KOg; gjpg;GupikAilaJ

,yq;if fzf;fl
P L
; j; njhopyE
; l;gtpayhsu; fofk;
AA1 guPli
; r – 2017 rdtup
(AA12) tpahghuj;jpw;fhd fzpatpay; Kiwfs;
(Quantitative Methods for Business) 2017-01-29
Kw;gfy;
• guPlr
; hu;jj
; pfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (ftdkhf
ftdkhf thrpf;fTk;): [8.45 – 12.00]

(1) mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; : thrpg;gjw;fhf - 15 epkplq;fs; gf;fq;fs; : 11

tpdhf;fs; : 06
tpil vOJtjw;fhf - 03 kzpj;jpahyk;
(2) vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(3) ckf;Fj; jug;gl;l tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy; ePu; tpz;zg;gpj;j mNj xU nkhopapNyNa tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(4) rfy vOj;J NtiyfisAk; fzpg;GfisAk; rku;g;gpf;fTk;. ePqf ; s; Nkw;nfhz;l vLNfhs;fs;
VjhtJ ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iwj; njspthff; Fwpg;gplTk;.
(5) epuw;gLj;jg;glhj fzpg;ghd;fspd; ghtid kl;Lk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(6) tiuGj; jhs; kw;Wk; fzpj ml;ltizfs; Mfpad toq;fg;gLk;.
(7) tiutpyf;fzq;fSld;$ba nray; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU
tpdhtpYk; xU tpidr; nrhy; cs;slq;fpapUf;fpwJ. (OTQ’s jtpu;e;j). guPlr
; hu;j;jpfs; nray;
tpidr;nrhy; gl;baypy; jug;gl;l tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(8) #j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;l jhs;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(9) 100 Gs;spfs;.

gFjp A
Nehf;fr; Nrhjid tpdhf;fs; (OTQs)
gjpide;J(15) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;
(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 01

tpdh ,yf;fq;fs; 1.1 ,ypUe;J 1.10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F kpfr; rupahd tpilapidj;
njupTnra;f. njupTnra;j tpilapd; ,yf;fj;jpid ckJ tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpy; tpdhTf;Fupa
,yf;fj;Jld; vOJf.

1.1 guPli
; r xd;wpw;Fj; Njhw;wpa ngz; gps;isfspdJk; Mz; gps;isfspdJk; vz;zpf;if
fSf;fpilapyhd tpfpjk; 4 : 5 MFk;. 8,000 ngz; gps;isfs; me;jg; guPli ; rf;Fj;
; rf;Fj; Njhw;wpa nkhj;jg; gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if :
Njhw;wpapUg;gpd; mg;guPli

(1) 20,000 (2) 18,000 (3) 10,000 (4) 9,000

(03 Gs;spfs;)

1.2 tUlhe;jk; 8% tl;b tPjj;jpw;F xt;nthU tUl ,WjpapYk; &. 12,000/- itg;gpyplg;gLfpwJ.
4 tUlq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; Mz;Lj;njhifapd; ,w;iwg; ngWkjp (Present value) (fpl;ba
&gha;fspy;) :

(1) &. 51,840/-. (2) &. 12,960/-. (3) &. 39,744/-. (4) &. 48,000/-.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
 ; rnahd;wpy; mkyd; vd;gtu; rpj;jpnaj;Jtjw;fhd epfo;jfT 2 ck; fkyd
1.3 njupTg; guPli fkyd;
3
; rapy; rpj;jpnaa;Jtjw;fhd 2 epfo;jfT ck; MFk;.
vd;gtu; me;jg; guPli
5
mt;tpUtUk; me;jj; njupTg; guPli ; rapy; rpj;jpailahikf;fhd epfo;jfT :
4 1 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
15 5 2 5
(03 Gs;spfs;)

