KOg; gjpg;GupikAilaJ

,yq;if fzf;fl
P L
; njhopyE
; l;gtpayhsu;fs; fofk;
AA1 guPli
; r – 2016 rdtup
(AA13) tpahghuk; kw;Wk; fzf;fl
P b
; w;fhd nghUspay;
(Economics for Business and Accounting)
2016–02-06
• guPlr
; hu;jj
; pfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (jaTnra;
jaTnra;J ftdkhf thrpf;fTk;): gpw;gfy;
[1.45 – 5.00]
(1) mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; : thrpj;jy; - 15 epkplq;fs;
vOJjy; - 03 kzpj;jpahyk;
gf;fq;fs; : 08
(2) vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;Ff. tpdhf;fs; : 06

(3) tpilfs; ahTk; jug;gl;l tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; guPli

; rf;F tpzz ; g;gpj;j
xNu nkhopapy; kl;Lk; vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(4) vy;yh nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; fzpgG ; fis rku;gg ; pf;fTk;. VjhtJ vLNfhs;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gpd; mtw;iwj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLf.
(5) epuw;gLj;jg;glhj fzpg;ghd;fspd; ghtid mDkjpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
(6) tiuGj; jhs;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
(7) nray;Kiw tpsf;f tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; xU
tpidr; nrhy; cs;slq;fpapUf;fpwJ. (OTQ’s jtpu;ej ; ). guPlr; hu;jj
; pfs; nray;Kiw tpsf;fg;
gl;baypy; jug;gl;l tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(8) 100 Gs;spfs;

gFjp A
Nehf;fr; Nrhjid tpdhf;fs; (OTQs)
,UgJ (20) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;
(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 01

,y. 1.1 Kjy; 1.10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;fhf ePqf ; s; njupT nra;j tpilapd; ,yf;fj;ij
cq;fsJ tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; tpdhTf;Fj; jug;gl;l ,yf;fj;Jld; vOJf.

1.1 “Ngupdg; nghUspaypd;” (Macroeconomics) tpla mk;rq;fisr; rpwg;ghf tpsf;FtJ

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

(1) Ngupdg; nghUspay; vd;gJ kdpj elj;ijia tsq;fSf;Fk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

tsq;fspd; gjpyPlL
; g; gad;ghLfSf;Fkpilapyhd xU njhlu;ghf Ma;T nra;fpd;w
tpQ;QhdkhFk;.
(2) Ngupdg; nghUspayhdJ jdpeguhd Efu;Nthd; jdJ jpUg;jpia cr;rg;gLj;jpl jdJ
tUkhdj;ij vt;thW nryT nra;fpwhd; vd;gijf; $WfpwJ.
(3) Ngupdg; nghUspayhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l fk;gdpfs; kPJ my;yhky; xl;Lnkhj;j
ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuq;fs; kPJk; nghUspay; elj;ijia xU
KOikahdjhfg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwJ.
(4) fyg;Gg; nghUshjhunkhd;wpdhy; vOg;gg;gLk; gpur;rpidfis Ngupdg; nghUspay;
tpsf;FfpwJ.
1.2 gpd;tUk; tiuG xU ehl;bd; cw;gj;jp rhj;jpa tisapiaf; fhl;LfpwJ..

gz;lk; X

gz;lk; Y

Gs;sp A apdhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; epiyikf;fhd kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fk;

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

(1) nghUshjhu tsu;rr

; p
(2) mila Kbahj ,izg;G (Unattainable combination)
(3) tsq;fspd; Fiwg; gad;ghL
(4) epiw njhopy; kl;lk;

1.3 “Nfs;tp tpjp” ,

(1) epuk;giyg; ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfs; khwhjpUf;Fk; nghOJ Nfs;tpf;Fk; fzpaj;jpw;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlu;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
(2) tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;Jld; Nfs;tpf; fzpaq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
(3) Nfs;tpiag; ghjpf;fpd;w Vida fhuzpfs; khwhjpUf;Fk; nghOJ Nfs;tpf;
fzpaj;jpw;Fk; nghUspd; tpiyf;FkpilapYs;s njhlu;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
(4) re;ijapy; epuk;gypy; Vw;gLfpw khw;wj;Jld; Nfs;tpf; fzpaj;jpw;fpilapyhd
njhlu;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

