;wg;gLk;
Nguurpæ‹ mwp;f;if ,e;jpa kf;fspd; Nkf;dhfhh;l;lh(chpik¢ rhrdk;)
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

10.,e;jpaf; ifj;njhopy;fs; mopTf;fhd fhuzq;fs;;

Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if ,e;jpaf;

ifj;njhopYf;Ff; NfL tpistpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ.

njhopw;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tpiy kype;j

nghUs;fs; ,e;jpar; re;ijapy; Ftpf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\hhpd; murpay; nry;thf;F mjpfhpj;j gpwF> ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsh;fs; tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;.
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guk;giu mur tk;rq;fs;> Ãuò¡fŸ> nry;te;jh;fs; ,Ue;j ,lk; njhpahky;

kiwe;jd®. mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa guk;giu Mlk;gug; nghUl;fs; NjitAk;
ngUksT Fiwe;jd.

njhopw;Gul;rpapd;NghJ INuhg;ghtpy; Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.

,e;jpahtpYk; ,ae;jpuq;fs; rpwpJ rpwpjhff; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljhy;
ifj;njhopy; eRq;fpaJ.

Gjpa jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp nghJkf;fs; tho;f;ifapy;

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpd.
11.kpjthjpfspd;; Nfhhpf;iffs;;
rl;lrigfis tphpthf;Fjy;> rPh;jpUj;Jjy;
eph;thfj; JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwiag; gphpj;jy;;
cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;Fjy;
epythpiaf; Fiwj;jy;
cg;Gthp> rh;f;fiu thpia xopj;jy;
,uhZt nryTfisf; Fiwj;j;y<;!
12. Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; t.c.rp. apd; gq;if tpthp
ghyfq;fhjujpyfhpd; rPlh;
1908 -,y; Jhj;Jf;Fbg; gts Miyj; njhopyhsh; Ntiy epWj;jj;ij
Kd;dpd;W elj;jpdhh;.
1906,y; RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fofk; epWTjy;
“fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;” vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;
t.c.rp. kw;Wk; Rg;gpukzparpth MfpNahh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L MW Mz;Lfs
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldh;.
“nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;” vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
13.cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

hpg;gd; efuq;fspy; efuf; FOf;fs;>jhY}f;fhf;fs;> fpuhkq;fspy; cs;shl;r;pf;

fofq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tsh;j;jhh;.

efu rigfspd; mjpfhuq;fs; mjpfhpj;jd.

cs;shl;rpj; jiyth;fs; mjpfhhpfshf ,y;yhky; ,Uj;jy;

Rfhjhuk;> fopTePh;> Rj;jpfhpg;G> FbePh; toq;Fjy; efu rigaplk;

toq;fg;gl;ld.

khtl;lj; jhYf;fhf; fofq;fs; cUthf;fg;gly;

Njh;jy; %yk; cs;shl;rpf; fof cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLj;jy.

jy Ra Ml;rp hpg;gd; gpuGtpd; jiyaha rpwg;ghFk;

Hpg;gd; vq;fs; mg;gd; vd kf;fs; Nghw;wpdh;

35
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14.,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j rpwe;j> r%f> rkaj;jiyth;

rpjk;guj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s kUJ}hpy; uhikah gps;isf;Fk; rpd;dk;ikf;Fk;;

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;.

1865 ,y; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f mikg;ig Njhw;Wtpj;;jhh;. rhjp Ngjkw;w

rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtNj ,jd; Nehf;fk;.

1872-,y; tlY}hpy; rj;jpa Qhdrigia epWtpdh;.

jpUtUl;gh> kDKiw fz;l thrfk;> [Pt fh&z;ak; Nghd;w E}y;fis

vOjpath;.

flTis N[hjp tbtpy; topglf; Nfhhpdhh;.

15.xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Foahdt®fŸ, bjhêyhs®fŸ, khzt®fŸ, MÁça®fŸ, bg©fŸ ngh‹w

rKjha¤Â‹ mid¤J ÃçédU« g§nf‰wd®.

ÏJ k¡fŸ Ïa¡fkhf ÂfœªjJ.

ϪÂahé‹ _iy KL¡Ffëbyšyh« njÁa« gut ÏJ têtF¤jJ.

»shg¤ Ïa¡fK« ÏjDl‹ x‹¿id¡f¥g£lJ.

ϪJ, K°è« x‰Wikæ‹ c¢rf£lkhf ÏJ ÂfœªjJ.

ϪÂa k¡fS¡F v¤jifa J‹g¤ijÍ« jh§F« r¡Â c©L v‹gijÍ«,

v›éj Âahf¤Â‰F« mt®fŸ jahuhf cŸsd® v‹gijÍ« ÏJ vL¤J
fh£oaJ.

16. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

muRg;gzp> ePjpkd;wk;> gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;.

me;epag; nghUl;fis thq;f kWj;J> RNjrpg; nghUl;fis thq;fp Mjhpj;jy;.
Njrpag; gs;spfisAk;> fy;Y}hpfisAk; epWtp Njrpaf; fy;tpia tsh;j;jy;.
RNjrp ,af;fk; xU murpay; nghUshjhu ,af;fkhFk;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; ngUk; epyr;Rthd;jhh;fSk; ,jpy; gq;Nfw;wdh;.
khzth;fSk;> kfspUk; kwpaypy; <Lgl;ldh;.
me;epa fhfpjj;jpdhyhd ifNaLfis khzth;fs; thq;f kWj;jdh;.
,jdhy; RNjrp ,af;fk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
gphpl;b\huhy; “te;Nj khjuk;” Koq;f jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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17.[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

nusyl; rl;lj;ij vjph;j;J ele;j Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gQ;rhgpy; ngUj;j MjuT

nusyl; rl;lj;ij vjph;jJ

; [hypad; thyhghf; G+q;fhtpy; nghJf;$l;lk;

Ml;rp nghWg;G n[duy; lahplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ

n[duy; lah; gilAld; Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wpf;$l;lj;jpd;kPJ Jg;ghf;fpr; R+L

elj;jpdhh;

1919 Vg;uy; 13 [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy eilngw;wJ

379 Ngh; nfhy;yg;gLjy; - 1137 gLfhak;

jh$h; jkJ iel; gl;lj;ijj; Jwe;jhh;

tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpw;F ,J jpUg;GKid

18.ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fy;tpr;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;: (VNjDk; 6)

fl;lzkpy;yhj fl;lhaf;fy;tp nrd;idapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

3000 kPdtf;FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpWth; rpWkpaUf;F ,ytr kPd;gpbg;Gg;

gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrd;idapy; nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l khefuhl;rp gs;spfspy; ,ytr kjpa czT

mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

njhlf;f fy;tpapd; juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

ngz; fy;tp Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.

MAh;Ntjh> rpj;jh> Adhdp kUj;Jtf;fy;tpf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

,l xJf;fPL murhiz 1921 -22 ,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

1929 ,y; gzpahsh; Njh;T Mizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

fpuhkg; Gwr;rhiyfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Njtjhrp Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

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19. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;:

1950 [dthp-26 Mk; ehs; Kjy; murpay; mikg;G eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
taJ te;Njhh; midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik. ghuhSkd;w Kiw> mbg;gil
chpikfs;> muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghd;wit ,jd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;.
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kpfj; njspthf kj;jpa> khepy> nghJ Mfpa
%d;W gl;bay;fspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
[dhjpgjp ehl;bd; murpay; mikg;Gj; jiytuhfTk;> gpujk mikr;rh;
eph;thfj; jiytuhfTk; nray;gLfpd;wdh;.
murpay; mikg;gpd; ghJfhtyuhf ePjpj;Jiw tpsq;FfpwJ.
Kiwahd fhyq;fspy; Njh;jy;fs; eilngwTk; toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf tuyhW(6 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

20. ,j;jhypapy; kWkyh;r;rp Njhd;wpajw;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthp
,j;jhyp gz;ila ehfhpfj;jpd; njhl;by; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
,yj;jPd; nkhopapd; jhafkhf ,j;jhyp tpsq;fpaJ.
gpshud;]; > ntdP]; Nghd;w efuq;fs; fiy ,yf;fpaj;ijg; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jd
jhe;Njapd; “nja;tPf ,d;gpay;” gpshud;]; efhpy; kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fk; Njhd;w
Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
kWkyh;r;rp INuhg;ghtpd; gy gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpaJ.
16Mk; Ehw;whz;by; mjd; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij vl;baJ.

