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gl/vfxdAU
xUq;fpizg;G :
Nf.Nf.Njtjh];> muR kfspH Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> nrQ;rp> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
xUq;fpizg;gpy; cjtp :
tpOg;Guk; khtl;l muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp KJfiy tpyq;fpay; MrpupaHfs; :
v];.gp.khyhuhzp (tpOg;Guk;)> vk;.v];.tp[auh[; (nflhH)> K.rj;jpa%Hj;jp
(rj;jpakq;fyk;)> gp.jpUQhdrk;ge;jk; (jpahfJUfk;)> rp.Iag;gd; (gdkiyNgl;il)
n[agpufh\; (fpspaD}H)> R.fpU\;z n[ae;jp (kzf;Fg;gk;)> F.md;Gr;nry;tp
(fhiz)> vk;.Rfe;jp (vz;ba+H)> vk;.jduhzp (Xke;J}H)> tp.khyjp (Myfpuhkk;)>
Nf.,.Atuhzp (ehfY}H)> tp.fy;gdh (tpUfht+H)> RrPyh (kote;jhq;fy;)> vk;.eHkjh
(iedhHghisak;)> N[.N`kyjh (ngUtSH)> ng.jpyftjp (jOjhsp)> gh.ckh
(Xq;$H)> [p.Nyfh (murk;gl;L)> v];.tPzh ([p mupa+H)> ky;ypfh (mDke;ij)>
gp.Nf.ftpjh (Nky; xyf;$H)> v];.Nf.mde;jfpU\;zd; (Fjpiur;re;jy;)>
v];.jkpo;kzp (Nrhkd;lhHFb)> gp.tpy;yurd; (v];.xifa+H)> gh.gpufhrk; (NtY}H)>
gp.tp[ayl;Rkp (ngupa rpWtj;J}H)> [p.Rgh\;re;jpuNgh]; (nrtyGiu)> v.jl;rzh%Hj;jp
(thD}H)>
jl;lr;R cjtp :
[p.Rgh\;re;jpuNgh]; (nrtyGiu)
ghlk; 1. capUyfk;
1. capUs;sit> capuw;witfspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd?
m) ,dg;ngUf;fk; M) tsh;rr; p
,) tsu;rpij khw;wk; <) ,lg;ngau;rr
; p
tpil : (,)
2. xj;j gz;Gfspd; juj;ijg; ngw;w capupdf;FO
m) rpw;wpdk; M) tifghl;Lj; njhFjp
,) Ngupdk; <) FLk;gk;
tpil : (M)
3. juj;ijg; gw;wp fUjhky;> tifg;ghl;bd; xt;nthU myF.
m) lhf;rhd; (juj;ijg; gw;wp fUjhky;) M) tif
,) rpw;wpdk; (tifg;ghl;bd; myF.) <) ];l;nuapd;
tpil : (m my;yJ ,)
4. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ rkjuj;jpy; ,y;iy
m) gpiuNkl;lh (ghYhl;b> thpir) M) Mu;j;Njhg;Buh (G+r;rpfs;> thpir)
,) bg;buh (G+r;rpfs;> thpir) <) ,d;nrf;lh (G+r;rpfs;> tFg;G)
tpil : (m my;yJ <)
5. ve;j tifghl;L fUtp lhf;rhd; gw;wpa KO tptuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
m) tifg;ghl;Lj; jpwTNfhy; M) n`u;Ngupak;
,) jhtuk; <) NkhNdh/fpuhg;
tpil : (m)
6. gy;Yapu; jd;ik vd;w gjj;ijr; #l;bath; ahu;?
m) thy;lu; Nuh]d; M) v.[p.lhd;];Ny
,) mup];lhby; <) vgp.b.fhz;Nlhy;
tpil : (m)
7. fpshNlhfpuhk; vd;gJ fPo;f;fz;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
m) clw;nraypay; kw;Wk; capu;Ntjpapay;
M) gupzhkg; Gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; kuGtopg;gz;Gfs;
,) gy;Yapu; jd;ik kw;Wk; ,dj;njhlu;G njhFg;gikT
<) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l VJkpy;iy
tpil : (M)
8. %yf;$W tifg;ghl;bd; fUtpapy; ,J mlq;fpAs;sJ
m) b.vd;.V kw;Wk; Mu;.vd;.V M) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah kw;Wk; vz;Nlhgpshrtiy
,) nry;Rtu; kw;Wk; gpsh];kh GNuhl;bd; <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk;
tpil : (m)
9. gad;jUk; ghf;Bupahit NehA+f;fp ghf;BupahtpypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf.
t.vz; gad;jUk; ghf;Bhpah Neha+f;fp ghf;Bhpah
1 ed;ik jUk; ghf;Bhpah. Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah.