1.4 topte;j (ca;j;jwp) Nfs;tp (derived demand) vd;Dk; gjk; :

(1) xU gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ ,d;ndhU gz;lj;jpd; fpilg;Gj; jd;ikapypUe;J

(availability) ca;jj
; wpag;gLfpd;wJ.
(2) cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpnahd;wpw;fhd Nfs;tpahdJ mJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpw KbTg;
nghUspw;fhd Nfs;tpapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(3) gz;lnkhd;wpd; epuk;gyhdJ ,d;ndhU gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
(4) NkNy $wg;gl;l vJTkpy;iy.

2|Page
1.5 ,yhgk; vd;gJ>

(1) r%fj;jpw;fhd nghJg; gz;lq;fis (public goods) toq;Ffpd;wikf;fhf murhq;fj;jpdhy;

ngwg;gLk; ntFkjpahFk; (rewards).
(2) Mff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; gz;lnkhd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;fpd;wikf;fhf Efu;Nthd;
xUtd; ngWfpd;w ntFkjpahFk;.
(3) jdJ tpNrl Mf;fj;jpwDf;fhf (special creative ability) xU Kaw;rpahsdhy;
(entrepreneurs) ngwg;gLfpw ntFkjp
(4) tq;fpnahd;wpy; gzj;ijr; Nrkpg;gjw;fhf cw;gj;jpahsd; xUtdhy; ngwg;gLfpd;w
ntFkjp

1.6 fPot
; Uk; tiuglk; gz;lnkhd;wpw;fhd Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; tisapfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.
tpiy (&.)

rkepiyg; S
80 Gs;sp

50

D
O 100 fzpak; (myFfspy;)
cw;gj;jpahsd; kpif>

(1) &.2,500/- (2) &.1,500/- (3) &.5,000/- (4) &.3,000/-

1.7 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; 2014 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mz;lwpf;iff;fpzq;f> 2014 Mk;
Mz;bw;fhd ,yq;ifapy; Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; Copau; gilapd; (labour force) rjtPjkhf>

(1) 5.3% (2) 4.3% (3) 7.6% (4) 5.6 %

1.8 tprhy gz epuk;gypd; (M2) Mf;fk; cs;slf;FtJ :

(1) nghJkf;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; ehzaq;fspd; nkhj;jk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; tu;jj

; f
tq;fpfspy; nfhz;Ls;s Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fhy itg;Gfs;
(2) nghJkf;fshy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; ehzaq;fspd; nkhj;jk;> nghJkf;fshy; tu;j;jf
tq;fpfspy; nfhz;Ls;s Nfs;tp itg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fshy; tu;jj
; f tq;fpfspy;
itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fhy itg;Gfs;
(3) nghJkf;fshy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; ehzaq;fspd; nkhj;jk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa tq;fpapy;
cs;s tu;jj
; f tq;fpfspd; itg;Gfs;
(4) nghJkf;fshy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; ehzaq;fspd; nkhj;jk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fshy;
tu;j;jf tq;fpfspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfs;tp itg;Gfs;

3|Page
1.9 jpwe;j re;ijj; njhopw;ghLfs; (Open Market Operations) vd;gjdhw; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

(1) tu;j;jf tq;fpnahd;W kj;jpa tq;fpapy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba itg;G

(2) jpwe;j re;ijapy; kj;jpa tq;fp jpiwNrup cz;bay;fis nfhs;tdT kw;Wk; tpw;gid
nra;jy;
(3) kj;jpa tq;fpahy; jpwe;j re;ijapy; tu;j;jfj; jhs;fis (commercial papers) nfhs;tdT
kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;jy;
(4) Nkw;$wpa vJTkpy;iy.

1.10 murhq;fj;jpd; xU %yjdr; nrytpdk; (capital expenditure) MtJ gpd;tUgitfSs; vJ?