21.Gtpapay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

fhd;];lhz;b Nehgpis 1453–Ïš JUf;fpah;fŸ ifg;gw;wpdh;.

fPio ehLfSf;F khw;Wtop fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;;gl;lJ

Jzpr;ry;> Mh;tk;>Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik.

thd ,ay; kw;Wk; mwptpay; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;.

jpirfhl;Lk; fUtp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lNjhL> fg;gy; fl;Lk; fiyAk; tsh;r;rp

mile;jJ.

tzpfh;fspd; ifNaL> Ma;thshpd; ,ufrpaq;fs; Nghd;w

E}y;fs;Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;bad.

khh;f;NfhNghNyh gazf;Fwpg;G fPio ehLfspd; nry;t tsj;ijf; fhl;bd.

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22.,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopw;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

,q;fpyhe;jpd; rhjfkhd Gtpapay; mikg;G .

Ntshz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;.

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;> ,ae;jpuq;fspd; mwpKfKk;

njhopy; KidNthh;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l Mh;tk;.

,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l KjyPl;L tsh;r;rp.

,q;fpyhe;jplk; ,Ue;j FbNaw;wq;fs; fr;rhg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;Fk;> cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSf;Fr;re;ijahfTk; ,Ue;jd.

23. gpynly;gpah khehL gw;wpa Fwpg;G:

1774 nrg;lk;ghpy; gpynly;gpahtpy; KjyhtJ fz;l khehL eilngw;wJ.

[hh;[pah jtpu vQ;rpa 12 FbNaw;wq;fspd; gpujpepjpfSk; ,jpy; fye;J
nfhz;ldh;.
jq;fSila xg;Gjypd;wp thp tpjpf;f Ntz;lhk; vdf; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1775 Nk khjk; ,uz;lhtJ fz;l khehL gpynly;gpahtpy; $baJ.
,jpy; 13 FbNaw;wq;fspd; gpujpepjpfSk; gq;Nfw;wdh;.
[hh;[; th\pq;ld; mnkhpf;f gilfspd; jsgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1776 ,y; eilngw;w fz;l khehl;by; mnkhpf;f tpLjiy mwpf;if Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

24.gpnuQ;R rpe;jidahsh;fspd; gq;F:

gpnuQ;R rpe;jidahsh;fspd; vOj;Jf;fSk;> gpur;rhuKk; nghJkf;fis

Gul;rpf;Fj; jahh;gLj;jpaJ.
khz;nl];fpA+: “rl;lj;jpd; rhuk;” vd;w E}ypy;> “murpayikg;G
rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; Njitia” typAWj;jpdh;. kf;fshl;rpKiw nrk;ikahf
nray;gl eph;thfk;> rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;> ePjp toq;Fjy; Mfpa %d;Wk;
jdpj;jdpahf gphpf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;.
&Nrh: “gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; iggps;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;l “r%f xg;ge;jk;”
vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; ,th;. murpd; cz;ikahd ,iwikapd; mjpfhuk;
kf;fsplNk nghjpe;Js;sJ. “kdpjd; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwf;fpwhd; Mdhy; gpd;dh;
rq;fpypfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwhd;” vd;w mtuJ Gfo; kpf;f thrfk;
kf;fspilNa Gul;rp czh;itj; J}z;baJ.
thy;Nlh;: twk;gpw;Fl;l Kbahl;rp KiwNa rpwe;jJ vd;W $wpath;. gy;NtW
fl;Liufs;> ftpijfs; kw;Wk; ehlfq;fs; %ykhf kf;fspilNa
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

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25.u\;ag; Gul;rpapy; nydpdpd; gq;F

Nghy;\;tpf;Ffspd; jiytuhf tpshbkph; ,yapr; cyaNeht; tpsq;fpdhh;.
nydpd; vd;gJ ,tuJ Gfo; tha;e;j ngauhFk;.

Nrh\ypr ,af;fj; jiyth;fspy; gpugykhf tpsq;fpath;.

,th; Vg;uypy; u\;ah jpUk;gp;> rpy thf;FWjpfis mspj;jhh;> ,J Vg;uy;

thf;FWjp vdg;gLk;.

Nghy;];tpf;fs; Nghiu KbTf;Ff;nfhz;Ltuj; njspthd nfhs;ifia

tFj;jdh;.

Fbahdth;fs; “vy;yh chpikfisAk; Nrhtpaj;Jf;Nf” vd Kof;fk;.

nydpd; kw;Wk; mtuJ fl;rpapdh; mf;Nlhgh; Gul;rpia top elj;jpdh;.

26. gd;dhl;Lf; fofj;jpd; Kf;fpa cWg;Gfs;:

nghJmit: gd;dhl;Lf; fofj;jpd; cr;r mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ. cWg;G ehLfs;

midj;Jk; ,jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
eph;thf rig: ehd;F epue;ju cWg;gpdh;fSk;> nghJ mitahy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l NtW ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fSk; eph;thf rigapy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
nrayfk;: ,J n[dpthtpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jd; nghJr;nrayh; eph;thf
rigapduhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk;: ,jd; jiyikaplk; jp N`f;. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
15 ePjpgjpfs; ,Ue;jdh;. gd;dhl;Lr; rl;lk;> cld;gbf;iffs;> gu];gu
nra;Kiwfs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fisAk;> Kf;fpaj; jPh;g;GfisAk; ,e;ejpkd;wk;
toq;fpaJ.
gd;dhl;L njhopyhsh; rq;fk;: n[dpth efiu jiyikaplkhf ,e;j mikg;G
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jd; Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs; cyfj; njhopyhsh;fspd;
eyidg; ghJfhg;gJ.
Ïj‹ eph;thf rigapy; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdh;fs; murhq;fk;> njhopyhsh;fs;>
njhopyjpgh;fs; MfpNahh; Mth;.

27.,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;

1939-Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fpa ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1945-,y; [g;ghd;

ruzile;jTld; KbTf;F te;jJ.

,g;Nghhpy; 13 kpy;ypad; INuhg;gpah;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.

kw;nwhU Kf;fpa tpisT FbNaw;wq;fs; tpLjiyahFk;.

gy JUtk; vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL kiwe;J ,U mzpfshf cyf ehLfs;

gphpe;jd.

mnkhpf;fh> Nrhtpaj; A+dpad;; ty;yuR ehLfs; Mapd.

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,jdhy; nfL;gpbg;Nghh; vd;w gdpg;Nghh; Nfhl;ghL cUthfpaJ.

cyfNk gy;NtW Neub my;yJ kiwKfj; Jd;gq;fSf;F cs;shdJ.

28.I.eh rigapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:

gd;dhl;L mikjp kw;Wk; ghJfhg;igg; guhkhpj;jy;.

ehLfSf;fpilNa el;GwitAk;> mikjpiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
midj;J ehLfSf;Fk; rkchpikfisAk;> Raeph;za chpikfisAk;
toq;Fjy;.
gd;dhl;L xj;Jiog;Gld; nghUshjhu> r%f> gd;dhl;L kw;Wk; kdpjFyg;
gpur;ridfisj; jPh;jj
; y;.
kdpj chpikfs;> fz;zpak; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ijg; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jy;.
ve;j xU ehl;bd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; Nehpilahfj; jiyaplhky; ,Uj;jy;.