1.4 “etP
etPd Milfs;” tpw;gid epiyaj;jpdJ ijj;j MilfspdJ thuhe;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd
epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; gpd;tUkhW fzpf;fg;gl;lJ :
ijj;j Milfspd; vz;zpf;if (myFfs;) 2,500 3,500 4,500 5,500
epfo;jfT 0.30 0.45 0.20 0.05
Nkw;gb guk;giy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ijj;j MilfspdJ thuhe;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd
myFfshf ,Uf;ff;$baJ :

(1) 3,000 (2) 3,500 (3) 4,000 (4) 4,500

(03 Gs;spfs;)

1.5 tq;fpnahd;wpNy tUlhe;jk; 8% tl;b tPjj;jpw;F &. 4,000,000/- fzf;nfhd;wpNy itg;gpy;

,lg;gLfpwJ. 4 tUlq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; fpilf;Fk; $l;L tl;bf;Fk; vspa tl;bf;Fk;
,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; (fpl;ba &gha;fspy;) :

(1) &. 1,441,956/-. (2) &. 280,000/-. (3) &. 161,956/-. (4) &. 1,280,000/-.
(03 Gs;spfs;)
1.6 gy;NtW juTj; njhFjpfSf;fhf fPwg;gl;l ehd;F rpjwy; Gs;sp tiuGfs; fPNo
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd :

tiuG I tiuG II

tiuG III tiuG IV

fPNoAs;s $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf :

(a) tiuG I ,w;fhd r ,dJ ngWkhdk;> + 1.00.

(b) tiuG II ,w;fhd r ,dJ ngWkhdk;> - 0.50.

(c) tiuG III ,w;fhd r ,dJ ngWkhdk;> + 0.15.

(d) tiuG IV ,w;fhd r ,dJ ngWkhdk;> + 0.85.

2|Page
 Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; “r” njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W/$w;Wfs; :

(1) (a) kl;Lk; (2) (a) Ak; (b) Ak; kl;Lk;

(3) (a), (b) kw;Wk; (d) kl;Lk; (4) (b), (c) kw;Wk; (d) kl;Lk; (03 Gs;spfs;)

1.7 $l;ly; njhlnuhd;wpd; 1 MtJ kw;Wk; 4 MtJ cWg;Gfs; KiwNa 2 ck; 20 ck; MFk;.
,e;jf; $l;ly; njhlupdJ nghJ tpj;jpahrk; :

(1) 3 (2) 9 (3) 6 (4) 12

(03 Gs;spfs;)

1.8 fPNoAs;s ml;ltizahdJ cw;gj;jp X njhlu;ghd rdtup khjj;jpw;fhd nryTfspd;

jfty;fisAk; tpw;gid tpiyfisAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ :
&.
khjnkhd;wpw;fhd nkhj;j epiyahd nryT 61,000
mynfhd;wpw;fhd khWk; nryT 29
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy 69

Nkw;gb jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mk;khjj;jpw;fhd rkg;ghl;L tpw;gidf;

fzpakhdJ (break-even sales quantity) :

(1) 700 myFfs; (2) 884 myFfs; (3) 1,025 myFfs; (4) 1,525 myFfs;
(03 Gs;spfs;)

1.9 kw;Wk; 1.10 Nghd;w tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJtjw;fhf fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag;
gad;gLj;Jf.

P vd;w nghUSf;F 2016 Mk; Mz;bd; Kjy; %d;W fhyizfSf;fhd tpw;gidfs;

(myFfspy;) fPNoAs;s ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. gUtfhy khwiyg; (seasonal variations)
ngWtjw;fhf ngUf;fy; khjpup (multiplicative model) ,q;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 Mk; 2 Mk; 3 Mk;

fhyhz;L (Q 1 ) fhyhz;L (Q 2 ) fhyhz;L (Q 3 )
tpw;gidfs; (myFfs;) 1,800 5,200 2,000
gUtfhy khwy;fss; - 25 % + 100 % - 35 %

1.9 Nkw;gb juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp 2016 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd 1 k; fhyhz;bw;fhd (Q 1 ) tpw;gidg;

Nghf;F (trend sales) myFfs; :

(1) 1,440 (2) 2,400 (3) 3,600 (4) 7,200

(03 Gs;spfs;)

1.10 2016 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd 4 Mk; fhyhz;bw;fhd (Q 4 ) gUtfhy khwyhdJ :

(1) - 40% (2) 0% (3) 40% (4) 50%

(03 Gs;spfs;)

3|Page
1.11 njhlf;fk; 1.15 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfis ckJ tpilg;Gj;jfj;jpNy cupa
tpdh ,yf;fq;fSf;F vjpNu vOJf.