ghlk; 2. tpyq;Fyfk;
1. epNlupahtpy; fhzg;gLk; rkr;rPu; mikg;G
m) Mu M) ,Ugf;f
,) Ie;jiwfSila Mu <) rkr;rPuw;w
tpil : (m)
2. fly; rhke;jp rhu;e;Js;s njhFjp
m) GNuhl;NlhNrhth M) Nghup/nguh
,) rPnyd;bNul;lh <) vfpNdhnlu;Nkl;lh
tpil : (,)
3. jl;ilg;GOf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fopT ePf;fr; nry;fs;
m) GNuhl;Nlhne/g;hpbah M) Rlu;nry;fs;
,) nrhypNdhirl;Lfs; <) ,it midj;Jk;
tpil : (M)
4. fPo;f;fhZk; ve;j capupapy; Raf; fUTWjy; eilngWfpwJ ?
m) kPd; M) cUisg;GO
,) kz;GO <) fy;yPuy; GO
tpil : (<)
5. kz;GOf;fspd; ne/g;uPbahf;fs; fPo;f;fhZk; cWg;G nra;Ak; mNj nraiyr; nra;fpwJ
m) ,why; kPdpd; nrTs;fs; M) gpsNdupahtpd; Rlu; nry;fs;
,) G+r;rpfspd; Rthrf;Foy; <) i`l;uhtpd; nekl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs;
tpil : (M)
6. ,tw;Ws; vJ cz;ikahd clw;Fopiaf; nfhz;;lJ ?
m) m];fhup]; M) ngupl;bkh
,) irfhd; <) Bdpah Nrhypak;
tpil : (M)
7. fz;l mikg;G ,jd; Kf;fpag;gz;G
m) tisj;jirg; GOf;fs; M) Kl;Njhypfs;
,) fZf;fhypfs; <) FopAlypfs;
tpil : (m)
8. ngupl;bkhtpy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp ,jd; cjtpAld; eilngWfpwJ.
m) tisaj; jirfs;
M) ePs thl;Lj;jirfs; kw;Wk; rPl;lhf;fs;
,) tisaj;jirfs;> ePs;thl;Lj;jirfs; kw;Wk; rPl;lhf;fs;
<) ghuNghbah
tpil : (,)
9. ,aw;ifapy;>kpf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; rpw;wpdq;fisf; nfhz;l capupfs;
m) G+r;rpfs; M) gwitfs;
,) MQ;rpNah];ngk;fs; <) G+Q;irfs;
tpil : (m)
10. ,tw;Ws; vJ fpu];Nl\pa capup?
m) ,why; kPd; M) ej;ij
,) flw;rhke;jp <) i`l;uh
tpil : (m)
11. fug;ghd; G+r;rpapd; Rthr epwkp (fug;ghd; G+r;rpapy; Rthr epwkp ,y;iy)
m) `PNkhFNshgpd; M) `PNkhradpd;
,) Mf;]p`PNkhFNshgpd; <) `PNkhvhpj;upd;
tpil : (M)
12. vj;njhFjp capupfspd; Gwr;rl;lfk; ifl;bdhyhd fpA+l;bfpisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ?
m) tisj;jirg; GOf;fs; M) JisAlypfs;
,) fZf;fhypfs; <) Kl;Njhypfs;
tpil : (,)
thpir I thpir - II
P ej;ij I Nga; kPd;
Q nld;lhypak;; II iflhd;
R fPl;NlhgpSuh III Mg;gps; ej;ij
S Mf;Nlhg]; IV je;j XL
czTg;ghij
Nghyp clw;FopAilait
cUisg;GOf;fs; fpa+l;bfs;
ghy; NtWghl;Lj;jd;ik
xl;Lz;zp
34. Kjpu; capup bA+dpNfl;Lfspy; jf;f itf;fg;gl;Ls;s KJF ehzpfspd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
yhHthf;fspd; thy; kl;Lk; KJFehz; ngw;Ws;sjhy;> a+NuhfhHNll;lh (thy; ehzpfs;) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jpwe;j tif ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk;> KOikahd nrupg;G kz;lyk;> Foy; tbt tapw;Wg;Gw
,jak; Mfpatw;iwAk; ,it nfhz;Ls;sd.
nrTs; gpsTfs; %yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd.
KJFehizg; Nghd;Nw KJFGw Foy; tbt euk;G tlKk; yhHthf;fspy; kl;Lk; cs;sJ.
KjpH capupfspy; xw;iw KJFg;Gw euk;Gnry; jpus; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
40. Kl;ilapLk; kw;Wk; Fl;b <Dk; ngz; tpyq;Ffspd; Kl;ilfSk; mtw;wpd; Fl;bfSk; KiwNa
rk vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;Fkh? Vd;?
,Uf;fhJ. Vnddpy;>
Kl;ilapLk; tpyq;Ffs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kl;ilfis ,Lk;.
Kl;ilapLk; tpyq;Ffspd; tsh;r;rp jhapd; clYf;F ntspNa eilngWk;.
Kl;ilfs; #o;epiy kw;Wk; jPq;FaphpapypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjpf Kl;ilfs; mopTw;whYk;> rpy Kl;ilfs; #o;epiy khw;wj;ijAk; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L
Gjpa caphpia cUthf;FfpwJ.
