Submitted to: Dr Marwan

Submitted by:
Fady Gmal 20p2427
Felopateer Wagih 20p4268

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 1) Cold work mold steel.
Cold work mold steels primarily consist of high-carbon alloy steels. They all
belong to the heat treatment strengthened type of steel, with a usage hardness
exceeding 58HRC. The primary performance requirements for these materials
include strength, hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. Types and grades are
shown in Table 1.

2) Hot Work Mold Steel

Hot work mold steels operate under more intricate conditions compared to their
cold work counterparts. This complexity primarily stems from factors like
elevated temperatures and diverse cooling conditions. It’s essential to strike a
balance between thermal strength (heat wear resistance) and crack resistance.
Types and grades are shown in Table 2.

3) Plastic Mold Steel Materials

Several factors influence the selection of mold materials for plastics. The object
being processed, the manufacturing method, the required precision, and the
durability demand all play a role. Types and grades are shown in Table 3.

4) Non-Ferrous Alloy Mold Materials

With the diversification of industrial products and the rise in small to medium-
batch production, there’s an increasing demand for non-ferrous metal mold
materials. These materials are low-cost, easy to process, have shorter
manufacturing cycles, and possess unique properties. Commonly used non-
ferrous materials include copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and zinc alloys. Types
and grades are shown in Table 4.
 1) Annealing
Annealing is indeed one of the most important heat treatment processes. The
internal structure of the metal gets stabilized through this process. This heat
treatment is given to the metal to achieve one or more of the following objectives:
1. To refine the grains and provide a homogenous structure.

2. To relieve internal stresses set up during earlier operations.

3. To soften the metal and, thus, improve its machinability.

4. To effect changes in some mechanical, electrical, and magnetic

properties.

5. To prepare steel for further treatment or processing.

6. To drive out gases trapped during casting.

7. To produce the desired macrostructure.

1) Tempering
A hardened steel piece, due to martensitic structure, is extremely hard and
brittle, due to which it is found unsuitable for most practical purposes. So, a
subsequent treatment is required to obtain a desired degree of toughness at the
cost of some strength and hardness to make it suitable for use. The process
involves reheating the hardened steel to a temperature below the lower critical
temperature, holding it at that temperature for sufficient time and then cooling it
slowly down to room temperature.

2) Surface hardening or case hardening.

In many engineering applications, it is desirable that a steel being used should
have a hardened surface to resist wear and tear. At the same time, it should have
a soft and tough interior or core so that it is able to absorb any shocks, etc. This is
achieved by hardening the surface layers of the article while the rest of it is left
as such. This type of treatment is applied to gears, ball bearings, railway wheels,
etc.
Processes are:
1- carburizing 2- cyaniding 3- Nitriding 4- induction hardening 5- flame
hardening.

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Table 1 : Types and grades of cold working molds

Table 2 Types and grades of hot working molds.

Table 3 Types and grades for plastic molds

Table 4 Types and grades of non-ferrous molds