1.11 cw;gj;jpahsu; xUtu; Fwpj;jnthU nghUSf;F mjd; nrytpd; 25% ,id ,yhg
vy;iyahf itj;Js;shu;. fle;j khjj;jpy; mtu; 200 myFfis tpw;gid nra;jpUe;jhu;.
fle;j khjj;jpy; mtu; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l nkhj;j ,yhgk; &. 240,000/- MFk;. me;j
khjj;jpdJ KO cw;gj;jpfSk; me;j khjj;jpNyNa tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;ld. fle;j
khjj;jpNy mynfhd;wpdJ tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpf;Ff. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.12 2012 Mk; Mz;bNy nghUnshd;wpd; tpiy &. 200/- Mf ,Ue;jJld; 2016 Mk; Mz;bNy
mjd; tpiy &. 300/- MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. 2012 Mk; Mz;il mbahz;lhff; nfhz;L 2016
Mk; Mz;bdJ tpiyr;rhu;gpidf; (Price relative) fzpf;Ff. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.13 Rl;nlz;fspd; ,uz;L (02) tiuaiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.14 kw;Wk; 1.15 ,w;F tpilaspg;gjw;fhf fPNoAs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;Jf.

Fwpj;jnthU guPli; r xd;wpNy nghUspay; ghlj;jpy; 25% Md khztu;fs; rpj;jpailahkYk; 20%
Md khztu;fs; fzf;fpay; ghlj;jpy; rpj;jpailahkYk; 10% Md khztu;fs; ,e;j ,U
ghlq;fspYk; rpj;jpailahkYk; ,Ue;jik mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpj;jnthU khztd; xUtd;
vOkhwhfj; njupTnra;ag;gLk;NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzpf;Ff :

1.14 mtd; nghUspay; ghlj;jpy; rpj;jpailahJ ,Ue;jhy; mtd; fzf;fpay; ghlj;jpYk;

rpj;jpailahJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd epfo;jfT. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.15 fzf;fpay; ghlj;jpy; mtd; rpj;jpailahJ ,Ue;jhy; mtd; nghUspay; ghlj;jpYk;

rpj;jpailahJ ,Ug;gjw;fhd epfo;jfT. (02 Gs;spfs;)
gFjp A KbT

gFjp B
ehd;F (04) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;
(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 02

(a) fk;gdpnahd;W jdpahd cw;gj;jpg;nghUis thuhe;jk; &.900,000/- epiyahd fpuaj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpnra;J tpw;gid nra;fpd;wJ. khWk; nryTr; rhu;G V(x) = 8,000x + 1,000x2 ,dhy;
jug;gLfpwJ. ,e;j cw;gj;jpf;fhd thuhe;j Nfs;tpr; rhu;G D(x) = 120,000 – 1000x ,dhy;
jug;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F x vd;gJ thunkhd;wpy; cw;gj;jp MFk;.

; s; nra;aNtz;bait,
ePqf

(i) nkhj;jr; nryTr; rhu;igAk; (Total Cost Function) nkhj;j tUkhdr; rhu;igAk; (Total
Revenue Function) ,dq;fhz;f.

(ii) ,yhgk; cr;rkhFk;NghJ cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzpf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)

4|Page
(b) epj;jpahde;jd; vd;gtu; fhzpnahd;iw tpiyf;F thq;Ftjw;fhf 6% tUlhe;j tl;bf;F &.
150,000/- ,idf; fldhfg; ngw;W mLj;JtUk; 5 tUlq;fspy; xt;nthU tUl ,WjpapYk;
rkdhd tUlhe;jf; nfhLg;gdit jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; jPuk
; hdpj;jpUe;jhu;.

