08.TNPSC Study Material Polity Final PDF

,e;jpa murpayikg;G
xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay; Kiwiaf;

$WtNj me;ehl;bd; murpayikg;G MFk;. murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa
rl;lkpaw;Wk;> rig eph;thfk;. ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;J> mtw;wpd;
mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J> nghWg;Gfisg; gFj;J> gu];guk; mtw;Wf;F
,ilNaAk;> mtw;Wld; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj
murpayikg;G MFk;.
tuyh‰W Ã‹då (Historical

( Background)
ekJ muÁayik¥Ã‹ gšntW Áw¥ÃašòfŸ M§»nyna M£Áæ‹
jh¡f¤ij bfh©LŸsJ. M§»nya®fshš V‰gL¤j¥g£l fhyå MÂ¡f
r£l§fŸ (colonial administration) ekJ muÁaY¡F« muÁayik¥ò¡F«
Jh©Ljyhf cŸsd. mit:
xG§F¥gL¤J« r£l« 1773
Ã£° ÏªÂa r£l« 1784
g£la¢ r£l« 1833
g£la¢ r£l« 1853
ÏªÂa muR¢ r£l« 1853
ÏªÂa fÎ‹Áš r£l« 1861
ÏªÂa fÎÁš r£l« 1892
ä‹nlh-kh®è Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ 1909
kh©lF-bf«°ngh®L Ó®ÂU¤j§fŸ 1919
ÏªÂa muR¢r£l« 1935.
murpay; eph;za rig Fwpg;Gfs;
Nk 16 1946 fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO murpay; eph;za rigia Fwpj;J
mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ. J
9 brk;gh; 1946 lhf;lh; rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;`h ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za
rigapd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
11 brk;gh; 1946 lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za
rigapd; epue;ju jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13 FOf;fis mikj;jJ.
Njhuhakhd tiuT tp.vd;.uht; mth;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
lhf;lh;. gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy; murpay; rl;l tiuf;FO xd;W
1947 Mf];L 29 Mk; Njjp epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs;: Nfhghy];thkp Ia;aq;fhh;> Myb fpU~;z];thkp
Iah Nf.vk;.Kd;rp. iraJ KfkJ rhJyh> vd;. khjtuht;> b.b.
fpU~;zkhr;rhhp.
1949 etk;gh; 26 Mk; Njjp murpay; eph;za rig thapyhf ,e;jpa
,iwahz;ik kf;fshl;rpf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;ig ,e;jpa kf;fs;
,aw;wp Vw;Wf; nfhz;L jkf;Fj;jhNk mspj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
1950 [dthp 26Mk; Njjp Kjy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
eilKiwf;F te;jJ. J
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Department of Employment and Training, Tamil Nadu
Study Material For Competitive Examinations
murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk;; gzpia %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fs;shfNt
murpay; eph;zarig ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wptpl;lJ.(2 Years 11 months
18 days )
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;
1) cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd vOjg;
vOjg;ngw;
ngw;w murpayikg;G :
ÏªÂa muÁayik¥ò cy»nyna äf Úskhd vGj¥g£l (Written
constitution) muÁayik¥ò MF« ÏJ 465 ÃçÎfŸ 25 gFÂfŸ k‰W« 12
m£ltizfisf; bfh©lJ. ÏªÚ©l muÁayik¥Ã‰fhd K¡»a
fhuz§fŸ:
eh£o‹ guªj òéaik¥ò
fhyåahÂ¡f r£l§fŸ k‰W« muÁayik¥Ã‹ ts®¢Á M»at‰whš
V‰g£l mG¤j« ngh‹w tuyh‰W fhuâfŸ.
#«K fhZÛ® jéu ehL KGtj‰F« xnu muÁayik¥ò.
muÁayik¥ò ã®zarigæš (Constituent Assembly) Ïl« bg‰w r£l
tšYd®fë‹ MÂ¡f«.
2) gy ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; jd;ikfis ekJ ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
mbg;gil cupikfs; (Fundamental Rights) mnkhpf;fh
Kfg;Giu (Preamble)... mnkhpf;fh
ePjpgjpfs; gjtp ePf;fk; (Removal of judges of SC-HC)..... mnkhpf;fh
jdpj;jpaq;Fk; ePjpj;Jiw (Independent judiciary)...mnkhpf;fh
ePjpg;Gzuha;T (Judicial Review)...... mnkhpf;fh
mbg;gilf; flikfs; (Fundamental Duties)....... u~;ah
Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (Five year plan)...... u~;ah
topfhl;L newpKiwfs; (DPSP)... mah;yhe;J
uh[;arig cWg;gpdh; epakdk; (Nomination of Rajyasabha Member)
mah;yhe;J.
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; Kiw (Method of election of the President)...
mah;yhe;J.
ghuhSkd;w Kiw (Parliamentary Type).......,q;fpyhe;J
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp (Rule of law)..... ,q;fpyhe;J
xw;iwf; FbAhpik (Single citizenship).......... ,q;fpyhe;J
fPo; rigf;F mjpf mjpfhuk; (Lower house more powerful).... ,q;fpyhe;J
ghuhSkd;w ,U mit (Bicameral Parliament).....,q;fpyhe;J
kf;fsit jiyth; (Speaker in the Lok Sabha)...,q;fpyhe;J
$l;lhl;rp Kiw (Federal System)... fdlh
neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ mbg;gil chpikfs; uj;J(Suspension of FR
during Emegency ).............n[h;kd;
nghJg;gl;bay; (Concurrent List)..... M];jpNuypah
kj;jpa – khepy cwTfs; (Centre-State Relations)..... M];jpNuypah
murpayikg;Gr; rl;l jpUj;jk; (Amendment of Constitution)..... njd;
Mg;gphpf;fh
jw;Nghija murpayikg;ghdJ 75% 75% 1935k; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;f
rl;lj;jpd; kWgjpg;G
neUf;fb epiy - ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935
muR eph;thf mikg;G Kiw-,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935
hprh;t; Ngq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah Njhw;wk;-- ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935
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murpayikg;G gFjpfs;
gFjpfs; jiyg;G tpjpfs;

I xd;wpak; mjd; Ml;rp gzpfs; 1-4
II FbAhpik 5-11
III mbg;gil chpikfs; 12-35
IV murpd; newpKiw Nfhl;ghLfs; 36-51
IV-A mbg;gil flikfs; 51A
V kj;jpa muR 52-151
VI khepy muR 152-237
VII ePf;fg;gl;lJ.(1956- 7-tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb ePf;fg;gl;lJ 238
VIII A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; 239-242
IX gQ;rhaj;J 243-243O
IX-A efuhl;rp 243P – 243ZG
XI-B $l;LwT (97-tJ rl;ljpUj;jk;) -2011 243ZH-243ZT
X jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; & goq;Fbapdh; gug;gplq;fs; 244-244A
XI kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;fpilNaahd cwTfs; 245-263
XII epjp> nrhj;J> xg;ge;jk; njhlh;ghdit 264-300A
XIII ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; tpahghuk;> tzpfk; njhlh;ghdit 301-307
XIV kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPohd gzpfs; 308-383
XIV-A jPh;g;ghaq;fs; 323A-323B
XV Njh;jy;fs; 324-329A
XVI rpy tFg;gpdh;fs; njhlh;ghd rpwg;ghd rl;l
330-342
tifKiwfs;
XVII Ml;rpnkhopfs; 343-351
XVIII neUf;fb epiyfs; 352-360
XIX gpwtifKiwfs; 361-367
XX murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; 368
XXI jw;fhypf> ,ilfhy> rpwg;G me;j];Jfs; 369-392
XXII murpayikg;gpd; jiyg;G> njhlf;fk;> mjpfhu guty; &
393-395
jpUk;g ngwg;gl;l tpjpfs;
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,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ml;ltizfs;
1tJ ml;ltiz
khepyq;fs; & A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; vy;iyfs; kw;wk; ngah;fs; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2tJ ml;ltiz
rk;gsk;> gbfs;> rYiffs;
FbauRj;jiyth;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp> MSeh;> kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk;
Jiz rghehafh;> khepyq;fsitj; jiyth; kw;wk; Jizj; jiyth;> khepy
rl;lg;Nguit rghehafh;fs;> Jiz rghehafh;fs;> khepy rl;l Nkyit
jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiyth;fs;> cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> CAG,
MfpNahhpd; rk;gsk;> gbfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
3tJ ml;ltiz
gjtpgpukhzk;> cWjpnkhopfs;
kj;jpa> khepy mikr;rh;fs; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;> rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fs;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> CAG, MfpNahhpd; gjtpgpukhzk; kw;Wk;
cWjpnkhopfs;.
4tJ ml;ltiz
uh[;argh ,lxJf;fPL (Allocation of Seats in Rajya Sabha)
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F uh[;arghtpy; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs;
gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
5tJ ml;ltiz
SC/ST gFjpfspy; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
ehl;bYs;s jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC) kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; (ST) gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
6tJ ml;ltiz
tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; ST gFjp eph;thfk;
Assam, Megalaya, Tiripura, Mizoram, Mfpa tlfpof;F khepyq;fspy; ST
gFjpfis eph;thfk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
7tJ ml;ltiz
kj;jpa - khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W gl;bay;fshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(i) kj;jpa gl;bay; (Central list)
(ii) khepy gl;bay; (State list)
(iii) nghJg;gl;bay; (Concurrent list)
kj;jpa gl;bay;
ay;
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kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s Jiwfs; kPJ kj;jpa muR
(ghuhSkd;wk;) rl;lk; ,aw;wp mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;.
kj;jpa gl;baypy; Muk;gj;jpy; - 97 Jiwfs; (26.01.1950)
jw;NghJ - 100 Jiwfs; (2015)
v.fh:
tq;fp
gzk; ntspapLjy;
mQ;ry; je;jp
ghJfhg;G
uapy;Nt
mZrf;jp
fzf;nfLg;G
jfty;njhlh;G> jfty; xypgug;G
tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
jzpf;if - kj;jpa gl;baypy; Kf;fpaj;JiwfshFk;.
khepyg; gl;bay;
ay;
khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s Jiwfs; kPJ khepy muR (rl;lkd;wk;) rl;lk;
,aw;wp mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;
khepy gl;baypy; Muk;gj;jpy; - 66 Jiwfs; (26.01.1950)
1976y; - 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
fy;tp
fhLfs; (m) tdq;fs;
vil mstPLfs;
td tpyq;F ghJfhg;G
ePjp eph;thfk; Mfpa 5 Jiwfs; khepy gl;baypypUe;J nghJg;gl;baYf;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
v.fh:
rl;lk; xOq;F> fhty;> rpiw
nghJ Rfhjhuk;
cs;shl;rp
kPd;tsk;
re;ijfs;
jpiu muq;Ffs;
Nfspf;if> R+jhl;lk;
Ntshz;ik – khepyg;gl;baypd; Kf;fpa JiwfshFk;.
nghJg; gl;bay;
Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfs; kj;jpa muR> khepy muR Mfpa ,U muRfspd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;.
,j;Jiwfs; kPJ ,U muRfSk; rl;lkpaw;Wk;.
kj;jpa rl;lj;jpw;Fk;> khepy rl;lj;jpw;Fk; Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lhy; kj;jpa
rl;lNk mjpfhukpf;fJ.
nghJg; gl;baypy; Muk;gj;jpy; - 47 Jiwfs; (26.01.1950)
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v.fh
fy;tp
fhLfs;
vil mstPLfs;
tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G
njhopyhsh; eyd;
vhprf;jp> kpd;rhuk;
ePjp eph;thfk;
kUe;Jfs;
kf;fs;njhif fl;Lg;ghL
nra;jpj;jhs;- nghJg;gl;baypYs;s Kf;fpaj;Jiw
8tJ ml;ltiz
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; - 22
,e;jpahtpy; NgRk; nkhj;j nkhopfs; - 1652
9tJ
9tJ ml;ltiz
gy;NtWtifahd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;

1951 – 1tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 9tJ ml;ltiz murpaikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;> [kPd;jhhpKiw cs;spl;l gy;NtW tifahd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
tpjpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; (1951) 9tJ ml;ltizapy; 13 rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ 282
rl;lq;fs; cs;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; 69% ,lxJf;fPl;il cWjp nra;Ak;. jkpo;ehL ,l xJf;fPLfs;
rl;lk; 1994y; 9tJ ml;ltizapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
10tJ ml;ltiz
fl;rpj;jhty; jil rl;lk;. ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd;
fl;rpj;jhtiy jilnra;fpwJ.
1985 – 52 – tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb 10tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
2003 – 91tJ rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb 10tJ ml;ltiz jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
11tJ ml;ltiz
gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs; (m) fpuhkghypfh rl;lk;

1992- 73tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 11tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
24.04.1993 y; eilKiwf;F te;jJ
gQ;rhaj;Juh[; mikg;Gfspd; 3 gphpTfs;
(i) fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J
(ii) Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;
(iii) khtl;l Cuhl;rp mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp 29
jiyg;Gfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
Page 6 of 39
12tJ ml;ltiz
efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;> efh;ghypfh rl;lk;

