4.
Work Measurement
Prepared by,
Prof. Neepa M. Patel
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 1
Work Study
Prof. Neepa M. Patel, MPSTME Mumbai
February 21,
2024 2
Method study
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 3
Work Measurement :
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 4
Work Measurement :
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 5
Work Measurement
Work measurement is also called by the name “Time Study”.
Without measurement data we cannot determine the capacity of facilities or it
is not possible to quote delivery dates or costs. We are not in position to
determine rate of production.
Work measurement provides a reliable and consistent standard of
performance.
“It is the application of techniques designed to established the time for a
qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of
performance”.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 6
Work
Measurement
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 7
Work Measurement
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 8
Objectives of Work Measurement
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai
9
Objectives of Work Measurement
1. Manpower planning
Work measurement data is used for manpower planning. This is because it gives information
about the total hours required to perform the job. This helps to estimate the number and type
of employees who are required to do the job. It ensures that there will not be any excess staff.
Work measurement data also helps to estimate the number of machines and equipment that
will be required in the future. This helps to find out the number of employees who will be
required to handle these machines and equipment.
2. Production planning and scheduling
Work measurement data is used for production planning and scheduling. This is because this
data is used for making production standards. This data is also used for scheduling.
Scheduling means to fix starting and finishing time for each job. This cannot be done without
work measurement data.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 10
Objectives of Work Measurement
3. Estimating productions costs
Work measurement data helps to estimate the production cost. This is because it gives management accurate
data about production time. This data helps to estimate the labor costs. Secondly, indirect costs such as fuel and
power consumption, rent and salaries of staff, etc. also depends on the production time factor.
4. Cost reduction and control
Work measurement data is used to reduce and control costs. It helps to reduce the labor cost. This is because it
provides a guideline to the employees to work efficiently and effectively. This helps to make optimum use of
the available manpower. So the labor cost will reduce.
Work measurement data helps to reduce material costs. It also helps to increase machine productivity. All these
steps help to reduce and control production costs.
5. Rational basis for incentives
Work measurement data is used for making incentive schemes for the employees. Incentive schemes motivate
employees to work hard. The efficient employees are rewarded by giving them a higher wage rate.
Work measurement fixes the standard-time for doing the work. Those who complete their work within a
standard time or faster than the standard-time are rewarded with higher wages. This encourages all employees
to work fast and efficiently.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 11
Objectives of Work Measurement
6. Performance appraisal
Performance appraisals are done to find out whether the employees are efficient or not. It is done
to find strengths & weaknesses of employees.
Work measurement helps to do performance appraisals. This is because it fixes the standard-output and
standard-time for each employee. The employees who produce the standard-output within the standard-time are
efficient and vice versa. Thus, it also helps to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the employees.
7. Training of employees
Work measurement helps to train the employees, especially the new employees. It divides the full job into small
elements (parts). It gives complete details about each element of the job. It gives details about; how to do each
element, the time taken for each element, the machines and tools involved in each element, etc. These details
are used for training the employees.
8. Comparing alternative methods
There are many methods for doing a job. Work measurement data helps to choose the best method for doing a
job.
9. Accepting new orders
Work measurement data tells us when will each job be completed. So, it helps the company to decide whether
to accept new orders or not. In other words, it helps to find out whether the new-order will be completed within
a specific time limit.
10. Fixing the selling cost
Work measurement data also helps to fix the selling cost of product. This is because it estimates the cost of
production, especially the labor cost. Selling cost is decided after fixing the estimated production cost.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 12
Techniques of Work Measurement
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 13
Techniques of Work Measurement
1.Historical Data Method
2.Time Study
3.Work sampling
4.Synthesis
5.Analytical Estimating
6.Predetermined motion and time study
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Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai
Techniques of Work Measurement
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Techniques of Work Measurement
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 16
Techniques of Work Measurement
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Techniques of Work Measurement
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 18
Techniques of Work Measurement
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Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 20
Techniques of Work Measurement
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Techniques of Work Measurement
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Steps for Time Study :
Select the work to be study
Obtain and record all the information available about the job, the operator
and the working conditions likely to affect the time study work.
Breakdown the operation into elements. An elements is a distinct part of a
specified activity composed of one or more fundamental motions selected for
convenience of observation and timing.
Measure the time by means of a stop watch, taken by the operator to perform
each element to the operation.