; s; nra;aNtz;baJ,
ePqf

tUlnkhd;wpw;F flDf;fhfr; nrYj;Jk; gFjpf;nfhLg;gdtpd; ngWkhdj;ijf; fpl;ba

&gha;fspy; fzpf;Ff. (04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 03

(a) fPNoAs;s ml;ltizapy; 2014 Mk; Mz;bYk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; ,yq;ifapYs;s
czT mq;fhb njhlupy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; %d;W nghUl;fspd; tpw;gid tpiy (p)
kw;Wk; fzpak; (q) ,idf; fhl;LfpwJ.

tpw;gidfspd; vz;zpf;if
mynfhd;wpd; tpiy (&.)
nghUs; (myFfspy;)
2014 (P0) 2015 (P1) 2014 (q0) 2015 (q1)
A 850 1,150 1,100 980
B 600 610 500 500
C 450 350 1,400 1,650

; s; nra;aNtz;baJ,
ePqf

2014 Mk; Mz;il mbg;gil Mz;lhff; nfhz;L 2015 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd mbg;gil
tpiyr; Rl;biaf; (,yh];ngahupd; tpiyr; Rl;nlz;) fzpf;Ff. (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) XYZ ePuk

; pd; epiyaj;jpd; kpd; cw;gj;jp khjhe;j kiotPor
; r
; papy; fz;bg;ghfj; jq;fpAs;sJ.
2016 Mk; Mz;L A+iy khjk; gy;fiyf;fofnkhd;wpd; khztu; FOnthd;W kpd;
epiyaj;jpw;F tp[ak; nra;J fPNo jug;gl;l jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jJ.

• Kjy; MW khj fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; 20% khd kpd;
rf;jpahdJ rdtup khjj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjpf kiotPor; r
; p fhuzkhf rdtup
khj kpd; cw;gj;jpAld; xg;gpLifapy; ngg;utup khjj;jpy; kpd; cw;gj;jpahdJ 13,500
myfpdhy; mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ.

• khu;r; khjj;jpy; tUlhe;jg; guhkupg;Gf;fhf kpd;epiyakhdJ xU thuk; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mjdhy; kpd; cw;gj;jpahdJ ngg;utup khjj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; 15,000 myFfspdhy;
kpd;rf;jp Fiwtile;jpUe;jJ.

• Vg;uy; kw;Wk; Nk khjq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j kpd; myFfspd;

vz;zpf;iffs; KiwNa 135,000 myFfs; kw;Wk; 90,000 myFfshFk;.

• 6 khj fhyj;jpNy cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j kpd;rhuk; 750,000 myFfshff; fzpf;fg;

gl;bUe;jJ.

5|Page
 gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gpaTld; khztu;fs; Nkw;gb jfty;fis fPNoAs;s tbtj;jpNy
; pnra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ :
G+u;jj

6 khj fhyj;jpNy cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

khjk; khjhe;j kpd; cw;gj;jpahdJ nkhj;j kpd;
cw;gj;jpapdJ rjtPjkhf (%)
rdtup
ngg;utup
khu;r;
Vg;uy;
Nk
A+d;
nkhj;jk; 100%

; s; nra;aNtz;baJ,
ePqf
tl;l tiuig (Pie chart) tiutjw;fhf Nkw;gb juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp xt;nthU khjj;jpYk;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l kpd;rf;jpapd; msit ghiffspy; fzpf;Ff. (06 Gs;spfs;)
(tl;l tiuig tiutJ mtrpakpy;iy) (nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 04

(a) Njhl;lnkhd;wpYs;s 100 kuq;fspdJ ruhrup cauq;fshdJ fPNoAs;s ml;ltizapy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ :
ruhrup cauk; kuq;fspd;
(kPww
; u;fspy;) vz;zpf;if
1-3 50
4-6 30
7-9 20
; s; nra;aNtz;bait,
ePqf
100 kuq;fSf;fhd cauj;jpw;fhd gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzpf;Ff :