1992y; 74tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb 12tJ ml;ltiz murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs; njhlh;ghd (i) Ng&uhl;rp (ii) efuhl;rp (iii)
khefuhl;rp 18tifahd mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> nghWg;Gfs; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Kfg;Giu
Kfg;Giu vdg;gLtJ. ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J itf;Fk;
gFjpahFk;. NkYk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk;.
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fUj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu nghpJk;
cjTfpwJ.
“ÏªÂa k¡fsh»a eh«, ÏªÂahit xU Ïiwah©ik ä¡f, rkj®k«
rh®ªj, kj¢rh®g‰w, k¡fsh£Á, FoauR
FoauR mik¡fÎ«, mj‹ Fok¡fŸ
midtU¡F«.
r_f, bghUshjhu, muÁaš ÚÂ (JUSTICE)
( »il¡fÎ«.
Áªjidæš Áªjidia btë¥gL¤JtÂš, e«Ã¡ifæš, g‰WWÂæš
k‰W« têgh£oš RjªÂuK« (LIBERTY),,
jFÂ ãiyæš k‰W« thŒ¥Ãš rk¤Jt« (EQUALITY), cWÂahf
midtU¡F« »il¡f¢ brŒaÎ«, jå xUtç‹ kh©ò¡F«,
rnfhju¤Jt¤ij
rnfhju¤Jt¤ij (FRATERNITY)
( midtçl¤Âš ts®¡fÎ«, eh£o‹
x‰Wi¡F«, xUik¥gh£L¡F« cWÂaë¡F«.
éGäa KiwikÍŸs cWÂ ó©L, 1949 et«g® ÏUg¤J Mwh« ehsh»a
Ï‹W e«Kila muÁayik¥ò ã®za rigæš, <§»jdhš,
Ï›tuÁayik¥ig V‰W r£lkhf Ïa‰¿ ek¡F ehnk tH§»¡
bfhŸ»nwh«”
ngUghhp tof;fpy; “Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjp MfhJ”
vd $wg;gl;lJ. (1960)
Nfrthde;jghujp tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;w ngUghhp tof;fpd; fUj;jpid
kWj;J Kfg;GiuahdJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpNa MFk; vd;W
$wg;gl;lJ. (1973)
1976k; Mz;by; 42MtJ murpay; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jpUj;jk;
Kfg;Giuapy; %d;W nrhw;fis GFj;jp cs;sJ. mjhtJrkjh;knewp.
rkar; rhh;gpd;ik. kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL
tH¡F (Cases) tUl« Ô®¥òfŸ (Judgements)

nfhghy‹ tH¡F 1950 õu¤J 21-‹ go r£l¥ó®tkhd elto¡iffS¡F
vÂuhf mšyhkš ã®thf elto¡iffS¡F vÂuhf
k£Lnk ghJfh¥gë¡f¥g£LŸsJ vd c¢r ÚÂk‹w«
Ô®¥gë¤jJ.
Á§fç Ãurh¤ 1951 c¢r ÚÂk‹w«, ehlhSk‹w« õu¤J 368-‹ Ñœ
tH¡F tH§f¥g£LŸsJ muÁaaik¥igÍ«, ÂU¤J« mÂfhu«
mo¥gil cçikiaÍ« ÂU¤j brŒa mÂfhu« c©L
Page 7 of 39
vd T¿ÍŸsJ.
bgUghç Ãunjr 1960 Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥Ãš X® gFÂ Ïšiy vd c¢r

tH¡F ÚÂk‹w« T¿Aj
nfhy¡eh¤¡F« 1967 mo¥gil cçikfŸ m¿btšiy flªj kh‰wKoahj
vÂuhd gŠrh¥ fU¤jhf tH§f¥g£LŸs ãiyia ghuhSk‹w«
khãy¤J¡F« RU¡fnth mšyJ vL¡fnth KoahJ vd c¢r
Ïilæyhd ÚÂk‹w« m¿ÎW¤ÂÍŸsJ.
tH¡F
nfrthdªj ghuÂ 1973 ehlhSk‹w« muÁayik¥Ã‹ mo¥gil
tH¡F f£lik¥òkhwhkš vªj xU bghU©ikia ÂU¤j«
brŒa KoÍ« ÚÂ kW MŒÎ v‹gJ muÁayik¥Ã‹ äf
K¡»a TwhF« vdnt ÏjidvL¡f ÏayhJ.
Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥Ã‹ gFÂahF« mj‹ mo¥gil
f£lik¥ò khwhkš ÂU¤j« brŒayh«.
nkdfh tH¡F 1978 thœtj‰fhd cçik, jåeg® RjªÂu« M»at‰iw
jFªj fhuz¤Â‰fhf ne®ikahf, tH§f¥g£LŸs
r£l¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš mšyhkš g¿¡f ÏayhJ.
äd®th äš 1980 tŠrfkhd v©z« mšyJ bghU¤jkšyhj mšyJ
tH¡F bghUªjhj tifæš FoauR jiytuhš mtrç ãiy
Ãufld« brŒa¥g£lhš mjid vÂ®¤J ÚÂ k‹w¤ij
ehlyh«.
k©lš ÏªÂa 1992 ca® #hÂæš cŸs ViHfS¡F 10 rjÅj« xJ¡Ñ£il
murh§f¤Â‰F jŸSgo brŒJ Áy egªjidfSl‹ Ïju Ã‰g£l
vÂuhd tH¡F tF¥ÃdU¡fhd 27 rjÅj xJ¡Ñ£il cWÂ brŒjJ
c¢rÚÂk‹w«.
bgh«ik tH¡F 1994 kj¢rh®g‰w bfhŸifæ‹ v‹D« mo¥gilæš
(Bommai Case) gufld« brŒa¥g£l FoauR¤ jiyt® M£Á cWÂ
brŒjJ k‰W« õu¤J 356-‹ Ñœ eh£oš FoauR¤
jiytt® M£Áia mKšgL¤j Áy be¿fis
c¢rÚÂk‹w« tF¤JŸsJ.
r£lk‹w¤Âš bgU«gh‹ik ÏU¡F« tiu
Kjyik¢riu MSe® gjé Ú¡f« brŒa KoahJ
muÁayik¥ò T£lh£Á Kiw rh®ªJ mªj T£lh£Á
g©ò mo¥gil TwhF«.
ÏªÂa MÍŸ 1995 Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥òl‹ xU§»iz¡f¥g£l
fh¥Õ£l 1995 fHf gFÂahF« vd c¢r ÚÂk‹w« T¿aJ.
tH¡F
X‹¿a« k‰W« mj‹ Ãunjr« (Union
( and its Territory)
gFÂ-I cŸs õu¤J 1 Kjš 4 tiu ÏJg‰¿ TW»wJ.

ÏªÂah RjªÂu« milªjnghJ 549 k‹d® khãy§fŸ (Princely States)
Page 8 of 39
ÏªÂahÎl‹ Ïizªjd.
iAjhuhgh¤, ÉdhAh¤ k‰W« fhZÛ® M»a _‹W« ÏªÂahÎl‹
Ïiza kW¤jd.
iAjhuhgh¤ nghÄ° elto¡if _ykhfÎ«, ÉdhAh¤ th¡bfL¥Ã‹
_yK« fhZÛ® Instrument of Accession _yK« Ïiz¡f¥g£ld.
1950-š eh‹fL¡F khãy Kiwia ÏªÂa muÁayik¥ò bfh©oUªjJ
(Part A,Part B,Part C & Part D states)
jh® fäõ‹ (Dhar
( Commission):- bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš
khãy§fis Óuik¡f 1948-š SK Dhar v‹gt®jiyikæš FG
mik¡f¥g£lJ. or«g® 1948-š FGthdJ ã®thf trÂæ‹
mo¥gilæš khãy§fŸ Óuik¡f¥gl nt©L«. bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš
mšy vd m¿¡if tH§»aJ.
JVP Committee:- or«g® 1948 –š mik¡f¥g£lJ V¥uš 1949-š
m¿¡if rk®¥g¤jJ Ï¡FGÎ« bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš khãy§fis
Ãç¥gij Mjç¡féšiy
m¡nlhg®-1953-š MªÂuhÃunjZ v‹w Kjš bkhêthç khãy«
cUth¡f¥g£lJ ( bgh£o $ uhkY v‹gt® 56 eh£fŸ c©zhéuj«
ÏUªJ cæ®é£lh® ÏJnt bkhêæ‹ mo¥gilæš Kjš khãy«
cUthtj‰F fhuzkhf mikªjJ).
ghÁš mè fäõ‹:-
fäõ‹ or«g®-1956-š mik¡f¥g£l _‹W cW¥Ãd®
FGthF« br¥l«g®-1955-š m¿¡if rk®¥Ã¤J. bkhêæ‹
mo¥gilæš ãiy§fis Óuik¡fyh« vdÎ« Mdhš “xU bkhê xU
khãy«“ v‹w nfh£ghL TlhJ vdÎ« gçªJiu¤jJ. nkY« eh‹fL¡F
Kiwia u¤J brŒa Kiwia gçªJiu brŒjJ.
VHhtJ muÁayik¥ò r£l¤ÂU¤j« - 1956-
1956-‹go States
Reorganisation Act-1956 Ïa‰w¥g£L et«g®- et«g®-1 1956 Kjš 14
khãy§fŸ k‰W« 6 Íåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cUth¡f¥g£J.
j‰bghGJ 29 khãy§fŸ k‰W« 7 ôåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cŸsd.

• 1960 F#uh¤ 15-tJ khãy«
• 1963 ehfyhªJ 16-tJ khãy«
• 1966 Açahdh 17-tJ khãy«
• 1971 ïkh¢rš Ãunjr« 18-tJ khãy«
• 1972 kâ¥ó® (19-tJ), Âçòuh (20-tJ) k‰W« nkfhyhah (21-tJ
khãy«).
• 1975 Á¡»« 22-tJ khãy«
• 1987 änrhu« (23-tJ), mUzh¢ry Ãunjr« (24-tJ) k‰W« nfhth
(25-tJ
• khãy«)
• 2000 r£O°f® (26-tJ), c¤ufh©£ (27-tJ) k‰W« #h®f©£ (28-
tJ khãy«)
• ÏWÂahf MªÂuh khãy« Ãç¡f¥g£L bjY§fhd v‹w khãy«
2014-š cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
Page 9 of 39
khãy§fë‹ bga® kh‰w«:
kh‰w«
• bk£uh° khãy« 1969-š jäœehL vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.
• 1973 ikN®, f®ehlfh vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.
• 1992-š blšè ôåa‹ Ãunjr« National Capital Territory of Delhi
vd
• kh‰w¥g£lJ. (69-tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 1991)
• 2006-š c¤uŠrš khãy«, c¤jufh©£ vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.
• 2006-š gh©o¢nrç, òJ¢nrç vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.
• 2011-š xçrh, xorh vd bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.
xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;rp

rp vy;iyAk;
yAk;:
(~uj;J 1-4( gFjp-
gFjp-1)
,e;jpah> mjhtJ ghujk; khepyq;fspd; Xh; xd;wpakhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk.;(
~uj;J.1)
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; KjyhtJ ml;ltizapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpa gug;gplk; vd;gJ> khepyq;fspd; gug;gplq;fs;> Kjy; ml;ltizapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kj;jpa murpd; vy;iyfs; (UT) kw;Wk; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
kw;w gug;gplq;fs;.
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa khepyq;fis Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ. (~uj;J -2)
Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;fTk;> khepy gug;Gfis> vy;iyfis> ngah;fis
khw;wTk; mjpfhuk; gilj;jJ ehlhSkd;wk;.( ~uj;J -3)
,e;jpa FbauR> 28 khepyq;fisAk;(02.06.2014 Kjy; 29 khepyq;fs;) 7 A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fisAk; cilaJ.
Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;Fk;> khepy gug;Gfis> vy;iyfis> ngah;fis
khw;wTs;s kNrhjh> me;j khepyj;jpw;F FbauRj; jiytuhy; mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
me;j khepyk; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis FbauRj; jiytuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
fhyj;jpw;Fs; njhptpf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> me;j fUj;Jf;fs; FbauRj; jiytiuf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
~uj;J - 4:
~uj;J -2 my;yJ 3-d; gb rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lhy;(Gjpa khepyq;fis
cUthf;fpdhy;) ml;ltid 1 kw;Wk; 4 jhdhf jpUj;jk; ngWk;.
,t;thW ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jkhf fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.
FbAhpik:
FbAhpik
(~uj;Jf;fs;-5-11) (gFjp-2)
,e;jpahtpy; xw;iwf; Fbahpik gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
FbAhpik gw;wp rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lJ ehlhSkd;wk; MFk;.
1955-y; ,e;jpa FbAhpik rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
FbAhpik ngWk; Kiwfs;

Kiwfs:
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fpa nghOJ (~uj;J -5)

• ,e;jpahit ciwtplkhf nfhz;L> ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jtuhf ,Ue;jhNyh
my;yJ mtuJ ngw;Nwhhpy; vtNuDk; xUth; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jtuhfNth
Page 10 of 39
my;yJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlf;fj;jpw;F cld; Ke;jpa 5
Mz;LfSf;F Fiwahky; FbapUe;J te;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fbngah;jy; %yk; FbAhpik ngWjy;( ~uj;J 6-7):
• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ ghfp];jhdpypUe;J

,e;jpahtpw;F Fbngah;e;J te;jth;fSk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fshth;.
• jw;NghJ ghfp];jhDld; cs;slf;fpa gug;gplj;jpypUe;J Fbngah;e;J
te;jth;fSk; Fbkf;fshf fUjg;gLth;.
gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;( ~uj;J -8):

• xUth; jhNkh my;yJ jk; ngw;Nwhhpy; xUtNuh my;yJ jk; ngw;Nwhhpd;
ngw;Nwhhpy; xUtNuh 1935-k; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lj;jpy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lgb ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;J> ,e;jpa vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; cs;s
ntspehl;by; tof;fkhf FbapUe;J tUgtuhf ,Ue;jhy; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf
fUjg;gLthh;.
,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ,oj;jy; (~uj;J -9):

9)
• ntspehl;L FbAhpikiag; ngw;why; mth; ,e;jpaf; FbAhpikia
,oe;jthuhfpwhh;.
~uj;J -11:
11
• FbAhpikia xOq;Fg;gLj;j rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ ehlhSkd;wk;
MFk;. ,jd;gb ,e;jpa Fbahpikr;rl;lk; -1955 ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;-1955:

1955
• ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fpa gpd;dh; FbAhpik gw;wp
tifKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ.
1. gpwg;ghy; FbAhpik ngwy;.
2. kuGtopj; Njhd;wypdhy; FbAhpik ngwy;.
3. gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpikiag; ngwy;
4. ntspehl;lth; xUth; jd;idf; Fbkfdhff; Nfhuy; %yk; FbAhpikg;
ngwy;.
5. vy;iyiaf; fl;baizj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;.
FbAhpik KbT:
KbT
1. ,e;jpaf; FbAhpikiaj; JWj;jy; %yk;.
2. NtnwhU ehl;bd; FbAhpikia miljy;.
3. FbAhpikia ,of;fr; nra;tjd; %yk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs;
(~uj;J 12ypUe;J 35 tiu gFjp –III )
rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18)

Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 19-22)
Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik (~uj;Jfs; 23-24)
rka Rje;jpu chpik (~uj;Jfs; 25-28)
fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; chpikfs; (~uj;Jfs; 29-30)
murpayikg;G jPh;topfs; ngw chpik (~uj;Jfs; 32-35)
Page 11 of 39
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil chpikfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fNk rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy;> ÚÂ¥òduhŒÎ mjpfhuk; gw;wp 13> 32> 226 Nghd;w
~uj;Jfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
~uj;J 13 mo¥gil cçikfS¡F Kuzhf cŸs r£l§fŸ ( all laws
that are inconsistent) mid¤J« Ïšyhj ãiybad Ï¥Ãçt‹ _y«
gpufld¥gL¤j¥g£LŸsJ. mjhtJ ca® ÚÂ k‹w§fŸ k‰W« c¢r
ÚÂk‹w¤Âš ÚÂ¥òduhŒÎ (judicial review) brŒtj‰F tif brŒ»wJ.
~uj;J 14 “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;” kw;Wk; “rl;lq;fspd; %yk; rk
ghJfhg;G” vd;w ,U nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;> ePjpapd; Ml;rpiaAk;
rkePjpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. “rl;lj;jpd;Kd; rkj;Jtk;” vd;gjpy;
xUikapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s “rl;lk;” vd;gJ ilrp vd;gth; Fwpg;gpl;l
ePjpapd; Ml;rp my;yJ rl;lf; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ ePjpf; Nfhl;ghL
vd;gijNa Fwpf;Fk;.
~uj;J 15 rhjp> rka> ,d ghy; gpwg;gpl NtWghLfspdhy; ghugl;rk;
fhl;lhik.
~uj;J 16 rhjp> rka> ,d ghy;. tk;rhtop gpwg;gpl. ,Ug;gpl
NtWghLfspdhy; kl;Lk; muRg;gjtpia my;yJ Ntiyiag; ngwj; jFjp
,y;iy vd;W ve;jj; FbkfDf;Fk; ghugl;rk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.
1992k; Mz;L etk;gh; 16k; Njjp kz;ly; fkp~d; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb
r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gphptpdUf;F 27
tpOf;fhL ,lxJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
~uj;J 17 jPz;lhik xopg;G jPz;lhikr; rl;lk; 1955. gpd;dh; ,jidNa
rptpy; chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; vd 1976y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
~uj;J 18 ‘gl;lq;fs; xopg;G’ vdpDk; uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk;
rhjid GhpNthUf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;Ftjw;F tpjptpyf;F
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
~uj;J 19 Rje;jpu chpik
(a) Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;
(b) MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahff; $l;lk; $Ltjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk;
(c) rq;fq;fs; mikg;gjw;Fr; Rje;jpuk;
(d) ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpf;Fs; vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha; tUtjw;fhd
Rje;jpuk;
(e) ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;fTk;
FbapUg;gjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
(f) ve;jj; njhopiyNah> tpahghuj;ijNah> thzpfj;ijNah
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;.
1978 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l 44tJ murpay; rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F
Kd;G nrhj;JhpikahdJ ~uj;J 31d; fPo; xU mbg;gil chpikahf
,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; rpf;fy;fs; gy vOe;jjhy;. 44tJ ,Ue;j nrhj;Jhpik>
~uj;J 300d; fPo; rhjuhz chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ. ~uj;J 31 ePf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
~uj;J 20: Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G ,e;jpag;
gphpT kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mtru epiyapd;
NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia
epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;
$Wfpd;wJ.
~uj;J 21 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpukhd ghJfhg;G: rl;lj;jpdhy;
eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwg;gb my;yhky; ve;j xU eghpd; capiuAk;
jdpr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; gwpf;f KbahJ vd;W murpayikg;gpd; 21MtJ
Page 12 of 39
gphpT cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ. ,JTk; mtru epiyapd;NghJk;$l gphpT
359d;gb Xh; Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikia epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ vd;W
murpayikg;gpd; 42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.
~uj;J 22 jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lk;. MNyhridf;FO NghJkhd fhuzk;
,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhy; xopa ve;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk; jLg;G %d;W
khjq;fSf;F Nky; Nghf mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ. mj;Jld; jLg;Gf; fhtYf;F
tifnra;Ak; ve;jr; rl;lkhdhYk; mjpfgl;rk; vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fj;
jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fyhk; vd;gijAk; fz;bg;ghff; $wpahf Ntz;Lk;.
~uj;J 23 Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G rl;ltpNuhjdkhf kdpjh;fis
tpahghuk; nra;tJ ‘ngfh;’(Beggar) eph;g;ge;jg;gLj;jp Ntiy thq;FtJ
Nghd;w Ruz;ly;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.
~uj;J 24 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fisj; njhopw;rhiyfspNyh>
Ruq;fq;fspNyh gpw mghafukhd njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F
mkh;j;Jtijj; jil nra;fpwJ.
~uj;J 25 Fbkf;fs; vt;tpjf; fl;LghLk; ,d;wp ve;jr; rkaj;ijAk;
Vw;fTk; gpd;gw;wTk; gug;gTk; midtUf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
~uj;J 26 vy;yh rkaj;jtUf;Fk;> rkag; gphptpdUf;Fk; rka kw;Wk;
mwepiya mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpg; guhkhpf;f rkak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tp~aq;fisj; jhNk eph;tfpj;Jf; nfhs;s nrhj;Jf;fis thq;fp
eph;tfpf;fj; Njitahd mbg;gil chpikia mspf;fpwJ.
~uj;J 27 ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhTk;
guhkhpg;gpw;fhfTk; MFk; nryTfSf;fhf thp nrYj;JkhW ve;j xU
egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ.
~uj;J 28 Kw;wpYk; murhq;f epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy;
rka Nghjid $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
~uj;J 29 ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyDk; trpf;fpd;w Fbkf;fspd; ve;j
xU gphptpdUk; jkf;nfd;W gpuj;Nahfkhd nkhopiaNah> vOj;J
tbtj;ijNah gz;ghl;ilNah nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg;
Ngzpf;fhf;Fk; chpik mth;fSf;F cz;L.
~uj;J 30 rpWghd;ikapdh; midtUk; mth;fs; rkar;
rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; nkhopr; rpWghd;ikapduhdhYk; mth;fs;
tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g fy;tp epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp eph;tfpg;gjw;F
chpikAz;L.
~uj;J 32
• ePjpg;Nghuhiz Ntz;Lk; kDit cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
nra;ayhk;. xU egh; Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy;
nra;ayhk;.
• murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ gFjpapy; cj;jputhjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; nghOJ cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
ePjpg;Nghuhiz ntspapl mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.
Ml;nfhz;h;tpf;Fk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz: ghuhiz rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd Kiwapy;
rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;fr; nra;a ,t;thiz
,lg;gLfpwJ.
nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz: ghuhiz nghJf;flikahd xU nraiy Xh;
mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;;likg;G my;yJ fPo; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj; jtwpdhy;
mf;flikiar; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz:ghuhiz fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp mjpfhhpNah jk;
mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ rl;l Kuzhf VNjDk; eltbf;if
vLj;jhy; mij Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky; nra;a ,t;thiz ,lg;gLfpwJ.
newpKiwAWj;Jk; eP ePjpg;Nghuhiz: ePjpKiw rhh;e;j mYty;fisr;
nra;Ak; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mjpfhhpfs; jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp
nray;gl;lhNyh mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if vLj;jhNyh mtw;iw
Page 13 of 39
kW Ma;T nra;J ePf;fk; nra;tjw;nfd mit rk;ge;jkhd
Mtzq;fisj; jkf;F mDg;GkhW ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJjhd;
newpKiwAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz MFk;.
jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz:
ghuhiz nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy; cs;stiu
mth; vj;jFjpapy; mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdtp> gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;
Mizjhd; jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nghuhiz MFk;.
~uj;J 226f;Fk; kw;Wk; ~uj;J 32f;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik:

cah;ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk; (226) cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
ePjpg;Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk; (32)
cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fpLtJ mbg;gil chpikapy;iy> rhjhuz
chpikNa. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fpLtJ mbg;gil chpikahFk;.
~uj;J 226y; jPh;top Nfl;Fk; chpikia neUf;fb epiyik
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk; nghOJ epWj;jp itf;fg;gl KbahJ. Mdhy;
~uj;J 32y; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;.
mbg;gil chpik kPwg;gl;ljw;F khw;W jPh;top ,Ug;gpd; xU cah;
ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhizia gpwg;gpf;fhJ mbg;gil chpik
kPwg;gl;ljw;F jPh;top ,Ug;gpDk; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg; Nghuhiziag;
gpwg;gpf;Fk;. Vnddpy; ,J xU mbg;gil chpikahFk;.
mbg;gil chpikiaj; jtpu rhjhuz chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhYk; cah;
ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nghuhiziag; gpwg;gpf;Fk;.
gFÂ – III- ¡F btënaahd cçikfŸ : (Rights Outside Part III)
gFÂ – III –š cŸs mo¥gil cçikfSl‹ muÁayik¥Ã‹ k‰w Áy

cçikfŸ tH§f¥g£LŸsd. Ï›ÎçikfŸ muÁayik¥ò cçikfŸ mšyJ
r£l¥ó®tkhd cçik¡ smšyJ mo¥gil cçikfŸ mšyhjit mitfŸ.
gFÂ – XII –š õu¤J 265:- (Article 265 in Part XII) r£l¥ó®tkšyhj
têfëš tçia éÂ¤jš mšyJ tNè¤jš MfhJ.
gFÂ – XII –š õu¤J 300 A (Article 300 A in Part XII) r£l¥ó®t¤Â‹
têæšyhkš vtçläUªJ« brh¤J g¿¡f¥gLjš MfhJ.
gFÂ – XIII –š õu¤J 301:- (Article 301 in Part XIII) ÏªÂa ãytiu¡FŸ,
tâf«, thâg« bjhl®òwÎfŸ M»at‰¿‰F jilæšiy
gFÂ – XV –š õu¤J 326:- (Article 326 in Part XV) k¡fsit¡F«
khãy§fë‹ r£lk‹w ngyitfS¡Fkhd nj®jšfŸ taJtªnjhU¡F
th¡Fçik v‹w mo¥gilæš ÏU¡F«.
nkny F¿¥Ã£LŸs cçikfS¡F ÚÂk‹w« _y« rkkhd Ô®Î fhz
KoÍ«. våD« mit mo¥gil cçikfëèUªJ khWg£lit.
muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; nfhs;iffs;

(gFjp IV ~uj;J 36-
36-51)
rk¤Jt nfh£ghLfŸ (Socialistic

( Principals):
õu¤J 38:
38 bghJ ey muÁš k¡fS¡F r_f, muÁaš k‰W« bghUsjhu
ÚÂ tH§f¥gLtij cWÂ brŒjY« (Securing a social order) k‰W«
Page 14 of 39
k¡fS¡F ÏiinaÍŸs tUkhd«, jFÂ, trÂ k‰W« thŒ¥òfëš
cŸs ntWghLfis Fiw¤jY« MF«.
õu¤J 39:
39
• Fokfå‹ thœé‰F njitahd mo¥gil njitfis ó®¤Â
brŒjY« (Adequate means of livelihood)
• ts Mjuh§fis rkkhd Kiwæš Ãç¤jë¤jY«.
• Xnu Ïl¤Âš ts§fŸ Fé¡f¥gLjiy jL¤jY«
• M©, bg© vd ntWgho‹¿ brŒj ntiy¡F rk CÂa«
tH§fY«.
• bjhêyhs®fis f£lha¥gL¤Â ntiy¡F mk®¤j¥gLtij¤
jL¤jY«.
• FHªijfis eykhd, tskhd Kiwæšb ts®¥gj‰fhd
thŒ¥òfis më¥gJ« ÏitfŸ F¿¤J ghJfh¥ò tH§FjY«.
õu¤J 39A :midtU¡F« rkÚÂ tH§FtJ« njit¥go‹

ÚÂk‹w¤Âš thjhLtj‰F (m) KiwæLtj‰fhd Ïytr r£l cjéia
(free legal aid) ViHfS¡F tH§FtJ«.
õu¤J 41: ntiybrŒtj‰fhd cçik bgWtJ«, fšébgW«
cçikÍ«k (Right to education) k‰W« ntiyæšyhnjh® ãiyæš, muR
cjé¤bjhiffis bgw cWÂ brŒjY« MF«.
õu¤J 42: kåjhÃkhd mo¥gilæyhd gzp NHY« k‰W« kf¥ntW
njitahd cjéfS« (maternity relief)
õu¤J 43 : bjhêyhs®fS¡fhd thœtjhuhu« Tè, Kiwaghd jukhd
thœ¡if¡F¤ njitahd trÂfis brŒJ jUjY«.
õu¤J 43 A: bjhê‰rhiyfŸ ã®thf¤Âš bjhêyhs®fis g§f
bfhŸs têtif brŒa nt©L«.
õu¤J 47 : C£lr¤J k‰W« k¡fë‹ thœ¡if¤ ju¤ij nk«gL¤jY«
k‰W« bghJ Rfhjhu¤ij nk«gL¤JtJ« MF«.
fhªÂa¡ nfh£ghLfŸ :- (Gandhian Principles):
õu¤J 40 : »uhk gŠrha¤Jfis Kiw¥gL¤jÎ«, r£l¥go mÂfhu«

tH§fÎ« k‰W« cŸsh£Á mik¥òfshd bghW¥òfis tH§FtJ
MF«.
õu¤J 43 :»uhk¥òw§fëš Rabjhêš, Foir¤bjhêš k‰W« T£LwÎ
Kiwæš bjhê‰Ka‰Áfis C¡F é¡f têbrŒ»wJ.
õu¤J 43B
43 :T£LwÎ r§f§fŸ jhkhfnt K‹tªJ bjhê‰rh®ªj
nkyh©uikia V‰gLJjš, Rna£irahf brašgLjš, mj‰bfd Áy
cçikfŸ, RjªÂuk më¤jiy g‰¿ ÏJ TW»wJ.
õu¤J
õu¤J 46 : r_f¤Â‹, MÂÂuhél® gH§Foæd® k‰W« eèªj
ÃçédU¡F bghUshju¤Âš nk«gl cjÎtJ«, rKjha¤Âš
mt®fS¡F vÂuhf eilbgW« brašfis j©o¤J ÚÂ tH§fY«,
mt®fis ghJfh¤jY«.
Page 15 of 39
õu¤J 47 : Clš ey¤Â‰F Ô§FjU« kJ k‰W« òif¥gH¡f¤J¡F
jiléÂ¤jš.
õu¤J 48 :fhšeil éy§Ffis gèæLjiy jL¤jY«, fhšeil
ts®¥ò g‰¿ éê¥òz®Î c©lhFjš g‰¿Í« TW»wJ.
guªj (m) tŸs‹ik nfh£ghLfŸ (Liberal –Intellectual Principles):
õu¤J 44 : midtU¡F« (mjhtJ ehL KGtj‰Fnk) xnu khÂçahd