,e;jpa tuyhW (10 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

1. thud; N`];bq;rpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:
m) murpay; rPh;jpUj;jk;:

,uhgh;l; fpisthy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,ul;ilahl;rpia xopj;jhh;.

mNahj;jp ethg;gpw;F toq;fg;gl;l te;j epjpcjtp 32 ,yl;rk;
&ghiag; ghjpahff;Fiwj;jhh;.
nkhfyhag;NguurUf;F toq;fg;gl;;Lte;j Xa;t+jpak; KOikahf
epWj;jpdhh;.
M)tUtha;r;rPh;jpUj;jk;:
thp t#iy Nkw;ghh;it nra;a fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tUtha; thhpak;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mjw;F khtl;lk;NjhWk; Mq;fpNya fnyf;lh;fs; epakpf;fgl;ldh;.
fUT+yk; Kh;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,)ePjpj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jk;:

xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; fnyf;lhpd;fPo; xh; chpikapay;

ePjpkd;wKk; ,e;jpa ePjpgjpapd;fPo; xU Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wKk;
epWtpdhh;.
fy;fj;jhtpy; “rjh;jpthdp mjhyj;” vd;w chpikapy; Nky;
KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; “rjh;eprhkj; mjhyj;” vd;w Fw;wtpay; Nky;
KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; epWtpdhh;.
<) gpw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; :
j];jf;Ffs; vd;w ,ytr mDkjpr; rPl;Lfis xopj;jhh;.
Rq;f thp epiyaq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;Fiwj;jhh;.
xNu khjphpahd Kd; fl;lz mQ;ry; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tq;fp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

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2. fhud; thyp]; gpuGtpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:-

m) Ml;rpj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:
,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzpj;Jiwf;F mbj;jsk; mikj;jhh;.
nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf mjpfg;gbahd gzpaplq;fisf;
jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; tzpff;FO Copah;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
tzpfk;> ePjp> tUtha; Mfpa Jiwfisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;jhh;.

M) tUtha;j;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:
fhud;thyp]; gpuGtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jk; mth;
tq;fhsj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lkhFk;.
Mz;Lf; Fj;jif tpLk;Kiwia uj;J nra;J mjw;Fg; gjpy; gj;J
Mz;LfSf;F Fj;jif vd;w Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;.
epyq;fis [kPd;jhh;fSf;F tpl;L mth;fs; %yk; coth;fSf;Fk;
Fbahdth;fSf;Fk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ.

,) ePjpj;Jiw rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs;:

rh;tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; jiyikapy; ePjpj;Jiw rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ.

khtl;lk; NjhWk; xU ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
khtl;l Ml;rpah;fs; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
[hh;[; ghh;Nyh vd;gth; cjtpAld; KOikahd rl;lj;njhFg;ig
cUthf;fpdhh;.

<) fhty;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:

Xt;nthU khtl;lKk; Rkhh; 20 iky; gug;gsT nfhz;l jhzhthfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mJ jNuhfh vd;w ,e;jpa mjpfhhpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;lJ.
mtUf;F cjtpahfg; gy fhtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

3.tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd; r%f rPh;jpUe;jq;fs;:

m) rjp xopg;G

fzthpd; rpijapNyNa tpjitiaj; js;spf; nfhd;WtpLjy;.

tl ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
1829,y; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG rjp jilr;rl;lk; (tpjp 17 ,d;
fPo;) nfhz;L te;J ,ij xopj;jhh;.
1830 ,y; nrd;id kw;Wk; gk;gha; khfhzq;fSf;F
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

M) ngz;rpRf;nfhiy
,uh[Gjdk;> gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F khfhzq;fspy;
ngz;rpRf;nfhiy gutyhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
gphpl;b\; Ml;rpahsh;fs; ,ijg;gw;wp Ma;T nra;jdh;.
,e;j tof;fj;ij xopf;f gy rl;lq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld.

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,) jf;fh;fis xLf;Fjy;:
tzpfh;fshfNth> ahj;jphpfh;fshfNth khWNtlj;jpy; epd;W
gazpfspd; fOj;ij mWj;J topg;gwpapy; <Lg;gl;ldh;.
1830,y; rPypNkd; jiyikapy; ,jid xopf;f eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,t;thW jf;fh;fis XLf;fpajhy; rPypNkd; “jf;fPrPypNkd;” vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

<) fy;tpj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jk; :

jiyik MSehpd; MNyhridf; FOtpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
rl;l cWg;gpdh; b.gp. nkf;fhNy gpuG.
fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf ,tuJ jiyikapy; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd; %yk; 1835 ,y; Mq;fpyk; Ml;rp nkhopahfTk;> ,yf;fpa
nkhopahfTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
c) tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL:
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; Neh;ikahd tpUg;G ntWg;gw;w jhuhs
FzKila gFj;jwpTs;s kdpjuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;.
rjpxopg;G> ngz; rpRf;nfhiy jLg;G Nghd;w r%f
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;j nfhLikfis
xopj;Jf; fl;bdhh;.
mtuJ fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fshy; ,e;jpah xU Gjpa rfhg;jj;jpy;
mbnaLj;J itj;jJ vdyhk;.

4) ly;n`srp gpuGtpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:

m) ,uapy;Nt Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; ,uapy; ghijfs; mwpKfj;jhy; nghUshjhuj;jpy;

Gjpa rfhg;jj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
1853,y; ly;n`srp jhNk uapy;Nt mwpf;ifiaj; jahhpj;jhh;.
1853,y; Kk;ig- jhzhtpw;F Kjy; ,uapy; ghij
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
1854,y; fy;fj;jh- uhzpfQ;r;> 1856,y; nrd;id- muf;Nfhzk;
uapy; ghij mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
M) ly;`Trpapd; mQ;ry;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
etPd mQ;ry;Kiwiaj; njhlq;fp itj;jhh; ly;`TrpgpuG.
1854 ,y; Gjpa mQ;ryfr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
xNu khjphpahd miuazh mQ;ry;ml;il mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,) je;jp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
1852,y; X \hfd;dNr je;jpj;Jiwapy; Gjpa fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
fy;fj;jh> ng\hth;> Kk;ig> nrd;id efuq;fs; je;jp %yk;
,izf;fg;gl;ld.
<) fy;tp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
ly;`Trp fhyj;jpy; 1854,y; rh; rhh;y;]; Tl;;> fy;tp mwpf;if
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; mwpTg; gl;lak; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
43
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njhlf;ff;fy;tp> ,ilepiyf;fy;tp> cah;fy;tp Mfpatw;wpd;

fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F top tFj;jJ.
c) nghJg;gzpj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
fhy;tha; ntl;Ltjw;Fk;> rhiyfs; mikg;gjw;Fk; $Ljy; epjp
xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
1854,y; nkš fq;iff; fhy;tha;g; gzp epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
nghJgzpj;Jiwia etPdg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; “,e;jpag;
nghJg;gzpj;Jiwapd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
5) ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;wf; fhuzq;fs;:
m) murpay; xw;Wik
,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; murpay; mbg;gilapy; gphpl;b\;
Ml;rp mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

XNu rPuhd rl;lKk;> muRk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.

M) jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J tsh;r;rp
,uapy; ghijfs;>je;jp> mQ;ry;>rhiyfs;> fhy;tha;fs; %yk; jfty;
njhlh;G kf;fspilNa vspjhdJ.

xUtUf;nfhUth; neUf;fkhapdh;.

,it ,e;jpah;fspilNa Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;w toptFj;jJ.

,) Mq;fpy nkhopAk; Nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tpAk;

Mq;fpyk; fw;w ,e;jpah;fs; Njrpa ,af;fj;ij tsh;j;Jj; jiyik

jhq;fp elj;jpr; nrd;wdh;.

Nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpapd; %yk; Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;

Nghd;w Nkiyehl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs; Njrpak; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhapd.
<) gj;jphpf;iffspd;; gq;F
,e;jpahtpy; ntspahd Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; ehl;Lnkhopg;
gj;jphpf;iffs; Njrpar; rpe;jidfis gug;gpd.
c) 19-Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; r%f> rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

gpuk;k rkh[k;> ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk;> Mhpa rkh[k;> gpuk;k

Qhdrig Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; ehl;bd; ngUikfis vLj;Jf;$wp
kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jd.
C) gphpl;b\hhpd; nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;
gphpl;b\hhpd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if ,e;jpa tzpfj;ijAk; ifj;
njhopiyAk; jpl;lkpl;L mopj;jJ.

vdNt> gphpl;b\hhpd; nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly; ,e;jpa Njrpak;

Njhd;Wtjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

44
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v) ,dg;ghFghL

1857Mk; Mz;L fyfk; gphpl;b\hUf;Fk;> ,e;jpaUf;Fk; ,ilNa

jPuhj ntWg;Gzh;itAk;> re;Njf czh;itAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

Mq;fpNyahpd; cah;T kdg;ghd;ik NkYk; ngUfpaJ.