At the same time, assess the operators effective speed of work relative to the
observer’s concept of “normal” speed. This is called performance rating
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 25
Steps for Time Study :
Adjust the observed time by rating factor to obtain normal time for each
element. Normal time = Observed time * Rating /100.
Add the suitable allowances to compensate for fatigue ,personal needs,
contingencies etc., to give standard time for each.
Compute allowed time for the entire job by adding elemental standard times
considering frequency of occurrence of each element.
Make a detailed job description describing the method for which the standard
time is established
Test and review standards where necessary.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 26
Definitions :
During worker selection ,different workers are checked for work study. The
distinction is made between a qualified worker and representative worker.
A representative worker is one whose skill and performance is the
average of the group under consideration. A representative worker may
not be necessary be a qualified worker.
A qualified worker is one who is accepted as having the necessary
physical attributes, who possesses the required intelligence and
education, and who has acquired the necessary skill and knowledge to
carry out work in hand to satisfactory standards of safety, quality and
quantity.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 27
Definitions :
Once time study observer has recorded all the information about the
operation, the next step is breaking the job into small element. Every job is
related with work cycle and elements.
Work cycle is a sequence of elements which are required to perform a
job.
Element is a distinct part of a specified job selected for convenience of
observation, measurement and analysis.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 28
Reasons for breaking the jobs into Elements:
Because an element being a small entity makes it convenient to be observed,
measured and analyzed.
To enable different types of element to be identified and separated
To separate productive and unproductive activities or effective and idle times
To get complete and accurate information
To isolate an element involving a high degree of fatigue and to make the allocation
of fatigue allowance according and accurately
To produce detailed work specification
To select the best method by comparing the work elements
To collect information to compile standard data
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 29
Types of Elements
A repetitive element is one which occurs in every work cycle of a job. E.g.
the element of locating the work piece into holding device
An occasional element is one which does not occur in every work cycle of
the job but which may occur at regular or irregular interval. For example,
tool changing after sometimes, machine setting.
A constant element is one which the basic time remains constant wherever it
is performed. e.g. switch on machine
A variable element is one for which the basic time varies in relation to some
characteristics of the product, equipment or process e.g. cutting a metal plate
with hand hack saw(time varies with hardness and length)
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 30
Types of Elements :
A manual element is an element performed by a worker manually. e.g. manual
sweeping of floor
A machine element is one automatically performed by power driven machine, for
example, turning on an automatic machine tool
A governing element is an element occupying a longer time within a work cycle
than any other element which is being performed concurrently. Example: boil
kettle of water while setting out teapot and cups.
A foreign element: These elements are neither regular nor occasional elements.
These elements come into picture due to some trouble and these are foreign in
nature. For example, stopping the machine or resetting the tool or holding up the
work for checking the instructions.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 31
Rules for breaking job into elements
(a) Elements should be easily unidentifiable. Their ‘start’ and ‘end’ should be easily
identifiable. There points of ‘start’ and ‘end’ are known as breakpoints. A breakpoint is the
instant at which one element in an operation cycle ends and another begins.
(b) Manual and machine elements should be separated as far as practicable. Usually, hand
time is completely within the control of operative. Machine time can also be calculated
and it can be used as a check on the stop watch data. So, thin separation is more important
in case of competition of standard time.
(c) Manual elements should be chosen as far as possible because they can represent
naturally unified and distinct segments of the operation cycle.
(d) Element should be as short as possible.
(e) Constant and variable elements should be separated for ease in timing.
(f) Foreign and occasional elements should be timed separately.
(g) Before identification and recording of elements, a clear understanding of the whole
operation cycle should be developed.
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Prof. Neepa M. Patel, MPSTME, Mumbai
Time Study Equipment :
Stop watch
Time study form
Time study Board
Wink counter
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Time study Equipment
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Time Study Equipment :
Time study board: it is a simply a flat board, usually of plywood or of any plastic
sheet and it should have fittings to hold a stop watch and time study form.
Time study Form: it is usually printed forms of standard size.In that part number
and part name is mention, operation description, observers name and other
description are pre printed on the top of the form.
Stop watch: It is the measuring instrument to observe the elemental timings and
usually a decimal watch is used. A decimal stop watch has two hands. The small
hand represent minutes on dial and completes one revolution in 30 minutes. The
large hand represents centi minutes (1/100 th minute) and completes one revolution
in one minute and each division on large dial represents 0.01 minute. Two
commonly used types of stop watches are :
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 35
Time measuring Method
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Time measuring Method
Cumulative timing (Continuous timing)
In this method, the watch is started from zero position at the beginning of the
first element and permits it to run continuously during the period of study. The
observer notes the reading of watch at the end of each element and records this
reading on observation sheet. The time for each element is later determined by
subtraction, as shown in the table
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 37
Cumulative timing (Continuous timing)
Element Cumulative stop watch reading (min.) Calculated elemental time (min.)