“bghJ r£lbjhF¥ig” (Uniform civil code) Fok¡fŸ bgWtij
cWÂbrŒ»wJ.
õu¤J 45: FHªijfS¡F 6 taJ MF« fhy« tiu mt®fŸ fšé
bgWtij cWÂ brŒjY« Mu«g fhy FHªij kU¤JJj¤Â‰fhd
m¡fiw fh£LjY«.
õu¤J 48 :eÅd k‰W« m¿éaš bjhêš E£g¤ij¡ bfh©L étrha«
k‰W« éy§F ts®¥òfis xU§»iz¤jš.
õu¤J 48 A :R‰WRHiy ghJfh¤jY«, fhLfŸ k‰W« mj‹ cæ®
Ïd§fŸ (Wild life) guhkç¤jiyÍ« F¿¡»wJ.
õu¤J 49 :ghu«gça Ïl§fŸ k‰W« ãidÎ Á‹d§fŸ mšyJ tuyh‰W
K¡»¤Jt« thŒªj njÁa ãidÎ¢Á‹d§fis ghJfh¤jY« MF«.
õu¤J 50 : ÚÂ¤Jiwia muÁ‹ brayh¡f Jiwæš ÏUªJ Ãç¤jš
(Seperation of Judiciary from excutive)
õu¤J 51 :g‹dh£L cwÎfëilna mikÂ k‰W« ghJfh¥ig
nk‰bfhŸSjY« R_f cwÎfis nk«gL¤jÎ«, T£oizÎ
Ka‰ÁfisÍ«, x¥gªj§fŸ brašgL¤Jjš g‰¿Í« TW»wJ.
òÂa be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfŸ ( New Directive Principles):
42tJ r£lÂU¤j¥go (The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976) 4 òÂa
nfh£ghLfŸ nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd
• õu¤J 39- 39 FHªijfis tskhd Kiwæš ts®tj‰fhd
thŒ¥òfis cWÂ brŒjš.
• õu¤J 39 A - r_f¤Âš midtU¡F« rkÚÂ »il¡f têbrŒjš
k‰W« ViHfS£fF Ïytr r£l cjé më¤jš.
• õu¤J 43 A - bjhê‰rhiyfŸ ã®thf¤Âš bjhêyhs®fë‹
g§fë¥ig cWÂ brŒjš.
• õu¤J 48 A - R‰WNHš, fhLfŸ k‰W« tdéy§Ffë‹ ÛJ
ghJfh¥ò, éêòz®Î V‰gL¤jš.
44 tJ r£l¤ÂU¤j« 1978-
1978-š be¿Kiw¡ nfh£ghLfëš nr®¡f¥g£l
õu¤J 38 tUthŒ, jFÂ, trÂfŸ k‰W« thŒ¥òfëš cŸs V‰w¤
jhœÎfis Fiw¡f muR¡F bghW¥gë¤jJ.
86 tJtJ r£lÂU¤j« 2002-
2002-‹ _y« õu¤J 45-
45-š më¡f¥g£l
bghU©ikia kh‰¿aik¤J k‰W« õu¤J 21-A æš bjhl¡f¡fšé
v‹gJ mo¥gil cçikahF« (elementary education a fundamental
right) v‹W« tH§»aJ. Ï¤ÂU¤j« _yk muR Mu«g fhy FHªij
Page 16 of 39
ts®¥ò eyåš m¡fiwbfhŸtj« 6 taj FHªijfS¡F fšé
më¥gJ« cWÂ brŒa¥g£LŸsJ.
T£LwÎ r§f§fë‹ j‹å¢irahf brašglÎ« bjhêšrh®ªj
nkyh©ikia V‰gL¤jÎ« 97 tJ r£l¤ ÂU¤j« 2011-‹
2011 _y«
nr®ff¥g£l õu¤J 43 B têtif brŒ»wJ.
mo¥gil cçikfS¡F be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfS¡F«
nfh£ghLfS¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ
(Differences Between Fundamental Rights and DPSP)
mo¥gil cçikfŸ be¿Kiw nfh£ghLfŸ.
muR k¡fS¡F vÂuhf brašglhkš Ïit ne®kiwahdit. muR
ÏU¡F«go (vÂ®kiwahf) k¡fS¡F ey‹fŸ brŒa
gh®¤J¡bfhŸ»wJ. têtF¡»wJ.
Ã‹g‰whj (m) filÃo¡fhj
ÚÂk‹w mÂfhu¤Â‰F c£g£lJ.
fhuz§fs¡fhf j©o¡f¥gl
Ïit Û¿dhnyh (m) kW¡fg£lhnyh
ÏayhJ. ÚÂk‹w všiy¡F
r£l¥go elto¡if vL¡f¥gL«.
c£glhjJ.
R_f, bghUshjhu #dehaf¤ij
eh£oš muÁaš #dehaf¤ij
V‰gL¤Jtij F¿¡nfhshf
V‰gL¤JtJ Ïj‹ F¿¡nfhshF«.
bfh©LŸsJ.
Ïj‰F xG¡f j¤Jt§fŸ k‰W«
Ïj‰F r£l¥go x¥òjš c©L
#dehaf x¥òjšfŸ c©L
ÏJ xU F¿¥Ã£l gFÂæ‹ k¡fë‹
ÏJ jå kåj eyed C¡Fé¡»wJ
eyed C¡Fé¡»wJ.
Ït‰iw brašgL¤Jtj‰fhf Ït‰iw brašgL¤Jtj‰f Áw¥ò (m)
jå¢r£l« Ïa‰w njitæšiy jå¢r£l§fŸ Ïa‰w¥gl nt©L«.
Ï§F éÂ ÛwšfŸ (m) Ãw fhuz«
mo¥gil cçikfS¡F vÂuhf
T¿ r£l« bršyhJ vd m¿é¡f
r£l« Ïa‰W« nghJ mJ éÂ Ûwš
ÏayhJ khwhf vj‹ mo¥gilæšb
vd¡T¿ mjid ãuhfç¤jY¡Fça
Ï¢r£l« Ïa‰w¥gL»wJ v‹W T¿
flik ÚÂ k‹w¤Â‰F cçaJ.
mjid tèik¥gL¤jyh«.
gFÂ IV -¡F btënaŸs be¿KiwfŸ (Directives Outside part IV)
gFÂ XVI õu¤J 335 (Article 335 in Part XVI) ã®thf¤Â‹ Ó®ikahd
brašgh£o‰F«, k¤Âa khãy muRfëš gH§Foæd® k‰W«
Ã‰gL¤j¥g£nlh®fis ãaä¤J mt®fë‹ nfhç¡iffis nf£L,
cçikfis bgwbrŒtJ g‰¿ TW»wJ.
õu¤J 350 A – gFÂ XVII: (Article 350-A in Part XVII) x›bthU khãy
muÁ‰F« cŸsh£Á mik¥òfS¡F« xU K¡»a flikahf ÏU¥gJ
bkhêthç ÁWgh‹ikædç‹ FHªijfŸ j§fsJ jhŒbkhêæš fšé
bgWtj‰F njitahd trÂfis cUth¡» jUtj‰F têtif
brŒ»‹wJ.
Page 17 of 39
gFÂ XVII õu¤J 351:
351 ÏªÂ bkhêia C¡Fé¥gJ« mjid
bghJbkhêahf ÏªÂah KGtJ« brašgL¤JtJ k¤Âa muÁ‹
bghW¥ghF«.
mbg;gilf; flikfs
flikfs; ( Fundamental duties)
(Part – IV-A)
1976Mk; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; (42tJ jpUj;jk;)
rl;lkhdJ> ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fSf;F gj;J mbg;gilf; flikfspd;
njhFg;gid mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJ.
,jw;fhf 51-A vDk; xU ~uj;ijf; nfhz;l gFjp Gjpjhf murpay;
mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a. murpayikg;gpidg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> kw;Wk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
mikg;Gfs; Njrpaf;nfhb kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;F khpahij
nrYj;Jjy;.
b. ekJ ehl;L tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij J}z;ba cah;e;j
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jy;.
c. ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il
epiyepWj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy;.
d. ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; nghOJ Njrpag
gzpGhpjy;
e. rkak;> nkhop kw;Wk; tl;lhuk; my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfisf;
fle;J ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fs; nghJ rNfhuj;Jt czh;T kw;Wk;
,zf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;; ngz;fspd; Nkd;ikiaj;
jho;j;Jfpd;w gof;fq;fisj; Jwj;jy;
f. ekJ gy;tifahd fyhr;rhuhj;jpd; cah;e;j ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F
kjpg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; NgZjy;
g. fhLfs; Vhpfs; MWfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; thOk;
caphpdq;fSf;fhf ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;
h. Ma;twpT tpisT epiy kdpj eyk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz
czh;T kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
i. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;
j. vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; jdpkdpjd; kw;Wk; $l;Lr;
nray;ghLfspd; Kjd;ik epiyia Nehf;fp KaYjy; kw;Wk;
,jdhy;> ehL Kah;rpapd; cah;gb epiy rhjidfis Nehf;fp
epiyahf caUfpwJ.
k. 6 Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F fl;lhak; fy;tp
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ ngw;Nwhu;fspd; flikahFk; ( 2002y;
,aw;wg;gl;l 86tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb)
,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

~uj;J 52 ,e;jpahtpw;F xU FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;
,th; ,e;jpa murpd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;
nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk;>
,th; mt;tjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L NeubahfNth>
jdJ fPOs;s mjpfhhpfs; %ykhfNth nraYWj;jyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ.
jFjpfs;
Page 18 of 39
xU ,e;jpa FbkfdhfTk;
35 taJ epuk;gpatuhfTk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; rigf;Fg; Nghl;baplj; jFjp ngw;wtuhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpNyh my;yJ VjhtnjhU khepy murhq;fj;jpNyh
my;yJ Nkw;fz;l murhq;fq;fspd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; VjhtnjhU tl;lhu
my;yJ gpw mjpfhu mikg;gpNyh Mjha mbg;gilapy; mike;j ve;j
xU gjtpiaAk; tfpg;gtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
Cjpak;-khjr;rk;gsk; - &.1>50>000
NkYk; thlif juhky; murhq;f FbapUg;ig gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
chpikAz;L
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;; Kiw
kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy khwhf mth; xU
Njh;jy; FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,j;Njh;jy; FO
(m) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdh;fisAk;
(M) khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitahd rl;lg;Nguitapd; Njh;e;J
vLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,t;thW
~uj;J 54 $WfpwJ.
$WfpwJ
,j;Njh;jy; FOtpduhy; FbauRj; jiytiuj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ
tpfpjg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; mspf;Fk;
Xl;L> xw;iwkhw;W Xl;L MFk;.
,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;. jhk; gjtp Vw;w jpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J 5
Mz;Lfs; njhlh;e;J gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. xUth; vj;jid Kiw
Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpfj; Njh;jYf;Fg;
Nghl;baplyhk;.
FbauRj; jiyth; kPJ gopr;rhw;WtJ”
“FbauRj; tJ njhlh;ghd eilKiwfis
~uj;J 61 $WfpwJ. FbauRj; jiyth; jhkhfNt jdJ gjtpia
,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk; my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; VjhtJ xU
mitapy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU jPh;khdj;jpd;
efy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mJ njhlq;fg;gLk; 14 ehl;fSf;F
Kd;ghfNt nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF mj;jPh;khdk; rigapd;
nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Ff;Ff; Fiwahj
cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fis gw;wp ~uj;J 109 $WfpwJ
nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;

mjpfhuq;fs;
cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; khepyq;fspy; MSeh;fs;
ml;lhh;dp n[duy;. jzpf;ifj; jiyth;> nghJg; gzpf;FOtpd; jiyth;
kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;fSf;Fz;lhd
jdp mYtyh;fs;> jho;j;jg;gl;l gFjpapd; tptuj;ij jahh; nra;Ak; FO
gpw;gl;Nlhh; epiyia MAk; FO kw;Wk; nkhop thhp
rpWghd;ikapNdhUf;F jdp mYtyh; ,th;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij
FbauR jiyth; ngw;Ws;shh;.
,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;
பைடகள தைலவ ஜனாதிபதியாவா
ேபா (அ) அைமதிைய அறிவ பவ ஜனாதிபதியாவா
rl;lkd;wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
Page 19 of 39
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitf; $l;lq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; mitfisf;
$l;Lk; mjpfhuKk;. xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitiaf; (uh[;a rig) fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj; jiytUf;F nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
NkYk; FbauR jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfspy; ciu epfo;j;jTk;.
my;yJ ,U rigfspd; $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; ciu epfo;j;jTk; chpikg;
ngw;W cs;shh;.
rigfSf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;Gk; chpikiaAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. (~uj;J
86)
Nkyitahd khepyq;fsitf;f 12 cWg;gpdh;fisAk; isAk> fPoitahd
kf;fsitf;F 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;fisAk; isAk epakpf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;.
FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh Fwpj;J
jdJ ,irtpid mspf;fyhk; (~uj;J 111) my;yJ epWj;jp itf;fyhk;.
my;yJ gz kNrhjh jtpu rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fspy; jhk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
tpguk; Fwpj;J kPz;Lk; kW ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf mk;kNrhjhit
mitf;Nf jpUk;gp mDg;gyhk;. mk;kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd;
Nahridg;gb jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh kPz;Lk;
mtUila ,irtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy; FbauRj; jiyth; jd;Dila
,irtpid mspf;f kWf;f KbahJ Mdhy; epjp kNrhjhf;fisf;
FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; nra;a KbahJ.
xU rhjhuz kNrhjh Fwpj;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSf;F
,ilNa Kuz;ghL vONkahapd; mjidj; jPh;j;J itf;f. ,U
mitfspd; $l;L $l;lj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;a FbauRj; jiytUf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L. (~uj;J 108).
அவசர கால ச ட gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (Ordinance ) ~uj;J 124
FbauR jiyth; gpwg;gpf;Fk; அவசர கால ச ட ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
kf;fsit Kd;Ngh. ,U mitfs; ,Ug;gpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Ngh
FbauR jiytuhy; mitfs; $Lk;NghJ rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghuhSkd;wk; $ba NjjpapypUe;J MW thuq;fs; tiu ,e;j அவசர
கால ச ட க mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fhyf;nfLtpw;F Kd;ghfNt.
ghuhSkd;w mit Nkw;gb ச ட!ைத xU jPh;khdk; thapyhf
epuhfhpj;jhy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpa NjjpapypUe;J அ"ச ட nry;Yk;gb
MfhJ.
FbauR jiyth; gpwg;gpj;j அவசர கால ச ட!ைத MW thuq;fSf;Fs;
mtuhfNt jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;
,U mitfspd; ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

jFjpfs;:
,e;jpaf;Fbkfdhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
35 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mjhak; jUk; gjtpapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp fhypahFk; gl;rj;jpy; mthpd; gzpia 6khjfhyj;jpw;F

Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh
,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;

wpQh
murhq;fj;jpw;F rl;l rk;ge;jkhd tp~aq;fis MNyhrid toq;fTk;
rl;l rk;ge;jkhd ,lg;gLk; gpw gzpfis nra;aTk; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
Page 20 of 39
Mf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfis cila xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd;
jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. (~uj;J
76)
FbauRj; jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa mth;
epakpf;fg;gLtjhy; Ml;rp khwpaTld; ml;lh;dp – n[duYk; gjtp
tpyFtJ xU kughf cUthf;fptpl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy; jd;Dila

fUj;ijf; Nfl;FkhW $Wk; chpik mtUf;F cz;L.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYNk $l;lj;njhlhpd; eltbf;iffspy;
gq;F nfhz;L NgRfpd;w chpikAk; mtUf;F cz;L vdpDk;
jPh;khdq;fspd;kPJ thf;fspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ.
gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit

~uj;J 74 kw;Wk; 75 ‘mikr;ruit’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; fPo;
mikr;ruitapd; mikg;G nfhs;if gw;wpj; njhptpf;fpwJ. gpujk
ke;jphpiaj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L Xh; mikr;ruit> ,e;jpaf; FbauRj;
jiytUf;F cjtpAk; kw;Wk; MNyhridAk; mspf;Fk; nghUl;L
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd $WfpwJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;
,e;jpahtpd; gpujk ke;jphpia epakpf;fpwhh;.
gpujk ke;jphpapd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; kw;w
mikr;rh;fis epakdk; nra;fpwhh; vd ~uj;J 75(1) njhptpf;fpwJ.
~uj;J 75(3) mikr;ruit xd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mJ kf;fsitf;F
(Nyhf;rgh) $l;lhf nghWg;G tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ. $WfpwJ
ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy; mike;j murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil m];jpthuNk
$l;Lg; nghWg;Gf; nfhs;if MFk;.
$Lg; nghWg;
nghWg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; nghUs;
nghUs
$l;L nghWg;Gf; nfhs;if vdg;gLtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ eilKiw
tptfhuq;fSf;F mikr;ruitapdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fs; mjd;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; $l;Lj; jPh;kdkhf fUjg;gLk;. mikr;ruitapd;
jPh;khdj;JlNdh my;yJ gpujk ke;jphpAlNdh xU mikr;rh; xj;J
nry;ytutpy;iynad;why; mth; jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;tijj;
jtpu NtW topapy;iy ,jd; %yk; gpujk ke;jphp mikr;ruitapd;
xw;WikiaAk; xOf;fj;ijAk; fl;bf; fhf;fpwhh;.
mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
,e;jpa jpUehl;by; nrayhl;rpj; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd jiyikahf

mikr;
mi kr;ruit mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s
mjpfhuq;fs; cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fNs MFk;.
eilKiwapy; murhq;fj;jpd; KbTfs; midj;Jk;
mikr;ruitapdhNyNa nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. eilKiwf;Fj; jf;f
tpjj;fjpy; mit FbauRj; jiythpd; ngauhy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd.
Njh;jy;fs; Kbe;J Gjpa ghuhSkd;w mikf;fg;gl;lTld; KjyhtJ

$l;lj;jpy; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ciu epfo;j;Jthh; ,t;Tiuapy;
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j ciuahdJ ‘FbauRj;
jiythpd;’ ciu vdg;gLk;. ,t;Tiu cz;ikapy; mikr;rh; mitahy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;
Lfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; njhlh;ghfg; nghJthd nfhs;iffisAk;
mtw;iw mky;gLj;jg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba top KiwfisAk;
Page 21 of 39
mikr;ruit eph;zak; nra;fpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J FbauRj; jiyth;
ngaustpy;jhd; jiytuhf cs;shh; vd;gJ GydhFk;
GydhFk.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; vy;yh
cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; cz;L. ,Ug;gpDk; Kf;fpakhd kNrhjhf;fs;
mikr;rh;fshNyNa mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; mikr;rh;fshy; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; ‘murhq;
murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs;’ vdg;gLfpd;wd.
mikr;rh; my;yhj kw;w cWg;gpdh;fs; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; kNrhjhf;fs;
jdp cWg;gpdh; kNrhjf;fs;’ vdg;gLfpd;wd.
‘jdp
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epfo;r;rp epuy; mikr;ruitapdhy; eph;zak;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; gw;wpa
midj;J tpguq;fisAk; mikr;ruitNa KbT nra;fpwJ.
,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s ePjpgjpfs; epakd mjpfhuk;

cz;ikapy; mikr;ruitapd; thapyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,ijj;jhd;
~uj;J 74 gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ. gpujk ke;jphpiaj; jiytuhf nfhz;l
mikr;ruit xd;W ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; mJ FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ
gzpia nraYWj;j mtUf;F cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhridfis toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ruit ehl;L kf;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;F Njitahd nfhs;iffis

eph;zak; nra;J mitfSf;Fr; rl;l tbtk; nfhLg;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp
mr;rl;lq;fis mky; nra;Ak; nghWg;igAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
ehlhSkd;wk;
FbauRj;jiyth;> khepyq;
khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; kf;fsit vd;w ,uz;L
mitfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk;
mike;Js;sJ.
J
FbauRj;jiyth;:
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L mitfspd; $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhjNghJ>
FbauRj; jiyth; cldbahfr; nray;glNtz;ba mtrpakhd o;epiy
,Ug;gjhf mth; jpUg;jpaile;jhy;> ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk;
rl;lj;ijg; NghyNt nray;tPr;Rila mtrur; rl;lj;ijj;
FbauRj;jiyth; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
khepyq;fsit
xd;wpaj;jpd; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa Neub

Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; kiwKf gpujpepjpj;Jt mikg;ghf
khepyq;fsit jpfo;fpwJ.
kf;fs;njhif mjpfKs;s cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpf
mjpfgl;rkhf 34 cWg;gpdh;fSk;> kzpg;g+h;> kpN[huk;> rpf;fk;> jphpGuh
Nghd;w rpwpa khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J jyh xU cWg;gpdUk;
khepyq;fsitf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fsitapy; 250f;Fk; kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fs;
,Ug;gh;. ,th;fspy; 12Ngh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;. 238 Ngh;
khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> Neub Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;.
jFjp
,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
Page 22 of 39
30 taJ epukpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
gjtpf;fhyk; 6 tUlq;fs;. xt;nthU 2 tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw 1/3y; xUgq;F
cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;T ngWfpwhh;fs;.
khepyq;fsitia fiyf;f KbahJ.
Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; ,jd; jiyth;.
mitapy; gzkNrhjhitj; jtpu ve;j kNrhjitAk; nfhz;L tuyhk;.
kf;fsit
kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 18
taJ epuk;gpa ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd; xt;nthUtUk;> rl;lj;jpd;gb
jFjpapog;Gr; nra;ag;glhj gl;rj;jpy; kf;fsitj; Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk;
chpik ngw;wtuhthh;.
khepyq;fspy; cs;s njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; 530 f;F kpfhkYk; Neub
Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nehpilahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
20 f;F kpfhkYk; nfhz;ljhf kf;fsit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.
NkYk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fisf;
FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitf;F epakdk; nra;ayhk;. ,t;thwhf
kf;fsitapy; mjpfgl;rkhf 552 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;
,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; khepyq;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhf
Ntz;Lkhdhy; 30taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; kf;fsitf;F cWg;gpduhfj;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl 25 taJ epiwe;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fsitf;Fk; khepyq;fsitf;Fk; jiyth; xUtUk; Jizj;jiyth;
xUtUk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;Gf; $WfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj; Jizj;jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUk;
Mthh;
Mthh.
khepyq;fsitapd; Jizj;jiytuhf jkf;Fs;NsNa xUtiu me;j
mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;th;
kf;fsitapd; jiytiuAk; (rghehafh;) Jizj;jiytiuAk; (Jiz
rghehafh;) jkf;Fs;NsNa me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fNs Njh;e;njLg;gh;.
kf;fsitj;jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk;> kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh;fshf
ePbf;f Kbahj epiyapy; gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
,Uthpy; vtNuDk; gjtp tpyf vz;zpdhy; kw;wtUf;Fj; jkJ
gjtptpyfy; fbjj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
mth;fisg; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;why; 14 ehl;fs;
Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L kf;fsitapd; ngUk;ghd;ik
cWg;gpdh;fspd; MjuNthL xU jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
khepyq;fsitj;Jizj; jiytiug; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd ,Nj
Nghd;w Vw;ghL gphpT 90y; nrhy;yg;gl;L cs;sJ.
xU $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU $l;lj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa MWkhj
fhy ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
nghJthf xt;nthuhz;Lk; %d;W ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; $l;lq;fs;
eilngWk;
mit
• gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; (gpg;uthp.Nk)
• kiof;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; ([{iy> nrg;lk;gh;)
• Fsph;fhyf; $l;lj;njhlh; (etk;gh;> brk;gh;)
Page 23 of 39
Mdhy; khepyq;fsitapd; gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; kl;Lk; %d;W-ehd;F
thufhy ,ilntspAld; ,uz;L gFjpfshf eilngw;W xuhz;by; ehd;F
$l;lj;njhlh;fshf eilngWk;.
ve;j Xh; mitahdhYk; mjid elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F mitapd; nkhj;j
cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;lhak; M[huhfp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gz kNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida epjp kNrhjhf;fs; jtpu NtW ve;j
kNrhjhthdhYk; mjid VNjDk; xh; mitapy; Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.
mt;thW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F
mDg;gg;gLk; Kd;dh; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L mitfspYk; jpUj;jq;fs;
VJkpd;wpNah ,uz;L mitfSk; xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpUj;jq;fSlNdh>
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gz kNrhjhitj; jtpu VNjDk; xU kNrhjh rk;ge;jkhf ,uz;L
mitfSf;Fk; ,Wjpahff; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iwj;
jPh;g;gjw;fhff; FbauRj; jiyth; ,uz;L mitfspy; $l;Lj; $l;lj;ij
miof;fyhk;.
gz kNrhjh
xU kNrhjh gzkNrhjhth vd;w Iak; Njhd;wpdhy;> mjpy; kf;fsitj;
jiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ.
,WjpahdJ
gzk;Nrhjhitf; FbauR jiythpd; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;Gk;NghJ> mJ
xU gzkNrhjh vd;W kf;fsit jiyth; rhd;wspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gzkNrhNjhitf; FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;. kf;fsitapy;
kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;
kf;fsitapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; khepyq;fsitf;F
mDg;gg;gLk; gzkNrhjhtpd; kPJ VNjDk; jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd
ghpe;Jiufs; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;iw 14 ehl;fSf;Fs;
khepyq;fsitெத$வ %கேவ&'
kf;fsit VNjDk; xU jpUj;jj;ijNah> jpUj;jq;fs; midj;ijANkh
epuhfhpj;Jtplyhk;. jpUj;jq;fis kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lgbNa ,uz;L
mitfSk; me;j kNrhjhit Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;.
khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh jpUg;gp

mDg;ghtpl;lhYk;> kf;fsit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tbtj;jpNyNa me;j
kNrhjh ,uz;L mitfspYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.
k¡fsit¡Fça Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ :- (Special Powers of the Lok
Sabha)
gz knrhjh nyh¡rghéš k£Lnk m¿Kf¥gL¤j ÏaY«.
gz knrhjhth Ïšiyah vd ã®zæ¡F« cçik rghehafU¡F
k£Lnk c©L
ehlhSk‹w¤Â‹ T£lk®it rghehafnu jiyik jh§F»wh®.
Ïuh{arghthdJ g£b#£il g‰¿ éthÂ¡f k£Lnk ÏaY« khwhf
khåa nfhç¡if ÛJ th¡F më¡f ÏayhJ. ÏJ nyh¡rghé‰F
k£Lnk cçaJ.`
Page 24 of 39
njÁa beU¡foia Û©L« ÂU«g bgWtj‰fd Ô®khd« k¡fséš
k£L« Ïa‰w ÏaY«.
Ïuh{arghé‹ mik¢r®fis e«Ã¡ifšyh Ô®khd« éy¡f ÏayhJ.
Vbdåš mik¢ruitahdJ KGikahf nyh¡rghé‰nf bghW¥ghF«
(Collectively responsible only to the Lok Sabha).
khãy§fsité‹ Áw¥ò mÂfhu§fŸ:-
mÂfhu§fŸ (Special Powers of Rajya
Sabha)
khãy¥g£oaèš cŸs (249-x)æ‹ ÛJ ehlhSk‹w« r£läa‰w ÏJ
m§Ñfhu« më¡»wJ..
òÂjhf m»y ÏªÂa Foikah£Ágâ òÂa gâ cUth¡Ftj‰F
ehlhSk‹w¤ij m§Ñfç¡»wJ (õu¤J – 312)
FoauR¤ Jiz¤jiytU¡fhd gjéÚ¡f¤Â‰fhd Ô®khd« Ï§F
k£Lnk ãiwnt‰w ÏaY«.
c¢r ÚÂk‹w« mšyJ khãy ÚÂk‹w ÚÂgÂfis gjé
éy¡FjY¡fhd Áw¥ò K‹bkhê jiy tH§F»wJ.
k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fS¡F ghuhSk‹w¤jhš tH§f¥g£LŸs

rYiffŸ:-(Parlimentary
rYiffŸ Privileges to MPs)
k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fŸ ehlhSk‹w T£l¤bjhl® fhy¤Â‹nghnjh

mit Jt§F« K‹ mšyJ Koªjgp‹ 40 eh£fëš Áéš
tH¡FfS¡fhfnth ifJ brŒa ÏayhJ. ÏJ F‰wéaš tH¡FfS¡F
bghUªjhJ.
ehlhSk‹w¤Âš k£L« mt®fŸ éU¥go ngr mjhtJ ng¢Rçik
tH§f¥g£LŸsJ. mj‰fhf ÚÂä‹w§fëš gÂš brhšy njitæšiy.
T£l¤bjhlç‹ nghJ, ÚÂk‹w¤Âš tH¡F ãYitæš ÏUªjhY«

k¡fsit cW¥Ãd® m›tH¡»‰F Mjhu« ÏšyJ rh£Áahf ÏU¥ÃD«
ÚÂk‹w bryy njitæšiy.
cW¥Ãd® ehlhSk‹w¤Â‹ všiy¡FŸ ÏU¡F«nghJ mit jiyik
jh§Fgtç‹ mDkÂæ‹¿ ifJ brŒanth mšyJ Ãw elo¡iffis
vL¡f ÏayhJ.
ehlhSk‹w FG¡fŸ:-
FG¡fŸ (Parliamentary Committees)
bghJfz¡F FG (PAC)
ehlhSk‹w¤jhš nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l cW¥Ãd®fŸ 22 ng® 15 ng®

nyh¡rgh 7 ngh® Ïuh{argh Ï§F cŸsd®. xU mik¢r®
Ïªj¡FGé‹ cW¥Ãduhf ÏayhJ. rhehaf® Ïªj FG¤jiytiu
Page 25 of 39
ãaä¥gh®. Ïj‹ gâ – jâ¡ifahs® jU« m¿¡ifia mid¤J
nfhz§fëY« rçgh®gjhF«. nkY« ehlhSk‹w¤jhš muR¡F
tH§f¥g£l ãÂahdJ njitæ‹ neh¡f¤Â‰FŸ cŸsjh v‹gijÍ«
gh®¡F«.
kÂ¥Õ£L¡FG:-
kÂ¥Õ£L¡FG (Estimate Commmittee)
Ïªj FGéš M©LnjhW«, ehlhSk‹w¤jhš nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l
cW¥Ãd®30 ng® cŸsd®. Ïj‹ jiyt® MS§f£ÁæèUªJ nj®Î
brŒa¥g£L rghehafuhš gâ mk®¤j¥gL»wh®. Ïj‹ gâ –
g£b#£ilÍ« nr®¤J mj‹ kÂ¥Õ£il MuhÍ« k‰W« bghJbryÎfëš
MF« bryit gçªJiu¤jY« MF«.
bghJ¤Jiwæ‹ FG(Committee
FG on Public Undertakings)
ÏÂY« 22(15,7) ng® cŸsd®. jâ¡if fz¡fhsç‹ Ï¤Jiw
g‰¿a m¿¡ifia MŒÎ brŒjY«, Ïj‹ brašghLfŸ
bjhê‰bfhŸiffis Ã‹g‰¿a jhfÎ« k‰W« éntfKŸs t®¤jf
brašghLfŸ cŸsdth v‹gJ f©fhâ¥gJ« mj‰F
tênfhYjYkhF«.
khepy MSeh;:
mjpfhuq;fs;
.nrayhl;rp mjpfhuk;
epjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;:
• MSehpd; ghpe;Jiu ,y;yhky; xU gz kNrhjh khepyr;
rl;lrigapy; mwpKfg;gLj;j KbahJ.
• gl;n[l; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; tUlhe;jpu epjp mwpf;ifia MSeh;
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspNyh my;yJ xd;wpNyh rkh;g;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
rl;lkpaw;wy; rhh;e;j mjpfhuq;fs;:xU khepyj;ij nghWj;jtiu MSehpd;
,irtpy;yhky; rl;lkhf;fg;gl KbahJ. MSeh; rpy kNrhjhf;fis
FbauRj; jiythpd; ,irtpw;fhf xJf;fPL nra;a ~uj;J 200
chpikaspf;fpwJ.rl;lkd;w Nky; rigapd; Mwpy; xU gq;F
cWg;gpdh;fis epakdk; nra;a MSeUf;F chpikaspf;fpwJ
அவசர கால ச ட gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (Ordinance ) ~uj;J 213
MSeh; gpwg;gpf;Fk; அவசர கால ச ட rl;lrigapy; mitapd; Kd;Ngh.