(i) ,il
(ii) epak tpyfy; (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) cw;gj;jp xOq;fikg;G xd;wpdJ nkhj;j nryTr; rhu;G (TC) kw;Wk; nkhj;j tUkhdr; rhu;G
(TR) vd;gd fPNoAs;sthW mike;jpUe;jd :
TC = 6x + 560
TR = 31 x + 510 ; ,q;F x vd;gJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l myFfspd;
vz;zpf;ifahFk;.
; s; nra;aNtz;bait,
ePqf
(i) tiuGj;jhs; xd;wpNy nkhj;jr; nryTr; rhu;G kw;Wk; nkhj;j tUkhdr; rhu;G
Mfpatw;iw tiuf.
(Fwpg;G : myFfspd; tPrR
; f;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 1 njhlf;fk; 5 myFfs; tiuAk;
njupTnra;f.)

(ii) Nkw;gb tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp ,yhg el;lkw;w myFfspd; vz;zpf; ifia

,dq;fhz;f. (06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 10 Gs;spfs;)
6|Page
 tpdh 05

fk;gdpnahd;W mjdJ cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf GjpanjhU ,ae;jpunkhd;iw thq;Ftjw;Fj;

jPuk
; hdpj;jpUe;jJld; xd;Wf;nfhd;W jk;Ks; GwePff
; khd (mutual exclusive) ,U ,ae;jpuq;fspd;
(M1, M2) cupa fhRg;gha;rr; y; fPNoAs;s ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ :
fhRg;gha;rr
; y;
tUlk; (&.’000)
M1 M2
0 (60) (50)
1 20 15
2 20 15
3 20 10
4 20 10
,e;j ,U ,ae;jpuq;fSf;Fkhd MAl;fhyk; ehd;F tUlq;fshFk;. ehd;F tUlq;fspd;
,WjpapNy ,e;j ,ae;jpuq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; cupa Muk;gf; nfhs;tpiyapy; 10 % ,y; tpw;gid
nra;aKbAk;. 4 tUlq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; ,e;j ,ae;jpuq;fspd; tpw;gidapdhy; vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLk;
gzj;jpd; fhRg; gha;rr
; yhdJ Nkw;gb ml;ltizapy; cs;s fhRg;gha;rr
; ypy; Nru;ff
; g;gltpy;iy.
fk;gdpapdJ tUlj;jpw;fhd %yjdr; nrytpid 9 % vdf; fUJf.

; s; nra;aNtz;bait,
ePqf

(a) ,U ,ae;jpuq;fSf;Fkhd epfu ,w;iwg; ngWkhdj;ij (Net Present Value - NPV)

ntt;Ntwhff; fzpf;Ff.

(b) fk;gdpahy; nfhs;tdT nra;aNtz;ba ,ae;jpuj;ijf; fhuzq;fSld; ,dq;fhz;f.

(10 Gs;spfs;)
gFjp B KbT

gFjp C
xU (01) fl;lha tpdh
(nkhj;jk; 20 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 06

(A) (a) nrt;td; tisap (normal distribution curve) xd;wpid mJ cs;slf;Fk; gFjpapd; ,il
± epak tpyfy;fisf; (µ ± σ) (mean ± standard deviation) fhl;Ltjw;fhd tiuig
tiue;J Fwpj;j gFjpapdhy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; gug;gsitAk; (to demonstrate the area)
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf. (02 Gs;spfs;)

(b) fk;gdpnahd;W Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;fisr; Nru;jJ ; f;nfhs;tjw;fhd guPli; r xd;iw

elj;jpaJ. guPli; rapd; ngWNgWfspd; mbg;gilapy; rpj;jpailtjw;fhd ruhrup rpj;jpg;
Gs;sp (,il) 76 MfTk; epak tpyfy; 15 MfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ nrt;td;
tisapapy; mike;jpUg;gJld; 15% khd guPlr ; hu;j;jpfs; jpwikr; rpj;jpiag;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
; s; nra;aNtz;baJ,
ePqf

jpwikr; rpj;jpiag; ngwj; Njitahd Mff;Fiwe;j Gs;spia fpl;ba KO vz;zpy;