Fl;b <Dk; ngz; tpyq;Ffspd; Fl;bfs; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; jhapd; tapw;wpy; tsUk;.
,it Fiwthd #o;epiy khw;wk; kw;Wk; jPq;FaphpapypUe;J ghJfhj;J tho;tjw;fhd
jftikg;G mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt> Kl;ilapLk; tpyq;Ffis tpl Fl;b <Dk; tpyq;Ffs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd
caphpia cUthf;Fk;.
tiffs; gzpfs;
jsh;thd ,izg;G jpRf;fs;
VhpNahyhhu; jpR jhq;F rl;lkhfTk;> cly; jpRf;fSf;F ePu;> cg;G Nghd;wit
1
Njf;fp itf;Fk; ,lkhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
mbg;Ngh]; jpR Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fis Nrfupj;J itj;jy;> tsu;rpij khw;wk;
2
eilngWk; ,lk;.
nul;bFyhu; jpR epzePu; fZf;fs;> kz;zPuy;> vYk;G k[;i[-mfr;rl;lkhf
3
gad;gLfpd;wJ.
mlh;thd ,izg;Gj;jpR
vYk;Gj;jirAk;> vYk;Gfis ,izfpwJ. ,Otpir
1 mlu;thd rPuhd jpR
mOj;jj;ij jhq;Fgit.
mlu;thd rPuw;w jpR gy jpRf;fspypUe;J tUk; ,Otpiriaj; jhq;fp mikg;G
2
uPjpahd tYit jUfpwJ.
rpWePufk;> vYk;Gfs;> jirfs;> %l;Lfs;> euk;Gfs;-
Nghd;wtw;iwr; Rw;wp ehupio ciwfisAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
3 kPs;jd;ik jpR ,Of;fg;gl;l jirfs; kPz;Lk; gioa epiyia milaTk;>
EiuaPuy; RUq;Ftjw;Fk; ,it fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.
ghlk; 6. Rthrk;
1.Rthrj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ
m) ngU%is M) KFsk;
,) rpW%is <) ghd;];
tpil : (M)
2.vYk;gpilj; jirfs; ,jdpilNa mike;Js;sd
m) KJnfYk;Gj; njhlu; M) khu;ngYk;G
,) tpyh vYk;Gfs; <) Fuy;tisj; Jis.
tpil : (,)
3.G+r;rpfspd; Rthr cWg;Gfs;
m) %r;Rf;Foy;fs; M) nrTs;fs;
,) gr;ir Rug;gpfs; <) EiuaPuy;fs;
tpil : (m)
4.M];Jkh Vw;glf; fhuzk;
m) GSuy; Fopf;Fs; ,uj;jg;Nghf;F M) %f;fpy; njhw;W
,) cjutpjhdr; Nrjk; <) EiuaPuy; njhw;W
tpil : (<)
5.Mf;rp[d; gpupif tistpd; tbtkhdJ
m) rpf;kha;L M) Neu;fN; fhL
,) tise;jJ <) ePs;rJu kpif tisT
tpil : (m)
6.xU rhjhuz kdpjdpd; %r;Rf;fhw;W msT
m)800 kpyp M)1200 kpyp
,)500 kpyp <)1100 – 1200kpyp
tpil : (,)
7.cl;Rthrj;jpd; NghJ cjutpjhdk;
m) tpuptilfpwJ M) ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;iy
,) jsu;e;J Nkw;Ftpe;j mikg;igg; ngWfpwJ <) RUq;fpj; jl;ilahfpwJ.
tpil : (<)
8.,uj;jj;jpd; %yk; EiuaPuYf;Fr; nry;Yk; fhu;gd; il Mf;irbd; epiy
m) fhu;ghdpf; mkpyk; M)Mf;rp`PNkhFNshgpd;
,) fhu;gkpNdh `PNkhFNshgpd; <) fhughf;rp `PNkhFNshgpd;
tpil : (,)
9.EiuaPuy;fSf;Fs; 1500kpyp fhw;W ,Uf;Fk; epiy
m) capu;g;Gj;jpwd; M) %r;Rf;fhw;W msT
,) vQ;rpa nfhs;ssT <) cs;%r;R Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT.
tpil : (,)
10.capu;g;Gj; jpwd; vd;gJ
m) %r;Rf;fhw;W msT + cl;RthrNrkpg;Gf;nfhs;ssT.
M) %r;Rf;fhw;W msT + ntspr;RthrNrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT.
,) vQ;rpa nfhs;ssT + ntspr;RthrNrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT.