1 0.20 0.20
2 0.52 0.32 ( 0.52 - 0.20 )
3 1.05 0.53 ( 1.05 – 0.52 )
4 1.29 0.24 ( 1.29 – 1.05 )
5 2.30 1.01 ( 2.30 – 1.29 )
6 2.50 0.20 ( 2.50 – 2.30 )
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Fly back timing (Snap back timing)
In this method, at the end of each element the observer simultaneously notes
the stop watch reading and bring the to zero position by pressing the winding
knob.
The mechanism of watch is never stopped and the hand immediately. Starts
to record time of the next element. This method of timing gives direct time
without subtraction and the data are recorded on the observation sheet as read
from the watch
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 39
Time measuring Method
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Concept of rating
Rating is the assessment of the worker’s rate of working relative to the
observer’s concept of the rate corresponding to the standard pace.
Generally 0 to 100 scale is used. 0 represents zero activity and 100 represents the
normal rate of working of the motivated qualified worker, i.e. standard rate.
If the study person decides that the observed operation is being performed with less
effective speed then a factor of less than 100 is used , say 90,85 or 75.
If ,on the other hand the study person decides that the effective rate of working is
above standard, it will be given factor greater than 100 say 110,115 or 125.
Rating is always a comparison with the standard rating(100).
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 41
Allowances :-
The normal time for an operation does not contain any allowances for
the worker.
It is impossible to work through out the day even though the most
practicable, effective method has been developed.
Even under the best working method situation, the job will still demand
the expenditure of human effort and some allowance must therefore be
made for recovery from fatigue and for relaxation.
Allowances must also be made to enable the worker to attend to his
personal needs.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 42
Allowances :-
1. Relaxation allowance is an addition to the basic time
intended to provide the worker with the opportunity to recover
from physiological and psychological effects of carrying out
specified work under specific condition and to allow attention
to personal needs.
Relaxation have two major part:
Fixed allowance : it is due to personal needs like drinking
water, washing hands, smoking ,going to lavatory. It is also
basic fatigue due to energy expended during working.
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Allowances :-
Variable allowance is allow to the operator who is working under poor
environmental conditions that cannot be improved, added stress and strain
in performing the job.
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Allowances :-
2. Contingency allowance :
This allowance may occurs frequently or irregularly. It is an allowance of
time to be added to basic time to meet unavoidable delays such as
cleaning of machines, removal tool from tool holder due to breakage, tool
sharpening,etc. This allowance is very small and should not greater than 5
percentage. It should only be given where the Contingencies cannot be
eliminated and they are justified.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 45
Allowances :-
3. Policy allowance :
It is an increment, other than bonus increment, applied to standard time to
provide a satisfactory level of earning for a specified level of performance
under exceptional circumstance.
The usual reason for making a policy allowance is to line up standard times
with the requirements of wage agreements between employer and trade
union.
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Allowances :-
4. Special allowance:
It may be given for any activities which are not normally part of operation
cycle, but which are essential to the satisfactory performance of the work.
Such allowance may be permanent or temporary.
Start-up allowance, shut-down allowance ,tool allowance, Set-up allowance,
Excess work allowance , a training allowance etc.
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Determination of Standard Time :
Observed Time :
It is the time directly recorded by stop watch by work study man observing
the activity of the operator.
Basic Time or Normal Time :
It is calculated time of the activity of the operator taking into account his rate
of performance.
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Determination of Standard Time :
Rating Factor :
It is comparison of the actual performance with some standard or normal performance.
Allowance :
It is the time value added to the basic time of the operator to provide the worker with an opportunity to recover
from the physiological and psychological effect of carrying out specified work under specified condition.
It is always considered as percentage of basic time.
Standard time :
It is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard performance.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 49
Determination of Standard Time :
Standard time :
It is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard
performance.
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Prof. Neepa M.Patel, MPSTME, Mumbai
Determination of Standard Time :
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Determination of Standard Time :
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Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 53
Work Sampling
Work sampling, also called ‘Activity Sampling’ or ‘Ratio Delay Study’, is based on the
statistical method first devised by L.H.S. Tippet in 1934. He used this technique firstly, in
the British textile industry.