,e;jpa kf;fs; mtkhdk;> xLf;FjYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.

V) ypl;ldJ eph;thfk;
,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rj;jhy; kf;fs; Jd;gg;gLk;NghJ nly;ypapy; jh;ghh;
elj;jpaJ.

ehl;Lnkhopnra;jpj;jhs; rl;lk;> MAjr; rl;lk; Mfpatw;why;

Mq;fpy murpd;kJP ntWg;G Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
I) ,y;gh;l;- kNrhjh rr;ruT

,e;jpa INuhg;gpa ePjpgjpfSf;fpilNa NtWghl;ilf;fisa ,J

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

gphpl;b\hhpd; fLk; vjph;g;Gf;Fg;gpwF jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ.

6)Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;F

m) [p. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;
jdJ tpjit kfSf;F kWkzk; nra;J itj;jhh;
1885,y; KjyhtJ fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; KjyhtJ jPh;khdj;ijf;
nfhz;L te;jhh;
Mq;fpyj;jpy; “jp ,e;J” jkpopy; “RNjrkpj;jpud;” Nghd;w
,jo;fisj; njhlq;fpdhh;
M) Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
rpwe;j Kw;Nghf;Fthjp
,e;jpah vd;w jkpo; thu,jopd; Mrphpah;
RNjr fPjq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Njrpag; ghly;fis vOjpdhh;
,) t.c.rp
,th; ghyfq;fhju jpyfhpd; rPlh;
1906,y; Jhj;Jf;Fbapy; RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fofj;ij epWtpdhh;
fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;
1908,y; jpUney;Ntypf; fyfj;jpy; t.c.rpAk; mtuJ ez;gh;
rpthTk; <Lgl;ldh;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;L> mq;Fr; nrf;fpOj;jhh; vdNt nrf;fpOj;j
nrk;ky; vd;w ngah; Vw;gl;lJ
<) thQ;rpehjd;
ghuj khjh rq;fj;ijr;Nrh;e;jth;
M\; mjpfhhpia kzpahr;rp ,uapy; epiyaj;jpy; Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;
mthpd; (thQ;rpehjd;) epidthf kzpahr;rp ,uapy; epiyak;
thQ;rp kzpahr;rp ,uapy; epiyak; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ

45
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c) fhkuh[h;
fy;tpf;fz;jpwe;j fh;ktPuh; fhkuh[h; tpUJefiur; Nrh;e;jth;
Ez;zwpTk; nray;jpwDk; kpf;fth;
kf;fs; jiytuhfj; jpfoe;jhh;
jkpo;ehl;bd; fpuhkq;fSf;Ff; fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;ij nfhz;L
nrd;wth;

C) nfhbfhj;j Fkud;
nfhbNae;jp Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpath; jpUg;g+h; Fkud;
jbabf;F MshdNghJ mth; kl;Lk; jhd; kz;zpy; rha;e;jhh;.
Mdhy;;> ek; Njrpaf; nfhbiaf; fPNo rha;f;ftpy;iy. vdNt me;j
khtPud; “nfhbfhj;j Fkud;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,tuJ epiditg; Nghw;wp kj;jpa muR mQ;ry; jiyia
ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

7) ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Ff; fhe;jpabfspd; gq;F

m) Muk;g fhyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
1917 rk;g;uhd; rj;jpah fpufk;> INuhg;gpa mThpg; gz;izahsh;fSf;F
vjpuhf Kjy; rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jp ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
1918 F[uhj;jpy; cs;s Nflh khtl;lj;jpy; gQ;rj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
tptrhapfSf;F thp tpyf;F mspf;f elj;jpa Nghuhl;lk; Nflh
rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lk; MFk;
1918 mfkjhghj; Miyj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F Mjuthf
cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;J Nfhhpf;iffis epiwNtw;wpdhh;
M) xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 1920
nusyl; rl;lk; [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy fpyhgj; ,af;fk; Mfpa
epfo;Tfshy; fhe;jp[p xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;.
1920,y; ele;j ehf;g+h; khehl;by; ,ij epiwNtw;wpdhh;.
muR tpohf;fs;> gs;spfs;> fy;Yhhpfs; ePjpkd;wq;fs; md;dpa
nghUs;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. jiyth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldh;
,) nrshp nrsuh 1922
cj;jpu gpuNjrk; nrshp nrsuh vd;w ,lj;jpy; 22 Mq;fpNya
fhtyh;fis ,e;jpah;fs; jPapypl;L nfhSj;jpdh;.
fhe;jp ,r;nray; m`pk;irf;F vjpuhdJ vd;W fUjp xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij epWj;jp itj;jhh;
<) rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; 1930
jz;bahj;jpiu 1930; Mq;fpy murpd; cg;Gr;rl;lj;ij kPWtjw;F 79
rPlh;fSld; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jz;b Nehf;fpr; nrd;whh;. ,jd;
%yk; fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. Kiwg;gb rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;fpdhh;.
fhe;jpabfs; 1931,y; fhe;jp ,h;tpd; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb ,uz;lhtJ
tl;l Nki[ khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fye;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
c) g+dh xg;ge;jk;
1932 jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F toq;fpa tFg;Gf; nfhilia
vjph;j;Jf; fhe;jp cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh;- fhe;jpf;Fk;kpilNa g+dh xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ-
tFg;Gthhpf; nfhil iftplg;gl;lJ
V. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; 1942
46
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,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;> jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk;> fphpg;]; JhJf;FO

Njhy;tpia ikag;gLj;jp 1942 ,t;tpaf;fj;ij mwptpj;jhh;. nra;
my;yJ nrj;Jkb vd;w miw$ty; tplg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpaj;jiyth;fs;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. Mq;fpy muR mlf;FKiw> Jg;ghf;fpr;#L
elj;jpaJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; cr;rf;fl;lkhFk;
V). ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miljy; 1947
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; KbT> fhgpdl; JhJf;FO> nksz;l; Ngl;ld;
jpl;lj;jhYk;> fhe;jpapd; jPtpug; Nghuhl;lq;fshYk; Mq;fpy muR 1947
#&iy 18y; ,e;jpa tpLjiyr;rl;lk; ,aw;wp 1947 Mf];l; 15
,e;jpahtpw;Fr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fpaJ
I) fhe;jp ,wg;G
1948 #dtç 30 Mk; ehs; Njrj;je;ij fhe;jp[p topghl;Lf;
$l;lj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nr vd;gtuhy;
Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