<) %r;Rf;fhw;W msT + cl;Rthr Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT + ntspr;Rthr Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssT.
tpil : (<)
11.ePz;l Mo;e;j %r;Rf;Fg;gpd; rpy tpdhbfs; ehk; fhw;iw Rthrpg;gjpy;iy. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;.
m) ,uj;jj;jpy; mjpf CO2 ,Ug;gjhy; M) ,uj;jj;jpy; mjpf O2 ,Ug;gjhy;
,) ,uj;jj;jpy; Fiwthd CO2 ,Ug;gjhy; <) ,uj;jj;jpy; Fiwthd O2 ,Ug;gjhy;.
tpil : (M)
12.Gifgpbj;jypdhy; fPo;f;fz;l ve;jg; nghUs;thA gupkhw;w kz;lyj;jpid ghjpf;fpwJ
m) fhu;gd; Nkhdhf;irL kw;Wk; Gw;W Neha;fhuzpfs;
M) fhu;gd; Nkhdhf;irL kw;Wk; epf;Nfhbd;
,) Gw;W Neha; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; jhu;
<) epf;Nfhbd; kw;Wk; jhu;
tpil : (M)
20. czT tpOq;fg;gLk; NghJ Fuy; tisia %Lk; Rthr mikg;G vJ?
nky;ypa> kPs; jd;ikAila Fuy;tis %bahdJ czT tpOq;fg;gLk; NghJ czTj;Jfs;
Fuy; tisapDs; nrd;W milj;J tplhky; jLf;fpwJ.
21. %r;Rf;Fohapy; fhw;W nry;Yk; topapy; vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; kpfTk; FiwT Vd;? VNjDk; ,uz;L
fhuzq;fisf; $W?
fhw;W nry;Yk; ghij mfykhdJ
fhw;wpd; ghF epiy FiwT
22. fly; kl;lj;jpw;F Nky; mjpf cauj;jpy; ePz;l ehs; tho xUthpd; cly; vt;thW rhpnra;J
nfhs;fpwJ?
fly; kl;lj;jpw;F Nky; mjpf cauj;jpw;F nry;Yk; nghOJ tspkz;ly mOj;jKk;
Mf;rp[d; gFjp mOj;jKk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; Mf;rp[d; `PNkhFNshgpNdhL Fiwthf
,izfpwJ.
,J ePz;l ehs; mq;F thof; $ba #oypy; rpWePufq;fspypUe;J mjpf msT vhpj;Nuhgha;bd;
`hh;Nkhd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L vYk;G k[;i[ J}z;lg;gl;L mjpf ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
23. thAf;fspd; CLUty;; Ez; fhw;Wg;ig gFjpfspy; kl;LNk eilngWfpwJ. Rthr kz;lyj;jpd;
NtW ve;jg; gFjpapYk; ,J eilngWtjpy;iy – tpthjpf;fTk;.
fhw;W Ez;ziwfNs thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd Kjd;ik Rthr gug;ghFk;
jpRf;fSf;Fk;> ,uj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa O2 kw;Wk; CO2 Mfpad vspa tputy; Kiw %yk;
ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
thAf;fspd; CLUtYf;F gFjp mOj;j NtWghL fhuzkhfpwJ
Mf;]p[dpd; gFjpmOj;jk; PO2 vd;Wk; fhh;gd;-il – Mf;i]bd; gFjp mOj;jk; PCO2
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. gFjp mOj;j NtWghl;lhy;> fhw;W Ez;ziwfspy; cs;s
Mf;fp[d; ,uj;jj;jpw;Fs;> nrd;W gpw jpRf;fis milfpwJ.
mijg;NghyNt fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i]L jpRf;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;L ,uj;jj;jpd; Clhff;
fhw;W Ez;ziwfis milfpwJ.
fhw;Wg;igfspYs;s thA tputYf;fhd rt;T 3mLf;Ffshy; MdJ.
mit jl;il vgpjPypar; nry;fs; ,uj;j Ez; ehsq;fspd; vz;NlhjPypa nry;fs; ,it
,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilAs;s mbg;gil nghUl;fs; MfpaitahFk;.
,e;j nky;ypa jl;il vgpjPypar; nry;fs; 2 tif nry;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mit
tif 1 - nry;fs; kpf nky;ypait ,jpy; thA gupkhw;wk; tputy; Kiwapy; Jupjkhf
eilngWfpwJ.
tif 2 - nry;fs; jbj;jit. ,it Nkw;gug;gpfs; vDk; Ntjpg;nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;J
Ruf;fpd;wd.
24. Rthrg; ghijia tpsf;Fk; njhlh; tpsf;f tiuglj;ij (flow Chart) tiuf.
cl;Rthrk; ntspr;Rthrk;
cl;Rthrj;jpd; NghJ Rthr ikaq;fs; ntspr;Rthrj;jpd; NghJ Rthr ikaq;fs;
J}z;ly;fis njhlq;fp mDg;Gfpd;wd J}z;ly;fis epWj;Jfpd;wd.
19. tyJ ntd;l;hpf;fspd; Rth; ,lJ ntd;lh; pf;fspd; Rtiu tpl nky;ypaJ Vd;?
tyJ ntd;lh; pf;fs; RUq;Ftjhy; mRj;j ,uj;jk; EiuaPuy; jkdp %yk; EiuaPuYf;F kl;Lk;
nry;fpwJ. ,jw;F mjpf ,uj;j mOj;jk; Njitapy;iy
,lJ ntd;lh; pf;fs; RUq;Fk; NghJ kfh jkdp %yk; clypd; vy;yh ghfq;fSf;Fk; nry;fpwJ.