,dq;fhz;f. (05 Gs;spfs;)

7|Page
(B) 2016 Mk; Mz;bNy 5 gl;ljhupfs; “Kfhikj;Jtg; gapYeu;” gjtpf;fhf xU gpugy;akhd
fk;gdpf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jpUe;jJld; mtu;fs; Ez;zwpTg; guPli
; rf;Fk; Neu;Kfg;guPli
; rf;Fk;
Njhw;wpapUe;jdu;.

x- Ez;zwpTg; guPli
; rapy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Gs;spfs;

y- Neu;Kfg;guPli
; rapy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Gs;spfs;

Nkw;gb juTfSf;fhd gpw;nryTf;fhd ml;ltiz fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ :

xi yi xy x2
65 75 4,875 4,225
80 78 6,240 6,400
72 65 4,680 5,184
95 75 7,125 9,025
55 68 3,740 3,025
3x = 367 3y = 361 3xy = 26,660 3x2 = 27,859

; s; nra;aNtz;baJ,
ePqf

Nkw;gb jfty;fSf;fika y = a + bx vDk; tbtpy; jug;gLk; gpw;nryTf; Nfhl;ilf;

(Regression line) ,dq;fhz;f. (06 Gs;spfs;)

(C) fPNoAs;s ml;ltizapNy ,ae;jpuq;fspd; MAl;fhyk; kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;ghd guhkupg;Gr;

nryTfSk; 13 tUlq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;sd :

MAl;fhyk; (x) 2 4 6 8 10 11 12 13

nryT (y) (&.‘000) 5 10 12 14 18 21 26 32

∑  = 66 ∑  = 138 ∑  = 1373

∑   = 654 ∑   = 2,930 vdf; fUJf.

; s; nra;aNtz;bait,
ePqf

(a) Nkw;gb juTfSf;fhd rpjwy; Gs;sp tiuig (scatter diagram) tiuGj;jhs; xd;wpNy
tiuf

(b) Nkw;gb rpjwy; Gs;sp tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp x kw;Wk; y vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd

,izgpd; tifia (type of correlation) ,dq;fhz;f.

(c) Nkw;gb juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,izGf; Fzfj;ijf; (correlation coefficient)

fzpf;Ff.
(07 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 20 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp C KbT
.
8|Page
 nray; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay;
mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tiutpyf;fzk; (nghUs; tiuaiw)
nghUs; tiuiw nra;f /
jd;ik> tpahgfk; my;yJ nghUs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;f (Define)
tiuf (Draw) tupg;glk; my;yJ tiuglk; tbtpy; tiue;J fhl;Ljy;
milahsq; fhz;f / fUj;jpw;nfhz;l gpd;du; njupe;J nfhs;sy; my;yJ njupT
,dq;fhz;f (Identify) nra;jy;
epuw;gLj;Jf / gl;baypLf (List) njhlu;Ggl;l cUg;gbfis xd;wpd; fPo; xd;whf vOJJy;
ju;f;f uPjpahf my;yJ fhuz uPjpahf njhlu;Gfis
njhlu;GgLj;Jf (Relate)
epiyehl;ly;
$Wf / Fwpg;gpLf (State) jpl;ltl;lkhf my;yJ njspthf njuptpj;jy;
kl;lk; 01 fzpf;Ff / fzpg;gpLf
fzpj uPjpahf fzpg;gl
P b
; id Nkw;nfhs;sy;
fpufpj;jy; (Calculate / Compute)
Kbnthd;wpid milAk; Nehf;fpy; NtWgl;l tplaq;fis
Kf;fpa jftiy Muha;f (Discuss)
tpthjj;jpd; %yk; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
Qhgfg;gLj;jp
cupa cz;ikfis ntspf;fhl;b> njspthd tptuzj;ij
tpgupj;jy; tpgupf;Ff (Explain)
tpgukhfj; njuptpj;jy;
nghUs; tpsf;Ff / fUj;Jf;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; njspTgLj;jy;
$Wf (Interpret)
mwpit my;yJ mit rhu;ej; mDgtj;jpidf; nfhz;L>
Vw;gpirT nra;jy; (Recognize) nry;Ygbj; jd;ikia my;yJ mjd; ,y;yhikiaf;
fhl;Ljy;
gjpT nra;f (Record) cupa gjpTfis tpupthfg; gjpT nra;jy;
njhFf;Ff / RUf;fj;ijj; jUf gpujhd tplaq;fspy; (cz;ikfs; my;yJ ngWkjpfs;)
(Summarize) RUf;fkhd $w;wpidj; jUjy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