8) NtYhh;f;fyfj;jpd; fhuzq;fs;
jiyg;ghifAld; $ba Gjpa rPUil mwpKfk;
nrd;id MSeh; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; mDkjpNahL gilj;jsgjp rh;
[hd;fpulhf; jiyg;ghifAld; $ba Gjpa rPUilia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mit INuhg;gpa njhg;gpiag; Nghy; ,Ue;jjhy;
,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs; mzpa kWj;jdh;
fhjzpfs; mzptJk; rkar; rpd;dq;fs; ,l;Lf;nfhs;tJk; jil
nra;ag;gl;ld
rpg;gha;fs; jq;fs; Kfj;ij ed;whf kopj;J kPiria
xOq;Fg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;j eltbf;iffs; jq;fs; rka kw;Wk; r%f gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F
vjpuhdJ vd;Wk; Gjpa rkaj;jpw;F khw;Wk; Kaw;rp vd;Wk; ,e;jpar;
rpg;gha;fs; fUjpdh;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fis ,dg;ghFghLld; kw;Wk;
jho;ej; th;fshfTk; elj;jpdh;
jpg;Gtpd; %j;j kfd; gNj i`jh; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf
kuhj;jpah; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R cjtpAld; $l;lzpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;
mg;gFjpapy; kPz;Lk; K];yPk; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tpUg;gk; ,Ue;jJ. Nkw;nrhd;d fhuzq;fshy;; ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs;
1806 Mz;L NtYhh;g; Gul;rpapy; ,wq;fpdh;
,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs; Kjd;ikahd ehl;Lg;gw;iw kwe;Jtpltpy;iy
,uhZtj;jpd; Gjpa tpjpia vjph;j;jdh;.
9) 1857 Mk; Mz;L fyfj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
m) murpay; fhuzq;fs;
ePjpf;Fg; Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gh;kh> m];]hk;>
FlF> rpe;J> gQ;rhg; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; gphpl;b\; vjph;g;Gzh;T mjpfk;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
ly;n`srp eilKiwg;gLj;jpa thhpR ,og;Gf;nfhs;if ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsh;fspilNa kdf;FiwiaAk; mr;rj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

47
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M) nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;
nry;tr; Ruz;ly;> njhopy; eypT mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l epythp Nghd;wit
,e;jpag; nghUshjhur; rPh;NfL MFk;.
gphpl;ldpy; ,e;jpa nghUs;fs; kPJ mjpfthp
ngUksT gphpl;b\; nghUs;fis nfhz;L te;J ,e;jpaj; njhopiyf;
mopj;jdh;
ifj;jwp nerthsh;fs; ghjpg;G ifj;njhopy; eype;J iftpidQh;fs;
Ntiy ,oe;jdh;
,)r%ff; fhuzq;fs;
fpwp];jt rkag; gug;ghsh;fspd; eltbf;iffs; ,e;J> K];yPk;fspilNa
mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ
fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; fPo;j;jpirg; ghlq;fSf;Fg; gjpy; Nkiy
ehl;Lf;fy;tp> gz;ghL gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld
,e;jpah;fs; jq;fsJ rKjha milahsq;fis ,oe;J tUtjhff;
fUjpdh;
<) ,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;
Fiwe;j Cjpak;> gjtp cah;T ,d;ik> ,e;jpa tPuh;fis Vkhw;wk;
milar; nra;jJ
,e;jpa tPuh;fspd; r%f gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rka czh;TfSf;F
gphpl;b\hh; kjpg;gspf;ftpy;iy
may;ehLfspy; gzpahw;Wk;NghJ mspf;fg;gl;l ,ul;ilg;gb uj;J
nra;ag;gl;lJ
c) nfhOg;Gj; jltg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs;
uhZtj;jpy; Gjpa vd;gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld
Jg;ghf;fpj; Njhl;lhf;fspy; nfhOg;G jltg;gl;bUe;jd. Njhl;lhf;fisf;
nghUj;Jtjw;F Kd; mij thahy; ft;tp ciwfis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;
mjpy; jltg;gl;bUe;j nfhOg;G khl;L ,iwr;rp> kw;Wk; gd;wp
,iwr;rpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;litahFk;
,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; rpg;gha;fspd; rka czh;T ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
nfhOg;Gj; jltpa Njhl;lhf;fs; ,f;fyfj;jpd; cldbf; fhuzk; MFk;

10) ,e;jpaf; ifj;njhopy;fs; moptjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

m) njhopw;Gul;rp
njhopw;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tpiy
kype;j nghUs;fs; ,e;jpar;re;ijapy; Ftpf;fg;gl;ld
,e;jpag; nghUl;fspd; tpw;gid cs;ehl;bYk; may;ehl;bYk; Fiwe;jJ
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lg; nghUs;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J fg;gy;fspy; nfhz;L
nry;yg;glNtz;Lk.; vdNt ,e;jpag; nghUs;fs; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fr;
nry;y Kbatpy;iy.
,q;fpyhe;J nghUl;fs; ,e;jpar; re;ijapy; Ftpe;jd
M) Ml;rpahsh;fs;
,e;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; tPo;r;rp mile;jjhy; mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
cilfs;> MAjq;fs; > fiyg;nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd Njitfs;
Fiwe;jd.
,) cah;Fbapdh;
gpuGf;fs;> nry;te;jh;fs; ,Ue;j ,lk; njhpahky; kiwe;jdh;
mth;fspd; Mlk;gug; nghUs;fspd;; NjitAk; Fiwe;jd

48
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<) tpirj;jwp
ifj;jwpf;Fg; gjpy; tpirj;jwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld
,ae;jpuk; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs; kypthd tpiyapy;
fpilj;jd
c) jfty; njhlh;G
Gjpa jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfSk; nghJkf;fs;
tho;f;ifapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd
,uapy; ghijfSk;> ePuhtpg; glFfSk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fg; gad;gl;ld
,e;jpah;fs; Ntiyapoe;jdh;.

11) ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;

m) fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;;fs;
fl;lzkpy;yhj fl;lhaf;fy;tp Kjd;Kjypy; nrd;idapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Vwj;jho 3000 kPdtr;rpWtu; rpWkpau;fSf;F kPd;gpbg; gapw;rp
mspf;fg;gl;lJ
nrd;idapy; khefuhl;rpg; gs;spfSf;F ,ytr kjpa czT
toq;;fg;gl;lJ.
1934 bjhlf;ff;fy;tp rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Jtf;ff; fy;tpapd; juk;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fy;tp ePjpfl;rpapd; Ml;rpapy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ
jhoj;jg;gl;l r%fj;jpdupd; fy;tp> njhopyhsu; eyj;Jiwaplk;
xg;gilg;gl;lJ.
MAu;Ntjh/ rpj;jh/ Adhdp kUj;Jtf;fy;tpf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
M) gpw rhjidfs;
,l xJf;fPl;lhizapd; %yk; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;> fy;tp
epWtdq;;fspy; gpuhkzu; my;yhjtUf;F Ntiytha;gG toq;;fg;gl;lJ.
1929-,y; nrd;idapy; gzpahsu; Nju;T Mizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupik toq;fpaJ
1921 ,e;J mwepiyar; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Myaq;fspy; epytpa Coy;
xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
1922-,y; njhopw;rhiyr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy njhopw;rhiyfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
fpuhk tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Ntshz;ikf;Fk; cjtplj; jpl;lq;;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Neha;fisj; jLf;f Rfhjhuj; jpl;lq;;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld
fpuhkg;Gwr; rhiyfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
jho;;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jupR epyq;;fs; toq;;fg;gl;lJ.
Njtjhrp Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ
1926 Me;jpug; gy;fiyf;fofk; 1929-,y; mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk;
epWtg;gl;lJ.

12) [t`h;yhy; NeU “etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp “

m) gQ;rrPyf;nfhs;if
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhd NeU tFj;j ,e;jpahtpd;
maYwTf; nfhs;ifNa gQ;rrPyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xUtUf;nfhUth; kjpj;J elg;gJ
Mf;fpukpg;ig tpyf;FtJ
gpw cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhky; ,Ug;gJ
49
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rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gu];gu cjtp

rkhjhd rftho;T
M) jpl;lf;FO epWtg;gLjy;
1950,y; NeUthy; “Njrpaj; jpl;lf;FO” Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
jdp egh; tUkhdj;ijg; ngUf;FtJ
Ntiy thag;;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtJ
Ruz;lyhw;w rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtJ
,) mwptpay; njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rp
1952 y; Kjy; ,e;jpaj;njhopy; El;g epWtdk; Nfhuf;g+hpYk; gpd;G
nrd;id> gk;gha;> fhd;g+h;> nly;yp Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; gy JiwfspYk; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;s 200
Ma;T$lq;fs; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

<) mZrf;jp
1948 ,y; mZrf;jp Mizak; N`hkp n[.ghgh jiyikapy;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
gpd;G mZrf;jpj; Jiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mZrf;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZrf;jp epiyak; buhk;NgapYk; gpd;G
fy;gh¡f¤ÂY« epWtg;gl;ld.

c) cyf mikjpf;Fg; ghLgLjy;

ve;jnthU ty;yuR ehl;LlDk; Nruhky; mzp Nruhf;
nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;J cyf mikjpf;F NeU toptFj;jhh;.
fhkd;nty;j;> If;fpa ehLfs; rig Mfpatw;wpy; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;L mjd; mikjpg;gzpfspy; ,e;jpahit <Lgl itj;jhh;.