(1) murhq;fj;jpYs;s Copau;fSf;fhd khjhe;j rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk; $ypfSf;fhd

nfhLg;gdT
(2) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiyg; nghUl;fSf;fhd tUlhe;j nryT
(3) mYtyf fl;blnkhd;Wf;fhf murhq;fj;jhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; thliff; nfhLg;gdT
(4) ghlrhiyf; fl;blnkhd;wpd; epu;khzk; kPjhd murhq;fr; nrytpdk;

gpd;tUk; 1.11 Kjy; 1.15 tiuapyhd $w;Wf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; “rupah” my;yJ “jtwh” vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLf. njupT nra;j tpilia mjd; tpdhTf;Fupa ,yf;fj;Jld; ckJ tpilj;jhspy; vOJf.

1.11 gz;lnkhd;wpw;fhd Nfs;tpapy; Vw;gLk; tPor

; r
; p> rkepiy tpiy> rkepiyj; njhif Mfpa
,uz;bYk; xU tPor ; r
; pia cz;lhf;Fk;.

1.12 epiwNghl;b re;ijapd; fPOs;s epWtdnkhd;W> FWq;fhy Xl;lj;jpy; NghyNt ePzl

; fhy
Xl;lj;jpYk; mjpkpif ,yhgq;fis (Supernormal profit) <l;Lk;.

1.13 cw;gj;jpapd; vy;iyf; fpuakhdJ> ntspaPlb ; d; xU myfpid cw;gj;jp nra;jypy;

Vw;gLfpd;w Nkyjpf fpuakhFk; (additional cost).

1.14 tq;fpfspYs;s Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fhy itg;Gfs; Njrpa tUkhd Rw;Wg;gha;tpy; (Circular flow)
xU cl;gLj;jyhf (injection) nfhs;sg;gLk;.

1.15 ntspehl;Lg; Nghl;bapypUe;J cs;Su; ifj;njhopy;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F ehLfs;

,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fs; kPJ jPui
; tfisg; (tariffs) tpjpf;fpd;wd.

tpdh ,y. 1.16 Kjy; 1.18 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fspy; milg;GfSf;Fs; jug;gl;Ls;s nrhy; /
nrhw;fSs; rupahdijj; njupe;J ,ilntspia epug;Gf.
1.16 nghUshjhuj;jpd; ju uPjpahd kw;Wk; fzpauPjpahd Nkk;ghL ………………… (nghUshjhu
tsu;rr
; p [Economic growth] / nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp [Economic development]) vdg;gLk;.

1.17 nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; pahdJ> tof;fkhf …………………… (cz;ik / ngausT) ngWkjpfspy;

fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

1.18 ,uz;L nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpapd; FWf;F tpiy nefpo;rr; pahdJ (Cross price elasticity)
Neuhdjhf ,Ug;gpd; mg;nghUl;fs; …………………… (gpujpaPLfs; / epug;gpfs; [complements])
MFk;.

4|Page
gpd;tUk; juTfs; tpdh ,y. 1.19 kw;Wk; 1.20 Mfpatw;Wf;F tpilaspf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. tpdhTf;Fupa ,yf;fj;Jld; RUf;fkhd tpilfis ckJ tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; vOJf.
ehnshd;wpd; xU Copa myfpidg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; cUisf;fpoq;F> kpsF Mfpa ,uz;L
cw;gj;jpfspypUe;Jk; If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; (UK) kw;Wk; ag;ghd; Mfpa ,uz;L ehLfs; ngwf;$ba
cw;gj;jpfs; fPNoAs;s ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

ehL cUisf;fpoq;F (kg) kpsF (kg)

If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; 12 6
ag;ghd; 2 4

1.19 (a) cUisf;fpoq;F cw;gj;jpapy; Kw;WKOjhd (absolute) mD$yj;ijg; ngWk; ehL vJ?

(b) kpsF cw;gj;jpapy; Kw;WKOjhd mD$yj;ijg; ngWk; ehL vJ?

1.20 (a) cUisf;fpoq;F cw;gj;jpapy; xg;gl

P L
; mD$yj;ij (comparative advantage) ngWk; ehL
vJ?
(b) kpsF cw;gj;jpapy; xg;gl
P L
; mD$yj;ijg; ngWk; ehL vJ?

(xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; 02 Gs;spfs; tPjk;> nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp A Kbe;jJ

gFjp B

ehd;F (04) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;

(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 02

(a) “nghUshjhu tsq;fs;” (Economic resources) vd;Dk; gjj;ij cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

(05 Gs;spfs;)

(b) (i) “re;ju;gg

; f; fpuak; (Opportunity cost)” kw;Wk; fzf;fl
P L
; f; fpuak; Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapyhd
NtWghl;il ,dq;fhz;f. (03 Gs;spfs;)
(ii) NkNyAs;s ,uz;L gjq;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;bl xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; xU
cjhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf. (02 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 03

(a) RahjPd re;ijahdJ (Price market) vt;thW re;ijr; rkepiyiaj; jPuk

; hdpf;fpd;wnjd;gij>
tiuglnkhd;wpd; JizAld; tpsf;Ff. f (06 Gs;spfs;)
(b) tpahghuj; njhopw;ghLfspy; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; Nfhl;ghLfspd; ehd;F (04) Kf;fpaj;
Jtq;fis tpsf;Ff. (04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

5|Page
 tpdh 04

(a) Vf cupikg; Nghl;bapd; (Monopolistic competition) gz;Gfs; ehd;fpidf; (04) Fwpg;gpLf.

(04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) gzj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpapd; %d;W (03) J}z;ly;fis (motives) tpsf;Ff.

f (06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 05

(a) murhq;f tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F (04) gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg; gl;baypLf.
aypLf
(04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) murhq;fj;jhy; xU tptrha cw;gj;jpf;F rkepiy tpiyf;F Nkyhf Fiwe;jgl;rf;

nfhs;tdT tpiy (jiu tpiy) tpjpf;fg;gLtjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfis tiuglk;
xd;wpd; JizNahL tpsf;Ff.
(06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp B Kbe;jJ

gFjp C
xU (01) fl;lha tpdh
(nkhj;jk; 20 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 06

(a) Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; tof;fkhd tiutpyf;fzk;> “Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;nlhd;wpy; xU ehl;bd;

tsq;fisf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpw nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; nkhj;jg;
ngWkjp” vd;gjhFk;. Mz;LfSf;fpilNa fUj;Js;s xg;gL P fis (meaningful comparisons)
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F VJthf gztPff ; j;jpw;fhf nrk;ikahf;fq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,J
,dq;fhzg;gl Ntz;ba cz;ikahd khw;wq;fis rhj;jpag;gLj;JfpwJ. Njrpa tUkhdk;
gy;jug;gl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; (purposes) gad;gLj;jf;$baJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mJ mjw;NfAupa
tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

(i) Njrpa tUkhdf; fzf;fl

P b
; d; %d;W (03) gad;ghLfisf; $Wf. (03 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) Njrpa tUkhdf; fzf;fl

P b
; d; tiuaiwfs; (limitations) Ie;jpid (05) f; $Wf.
(05 Gs;spfs;)

6|Page
(b) x vDk; ehl;bw;Fupa Njrpa tUkhdj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhd juTfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd

&.
kpy;ypad;
Vw;Wkjpfs; 10
,wf;Fkjpfs; 12
murhq;f Efu;T 7
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L %yjd Mf;fk; 8
jdpahu; Efu;T 30
ntspehl;L epfu fhuzp tUkhdk; (1)
nrytpdk; kPjhd tupfs; 6
khdpaq;fs; 2

(i) fhuzpf; fpua tpiyapy; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpia (GDP) f; fzpg;gpLf.