,U mitfs; ,Ug;gpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Ngh MSeuhy; mitfs;
$Lk;NghJ rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rl;lrig $ba NjjpapypUe;J MW thuq;fs; tiu ,e;j அவசர கால
ச ட க mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fhyf;nfLtpw;F Kd;ghfNt. rl;lrigapd;
mitNah. mitfNsh Nkw;gb ச ட!ைத xU jPh;khdk; thapyhf
epuhfhpj;jhy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpa NjjpapypUe;J அ"ச ட nry;Yk;gb
MfhJ.
MSeh; gpwg;gpj;j அவசர கால ச ட!ைத MW thuq;fSf;Fs; mtuhfNt
jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
jFjpfs;: FbauRj; jiythpd; jFjpfis xj;Js;sJ.
Page 26 of 39
jkpo;ehL - ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
• \uj;J-124 Kjy; 147 tiu> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp - 5>

cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G> Rje;jpuk;> vy;iyg;gFjp> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;
nray;Kiwfis gw;wp $WfpwJ. ehlhSkd;wkhdJ cr;rePjpkd;w (ePjpgjpfspd;
vz;zpf;if) jpUj;jr;rl;lk;> 2008 (Supreme Court (Number of Judges)
Amendment Act,2008)-apd; gb ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia 26 ypUe;J 31
(jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; cah;j;jpaJ) Mf cah;j;jpaJ.
cr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;

ptuk;Gk;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; %y ePjptuk;Gk;. ~uj;J 131.
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjptuk;Gk; ~uj;J 132
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhrid $Wk; ePjptuk;Gk; ~uj;J 143
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;T mjpfhuk;. ~uj;J 137
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; xU gjpT nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ePjpkd;wk; ~uj;J 129
ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;: (Appointment

( of Judges):
• FbauRj;jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpia epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
mtuJ MNyhridapd; Nghpy; kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj; jiytNu
epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
ePjpgjpahtjw;fhd jFjpfs;(
jFjpfs Qualification of Judges):
• murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; \uj;J 24-d; gb cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ

cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh ePjpgjpahtjw;F gpd;tUk; tpjpKiwfs; cs;sd.
• mth; ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 5 Mz;Lfs; ePjpgjpahf gzpahw;wpa
mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10
Mz;Lfs; tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wpa mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
FbauRj; jiythpd; fUj;Jiug;gb rpwg;G kpF tof;fwpQuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ePjpgjpapd; gjptpfhyk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. khwhf
65 taJ epiwtilAk; tiu gjtp tfpf;fyhk;. jdJ gjtp tpyfy;
fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; toq;fyhk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;
gb ,tiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw: (Re-moval of Judges))
• ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuf;Fg; gpwNf FbauRj; jiyth; ePjpgjpia gjtp

ePf;fk; nra;thh;. ,jw;F rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ikapd;gb MjuT njhptpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. (mitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; kw;Wk; 2/3
klq;F te;J Xl;lspg;Gk; juNtz;Lk;) gjtp ePf;fk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l xOf;f newp
kPwy; (Proved misbehavior) kw;Wk; ,ayhikapd; (incapacity)fhuzkhf
mikAk;.
• cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Cjpak;> gbfs;> rYiffs;> tpLKiw> Xa;t+jpak;
Mfpait mt;tg;NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; \uj;J 360-I jtpu NtW ve;j fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; ePjpgjpia epakpj;j
gpd; mth;fsJ Cjpaj;ijNah my;yJ rYifiaNah Fiwf;f ,ayhJ.
Page 27 of 39
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; vy;iy:-
y
Kjy; tprhuiz mjpfhuk;.
(m) mry; mjpfhu tuk;G(Original Jurisdiction)gpd;tUk; tof;Ffis tprhhpf;f
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F kl;LNk mjpfhuk; cz;L.
(M) kj;jpa murpw;Fk;> khepy murpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk; tof;Ffs;.
(,) kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR xUGwKk; kw;Wk; gpw khepy muRfSf;F
,ilapy; tUk; tof;Ffs;.
(<) khepy muRfSf;F ,ilapy; vOk; tof;Ffs;.
Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhuq;fs;: (Appellate Jurisdiction)
• rptpy;> Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G njhlh;ghd tof;Ffs; cah;ePjpkd;w

jPh;g;gpw;F vjpuhf xUth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. mjw;F
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYk; Njit.
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;tpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;: (Power of Judicial Review)
• murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

nfhs;iffs;> eltbf;iffis ,J Njh;T nra;fpwJ. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F
Gwk;ghf (violation of the Constitution)VNjDk; eltbf;iffs; Vw;gl;bUe;jhy;
mJ nry;yhJ vd mwptpj;J nray;glhky; jLf;fpwJ.
• murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik> $l;lhl;rpapd; rkepiy> Fbkf;fspd;
mbg;gil chpikfis ghJfhj;jy; Mfpait mbg;gil nfhs;iffspd;gb
,J nray;gLfpwJ.
kw;w mjpfhuq;fs;: (Other Powers)

• FbauRj; Jizj; jiythpd; Njh;jypy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fis jPh;j;J itf;fpwJ.
• kj;jpa Fbikahl;rp Njh;thizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kPJ vOk; Gfhh;fis
FbauRj;jiyth; ghpe;Jiuj;j gpwF mjid tprhhpf;fpwJ.
• ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSk; ,J vLf;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;F
fl;Lg;gLk;.
• murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,jw;F kl;LNk cz;L.
cah;ePjpkd;wk;: (HIGH COURT)

• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;; rl;lk; gFjp 6y; \uj;J Kjy; 231 tiu
cah;ePjpkd;wk; gw;wpAk;> me;j mikg;G> Rje;jpuk;> MSif tuk;G> mjpfhuk;
kw;Wk; gzpfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wJ. cah;ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wp ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; vJTk;
Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mij FbauRj; jiythpd; tpUg;Ghpikf;F tpl;Ltpl;lJ.
Mifahy;> FbauRj;jiyth; Neuj;jpw;F Neuk; jFe;jgb ePjpgjpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia KbT nra;Jnfhs;thh;.
ePjpgjpfspd; jFjpfs;: (Qualification of Judges)
• ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,e;jpa epyg;gFjpapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 Mz;Lfs; ePjpj;Jiw mYtyfk;
rhh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ VNjDk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gj;jhz;Lfs;
tof;fwpQuhf (my;yJ cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tof;fwpQuhf ),Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Page 28 of 39
• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F vd;w Fiwe;j gl;r
taJ eph;zapf;ftpy;iy.
gjtp ePf;fk;: (Removal of Judges)
• cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtpePf;fk; Nghd;Nw cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
gjtpePf;f KiwAk; mike;Js;sJ.
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; MSif tuk;G:

(Jurisdiction and Power of High Court)
mry; mjpfhu tuk;G: Original Jurisdiction

fPo;f;fhZk; rr;ruTfs; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mry; mjpfhu tuk;G fPo;Neubahf
tUk;.
• jpUkzk; > tpthfuj;J> epWtd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G.
• ehlhSkd;w kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; Njh;jy; rk;ge;jkhd rr;ruTfs;.
• tUtha; tR+ypg;G rk;ge;jkhd tof;Ffs;.
• Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil chpikfs;.
• fy;fj;jh> nkl;uh];> gk;gha; kw;Wk; nly;yp Mfpa ehd;F cah;ePjp
kd;wq;fSk; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; mry; mjpfhu tuk;G cs;sJ.
ePjpg;Nguhiz: Writ Jurisdiction
• \uj;J 226- cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpg;Nguhiz gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ. ,it

Ml;nfhzh;T ePjpg;Nguhiz> nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz> jilAWj;jy;
ePjpg;Nguhiz> jFjpKiw tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz kw;Wk; newpKiw czh;j;Jk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz. ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil chpikia epiyehl;Lk; nghUl;L
cs;sJ.
nfhyP[pak; Kiw: Collegium System.

• nfhyP[pak; Kiw vd;gJ cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis
epakdk; kw;Wk; khWjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis nra;Ak; mikg;G MFk;.
,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjp> ehd;F %j;j cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; %d;W
cWg;gpdh;fs;. cah;ePjpkd;wk; rhh;ghf(cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp cl;gl)
,th;fs; midtiuAk; cs;slf;fpaJ nfhyP[pak; MFk;.
Jiz my;yJ fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;: Subordinate Courts.

• fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fs;> cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fPo; khtl;l mstpy; nray;gLk; (The
District and Local Levels) ePjpkd;wq;fshFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
gFjp 6-y; \uj;J 233 Kjy; 237 tiu ,jidg; gw;wp tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• epakdk;> gjtp kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T Nghd;w khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd;
nray;ghLfis cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J MSeh; KbntLg;ghh;.
ePjpgjpahf epakpf;f jFjpfs;: (The

( qualification to be appointed as a judge))
• ,th; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muR gzpfspy; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. ,th;
tof;fwpQuhf my;yJ gpsPluhf VOtUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• cah;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ,th; ghpe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• khtl;l kw;Wk; fPoik ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk; cah;ej P pkd;wj;jplk; cs;sJ.
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fPo; %d;wLf;F ePjpKiw( Three tiers of civil
and criminal court) cs;sJ. khtl;l ePjpgjpNa khtl;lj;jpd;
Page 29 of 39
cah;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpahthh;. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; (mkh;T ePjpgjp) kw;Wk;
chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; (khtl;l ePjpgjp) ,thplk; Kjd;ik kw;Wk;
Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjp mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. ,tuhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l J}f;F
jz;lid cah;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
• khtl;l kw;Wk; mkh;T ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F fPo; chpikapay; tof;Ffspy; fPo;
ePjpgjpAk;> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Kjd;ik ePjpj;Jiw Fw;weLtUk;(Chief
Judicial Magistrate) cs;sdh;. ,jw;Fk; fPo; chpikapay;
tof;Ffspy; Kd;rPg; ePjpkd;w eLtUk; cs;sdh;. ,jw;Fk; fPo; chpikapay;
tof;Ffspy; Kd;rPg; ePjpkd;w ePjpj;Jiw eLtUk;> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Fw;w
eLtUk; ftdpf;fpd;wdh;.
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s cwTfs;

rl;lkpaw;Wk; cwTfs;:
~uj;J 245 gpd;tUk; %d;W gl;bay;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mit
kj;jpa gl;bay;: 97 Jiwfs; (Kd;G). jw;NghJ 100 Jiwfs;.
khepy gl;bay;: 66 Jiwfs; (Kd;G). jw;NghJ 61 Jiwfs;.
ெபா( gl;bay;: 47 Jiwfs;(Kd;G). jw;NghJ 52 Jiwfs;.
eph;thf Ml;rp cwTfs;:
,jidg;gw;wp 256 Kjy; 263tiu cs;s ~uj;Jf;fs; $WfpwJ.
kj;jpa murpdhy; khepy murpw;F ,lg;gLk; VTiu my;yJ fl;lis.
kj;jpa murpd; gzpfs; khepy murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gly;
midj;jpe;jpa muRg;gzpfs;
cjtpj; njhif mspg;G.
KO ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;G Fwpj;j tifKiwfs;
epjpcwTfs;:
rl;lj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp thp tpjpf;fNth my;yJ t#ypf;fNth $lhJ
vd 265 jpl;ltl;lkhf $Wfpd;wJ.
ெபா( gl;bay; vt;tpjkhd thpiaAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy
kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; khepy
khepy muRfshy; t#ypf;fg;gl;L
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs; kj;jpa gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kj;jpa
jPh;itfs; kw;Wk; kUe;J kw;Wk; xg;gid Mf;fg; nghUs;fs; kPjhd
Maj;jPh;itfs;.
kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Lk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk;. khepy murhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thpfs;: 1.efu epy thp 2.ruf;F kw;Wk; gazpfshy; thp
3.,uapy; fl;lz thp 4.gq;F khw;w epiyia thpfs; 5.tpsk;guthpfs;
6.khepyq;fSf;fpilNa elf;Fk; tzpfj;jpd; NghJ thq;fg;gLk; kw;Wk;
tpw;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; kPjhd thpfs;
kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; t#ypf;fg;gl;Lk; kj;jpa murpw;Fk;
Fk; khepy
muRf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; thpfs;
thpfs: 1.tUkhd thp 2.kj;jpa
gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s thpfs;. mjhtJ kUe;J kw;Wk; xg;gid
Mf;fg;nghUl;fs; kPjhd Maj;jPh;itfs; jtpu.
kj;jpa murhy; tpjpj;J> t#ypf;fg;gl;L. kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy
muRfSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;J mspf;fg;glyhk; vdg;glf;$ba thpfs;:
~uj;J 272 njhptpf;fpwJ.
khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;:

• khepy epyq;fs; jtph;j;j kw;w nrhj;Jf;fis thhpRhpikahfg;
ngWNthh; kPjhd jPh;it.
• tptrha epyq;fs; jtph;j;j kw;w nrhj;Jf;fs; kPjhd kuz thp.
Page 30 of 39
• uapy; %ykhfTk;> fly;topahfTk; nry;Yk; gazpah; kw;Wk;
gz;lq;fs; kPjhd jPh;it.
• uapy;Nt gazf;fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; ruf;Ff; fl;lzq;fs; kPjhd thp.
• gq;F re;ij tpahghuq;fs; kPjhd thp.
• nra;jpj;jhs;fis tpw;gJ kw;Wk; thq;FtJk; kPjhd thp.
• nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; tpsk;guk; jUtjw;Fk; ntspapLtjw;Fk;
tpf;fg;gLk; thp.
• nra;jpj;jhs;fs; jtph;j;j gpw gz;lq;fspd; khepyq;fSf;F
,ilNaahd tpw;gid my;yJ thq;Fjy; kPjhd thp
• khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa mDg;ggLk; ruf;Ffs; kPjhd thp.
kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#ypf;fg;gLk; thpfs;: Rq;f thp

epWtdq;fspd; tUkhd thp. %yjd kjpg;G thp. tUkhd thp kPjhd
Nky;thp xd;wpag; gl;baypy; cs;s tp~aq;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thp
Mfpait Kw;wpYk; xd;wpaj;Jf;F chpait.
epjpf;FO
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 280tJ ~uj;Jk;> 281tJ ~uj;Jk;
epjpf;FOtpd; mikg;G Fwpj;J mjd; gzpfs; Fwpj;Jk; mjd; gzpfs;
Fwpj;Jk; $Wfpd;wd.
murpayikg;G Njhd;wpa ,uz;L Mz;bw;Fs; ,e;jpahtpd; FbauRj;

jiyth; epjpf;FO xd;wpid mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W. murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ஐe;jhz;bw;F xUKiw epjpf;FO mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. epjpf;FOtpw;F xU jiytUk; kw;Wk; ehd;F mq;fj;jpdh;fSk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,th;fs; FbauRj;jiytuhy; jFjpfs; vd;d vd;Wk; vg;gb
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; ghuhSkd;wk; $WfpwJ.
gzpfs;
,J kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa epjp vt;thW

gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd FbauRj; jiytUf;Fg; ghpe;Jiu
nra;fpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; jpul;L epjpapy; ,Ue;J khepyq;fSf;F vt;thW

epjpxJf;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J nfhs;ifastpy; ,f;FO ghpe;Jiuf;Fk;.
,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuk; Nkk;gl;L tpsq;fj; Njitahd