13) mnkupf;f tpLjiyg; NghUf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;w epfo;;r;rpfis

Ma;f.
m) Vohz;Lg; Nghupd; tpisT
1763-Mk; Mz;L Vohz;Lg; Nghupd; Kbtpy; fdlhg; gFjpfis
gpuhd;R ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jJ. ,jdhy; mnkupf;fu;fSf;F
,Ue;j gpuhd;]; gw;wpa mr;rk; ePq;fpaJ. vdNt gpupl;b\hhpd;; FbNaw;w
Mjpf;ff; nfhs;ifiaj; Jzpr;rYld; vjpu;nfhs;tJ vd mnkupf;ff;
FbNaw;wq;;fs; jPu;khdpj;jd.
M) fpud;nty; eltbf;iffs;
fpud;nty; vd;gtu; ,q;;fpyhe;J gpujkuhf ,Ue;jNghJ mnkupf;f
FbNaw;wq;;fspd; eyd;fSf;F vjpuhfg; gy;NtW rl;lq;fisf;
nfhz;Lte;jhu;. 1764-,y; ru;f;fiur; rl;lk; ru;fiu kPjhd Rq;;ftupia
cau;j;jpaJ. 1765-,y; Kj;jpiuj;jhs; rl;lk; FbNaw;wq;fisg;
ghjpj;jJ. giltPuu; jq;;Fkplr;rl;lk; FbNaw;wq;;fs; fLikahf
vjpu;j;jd. “gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iyNay; tupapy;iy” vd;w Kof;fj;ijf;
FbNaw;wq;;fs; vOg;gpd.

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,) gh];ld; gLnfhiy
1770 khu;r; 5-Mk; ehs; gh];ld; efupy; eilngw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ
gpupl;b\;; tPuu;fs; 5 mnkupf;fu;fisr; Rl;Lf;nfhd;wdu;. ,JNt
gh];ld; gLnfhiy vdg;gLk;.
<) gh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J 1773
1773 ,y; mnkupf;fu;fs; nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; Nghy; Ntlk; jupj;J
mnkupf;fu;fs; rpyu; gh];ld; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J fg;gy;fspy; Vwp
mq;;fpUe;j Njapiyg; ngl;bfisf; flypy; tPrpdu;. ,e;j epfor;rp
gh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
c) gpynly;gpah khehL
1774-,y; Kjy; khehL eilngw;wJ. njhopy; kw;Wk; thzpfj;jpd; kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpyf;fpf;nfhs;SkhW gpupl;b\;;
muRf;F ,k;khehL Ntz;LNfhs; tpjpj;jJ. 1775-,y; ,uz;lhk; fl;;l
khehL gpynly;gpahtpy; ele;jJ. ,jpy; 13 FbNaw;wq;;fspd;
gpujpepjpfSk; fye;Jf;nfhz;ldu;.
filrpahfg; gpupl;b\;; muru;; %d;whk; [hh;[;f;F xh; Mypt; fpist;
tpz;zg;gk; mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu; mjid epuhfupj;jhu;.
1775-,y; Nghu; njhlq;;fpaJ.

14) Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

m) ufrpa cld;gbf;iffs;
1914f;F Kd; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ,U mzpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld
1907,y; ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];> u\;ah> Nrh;e;J %th; el;GwT
cld;gbf;if ,ufrpakhf nra;Jnfhz;lJ
n[h;kdp> M];jphpa-`q;Nfhp ,j;jhypAk; Nrh;e;J Kf;$l;L
cld;gbf;if nra;Jnfhz;lJ.
,e;j ufrpakhd xg;ge;jq;fNs 1914 Mz;L cyfg;NghUf;Ff;
fhuzkhf mike;jd.
M) my;Nr]; - nyhiud; gpur;rpid
gpuhd;];f;Fr; nrhe;jkhd my;;Nr]; -nyhiud; gFjpfis n[h;kdp
jd;Dld; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;lJ
me;jg; gFjpia gpuhd;]; jpUk;gg; ngw epidj;jJ
,jdhy; ,U ehLfspilNa gifik tsh;e;J NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhf
mike;jJ
,) ,uhZtf; Ftpg;G
INuhg;gpa ehLfs; njhlh;e;J jiug;gil> flw;giliaj; njhlh;e;J
ngUf;fpf;nfhz;Nl te;jJ
gak;> ntWg;G> re;Njfk; MfpaitNa ,uhZtf; Ftpg;Gf;Ff;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ
,q;fpyhe;J> n[h;kdp ,ilNa flw;giliag; ngUf;Ftjpy; Nghl;b
epytpaJ. ,J Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ
<) n[h;kdpaplk; fhzg;gl;l gpu\;a czh;T
Nghh;GhptJ rl;lg+h;tkhdJ vd;W gpu\;ah;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
Nghh; vd;gJ gpu\;ahtpd; njhopy; vd;W $wyhk;. Nghh; Fwpj;j
,j;jifa czh;T n[h;kdpah;fsplk; Mokhfg; gjpe;jJ
nfa;rh; tpy;ypak; n[h;kdpia typik kpf;f ehlhf khw;w epidj;jhh;
ve;jtpjr; rkurj;jpw;Fk; mth; ,lk; jutpy;iy
c) buz;bNdh bhpa];b gpur;rpid
,e;j ,uz;L gFjpAk; ,j;jhypf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gFjpia M];jphpah
`q;Nfhp jd;Dld; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;lJ
,uz;L gFjpapYk; ,j;jhypah;fs; mjpfk; trpj;jdh;
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M];jphpah Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtij ,j;jhyp tpUk;gtpy;iy

mtw;iwj; jpUk;gg; ngw ,j;jhyp tpUk;gpaJ

C) cldbf;fhuzk; - rpuh[pNth gLnfhiy

M];jphpah ,sturh; gpuhd;rp]; ngh;bdhz;l; jk; kidtpAld; Ngh];dpa
jiyefh; rpuh[pNthtpy; 1914 [{d; 28,y; nrh;gpa ,isQdhy;
gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;. clNd M];jphpah nrh;gpahTld; Nghh;
mwptpg;Gr; nra;jJ Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ

15) ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;;fs;

m.nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if:
Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; Kbtpy; n[h;kdp Njhy;tpaile;jJ. fLikahd
mtkhdfukhd cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;J ,Lk;gb mJ tw;GWj;jg;gl;lJ.
n[h;khdpa epyg;gFjpfs; kw;Wk; mjd; FbNaw;Wq;fs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;ld.
n[h;kdpf;F Neh;e;j mtkhdj;ijj; Jilj;njwpa mjd; kf;fs; Jbj;jdh;.
vdNt;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghiug; gopthq;Ftjw;fhd Nghh; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
,g;NghUf;fhd tpijfs; nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;ifapy; Cd;wg;gl;ld.
M.rh;thjpfhuj;jpd; vOr;rp:

n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp> ];ngapd;> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; rh;thjpfhuk;

Njhd;wpaJ. ehrpr fl;rpapd; jiyth; `pl;yh; M];jphpah>
nrf;Nfh];NyhNtfpah ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. NkYk; mth; Nghye;;jpd; ÛJ
jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhh; mg;nghOJ ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlq;fpaJ.
,j;jhypapy; KNrhypdp rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpia epWtpdhh;. mtUk;
Mf;fpukpg;ghd maYwT nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdhh;. Nuhk;- ngh;ypd; -
Nlhf;fpNah mr;R ehLfs; cUthfpd. ,e;j cld;ghL ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;NghUf;F tpj;jptpl;lJ.
,.,uhZt kakhf;fy;:

`pl;yh; gilgyj;ijg; ngUf;fpdh;> MAjq;fs; mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp

nra;;ag;gl;lhYk; ,uhZt kakhf;fj;jhYk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; jtph;f;f
Kbahjjhfptpl;lJ.
<.NguuRf;nfhs;if :
Ner ehLfistplg; NguuR Mjpf;f czh;it mjpfk; ngw;wpUf;f n[h;kdpAk;>
,j;jhypAk;> ghhp]; mikjp khehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfisj; Jr;rnkdj;
fUjpd. [g;ghd; kQ;R+hpahitAk; ,;j;jhyp mgPrpdpahitAk; ifg;gw;wp
Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;lJ.
c.gd;dhl;L fofj;jpd; Njhy;tp:
Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;l ehLfisj; jl;bNfl;f KbahJ.
gd;dhl;Lf; fofj;jpd; Njhy;tpNa ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F Kf;fpaf;
fhuzkhapw;W.
C.FbNaw;wf;nfhs;if:

INuhg;gpa ehLfs; jq;fs; njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fr;rhg; nghUs;fisg;

ngWtjw;F> cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fSf;Fr;; re;ijfs; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk;>
FbNaw;wq;fisg; Nghl;b Nghl;L cUthf;fpdh;.
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16) cyf mikjpiaf; fhg;gjpy; I.eh. rigapd; gq;fpid

kjpg;gpLf
m) <uhd; rpf;fy;
1946 [dthp Kjy; <uhd; I.eh. mitapy; u\;ahTf;F vjpuhf xU
Fw;wr;rhl;il itj;jJ
<uhdpag; gFjpapy; u\;ah jdJ JUg;Gf;fis epWj;jp itj;jpUe;jNj
mf;Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;
I.eh. mitapd; fLikahd vr;rhpf;ifia mLj;J u\;ah ePz;l fhykhf
<uhdpag; gFjpapy; epWj;jp itj;jpUe;j JUg;Gf;fis tpyf;fpf;nfhz;lJ
M. rphpah kw;Wk; nygdhd;
,Nj Nghd;w Fw;wr;rhl;ilr; rphpahTk; nygdhDk; I.eh. mitapd;
ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ
jq;fsJ epyg;gFjpapypUe;J gphpl;b\; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rj; JUg;Gf;fs;
cldbahf tpyf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd I.eh. mitaplk; ,e;j ehLfs;
Kiwapl;ld

,.,e;NjhNdrpah
,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;G ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Njrpathjpfs;
mq;F xU Fbauir epWtpdh;
Mdhy; > [hth kw;Wk; Rkj;uh gFjpapy; tho;e;J te;j lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Njrpa
thjpfSf;nfjpuhd fpsh;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;
I.eh.tpd; jiyaPl;lhy; mq;F mikjp epytpaJ
<.ghy];jPdr; rpf;fy;
Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd;G ghy];jPdk; chpikf; fl;lisapd; fPo; fpNul;
gphpl;ldplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ
Mdhy;> mq;F tho;e;j a+jh;fSf;Fk; muhgpah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa g+ry;
vOe;jikahy; ghy];jPdg; gFjpapy; gjw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd;G ghy];jPdpa gpur;rpid Fwpj;J Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;s I.eh. mit xU FOit epakpj;jJ
,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb ghy];jPdk; %d;W : gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
(muhgpa ehL> a+j ehL kw;wk; n[UrNyk; efuk;)
n[UrNyk; I.eh.tpd; jh;kfh;j;jh rigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;lJ. me;j
Vw;ghl;bd;gb 1948,y; a+jh;fSf;fhf ,];Nuy; vd;w jdpehL
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
c.fh\;kPh; rpf;fy;
fh\;kPh; Fwpj;j rpf;fyhy; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;> ghfp];jhDf;Fk; ,ilNa
g+ry;fs; Njhd;wpd. ,J I.eh.mikg;gpd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gl;lJ
,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;Ls;s gifikia jdpg;gjw;Fk; I.eh.
jd;dhyhd Kaw;rpfis vLj;Js;sJ
17.gpnuQ;R Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthp
m.murpay; fhuzk;:
14>15> - Mk; Y}apd; Mlk;gu tho;f;if. 16 Y}ap- Nkhp mz;lha;d;l;bd;
ifg;ghitahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;.

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M.r%f fhuzk;:
r%fj;jpy; 3 tif gphptpdh; ,Ue;jdh;. cah;Fbapdh;> rkaj; jiyth;fs;
coth;fs; ,Ue;jdh;- coth;fs; thpr;Rikahy; Jd;gg;gl;ldh;;.
,.nghUshjhuf; fhuzk;:

epjpepiy Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt nef;fh; vd;w epjp mikr;rh; %yk;

nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL> murpd; epjpf;nfhs;ifapy; cah;T Vw;gl;lJ.
<.mnkhpf;f tpLjiyg;Nghh;:
mnkhpf;f kf;fisg; Nghy; jq;fSk; tpLjiy ngw gpnuQ;R kf;fs; fUjpdh;.
c.cldbf;fhuzk;:

epjpepiy rhpnra;a ];Nll; n[duy; mit 175 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF

$l;lg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 3 gphptpdh; ,Ue;jdh;. kf;fs; gphptpdh; jhq;fNs
Njrpamit vdf;$wpf; nfhz;ljhy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Gul;rp 1789,y;
Vw;gl;L> ,Wjpapy; gpnuQ;R kf;fs; tpLjiy ngw;wdh;.

18. cyfshtpa gaq;futhjk;:

gaq;futhjf; FOtpduhy; ngUk;ghYk; epuhAjghzpfshd nghJkf;fs; kPJ

murpay; fhuzj;jpw;fhf jpl;lkpl;L elj;jg;gLfpd;w td;Kiwj; jhf;FjNy
gaq;futhjk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
xd;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; ,j;jifa nraypy;
<Lgl;bUe;jhy; mJ gd;dhl;L gaq;futhjk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
2001 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 28 Mk; ehs; I.eh.ghJfhg;G rig
gaq;futhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
2001 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 11 Mk; ehs; mnkhpf;fhtpd; epA+ahh;f; efuj;jpy;
,Ue;j ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj;ij jhf;fp mopj;jJ.
nth;[pdpah> Mh;ypq;ld; fTz;bapy; ,Ue;j ngz;lfhd; fl;blj;jpd; kPJ
tpkhdk; %yk; Nkhjp jhf;fpajpy; 2973 Ngh; caphpoe;jdh;.
1980 Kjy; ,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rhgpy; njhlq;fp [k;K fh\;kPh; kw;Wk; ,ju
gFjpfSf;Fk; gaq;futhjk; gutpaJ.
Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; jhypghd; Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;]; 178 gazpfSld;
fhz;lfhUf;Ff; flj;jg;gl;lJ.
2001 brk;gh;-13 ,y; ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; kPJ gaq;futhjpfs; jhf;Fjy;
elj;jpdh;.
,e;jpah I.eh mikg;Gld; ,ize;J xd;Wk; mwpah mg;ghtpfisg; ghjpf;Fk;
gaq;futhjj;ijf; fz;bj;J tUfpwJ.