gpuNahfpf;Ff
Ff (Apply) eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;
kjpg;gpLf (Assess) ngWkjp> jd;ik> ,aYik my;yJ juj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
kl;lk; 02 vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; tpgupf;Ff
gpNahfpj;jy; tpNrlkhf cjhuzq;fSld; epWTjy;
(Demonstrate)

fw;wijf; nfhz;L tiuglj; jhspy; tiuf (Graph) tiuglk; xd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Ljy;
NtW xd;wpid jahupf;Ff (Prepare) Nfl;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid cupa Kiwapy; ntspf;fhl;ly;
mwptjw;F mwpitg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; / Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;F gLj;Jjy; my;yJ
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jf (Prioritize)
tpdhf;fisj; jPuj
; j
; y; tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
fzf;fpzf;fk; nra;f /
Ntnwhd;Dld; ,zq;Fjiy xg;Gtpj;jy;
,zf;fk; nra;f (Reconcile)
jPuf
; F
; f (Solve) fzpg;gL
P my;yJ tpsf;fq;fspd; %yk; jPuT
; fhzy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

jPut
; pid my;yJ ntspg;ghl;bidj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;
gFg;gha;T nra;f (Analyze)
Nehf;fpy; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
kl;lk; 03
gFg;gha;T xw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
xg;gpLf (Compare)
Ma;T nra;jy;
vz;zq;fSf;F
,ilapy; Ntw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
NtWgLj;Jf (Contrast)
njhlu;Gfis Ma;T nra;jy;
Vw;gLj;jp xg;gpLjYk; Ngjg;gLj;Jf/tpj;
f tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jf rpytw;iw NtWgLj;Jk; tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhl;Ljy; /
NtWgLj;jYk; /
jpwe;j tpdhf;fisj; tifapLf (Differentiate)
/tifapLf tifg;gLj;jy;
jPuj
; ;jy; RUf;fkhff; fhl;Lf / Fwpg;gpLf Kf;fpa Fzhk;rq;fspd;/rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; njhFg;gpidj;
(Outline) jUjy;

9|Page
 #j;jpuq;fs;
fzpj mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;: vz;rhu; tpsf;f mstpilfs;:

,Ugbr; rkd;ghL: ,il ̅ :

∑
*  + ' + + = 0 vDk; ,Ugbr; $l;lkhf;fg;glhj juT:
rkd;ghl;bd; jPuT
; fs; gpd;tUkhW jug;gLk; 
∑ 
−' ± √' − 4*+
$l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juT :
∑
=
2*
epak tpyfy; :
$l;ly; tpUj;jp:
Kjy; n cWg;Gfspd; $l;Lj;njhif : $l;lkhf;fg;glhj juT :

,= { 2* + ( − 1)9}

∑(! ̅ )" ∑ "
 or  − ̅ 
 
ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp:
Kjy; n cWg;Gfspd; $l;Lj;njhif:
{:; ! <}
,=* / > 1 MFk;NghJ $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l juT :
{:!<}

{< ! : ; }
,=* /<1 ∑ (! ̅ )" ∑  "
  − ̅ 
MFk;NghJ
{< !:} or
∑ ∑
, = * / = 1 MFk;NghJ
khwy; Fzfk; (CV):
epjpf; fzpak; :
epak tpyfy; #
= X 100
vspa tl;b: ,il ̅
, = - (1 + /)