MNyhridfis FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;FfpwJ.
epjp Fwpj;j; tp~aq;fs; njhlh;ghf FbauRj; jiyth; VNjDk;

MNyhrid Nfl;lhy; epjpf;FO mtUf;F mwpTiu toq;Fk;.
vQ;rpAs;s mjpfhuq;fs;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; vQ;rpAs;s mjpfhuq;fisg; gw;wp ~uj;J 248 $WfpwJ.

mjd;gb ,izg;Gg; gl;baypNyh my;yJ khepy gl;baypNyh tpsf;fg;glhj
vj;Jiwapd; kPJk; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij> ghuhSkd;wk;
KOikahfg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; efuhl;rp kd;wk;: (LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;G: Panchayat Raj Institutions..
Page 31 of 39
gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;G Kiw vd;gJ jd;dhl;rp muR Kiwapd; Kf;fpakhd
mikg;ghFk;. ,J 1992-y; murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; (73 rd constitutional amendment of
1992) %yk; murikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,J \uj;J 40-f;Fk; nray;tbtk;
nfhLj;jJ. Rje;jpuk; mile;jJ Kjy; gy muRfs; ,jw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J
eilKiwg;gLj;j Kad;wd. mth;fs; gy FOf;fisAk; mikj;jhh;fs;.
‘1956-y; gy;te;juha; Nkj;jh” jiyikapy; FO (Balwantrai Mehta Committee)
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; ghpe;Jiufs;.
%d;wLf;F( Three Tier) gQ;rhaj;J uh[; Kiw - fpuhk mstpy; fpuhk
gQ;rhaj;J tl;lhu mstpy; gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy; [py;yh
ghp\j;.
midj;J jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp rhh;e;j eltbf;iffis ,tw;wpd; %yk;
eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;G khw;wk; Neh;ikahd Kiwapy; eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis nra;tjw;F Nghjpa mstpy; epjp Mjhuk;
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,itaidj;J ghpe;JiufSk; murhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L gQ;rhaj;J uh[;

mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Kjypy; ‘uh[];jhd; khepyk;” (Rajasthan being the first) ,jid Vw;W
eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ.
‘1977-y; mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO” (ASHOK MEHTA COMMITTEE) mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; mikg;gpd; gzpfisAk; NkYk; rpwg;ghf
eilKiwg;gLj;j ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ. mtw;wpy; rpy
• %d;wLf;F Kiw khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L ,uz;lLf;F Kiwahf ( The Two-Tier
System) khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
• [py;yh ghp\j; (Zila Parishad)> khtl;l mstpYk;> mjw;F fPo; kz;ly
gQ;rhaj;J (MANDAL PANCHAYAT). ,J15000 Kjy; 20000 tiu kf;fs; njhif
nfhz;Ls;s fpuhkq;fspy; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• [djh murhq;fk; ftpo;e;jjdhy; ,e;j ghpe;Jiwapd; Nky; ve;j Kaw;rpAk;
vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1991-y; fhq;fpu]; murhq;fk; ,jw;F murpayikg;G
me;j];J nfhLj;jJ. 73-tJ murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;jk; %yk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
73-
73-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; -1992: (Seventy Third Amendment Act of 1992)
• ,e;jr; rl;llk; \uj;J 243 Kjy; 243 (X) kw;Wk; Gjpa gFjp 9- ia 11-tJ
ml;ltizapy; Nrh;e;Js;sJ. ,e;jr;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;gpw;F
murpyikg;Gg; me;j];J toq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; khepyq;fs; ,t;tikg;ig
Vw;gLj;JtJ fl;lhakhf;fpAk; cs;sJ.
• ,e;jr; rl;lk; [k;K-fh\;kPh;> Nkfhyah> kpNrhuk;> ehfyhe;J kw;Wk;
ml;ltizapy; cs;s gFjpfs; rpytw;wpYk; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;j
KbahJ.
• ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspy; %d;wLf;F mikg;ig nfhLj;Js;sJ.
efuhl;rpfs;: (Municipalities)
( )
• efu jd;dhl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; mq;fk; efuhl;rp MFk;. 74-tJ
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj; jpUj;jk; 1992-y; ,aw;wg;gl;L mjd; %yk; gFjp IX A -
thdJ murikg;gpy; Gjpjjhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; \uj;J 243-P Kjy; 243
Page 32 of 39
ZG tiu ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 12-tJ ml;ltiz Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mjpy;
18 nghUz;ikfs; tifaplg;gl;lJ.
• ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb efuhl;rp cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; Neubahf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;ggLfpwhh;fs;. khepy rl;lkd;wkhdJ efuhl;rp jiytiu
Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Njh;jy; Kiwia mspf;Fk;. thh;L FOf;fis (Wards
Committees) mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. efuhl;rp epyg;ggFjpia xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l thh;Lfshf gphpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gphpf;fg;gLk; NghJ
me;j efuhl;rp epyg;gFjpapd; kf;fs; njhif 3 ,yl;rk; my;yJ mjw;F Nky;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• ,r;rl;lk; khtl;l jpl;lf; FOit mikf;f toptif nra;fpd;wJ. ,J
tsh;r;rpf;fhd jpl;lj;jpid khtl;l KOtJk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
• NkYk; gFjp IX-y; $wpaJNghy; fhyk;> jFjp> Njh;jy;> mjpfhuk; > gzpfs;>
epjp Nghd;wit midj;J gFjp IX A-tpy; mlq;Fk;.
neUf;fbfhy rl;l tifKiwfs;

,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G 3 tifahd neUf;fb epiyikfis gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Njrpa neUf;fb epiyik khepy neUf;fb epiyik. epjp
neUf;fb epiyik
Njrpa neUf;fb epiyik:
,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;G ntspj;jhf;FjyhNyh Majf; fyfq;fshNyh
my;yJ NghhpdhNyh mr;RWj;jg;gLfpwJ vd FbauRj; jiyth;
jpUg;jpAw;why; mth; ,e;jpah KOikf;FNkh my;yJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;Nfh neUf;fb epiyik gpufldg;gLj;jyhk; vd ~uj;J
352 (1) $WfpwJ.
neUf;fb epiyik gpufldkhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd;
Kd;Gk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; mjid ,U mitfSk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy vd;why; mg;gpufldkhdJ xU khjj;jpw;Fs; jd;
nray;jpwid ,oe;J tpLk;. vd ~uj;J 352 (4) $WfpwJ.
Vw;fdNt xU neUf;fb epiyik gpufldk; ,Ug;gpDk;> NkYk; xU
neUf;fb epiyik gpufldj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; mwptpf;fyhk; vd
~uj;J 352 (9) $WfpwJ.
khepy neUf;fb epiyik:
epiyik:
~uj;J 356d;
356 gb FbauRj;jiyth;> xU khepy MSeh; mDg;gpa
mwpf;ifapidg; ngw;wjpd; NghpNyh my;yJ mk;khepy murhq;fk;
murpayikg;G rl;l tifKiwfspd;gb elj;j Kbahj #o;epiy
cUthfp cs;sJ vd mth; jpUg;jpAw;whNyh> me;j khepyj;jpy; mth;
neUf;fb epiyikiag; gpufldg; gLj;jyhk;.
~uj;J 356d; gb khepy neUf;fb epiyik gpufldkhdJ
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU mitapd; Kd;Gk; itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mjid ,uz;L khj fhyk; KbtilAk; Kd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfSk; mq;fPfhpf;ftpy;iy vd;why; mJ ,uz;L khj fhyk; tiu
mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
mj;jF gpufldj;ij mjidj; njhlh;e;j xU gpufldj;jpdhy;.
jpUk;gg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ khw;wpaikf;fyhk;.
,e;j gpufldkhdJ kf;fsitapdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;. mJ
MWkhjq;fs; tiu mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;j MWkhj fhyk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ePl;bf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; ve;j
neUf;fb epiyik gpuflDk; %d;W Mz;Lfhyk; Kbtile;jTld;>
FbauRj; jiytUf;Nfh my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Nfh> mg;gpufldj;ijj;
njhlh;e;jpUf;fr; nra;a mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
Page 33 of 39
epjp neUf;fb epiyik
,e;jpahtpd; epjp epiyik my;yJ fld; epiyik mr;RWj;jg;glf;$ba
#o;epiy cUthfp cs;sJ vd FbauRj;jiyth; jpUg;jpAw;why; mth;
epjp neUf;fb epiyikia gpufldg;gLj;jyhk; vd ~uj;J 360
$WfpwJ.
khepy muR Copah;fs;> cr;r kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;.
,th;fspd; Cjpaj;ij Fiwf;f FbauRj;jiyth; VTiuf;fyhk;.
khepyr; rl;lkd;wq;fsha; epiwNtw;Wk; vy;yh epjp kNrhjhf;fisAk;
jkJ ghprPyidf;F mDg;GkhW FbauRj; jiyth; cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;j
khjphpahd neUf;fb epiyik ,Jtiu gpufldg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
muÁayik¥ò rh®ªj mik¥òfŸ
1. nj®jš Miza« õu¤J 324-‹go 1950-š RjªÂukhd btë¥gilahd
nj®jš el¤Jtj‰fhf cUth¡f¥g£lJ. 1989 tiu xU
cW¥Ãd® mik¥ghf ÏUªjJ ÃwF xU jyik nj®jš
Miza® k‰W« Ïu©L nj®jš Miza®fŸ bfh©l
mik¥ghf kh‰w¥g£lJ. 1990-š Û©L« xU cW¥Ãd®
bfh©l mik¥ghf kh‰w¥g£lJ. 1993-š Û©L« _‹W
eg®fŸ bfh©l mik¥ghf kh‰w¥g£lJ.
2. k¤Âa gâahs® õu¤J 315 Kjš 323 tiu gFÂ: XIV, jiyt® k‰W«
nj®thiza« cW¥Ãd®fŸ FoauR jiytuhš ãaä¡f¥gLth®fŸ
(UPSC) gjé¡fhy« 6 tUl« mšyJ 65 taJ
3. khãy gâahs® õu¤J 315 Kjš 323 tiu gFÂ: XIV, jiyt® k‰W«
nj®thiza« cW¥Ãd®fŸ MSe® mt®fshš ãaä¡f¥gLth®. Mdhš
gjé Ú¡f« c¢r ÚÂ k‹w érhuid mo¥gilæš
FoauR¤jiytuhš k£Lnk brŒa ÏaY«. gjé¡fhy« 6
tUl« mšyJ 62 taJ
4. ãÂ Miza« õu¤J 280-‹go 1951-« M©L cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
FoauR¤jiytuhš x›bthU Iªjh©L¡F xU Kiw
mik¡f¥gL«. xU jiyt® k‰W« eh‹F cW¥Ãd®fis
bfh©lJ. k¤Âa khãiy muR¡»ilna ãÂ g§ÑLfŸ
F¿¤j MnyhridfŸ tH§F«.14-tJ ãÂ Miza«
2013-š mik¡f¥g£L 2014-š m¿¡if rk®¥Ã¤JŸsJ.
ÏJ 2015 Kjš 2020 tiuÎŸs fhy¤Â‰fhdJ Ïj‹
jiyt® YV. bu£o .
5. National õu¤J 338, 2004-« M©Ltiu SC k‰W« ST
Commission for SCs Ïd¤jtU¡F xU§nf ÏUªj Miza« 89-tJ
muÁayik¥ò r£l ÂU¤j« (2003)-‹go jå¤jåahf
Ãç¡f¥g£lJ.
6. National õu¤J 338-A, 2004-« M©Ltiu SC k‰W« ST
Commission for STs Ïd¤jtU¡F xU§nf ÏUªj Miza« 89-tJ
muÁayik¥ò r£l ÂU¤j« (2003)-‹go jå¤jåahf
Ãç¡f¥g£lJ.
7. bkhê 7-tJ r£l ÂU¤j« 1956 õu¤J 350-B gFÂ –XVII
ÁWgh‹ikædU¡f
Page 34 of 39
hd Áw¥ò mYty®
Special officer for
Linguistic Minorities
8. jiyik fz¡F õu¤J-148 ÏªÂa ãÂa¤Â‹ ghJfhty® vd¥gL« Ïj‹
mYty® jiyt® FoauR jiytuhš ãaä¡f¥gLt® gjé¡fhy« 6
Comptroller and tUl« mšyJ 65 taJ
Auditor General of
India
9. ÏªÂahé‹ õu¤J 76 FoauR¤jiytuhš ãaä¡f¥gL»wh®.
jiyik tH¡f¿P®
Attorney General of
India
10. khãy jiyik õu¤J-165 khãy MSeuhš ãaä¡f¥gL»wh®.
tH¡f¿P®
Advocate General of
the State
muÁayik¥ò¢rhuhj mik¥òfŸ (Non
( Constitutional Bodies)
1. Â£l Miza« ghuhSk‹w Ô®khd¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš kh®¢-1950-š