Though stop-watch time study proved to be very useful for repetitive operations but it
cannot measure accurately and economically long and irregular work cycles. While most
of the indirect activities are of irregular nature and, therefore, there must be some way to
control the indirect labour activities. For such tasks work sampling has been well
established and gained lot of popularity.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME,
54 Mumbai
Define Work Sampling :
Work sampling is the statistical technique for determining the
proportion of time spent by workers in various defined categories of
activity (e.g. setting up a machine, assembling two parts, idle…etc.).
In a work sampling study, a large number of observations are made of the workers over
an extended period of time. For statistical accuracy, the observations must be taken at
random times during the period of study, and the period must be representative of the
types of activities performed by the subjects.
One important usage of the work sampling technique is the determination of the standard
time for a manual manufacturing task. Similar techniques for calculating the standard
time are time study, standard data, and predetermined motion time systems.
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Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai
Define Work Sampling :
Work Sampling (also sometimes called ratio delay study) is a technique
of getting facts about utilization of machines or human beings through
a large number of instantaneous observations taken at random time
intervals. The ratio of observations of a given activity to the total
observations approximates the percentage of time that the process is in
that state of activity.
For example, if 500 instantaneous observations taken at random intervals
over a few weeks show that a lathe operator was doing productive work in
365 observations and in the remaining 135 observations he was found 'idle'
for miscellaneous reasons, then it can be reliably taken that the operator
remains idle (135/500) x 100 = 27 % of the time.
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Work Sampling example
In this method, error is likely to occur but the error tends to diminish as the number of
samples increases. For example, in the following table, there are 36 working observations
and four idle observations, i.e. a total of 40 observations.
This study is for one operator for an 8 hours a day and indicates that the operator was idle
for 10% or 48 minutes of the day while working for 90% or 432 minutes of the day.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel, MPSTME, Mumbai 57
Objectives of Work Sampling:
Work sampling is a fact finding tool and has the following two main
objectives:
1. To measure activities and delays while a man is working and percentage of
that he is not working. It means a fair day’s work.
2. Under certain circumstances, to measure manual tasks that is to establish
time standards for an operation.
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Procedure for Work Sampling Study:
Step 1 . Define the problem.
Describe the job for which the standard time is to be determined.
Work study person has to discriminate between the two classes of activities of operator on the job: what are the
activities of job that would entitle him to be in 'working" state.
This would imply that when operator will be found engaged in any activity other than those would entitle him to
be in "Not Working" state.
Step 2. Design the sampling plan.
Estimate satisfactory number of observations to be made.
Decide on the period of study, e.g. two days, one week, etc.
Prepare detailed plan for taking the observations.
This will include observation schedule, exact method of observing, design of observation sheet, route to be
followed, particular person to be observed at the observation time, etc.
Step 3. Contact the persons concerned and take them in confidence regarding
conduct of the study.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 59
Procedure for Work Sampling Study:
Step 4. Make the observations at the pre-decided random times about the
working / not working state of the operator. When operator is in working state,
determine his performance rating. Record both on the observation sheet.
Step 5. Obtain and record other information. This includes operator's starting
time and quitting time of the day and total number of parts of acceptable quality
produced during the day.
Step 6. Calculate the standard time per piece.
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Determination of required number of Observations:
Extra slide :-
for understand
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 61
Extra slide :--- for understand
Confidence Level:
It is important to decide, as to what level of confidence is desired in the final “Work
Sampling” results. The most common confidence level is 95%. The area under the curve at
2 sigma or two standard deviations is 95.45%, which is rounded off to 95%. This means that
the probability is that 95% of the time the random observations will represent the facts and
5% of the time they will not.
For many cases, an accuracy of + 5% is considered satisfactory. This is sometimes referred as
the standard error in percentage.
Sample size Determination:
To get a desired accuracy, an analyst must take sufficient number of observations.
For calculating the number of observations required for achieving the desired accuracy,
following formula is used:
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME,
62 Mumbai
Determination of required number of Observations:
The number of observations depends on :
Percentage of occurrence of the activity (working or idle) being measuring
Fraction (P)
Accuracy required in fraction (S)
Number of observation (N)
Number of observations are confidence level of 95% is given by as per
statistical principle.