(ii) fhuzpf; fpua tpiyapy; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpia (GNP) f; fzpg;gpLf. (06 Gs;spfs;)

(c) Nfs;tpj; J}z;ly; gztPff

; k; (demand-pull inflation) kw;Wk; nryT cijg;G gztPff
; k; (cost
push inflation) Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s NtWghl;il tpiuglq;fspd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
(06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 20 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp C Kbe;jJ

7|Page
 nray; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay;
mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tiutpyf;fzk; (nghUs; tiuaiw)
nghUs; tiuiw nra;f /
jd;ik> tpahgfk; my;yJ nghUs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;f (Define)
tiuf (Draw) tupg;glk; my;yJ tiuglk; tbtpy; tiue;J fhl;Ljy;
milahsq; fhz;f / fUj;jpw;nfhz;l gpd;du; njupe;J nfhs;sy; my;yJ njupT
,dq;fhz;f (Identify) nra;jy;
epuw;gLj;Jf / gl;baypLf (List) njhlu;Ggl;l cUg;gbfis xd;wpd; fPo; xd;whf vOJJy;
ju;f;f uPjpahf my;yJ fhuz uPjpahf njhlu;Gfis
njhlu;GgLj;Jf (Relate)
epiyehl;ly;
$Wf (State) jpl;ltl;lkhf my;yJ njspthf njuptpj;jy;
kl;lk; 01 fzpf;Ff / fzpg;gpLf
fzpj uPjpahf fzpg;gl
P b
; id Nkw;nfhs;sy;
fpufpj;jy; (Calculate / Compute)
Kbnthd;wpid milAk; Nehf;fpy; NtWgl;l tplaq;fis
Kf;fpa jftiy Muha;f (Discuss)
tpthjj;jpd; %yk; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
Qhgfg;gLj;jp
cupa cz;ikfis ntspf;fhl;b> njspthd tptuzj;ij
tpgupj;jy; tpgupf;Ff (Explain)
tpgukhfj; njuptpj;jy;
nghUs; tpsf;Ff / fUj;Jf;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; njspTgLj;jy;
$Wf (Interpret)
mwpit my;yJ mit rhu;ej; mDgtj;jpidf; nfhz;L>
Vw;gpirT nra;jy; (Recognize) nry;Ygbj; jd;ikia my;yJ mjd; ,y;yhikiaf;
fhl;Ljy;
gjpT nra;f (Record) cupa gjpTfis tpupthfg; gjpT nra;jy;
njhFf;Ff / RUf;fj;ijj; jUf gpujhd tplaq;fspy; (cz;ikfs; my;yJ ngWkjpfs;)
(Summarize) RUf;fkhd $w;wpidj; jUjy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

gpuNahfpf;Ff
Ff (Apply) eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;
kjpg;gpLf (Assess) ngWkjp> jd;ik> ,aYik my;yJ juj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
kl;lk; 02 vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; tpgupf;Ff
gpNahfpj;jy; tpNrlkhf cjhuzq;fSld; epWTjy;
(Demonstrate)

fw;wijf; nfhz;L tiuglj; jhspy; tiuf (Graph) tiuglk; xd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Ljy;
NtW xd;wpid jahupf;Ff (Prepare) Nfl;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid cupa Kiwapy; ntspf;fhl;ly;
mwptjw;F mwpitg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; / Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;F gLj;Jjy; my;yJ
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jf (Prioritize)
tpdhf;fisj; jPuj
; j
; y; tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
fzf;fpzf;fk; nra;f /
Ntnwhd;Dld; ,zq;Fjiy xg;Gtpj;jy;
,zf;fk; nra;f (Reconcile)
jPuf
; F
; f (Solve) fzpg;gL
P my;yJ tpsf;fq;fspd; %yk; jPuT
; fhzy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

jPut
; pid my;yJ ntspg;ghl;bidj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;
gFg;gha;T nra;f (Analyze)
Nehf;fpy; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
kl;lk; 03
gFg;gha;T xw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
xg;gpLf (Compare)
Ma;T nra;jy;
vz;zq;fSf;F
,ilapy; Ntw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
NtWgLj;Jf (Contrast)
njhlu;Gfis Ma;T nra;jy;
Vw;gLj;jp xg;gpLjYk; Ngjg;gLj;Jf/tpj;
f tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jf rpytw;iw NtWgLj;Jk; tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhl;Ljy; /
NtWgLj;jYk; /
jpwe;j tpdhf;fisj; tifapLf (Differentiate)
/tifapLf tifg;gLj;jy;
jPuj
; ;jy; RUf;fkhff; fhl;Lf / Fwpg;gpLf Kf;fpa Fzhk;rq;fspd;/rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; njhFg;gpidj;
(Outline) jUjy;

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