Planning cUth¡f¥g£lJ. ÏªÂahéš Â£läLjè‹
Commission Kj‹ikãWtdkhf fUj¥g£lJ. Iªjh©L Â£l§fis
cUth¡Fjš Ïj‹ K¡»a gâahF« jiyt® Ãujk®
2014-š ÏJ fiy¡f¥g£L ãÂ Mnah¡ (NITI Aayog)
cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
2. nÁa ts®¢Á FG ghuhSk‹w Ô®khd¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš Mf°L-1952-š
National cUth¡f¥g£lJ. Ïj‹ K¡»a gâ Iªjh©L
Development Â£l§fS¡F x¥òjš tH§FtJ Ïj‹ jiyt® Ãujk®
Council 01.01.2016 Kjš ÏJ fiy¡f¥gLtjhf KoÎ brŒa¥g£L
Ït‰¿‹ gâfŸ ãÂ Mnah¡-‹ Governing Council –
èl« x¥gil¡f¥gl cŸsJ.
3. ãÂ Mnah¡ (NITI NITI – National Institution for Transforming India
Aayog) 01.01.2015 m‹W Â£l Miza¤Â‰f gÂyhf
cUth¡f¥g£lJ ghuhSk‹w Ô®khd¤Â‹ mo¥gilæš
njh‰Wé¡f¥g£lJ. (Created by an executive resolution of
the Union Cabinet, Neither a constitutional body nor a
statutory body).
jiyt® : Ãujk®, cW¥Ãd®fŸ mid¤J khãy
Kjšt®fŸ blšè k‰W« òJ¢nrç ôåa‹ Ãunjr
Kjšt®fŸ, k‰w ôåa‹ Ãunjr§fë‹ Jiz ãiya
MSe®fŸ Ãujkuhš ãaä¡f¥gL« eh‹F k¤Âa
mik¢r®fŸ Jiw rh®ªj Áw¥ò tšYe®fŸ.
Jiz jiyt®: Ãujkuhš ãaä¡f¥gLt®
muÁayik¥ò rhuhj r£l¥ó®tkhd mik¥òfŸ
(Non-Constitutional and Statutory Bodies)
Page 35 of 39
Ïit ahÎ« ghuhSk‹w r£l¤Â‹ _ykhf cUth¡f¥g£l mik¥òfŸ MF«. MF«.
1. bg©fS¡fhd njÁa Miz 1992
National Commission for Women
2. ÁWgh‹ikædU¡fhd njÁa Miza« 1993
National Commission for Minorities
3. Ã‰gL¤j¥g£nlhU¡fhd njÁa 1993
Miza«
National Commission for Backward
Classes
4. njÁa kåj cçik Miza« 1993
National Human Rights Commission
5. National Commission for Protection for 2007
Child rights
6. k¤Âa jftš Miza« 2005 (RTI-Act 2005)
Central Information Commission
7. Central Vigilance Commission 1964-« M©L rªjhd« FGé‹
gçªJiuæ‹ngçš ghuhSk‹w
Ô®khd¤Â‹go cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
cUth¡f¥g£lnghJ ÏJ
muÁayik¥ò rhuhj k‰W« r£l
ó®tk‰w mik¥ghF«. Mdhš
2003-« M©L ghuhSk‹w¤Âš
Ïa‰w¥g£l r£l¤Â‹
mo¥gilæš r£l ó®tkhd
mik¥ò v‹w jFÂia
bg‰WŸsJ.
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (1992)
11 kw;Wk; 12 Mfpa ,uz;L ml;ltizfisAk; ehk; ngw;wpUf;fpNwhk;.
73tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;Fk;
74tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; efuhl;rpfSf;Fk; murpayikg;G hPjpahd mq;fPfhuk;
toq;Ffpd;wd.
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; efuhl;rpfis epWTtjw;fhf Vw;w rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; khepy rl;lkpaw;Wk; mitfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xU gQ;rhaj;J fiyf;fg;gl;lhy;> MW khjq;fSf;Fs; kPz;Lk; Njh;jy;
elj;jg;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk;.
gQ;rhaj;Jj; Njh;jy;fis elj;Jtjw;fhf xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; khepy
Njh;jy; Mizah; xUth; ,Ug;ghh;.
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyikiag; gw;wpf; ftdpf;f
Ie;jhz;LfSf;F xU Kiw khepy epjp Mizak; mikf;fg;gLk;.
efu gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; efh; ghypfh:
74tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb efh; ghypfh kw;Wk; efu gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs;

mikf;f tif nra;ag;gl;lJ. 73tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lj;ij xj;jjhf ,l
xJf;fPL Njh;jy; thptpjpg;G mjpfhuk; tsh;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
epjp Mizak; mikj;jy; Nghd;w midj;Jk; efu gQ;rhaj;Jf;fhd
74tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Page 36 of 39
rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; (Amendment of the Constitution) (Art 368)
murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;fhd ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk;> mjw;fhd
eilKiwfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (Power of Parliament to amend the constitution
& Procedure therefore)
1973 Nfthde;jghujp Nfush khepy tof;fpy; KfTiuia cs;slf;fpa

murpaikg;gpd; ve;jg; gFjpiaAk; ghuhSkd;wk; jpUj;jyhk;. Mdhy;
murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;ig jpUj;j ,ayhJ vd cr;rePjpkd;wk;
jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
1971 – 24tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jg;gb murpayikg;G rl;lj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;fhd

eilKiwfs; (Procedure for Amendment of the constitutions)vd;w thh;j;ijf;F
gjpyhf murpaikg;G ruj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;fhd “Parliament to amend the
constitutions & Precedure therefore” vd;w thh;j;ij Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
1971-24 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wk; mbg;gil chpikfs; cl;gl

murpayikg;gpd; ve;j gFjpiaAk; jpUj;j mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1976 – 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jg;gb Art 368 y; gpd;tUk; 5 thrfq;fs;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
1. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; vijNaDk; Nrh;j;jy;> khw;Wjy; (jpUj;Jjy;)>
ePf;Fjy;.
2. jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd eilKiwfs;.
3. \uj;J 368 d;gb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rl;ljpUj;jj;ij vjph;j;J ePjpkd;wj;ij
mZf ,ayhJ.
4. rl;ljpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; kPJ NtW ve;jtpj
mjpfhuKk; nrYj;j ,ayhJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig 3 Kiwfspy; (m) topfspy; jpUj;jyhk;.
1. rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik
2. rpwg;G (m) mhpJ ngUk;ghd;ik
3. rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik & ghjpf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; xg;Gjy;
%yk; (Special Majority & the Ratification of half of the State legislatore)
1. rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; 50% (m) ½ Nkgl;l cWg;gpdh;fspd; MjuNthL jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KiwahFk;.
khepy rl;lNkyitia Vw;gLj;Jjy; (m) ePf;Fjy; (Art 239A)
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; rl;lg;Nguitia Vw;gLj;Jjy; (Art 239A)
murpayikg;gpd; 2tJ> 5tJ> 6tJ ml;ltizia jpUj;Jjy;.
ghuhSkd;w (m) rl;lkd;w Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jk;
2. rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 gq;Ff;F Nky; cWg;gpdh;fs; MjuTld; jpUj;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KiwahFk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jk;
Page 37 of 39
muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw Nfhl;ghL njhlh;ghd jpUj;jk;
1tJ Kiw kw;wk; 3tJ Kiwapy; jpUj;jg;glhj kw;w midj;Jk; jpUj;Jjy;
3. rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik & ghjpf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd;

xg;Gjy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld; jpUj;jg;gl;L>

mj;jpUj;jj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ghjpf;F Nkw;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;wq;fs;
xg;Gjy; mspf;fNtz;Lk;.
FbauR jiyth; Njh;jy; & Njh;jy; Kiwfs;
kj;jpa> khepyq;fspd; eph;thf mjpfhu vy;iy njhlh;ghd jpUj;jk;.
cr;rePjpkd;wk;> cah;ePjpkd;wk; njhlh;ghd jpUj;jq;fs;.
K¡»a r£l ÂU¤j§fŸ

r£l
ÂU¤j« M©L bghUŸ
v©
1 1951 9-tJ m£ltiz cUth¡f« -ÚÂòduhŒÎ éy¡F r£l§fŸ
7 1956 khãy§fŸ kW Óuik¥ò
21 1967 ÁªJ bkhê 15 tJ bkhêahf 8tJ m£ltizæš nr®¡f¥g£lJ.
24 1971 mo¥gil cçikfis ÂU¤j ghuhSk‹w¤Â‰F mÂfhu«
tH§Fjš.
42 1976 Mini Constitution- KfÎiu, mo¥gil cçikfŸ, muR têfh£L
beçKiwfŸ, ghuhSk‹w¤Â‹ nkyh©ik F¿¤j ÂU¤j«,
ÑHit fhy« 5 èUªJ 6 tUlkhf mÂfç¤jš k‰W« gy.
44 1978 mo¥gil cçikæèUªJ brh¤Jçik Ú¡f«, ÑHit fhy« 6
èUªJ 5 tUlkhf Fiw¤jš
52 1985 10 tJ m£ltiz cUth¡f«, f£Á¤jhtš jil r£l«
61 1988 th¡Fçik taJ 21 èUªJ 18 Mf Fiw¥ò
71 1992 bfh§få, kâ¥òç, neghë bkhêfŸ 8 tJ m£ltizæš
nr®¡f¥g£lJ.
73 1992 11 tJ m£ltiz – gŠrha¤J uh{
74 1992 12 tJ m£ltiz – ef® ghèfh.
76 1994 jäHf¤Â‹ 69% Ïl xJ¡ÑL -9 tJ m£ltizæš nr®¤jš.
86 2002 f£lha fšé-õu¤J 21A, 45, 51A(K) ÂU¤j«
89 2003 338A-SC/ST-¡fhd njrÁa Miza¤ÂèUªJ v°o ¡fhd jå
njÁa Miza« cUth¡f«.
91 2003 1. kªÂçfë‹ v©â¡if mÂfg£r« (ghuhSk‹w /r£l
k‹w) mitæ‹ cW¥Ãd®fë‹bkh¤j v©â¡ifæš
15% vd ã®za¤jš.
2. f£Á jhtš jil r£l¤Âš ÂU¤j«.
92 2003 nghnlh, nlh¡ç, ikÂè, rªjhè M»a bkhêfŸ 8tJ
m£ltizæš nr®¡f¥g£lJ.
93 2006 jåah® fšé ãWtd§fëš OBC fhd Ïl xJ¡ÑL F¿¤J
96 2011 Xçrh v‹gJ xoah vd bga® kh‰w« brŒa¥g£lJ.
Page 38 of 39
97 2012 T£LwÎ r§f§fS¡fhd r£l ÂU¤j«.gFÂ – IX B, õu¤J 19(1)
(C) ÂU¤j« k‰W« õu¤J 42B- I nr®¤jš.
99 2014 ca® ÚÂ k‹w« k‰W« c¢r ÚÂ k‹w ÚÂgÂfŸ ãakd Kiwahd
nj®Î¡FG”
nj®Î¡FG Kiw (Collegium system of appointing judges)
“nj®Î¡FG
Ú¡f¥g£L NJAC (National Judicial Appointments
Commission) bfh©Ltu¥g£lJ. ÏU¥ÃD« 2015-« M©oš
c¢r ÚÂk‹w« Ï¢r£l¤ÂU¤j« bršyhJ vd m¿é¤jJ.
vdnt Û©L« giHa Kiwna eilKiw¡F tªjJ.
Page 39 of 39

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,e;jpa murpayikg;G

xU ehl;L kf;fis Ml;rp GhpAk; mbg;gilahd murpay; Kiwiaf;

tuyh‰W Ã‹då (Historical

gFjpfs; jiyg;G tpjpfs;

murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

gy;NtWtifahd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;

gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfs; (m) fpuhkghypfh rl;lk;

efuhl;rp mikg;Gfs;> efh;ghypfh rl;lk;

tH¡F (Cases) tUl« Ô®¥òfŸ (Judgements)

bgUghç Ãunjr 1960 Kf¥òiu muÁayik¥Ãš X® gFÂ Ïšiy vd c¢r

gFÂ-I cŸs õu¤J 1 Kjš 4 tiu ÏJg‰¿ TW»wJ.

j‰bghGJ 29 khãy§fŸ k‰W« 7 ôåa‹ Ãunjr§fŸ cŸsd.

xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;rp

FbAhpik ngWk; Kiwfs;

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fpa nghOJ (~uj;J -5)

Fbngah;jy; %yk; FbAhpik ngWjy;( ~uj;J 6-7):

• ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ ghfp];jhdpypUe;J

gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy; %yk; FbAhpik ngwy;( ~uj;J -8):

,e;jpaf; FbAhpik ,oj;jy; (~uj;J -9):

,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;-1955:

rkj;Jt chpik (~uj;Jfs; 14-18)

~uj;J 226f;Fk; kw;Wk; ~uj;J 32f;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik:

gFÂ – III- ¡F btënaahd cçikfŸ : (Rights Outside Part III)

gFÂ – III –š cŸs mo¥gil cçikfSl‹ muÁayik¥Ã‹ k‰w Áy

muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; nfhs;iffs;

rk¤Jt nfh£ghLfŸ (Socialistic

õu¤J 39A :midtU¡F« rkÚÂ tH§FtJ« njit¥go‹

fhªÂa¡ nfh£ghLfŸ :- (Gandhian Principles):

õu¤J 40 : »uhk gŠrha¤Jfis Kiw¥gL¤jÎ«, r£l¥go mÂfhu«

guªj (m) tŸs‹ik nfh£ghLfŸ (Liberal –Intellectual Principles):

õu¤J 44 : midtU¡F« (mjhtJ ehL KGtj‰Fnk) xnu khÂçahd

gFÂ IV -¡F btënaŸs be¿KiwfŸ (Directives Outside part IV)

,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;

nrayhl;rpj; Jiw mjpfhuq;

,U mitfspd; ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp fhypahFk; gl;rj;jpy; mthpd; gzpia 6khjfhyj;jpw;F

,e;jpa muRj; jiyik tof;fwpQh;

,e;jpahtpd; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; midj;jpYk; Kjypy; jd;Dila

gpujk ke;jphp kw;Wk; kj;jpa mikr;ruit

mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

,e;jpa jpUehl;by; nrayhl;rpj; Jiwapd; cz;ikahd jiyikahf

Njh;jy;fs; Kbe;J Gjpa ghuhSkd;w mikf;fg;gl;lTld; KjyhtJ

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;

,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; ngw;Ws;s ePjpgjpfs; epakd mjpfhuk;

mikr;ruit ehl;L kf;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;F Njitahd nfhs;iffis

xd;wpaj;jpd; gy;NtW mq;fq;fshfpa khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpa Neub

khepyq;fsitapy; ,Ue;J 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j kNrhjh jpUg;gp

k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fS¡F ghuhSk‹w¤jhš tH§f¥g£LŸs

k¡fsit cW¥Ãd®fŸ ehlhSk‹w T£l¤bjhl® fhy¤Â‹nghnjh

T£l¤bjhlç‹ nghJ, ÚÂk‹w¤Âš tH¡F ãYitæš ÏUªjhY«

ehlhSk‹w¤jhš nj®ªbjL¡f¥g£l cW¥Ãd®fŸ 22 ng® 15 ng®

அவசர கால ச ட gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (Ordinance ) ~uj;J 213

MSeh; gpwg;gpf;Fk; அவசர கால ச ட rl;lrigapy; mitapd; Kd;Ngh.

• \uj;J-124 Kjy; 147 tiu> murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp - 5>

cr;rePjpkd;w mjpfhuKk; ePjptuk;

ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;: (Appointment

• murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; \uj;J 24-d; gb cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ

ePjpgjpia gjtpePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw: (Re-moval of Judges))

• ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuf;Fg; gpwNf FbauRj; jiyth; ePjpgjpia gjtp

Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhuq;fs;: (Appellate Jurisdiction)

• rptpy;> Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G njhlh;ghd tof;Ffs; cah;ePjpkd;w

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; kWrPuha;tpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;: (Power of Judicial Review)

• murpayikg;G rl;lg;gb ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s