,jw;F mjpf mOj;jk; Njitg;gLtjhy;. ,lJ ntd;lh; pf;fspd; Rth; jbj;Js;sJ.
20. xUthpd; cztpy; ,Uk;Gr;rj;J Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?
,uj;j rptg;gZf;fpd; vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ
`PNkhFNshgpd; msT Fiwtjhy; %r;Rj;jpzwy; kw;Wk; mdpkpah Neha; cz;lhfpwJ.
,Uk;G Fiwthy; `PNkhFNshgpdpy; Mf;]p[id vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwd; FiwfpwJ.
21. ,jaj;Jbg;G Njhd;Wjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; eilngWk; Kiwia tpthp
kdpj ,jak; kNahn[dpf; tifiar; Nru;e;jJ.
(,jaj; jirapy; cs;s fhu;bNahkNahirl;Lfs; Kidg;gpaf;f ePf;fk; ,ay;ghd> rPuhd
,jaj; Jbg;igj; Jtf;Ffpd;wd).
,jaj;jpd; kpd; J}z;ly; gbepiyfs; glk; 7.8y; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpiuthd rPupaf;fk; nfhz;l ,jaj;jir; nry;fs; ,jaj;J}z;b nry;fs; my;yJ
Ng];Nkf;fu; nry;fs; vdg;gLk;.
Vnddpy; nkhj;j ,jaj;jpd; Jbg;G tPjj;ij ,r;nray;fNs jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd.
,e;jg; Ng];Nkf;fu; nry;fs; tyJ irD Vl;upay; fZtpy; mike;Js;sd.
tyJ Mupf;fpspd; ,lJ gFjpapy; Mupf;FNyh ntz;l;upFyhu; Kbr;R cs;sJ.
Mupf;FNyh ntd;lu; pf;Fyhu; Kbr;rpypUe;J Njhd;Wk; ,U rpwg;G ,jaj; jirapiofSf;F
`p];]pd; fw;iwfs; vd;W ngau;.
,J ntd;lu; pf;Fyhu; ,ilr;Rtu; topahff; fPo;Nehf;fpr; nrd;W ntd;l;upf;fpspd; Rtu; gFjpapy;
Ez;zpiofshf gutpAs;sd.
,jw;F gu;fpd;[p ehupio njhFg;G vd;W ngah;.
Ng];Nkf;fu; nry;fs;> kpd;Kidg;gpaf;f ePf;fk; %yk; nry; rt;itf; fpsu;r;rpailar;
nra;fpd;wd.
Nrhbak; cs;Ns EiotjhYk; nghl;lhrpak; ntspNaw;wk; FiwtjhYk;njhlf;fj;jpy;
kpd;Kidg;gpaf;f ePf;fk; nkJthf epfo;fpd;wJ.
Fiwe;j gl;r kpd;dOj;j top %yk; fhy;rpak; fhy;thiaj; J}z;Ltjd; tpisthfj; Jupj
kpd; Kidg;gpaf;f ePf;fk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
,jdhy; nray;epiy kpd;dOj;jk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
Ng];Nkf;fu; nry;fs;>K+ ntspNaw;wj;jhy; kPz;Lk; nkJthf kpd;Kidg;gpaf;fk; milfpwJ.
A- ngUe;jkdp
B- ,lJ EiuaPuy; jkdp
C- ,lJ EiuaPuy; rpiu
D- miu re;jpu tbt thy;T
E- <hpjo; thy;T my;yJ ,lJ ntz;bhpf;fps;
F- %tpjo; thy;T my;yJ tyJ ntz;bhpf;fps;
G- fPo; ngUQ;rpiu
20. mz;ik RUs; Ez;Foy; gFjpapy; kPs cwpQ;rg;gl;l nghUl;fs; vk;Kiwapy; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd
vdg;nghUj;Jf
m. Na+ - vspa CLUty;
M) FSf;Nfh]; - Kjd;ik nray;kpF flj;jy;
,) A+upah - kiwKf nray;kpF flj;jy;
<) gpsh];kh - ,izr; nraypaf;fk;
c) ePh; - capuZ cl;ftu;jy;
C) Gujq;fs; - Guj top CLUty;
tpil :
m. Na+ - Kjd;ik nray;kpF flj;jy;;
M) FSf;Nfh]; - kiwKf nray;kpF flj;jy;
,) A+upah - vspa CLUty;
<) gpsh];kh - ,izr; nraypaf;fk;
c) ePh; - Guj top CLUty
C) Gujq;fs; - capuZ cl;ftu;jy;;
33. rpWePufj;jpw;F ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; ,uj;jf; Foha; vJ? vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; ,uj;jk;
jkdp ,uj;jkh? my;yJ rpiu ,uj;jkh?
rpWePuf jkdp rpWePufj;jpw;F ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; ,uj;jf; FohahFk;.
vLj;;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; ,uj;jk; jkdp ,uj;jk; MFk;.
35. Foy;fspy; Ruj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? rpWePuf Ez;Foy;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; rpy nghUl;fSf;F
cjhuzk; nfhL.