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1900 - 1950 tiuapyhd ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l epfo;Tfs;

1 myF - 10 Mz;Lfs;

1900
______

______

______

______
;
__________
1905 tq;fg;gphptpid> RNjrp ,af;fk; njhlf;fk;
______
1906 K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;
______ 1907 R+uj; gpsT

______

______ 1909 kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPhj

; pUj;jk;

1910
______

______

______

______

__________

______
1916 yf;Ndh cld;ghL> jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
______

______

______
1919 nusyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

1920 1920 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

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1920 1920 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

______

______ 1922 nrshp nrsuh epfo;T

______

______

__________

______
1927 irkd; FO tUif
______

______

______

1930 1930 Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL> jz;b ahj;jpiu

______

______

______

______

__________
1935 ,e;jpa muRfs; rl;lk;
______

______

______

1940 ______

1940 jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk;

______

______
1942 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;

______

______

__________

______

______
1947 ,e;jpa tpLjiy
______

______

1950 1950 ,e;jpah FbauR Mjy;

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Kf;fpa tpdhf;fs;

3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Nuhfpy;yhg; Nghh;
2. gpl; ,e;jpah rl;lk;
3. =uq;fg;gl;lz cld;gbf;if
4. fhud;thyp]; fhty; Jiw rPhj ; pUj;jk;
5. Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jpd; Fiwfs;
6. grPd; cld;gbf;if
7. $h;f;fhg; Nghh;
8. N`];bq;]; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
9. rjp
10. nkf;fhNy gpuG
11. Tl; mwpf;if
12. ly;`Trpapd; mQ;ry; Jiw rPh;jpUj;jk;
13. kfy;thhp Kiw
14. ,uaj;Jthhp Kiw
15. ngz;rpRf;nfhiy
16. gh;jh Kiw
17. Gypj; Njth;
18. ghdh;Nkd;
19. rh; [hd; fpulhf;
20. fh;dy; [py;y];gp
21. nfhOg;Gf;j; jltpa Njhl;lhf;fs;
22. ,uhzp ,yl;Rkp gha;
23. ehl;Lnkhopr; nra;jpj;jhs; jpl;lk;
24. `z;lh; FO
25. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rh;r;ir
26. Mhpa rkh[k;
27. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
28. ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu];
29. jhjh gha; nesNuh[p
30. tq;fg; gphptpid
31. K];yPk; yPf;
32. #uj; gpsT
33. yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;
34. fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
35. Rauh[;a fl;rp
36. jz;b ahj;jpiu
37. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;
38. nksz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
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39. [p.Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;

40. Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
41. ,l xJf;fPl;L muR Miz
42. Nguurpapd; mwpf;if
43. ,ul;il Ml;rp
44. gRikg; Gul;rp
45. gQ;r rPyk;
46. I.v];.Mh;.x(,];Nuh)
47. ypNahdh;Nlh lhtpd;rp
48. khYkp n`d;wp
49. ,NaR rig
50. gh];ld; NjePh; tpUe;J
51. &Nrh
52. nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if
53. FUjp QhapW
54. nrh;G epfo;r;rp
55. [hd; nkf;fhlk;
56. kWkyh;r;rp
57. ehdhrhfpg;
58. Mhpa rkh[k;
59. Nfhgh; epf];

6 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

Fwpg;G :

1. ,jpy; 6 Fwpg;G thf;fpaq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.

2. ,e;jpa tuyhW ghlk; (1-20) nkhj;jKs;s 43 tpdhf;fs; gbj;jhy; > 8
tpdhf;fs; khzth;fshy; vOj KbAk;.
3. ghlk; 21-23 ypUe;J xU tpdhTk;> ghlk; 33-35 ypUe;J xU tpdhTk; vOj
KbAk;. vdNt ,jpy; cs;s gj;J 6 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; midj;ijAk;
khzth;fshy; KOikahf vOj KbAk;.
4. ,j;Jld; khzth;fSf;F vspikahf fw;gpf;f Mrphpah; FOthy;
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l vspa tpdhf;fs; fPNO nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
--------
1. xOq;F Kiwr;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa tpjpKiwfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f
2. fhud;thyprpd; ePjpj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jq;fis vOJf.
3. Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
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4. gpz;lhhpfis xopf;f N`];bq;]; gpuG Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;ifis

tpthjpf;f.
5. thhpR ,og;Gf;nfhs;iffspd; fUj;J kw;Wk; eilKiw gw;wp vOJf.
6. epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfis Fwpg;gpLf.
7. NtYhh;f;fyfj;jpd; Nghf;fpid tpthp.
8. 1857 Mk; Mz;oš ãfœªjfyf tpisTfs; ahit?
9. ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; nfhs;iffis tpthp.
10. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy gw;wpf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
11. xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jf.
12. Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; t.c.rp.apd; gq;fpidg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
13. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; fy;tpr;rPh;jpUj;jq;fis tpthp.
14. ,e;jpa maYwTf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
15. mnkhpf;f tpLjiyg; NghUf;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fis Ma;f.
16. gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G vOJf.
17. u\;a Gul;rpapy; nydpd; gq;fpidf; Fwpj;J tpthp
18. I.eh.rigapd; Nehf;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
19. kuhl;ba $l;biztpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
20. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
21. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf;$Wfs;
22. gpynly;gpah khehL
23. gd;dhl;L rq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa cWg;Gfs;
24. gpnuQ;R rpe;jidahsh;fspd; gq;F

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

Fwpg;G :

1) ,t;tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJk;NghJ 5 Jizj; jiyg;Gfs; vOjp

xt;nthd;wpf;Fk; tpsf;fk; ju Ntz;Lk;
2) gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; Ie;jpidAk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;Nj
vOjyhk;.
3) fhyf;NfhL tiua gapw;rp mspj;J khzth;fisj; jahh; nra;jhy; vspjpy; 10
kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.
4) fhyf;NfhL 1900 Kjy; 1950 tiu ele;j epfo;Tfisj; jahh; nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
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NkYk; Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Mfpatw;wpy; ele;j

epfo;TfisAk;> Mz;LfSld; jahh; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5) ,j;Jld; khzth;fSf;F vspikahfg; Nghjpf;f Mrphpah; FOthy;
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l vspa tpdhf;fs; 8 ÑnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
-------
1) rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; (thud; N`];bq;];> fhud;thyp];> tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;>
ly;;n`Trp> fh;rd;)
2) 1801>1806>1857 – fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> tpisTfs;
3) 1885-1905 kpjthjpfs; fhyk;> 1906-1916 jPtputhjpfs; fhyk;> 1917-1947
fhe;jpabfs; fhyk;
4) ghlk; 13 ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij thjpLf.
5) ghlk; 18>19>20 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Vw;gl;l
tsh;r;rp
6) Kjy; cyfg;Nghh;> ,uhz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; fhuzq;fs;>tpisTfs;
7) gd;dhl;Lf;fofk;> If;fpa ehl;Lr; rigapd; rhjidfs;
8) 1900-1950 tiu ele;j epfo;Tfs; fhyf;NfhL
9) Kjy; cyfg;Nghh;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; ele;j epfo;Tfs; - fhyf;NfhL

fhyf;NfhL mikf;f Ntz;ba Mz;Lfs;> epfo;Tfs;

m) 1900 Kjy; 1919 tiu ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; VNjDk; Ie;J epfo;r;rpfs;

1) 1905 - tq;fg; gphptpid

2) 1906 - K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;
3) 1907- #uj; gpsT
4) 1908- jpUney;Ntyp fyfk;
5) 1909- kpz;Nlh - khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
6) 1916- jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
7) 1919- [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

M) 1920 Kjy; 1935 tiu ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; VNjDk; Ie;J epfo;r;rpfs;

1) 1920 - Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

2) 1922 -nrshp nrsuh epfo;r;rp
3) 1927- irkd; FO tUif
4) 1930- jz;bahj;jpiu/Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL

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5) 1931- ,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehL/fhe;jp ,h;tpd; Xg;ge;jk;

6) 1932- %d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL/ g+dh cld;gbf;if
7) 1935- ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;

,) 1935 Kjy; 1950 tiu ,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghhpy; VNjDk; Ie;J epfo;r;rpfs;
1) 1935 -,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;
2) 1942 -nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
3) 1946- fhgpndl; JhJf;FO
4) 1947- ,e;jpa tpLjiy
5) 1948- fhe;jp gLnfhiy
6) 1950- ,e;jpaf;FbauR

<) Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; (1910-1920)

1) 1914 - Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; njhlf;fk;
2) 1917- u\;ag;Gul;rp
3) 1918- Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; KbT
4) 1919- nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if
5) 1920- nrt;u]; cld;gbf;if
c) ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; (1935-1945)
1) 1939 - ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlf;fk;
2) 1940- n[h;kdp> nld;khh;f;> ehh;Nt ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ
3) 1941- ngh;y; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;Fjy;
4) 1943- ,j;jhyp ruziljy;
5) 1945- ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; KbT

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