$l;L tl;b: ,U khWk; fzpaq;fspd; xg;gL

P :
, = - {1 + /} 
gpau;rdpd; ngUf;fy; jpUg;g ,izGf; Fzfk;
fopT: ,izGf; Fzfk; (r):

[ ∑  − ∑  ∑ ]
,w;iwg; ngWkjp =
<
vjpu;fhyg; ngWkjp ×
(<?:);
{[ ∑   − (∑ ) ] × [ ∑   − (∑ ) ]}
<l;bd; kPsn
; fhLg;gdT :
,1  (1 − 1)
0=
gpw;nryTf; Fzfk; (a, b):
{1  − 1}
[ ∑ $ ! ∑  ∑ $]
b=
[ ∑  " –(∑ )" ]
cl;jpUk;gy; tPjk; :
[@A :" ! @" :A ] a = & − '̅
211 = [@A ! @" ]
%
Or
4567
211 = *% + (' − * )%
[4567 − 4568 ]

10 | P a g e
 #j;jpuq;fs; (njhlu;rr
; p)

nghUshjhu khwpfSldhd Nkyjpf Neu

ngUf;fy; khjpup
xg;gL
P
Y=TXSXCXR
Rl;nlz;fs; :
BA
tpiyr; rhu;G = BC
× 100
njhilAk; epfo;jfTk;
DA
× 100
∪ - xd;wpg;G;
fzpar; rhu;G =
DC
A∪B vd;gJ A apy; cs;s
EA
ngWkhdr; rhu;G = EC
× 100 vy;yh %yfq;fisAk; B apy; cs;s vy;yh
%yfq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLtJld; ve;j
∑ BA
× 100
%yfq;fSk; ,U Kiw tuhJ.
vspa jpus; tpiyr; Rl;b = ∑ BC

∑ DA ∩ - ,ilntl;L;A∩B vd;gJ A, B vd;w

vspa jpus; fzpar; Rl;b = ∑ DC
× 100 ,U njhilfspYk; cs;s %yfq;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
< B
ruhrup tpiyr; rhu;G =  ∑ BA × 100 P (A) – A vDk; epfo;Tf;fhd epfo;jfT
C
P (A/B) – B vDk; epfo;T jug;gLk;NghJ A
< D
ruhrup fzpar; rhu;G =  ∑ DA × 100 vDk; epfo;Tf;fhd epfo;jfT
C

epiwNaw;wg;gl;l jpus; nkhj;jq;fs; nghJ tpjpfs;:

1) mbg;gil epiwNaw;wg;gl;l/ ,yh];ngahupd;: P (A∪B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A∩B)
∑ BA DC
tpiyr; Rl;b = × 100 N(7∩8)
∑ BC DC
N(8)
P (A/B) =
∑ DA BC
fzpar; Rl;b = ∑ DC BC
× 100
vjpu;Tg; ngWkhdKk; khwy; jpwDk;:
2) jw;Nghija epiwNaw;wg;gl;l/ ghNrapd;: O(-) = ∑(P/Q'*'RSRT × P* QUU) = ∑P × 
∑ BA DA
tpiyr; Rl;b = ∑ BC DA
× 100
601(-) = ∑ P  − (∑ P)
∑ DA BA
fzpar; Rl;b = ∑ DC BA
× 100
nrt;td; guk;gy;:
3) epak epiwiag; gad;gLj;jy; − K
tpiyr; Rl;b
∑B F
= ∑ BA F × 100 J=
C

∑ DA F
fzpar; Rl;b = ∑ DC F
× 100

rhu;Gfspd; epiwNaw;wg;gl;l ruhrup

∑[ F ×GH ]
tpiyr; Rl;b = × 100
∑F

∑[ F ×GI ]
fzpar; Rl;b = × 100
∑F

fhyj; njhlu;:
$l;ly; khjpup
Y=T+S+C+R

11 | P a g e