Foypy; cs;s tbjputj;jpy; ntsptplg;gLfpw xt;nthU i`l;u[d; madpf;Fk; xU Nrhbak;
madp> Foy; nry;fspdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thW Ruf;;fg;gl;l i`l;u[d;> ig-fhu;gNdl;Lfs;> ig-gh];Ngl;Lfs; kw;Wk; mk;Nkhdpah
Mfpatw;Wld; ,ize;J fhu;ghdpf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; gh];ghupf; mkpykhf khWfpwJ.
i`l;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak;> mk;Nkhdpah> fpupahl;bdpd; kw;Wk; fupk mkpyq;fs; Mfpait Gw
Ez;Foy;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s ,uj;j Ez; ehsj; njhFg;gpypUe;J Foypy; cs;s
tbjputj;jpDs; nry;fpd;wd.
mz;ik RUz;l Ez;Foypy; mjpf mstpy; ePu; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ. n`d;Ny tistpy;
Nrhbak; madpfSk; ePUk; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
gpwF jho;cg;glu;T jd;ik nfhz;l jputk; Nra;ik RUs; Ez;Foiy milfpd;wJ. mjpy;
A+upah kw;Wk; cg;Gf;fs; Mfpait Gw Ez;Foy; ,uj;j ehsq;fspypUe;J Nra;ik RUs;
Foypd; nry;fSf;Fs; te;J Nru;fpd;wd.
,e;epiyapy; cs;s rpWePupy; tbjputKk; Ruf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fSk; cs;sd. ,J Nrfupg;G
ehsj;jpw;Fs; EioAk; NghJ ePh; cwpQ;rg;gLtjhy; mlu;j;jp mjpfkhd cau; cg;glu;T
jd;ik nfhz;l rpWePu; cUthfpwJ.
Foypy; cs;s tbjputj;jpy; ntsptplg;gLfpw xt;nthU i`l;u[d; madpf;Fk; xU Nrhbak;
madp Foy; nry;fspdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW Ruf;fg;gl;l i`l;u[d;> ig
fhu;gNdl;Lfs;> ig gh];Ngl;Lfs; kw;Wk; mk;Nkhdpah Mfpatw;Wld; ,ize;J fhu;ghdpf;
mkpyk; (H2CO3) kw;Wk; gh];ghupf; mkpykhf (H3PO4) khWfpwJ.
jputj;jpYs;s i`l;u[d; madp ,t;thW epiygLj;jg;gl;ljhy;> mit kPs cwpQ;rg;gLtJ
jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
38. rpWePu;g; ngUf;nfjpu; `hu;Nkhdpd; gzp ahJ? mJ vq;Nf cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ? ,jd; Rug;ig
mjpfupf;fTk; Fiwf;fTk; J}z;LtJ vJ?
Md;bila+upbf; `hu;Nkhd; vdg;gLk; thN]hgpu];]pd; my;yJ rpWePu;g;ngUf;nfjpu; `hu;Nkhd;
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
epa+Nuhi`Nghigrp]py; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,jd; Rug;ig i`g;Nghjyhk]py;; cs;s CLfyg;G czu;Ntw;gp J}z;lg;gLfpwJ.
jhq;Fk; jd;ik :
Rthrg;gapw;rpfs;> Rthrk; kw;Wk; ,jar; nray; msT Mfpatw;iw caHj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J
,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyj;ij eyKld; itj;J clypd; fl;likg;ig Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
rkepiyg;gapw;rp:
,J tajhdtHfsplk; nghJthff; fhzg;gLfpd;w jtwp tpOe;Jtply; Nghd;wdtw;iwj;
jLf;f cjTk; gapw;rpahFk;. Gy cly; cWjpg; gapw;rpfs; cly; rkepiyiaAk;
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
tpil : (m)
3.euk;G J}z;ly; flj;jypd; NghJ euk;G re;jpg;gpy; irdhg;bf; igfspypUe;J euk;Gzu;T flj;jpfs;
(P) madpfspd; nray;ghLfshy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. rhpahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njL
m) P = mrpl;ily; Nfhiyd; Q= Ca++ M) P = mrpl;ily; Nfhiyd; Q= Na+
,) P= GABA Q= Na+ <) P = Nfhiyd; v];l;Nu]; Q= Ca++
tpil : (m)
4. A,B vd;w ,U nry; tiffspy; glq;fis Muha;e;J rupahd tpiliaj; Njue;e;njL
tpil : (M)
12.fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; xd;iwj; jtpu kPjp kaypd; ciwAld; njhlu;GilaJ. me;j xd;W vJ?
m) euk;Gj; J}z;ly; tpiuthff; flj;jg;gLk;
M) uhd;tpah; fZ Mf;]hd;fspy; Mq;fhq;Nf ,ilntspfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd
,) euk;Gj; J}z;ly; flj;jYf;fhf Mw;wy; ntspg;ghL mjpfupj;jy;
<) nray; kpd;dOj;jk; jhTjy; top flj;jg;gLfpwJ
tpil : (,)
13.$k;G nry;fs; njhlu;ghd gy $w;Wfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; $k;G nry;fs; gw;wpa
rupahd $w;Wfs; ahit?