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Determination of required number of Observations:
P = 20% = 0.2,
S = 5% = 0.05
N = 6400 observations
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 64
Advantages of “Work Sampling” Over “Time
Study”:
1. Operator is not subjected to long-period of observations.
2. Group operations can be easily studied by a single analyst.
3. It does not require continuous observation for a long period of time.
4. Many operations or activities which are impractical or costly to be measured by time study
can be measured by this.
5. Observations may be taken over a period of days or weeks, thus decreasing the chance of
day to day or week to week variations affecting the results.
6. The man hours spent by the analyst are much less.
7. A work sampling study can be stopped at any time without affecting the results.
8. In this, random observations are taken by avoiding prolonged observations.
9. This produces less fatigue and are less tedious to observer.
10. It generally requires less time in calculating the results.
11. No stop-watch or any other timing device is needed. Prof. Neepa M. Patel, MPSTME,
65
12. Clerical time is minimised. Mumbai
Disadvantages of “Work Sampling” Over “Time
Study”:
1. It is not economical to study a single operator or machine or for studying
operators or machines located over wide areas.
2. It does not permit finer breakdown of activities and delays.
3. Study made of a group presents average while there is no information
about the magnitude of individual differences.
4. Management and workers may not be able to understand work sampling as
easily as they do time study.
5. Some-time no record is kept about the study on the operator, therefore, a
new study must be made when a change occurs in any element.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel, MPSTME, Mumbai 66
Predetermined Motion Time System
A predetermined motion time system is a work measurement technique whereby times
established for basic human motions (classified according to the nature of the motion and
the conditions under which it is made) are used to build up the time for a job at a defined
level of performance.
The main use of PMTS lies in the estimation of time for the performance of a task before it is
performed.
Applications of PMTS are for
1. Job time standard determination
2. Before the production run comparing the timing of alternative methods to compare the
economics.
3. Before the starting of production or setting up the facility it helps to estimate the requirements of
place, space, equipment and workforce.
4. Developing work layouts and avoid re-balancing and re-arrangement.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai
5. The time study results are checked. 67
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Types of Predetermined Motion Time System
I. Method time Measurement (MTM )
II. Work Factor system
III. Maynard operation Sequence Technique -
MOST
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Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 70
Method time Measurement (MTM )
The unit of time used in this method is known as Time
Measurement Unit (TMU). 1 TMU = 0.0006 minute
Following fundamental motions are considered for M.T.M. :-
I. 8 basic manual movements
II. 9 pedal and trunk movements
III. 2 ocular movements
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 71
Method time Measurement (MTM )
1.) Eight basic manual movements :
1. Reach - R
2. Move - M
3. Turn - T
4. Apply pressure - AP
5. Grasp - G
6. Position - P
7. Release - RL
8. Disengage - D
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Method time Measurement (MTM )
2.) Nine pedal and trunk movements :
1. Side step
2. Turn body
3. Walk
4. Bend
5. Stoop
3.) Two ocular movements
6. Kneel on one leg
Two eyes movements
7. Kneel on both legs
8. Foot position
9. Sit
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Work Factor (WF )
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Maynard operation Sequence Technique - MOST
M.O.S.T. is a system to measure work, therefore concentrates on the movement of
objects. It has been observed that the movements of objects follow certain
consistent repeating patterns; such as reach, grasp, move, position object etc. In
general the objects can be moved in two ways, either they are picked up and
moved freely through space or they are moved while maintaining contact with
another surface.
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Maynard operation Sequence Technique - MOST
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 76
Maynard operation Sequence Technique - MOST
The General Move Sequence (for the movement of object freely through air)
The Controlled Move Sequence (for the movement of object when it remains
in contact with the surface or is restricted in its movement)
The Tool Use Sequence (for the usage of common hand tools)
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 77
Maynard operation Sequence Technique - MOST
MOST Systems Family:
a)Maxi MOST:
At the highest level, Maxi MOST is used to analyse operations that are likely to be performed fewer that
150 times per week. An operation in this category ranges from less than 2 minutes to more than several
hours.
b) Basic MOST: At the intermediate level, operations that are likely to be performed more than 150 but less
than 1500 times per week should be analysed with Basic MOST. An operation in this category ranges from
a few seconds to 10 minutes.
c) Mini MOST: At the lowest level, Mini MOST provides the most detailed analysis. Operations that are
likely to be performed more than 1500 times per week should be analyzed with Mini MOST. An operation
in this category may have cycle time 10 seconds or less.
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 78
Thank you …
Prof. Neepa M. Patel,MPSTME, Mumbai 79