$w;Wfs; :
1.mjpf xspapy; Fr;rp nry;fis tpl $k;G nry;fs; Fiwe;j czu;jpwd; nfhz;Ls;sd.
2.,it epwq;fis czug; gad;gLfpd;wd
3.vhpj;uhg;rpd; vd;Dk; xsp epwkp rptg;G tz;z xspia czu;fpwJ.
4.tpopj;jpiuapd; /Nghtpah gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpil : (<)
15.Mf;]hd; glyj;jpw;fpilNaahd kpd;dOj;jk; xa;T epiy kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl mjpf vjpu; kpd;
jd;ikAilajhff; fhzg;gl;lhy; epA+uhd; ve;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjg;gLk;.
m) kpd;Kidg;gpaf;f ePf;fk;
M) cr;r kpd;Kidg;gpaf;fk;
,) kpd; Kidg;gpaf;f kPl;rp
<) Fiw kpd;Kidg;gpaf;fk;
tpil : (M)
16. FUl;Lg;Gs;sp vdg;gLtJ vJ? Vd; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
fz;zpd; gpd;Kidapd; ikag;gFjpf;Fr; rw;Wf; fPohf ,uj;jf; Foha;fSk; ghu;it euk;Gk;
fz;zpw;Fs; Eiofpd;wd.
,g;gFjpapy; xspAzu; nry;fs; fpilahJ. vdNt ,g;gFjp FUl;Lg;Gs;sp vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
17. xUtupd; fz; gupNrhjfH mtUila fz; cs;sOj;jk; mjpfstpy; cs;sjhff; $WfpwhH.
,e;epiyapd; nganud;d? mjw;Ff; fhuzkhd jputk; vJ?
xUtUila fz; cs;sOj;jk; mjpfstpy; ,Ue;jhy; me;epiy FSf;Nfhkh vdg;gLk;.
mjw;F ‘Kd;fz; jputk;’ fhuzkhFk;.
Vnddpy;> mj;jputk; nyd;Rf;Fk; tpopj;jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;J> nyd;R> fhu;dpah kw;Wk;
tpopj;jpiu nry;fSf;F Mf;]p[d; kw;Wk; czTg;nghUl;fis mDg;Gk; Ntiyia
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
me;epiyapy;> ,ilapy; VNjDk; milg;G Vw;gbd;> cs;sOj;jk; mjpfkhfyhk;.
28. Kjy; Ie;J %is euk;Gfspd; ngau;fs; ahit? mjd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; gzpfs; ahit?
t.vz; %is euk;Gfs; euk;gpd; gz;G gzpfs;
1 Efu;r;rp euk;G czu;T euk;G Efu;jy;
2 ghu;it euk;G czu;T euk;G ghu;it
3 ghu;it ,af;f euk;G ,af;F euk;G fz;zpd; mirT
4 l;Nuhf;spahu; euk;G ,af;F euk;G fz;Nfhs Row;rp
5 Kf;fpis euk;G czu;T kw;Wk; ,af;F euk;G Kfg;gFjpfspd; nray;ghL
29. midj;J czu;T cWg;GfspYk; Rit czu;T cWg;G kfpo;T+l;lf; $baJ. Vd;?
vy;yh czu;TfSf;Fk; Nkyhd kfpo;T+l;Lk; czu;thfr; Rit czu;T cs;sJ. ehtpy;
fhzg;gLk; rpwpa Gilg;Gfs; ghg;gpyhf;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
,it ehf;Ff;Fr; nrhunrhug;Gj; jd;ikiaj; jUfpwJ. ehf;F KOtJk; gutpf; fhzg;gLk;
ghg;gpy;yhf;fspy; Rit nkhl;Lf;fs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vdpDk; Nkyz;zj;jpd; nkd;ikahd gFjp> fd;dj;jpd; cs;gug;G> njhz;il gFjp>
Fuy;tis %b Nghd;w gFjpfspYk; Rit nkhl;Lfs; Fiwe;j mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ritnkhl;Lfs; FLit tbtKilait. ,tw;wpy; 50-100 tiuapyhd vgpjPypay; nry;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L tif vgpjPypak; nry;fs; cs;sd. mit
1. Rit vgpjPypay; nry;fs; (Rit czu;tpfs;)
2. mbg;gil my;yJ Ngry; vgpjPypay; nry;fs; (GJg;gpf;Fk; nry;fs;)
Rit vgpjPypa nry;fspypUe;J ntsptUk; Rit Ez;,iofs; Ritj; Jisfspd; topahf
ntspNa ePl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. .
,it ckpo;ePupy; mkpo;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Rit czu; nry;fspy; cs;s Rit Ez;
,iofNs Ritia czUk; gFjpahFk;.
,r;nry;fspy; czu;jd;ik nfhz;l nld;l;iul;Lfs; Ritf;Nfw;gf; Fwpg;Gfis %isf;F
mDg;Gfpd;wd.
Ngry; nry;fs; %yr;nry;fshf nray;gl;L Gjpa Rit vg;gpjPypay; nry;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
30. Efu;r;rp czu; cWg;gpd; mikg;gpid tptup?
Rit kw;Wk; kzk; ,tw;wpw;fhd czu;Ntw;gpfs; NtjpTzu;Ntw;gpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
fhw;wpy; fiuaf; $ba Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; Efu;r;rp czu;Ntw;gpfisj; J}z;Ltjhy; kzk;
czug;gLfpwJ.
ehrpaiwfspd; $iug;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; kQ;rs; epwj;jpdhy; Md Efu;r;rp vgpjPypa
jpl;Lf;fNs Efu;r;rp cWg;Gfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
Efu;r;rp vgpj;jPypakhdJ fPo;Gwk; Nfhiog;glyj;jhYk;> Nky;Gwk; Efu;r;rp Rug;gpfisf;
nfhz;l ,izg;Gj;jpRf;fshYk; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
Efu;r;rp cWg;gpy; %d;W tifahd nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mit
1. MjuT nry;fs;>
2. mbg;gil nry;fs;>
3. Mapuf;fzf;fhd Crp tbt Efu;r;rp czu;Ntw;gp nry;fs;.
kaypDiw mw;w ,e;j czu;Ntw;gpfspd; nky;ypa ,iofs; ,ize;J Efu;r;rp euk;ghf
khwpAs;sJ. ,J Efh;r;rp Fkpopy; ,izfpwJ.
%isapd; Kd;new;wp gFjpf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L mq;F kzk; czug;gLfpwJ.
%isapd; Kd;new;wp gFjpf;Fr; nry;Yk; mNj Neuk; J}z;ly;fs; ypk;gpf; njhFg;Gf;Fk;
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L mq;F kzj;jpw;fhd czu;T mbg;gilapyhd gjpy; nray;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
25. tsu;rr
; p `hu;Nkhd; ,ay;ghd cly; tsu;rr; pf;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
,f;$w;iw epahag;gLj;jTk;.
tsh;rr ; p `hh;Nkhd; midj;Jj; jpRf;fspd; tsh;rr; piaAk;> tsh;rpij khw;w nray;fisAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,J fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> Gujk; kw;Wk; nfhOg;G tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtJld; nry;fspy; Guj cw;gj;jp tpfpjj;ij cah;j;Jfpd;wJ.
,J FUj;njYk;G cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; vYk;G cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;iwj; J}z;LtJld;
iel;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak;> gh];gu];> Nrhbak; Nghd;w jhJg;Gf;fis clypy; epWj;jpf;
nfhs;sr; nra;fpd;wJ.
mbg;Ngh]; jpRf;fspy; cs;s nfhOg;G mkpyq;fis tpLtpj;Jr; nry;fspd; Mw;wy;
Njitf;fhd FSf;Nfh]; gad;ghl;L tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
,t;thwhf> FSf;Nfhi] ek;gpAs;s %is Nghd;w jpRf;fSf;fhf mjidr; Nrkpf;fpd;wJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1. tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gil Njitfs;
neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila ,dq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J NtWgLj;Jjy;
rpw;wpdq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
capupfspd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpiag; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;
gy;NtWgl;l njhFg;GfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;ig tpsf;Fk; tifapy; kuGj; njhFjp
njhlu;G kuj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
capupdq;fisg; gw;wpj; njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
4. yk;gpl;Nlh khupl;B kw;Wk; nklhigau; Ngh];Jkh Mfpa rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa Gw> mf>
gz;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs;.
t.vz; gz;Gfs; yk;gpl;Nlhkhupl;B nklhigau; Ngh];Jkh
1 epwk; ntspwpa gOg;G epwk; mlu;gOg;G epwk;
2 fpisnly;yk; 14tJ Kjy; 17tJ tiuapyhd 14 tJ Kjy; 16tJ
fz;lq;fs; tiuapyhd fz;lq;fs;
3 njhz;il 3tJ Kjy; 4tJ fz;lk; tiu 4tJ fz;lk; tiu ePSk;
4 czTf;Foy; 5tJ fz;lk; 8tJ fz;lk;
5 miuitg;ig 6tJ fz;lk; 8tJ - 9tJ fz;lk;
7. %l;Lfs; tiffs;
1 Kis mr;R %l;L (my;yJ) Royr;R Kjy; fOj;J Ks;nsYk;G kw;Wk;
%l;L mr;nrYk;Gf;fpilapyhd %l;L
2 eOT %l;L kzpf;fl;L vYk;GfSf;fpilapyhd %l;L
3 Nrz %l;L kzpf;fl;L vYk;G kw;Wk; cs;sq;if
vYk;gpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd %l;L
4 ge;J fpz;z %l;L Njhd;gl;il tisaj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;if
vYk;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd %l;L
5 fPy; %l;L Koq;fhy; %l;L ,izg;G
6 Nfhz %l;L Mu vYk;Gf;Fk; kzpf;fl;L vYk;Gf;Fk;
,ilapyhd %l;L.