Professional Documents
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Astm D3299
Astm D3299
Designation: D3299 – 10
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ship, and appearance. D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels D1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic
intended for pressure above atmospheric, vacuum conditions, Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with D2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric for
liquids heated above their flash points. Polyester-Glass Laminates
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
and are not considered standard. Resins
D2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass’’
NOTE 1—Special design consideration should be given to vessels (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, wind
load, or agitation, and to vessels subject to service temperature in excess
D2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass”
of 180°F (82°C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms. (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
D4024 Specification for Machine Made “Fiberglass’’
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges
test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This
D5421 Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass”
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Flanges
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
2.2 ANSI Standards:
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class
tions prior to use.
25, 125, 250, and 8003
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
3.1 General—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
nologies D883 and F412, unless otherwise indicated.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on 3.2 filament-wound—as applied to tanks, a process in which
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced the principal circumferential load-bearing reinforcement is
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally
applied by continuous filament winding.
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3299 – 08. DOI:
10.1520/D3299-10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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filler, except as follows: shall be limited by the allowable movement (strain) of the tank
5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere with wall when filled with fluid.
visual inspection of laminate quality, or with the required 6.1.1 The allowable strain of the tank wall shall not exceed
corrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos- 0.0010 in./in. (mm/mm) at 70°F (21°C).
ity control. 6.1.2 Tanks shall have a longitudinal strength at least equal
to that of a helically wound tank having a maximum angle of
NOTE 4—The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistance wind of 80° (measured from the tank axis, that is, 90° is hoop
of many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is the winding). For reference, the longitudinal tensile strength of a
responsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic agent in the resin
typical 80° helical winding is approximately 2200 psi (15,168
required for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with the
corrosive environment when this has been reported to him by the kPa).
purchaser. 6.1.3 Hoop Design:
6.1.3.1 Normal Service (Structural Corrosion Barrier)—
5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shall When the product to be stored in the tank causes little or no
not be subject to the limitations of 5.1.1. degradation to the selected resin, the minimum required wall
5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or colorants when thickness shall be in accordance with Eq 1.
agreed upon between fabricator and purchaser. 6.1.3.2 Severe Service (Non-Structural Corrosion
NOTE 5—The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere with Barrier)—When the product to be stored in the tank may cause
visual inspection of laminate quality. degradation of the resin over time and with the agreement of
S tT 5
0.2489 * g * H * D
2 * ET * Z D cone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with a cone or
conical heads if there are no stiffening rings; (c) the
greatest center-to-center distance between any two
adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from the
0.036 * g * H * D center of the first stiffening ring to the formed head
tT 5 tCB 1 (2)
2 * EFW * Z tangent line plus one-third the depth of the formed
or head (excluding conical heads and sections), all
S tT 5 tCB 1
0.2489 * g * H * D
2 * EFW * Z D measured parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) the
distance from the first stiffening ring in the cylinder to
the cone-to-cylinder junction,
where: Pa = allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), and
tT = total thickness, in. (mm), t = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).
tCB = thickness of the corrosion barrier, in. (mm), 6.2.2 Torispherical Heads—For torispherical heads, com-
H = fluid head, in. (mm),
pute the allowable external pressure Pa as follows:
g = specific gravity of fluid,
D = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm). Pa 5 0.36~E/F!~t/Ro!2 (5)
ET = hoop tensile modulus of the total laminate (see
Appendix X3), psi (kPa), where:
EFW = hoop tensile modulus of the filament winding only Ro = outside crown radius of head, in. (mm).
psi (kPa), and 6.2.2.1 For torispherical heads subject to internal loading,
Z = allowable strain in accordance with 6.1.2. the knucle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordance
6.1.3.3 The minimum total thickness of the tank shall be with Fig. 1. The reinforcement thickness shall be equal to the
0.1875 in. (4.76 mm). thickness of the head as calculated above. The thickness of a
joint overlay near the knucle radius tangent line of a dished
NOTE 8—The use of an accepted analytical technique, such as lami-
head contributes to the knucle reinforcement.
nated plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vessels
may predict stresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, given 6.2.3 Stiffening Rings—The required moment of inertia, Is,
some basic lamina properties. of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical shells under
NOTE 9—Tanks for installation outdoors shall be designed for the effect external pressure or internal vacuum shall not be less than that
of wind loading and other environmental factors in accordance with sound determined by the following formula:
design practice, including tank buckling analysis.
Is 5 PLsDo3F/24Eh (6)
NOTE 10—Tanks with significant physical loadings other than fluid
head (such as side-mounted equipment, violent agitation, unusually high
flow rates, and unsupported bottoms) shall be given special design
consideration.
6.2 Design for External Pressure:
6.2.1 Cylindrical Shells—For cylindrical shell, compute the
value 1.73 (Do/t)0.5. If the result is less than L/Do of the
cylinder, compute Pa as follows:
Pa 5 2.6~E/F!~Do/L!~t/Do!2.5 (3)
If the result is greater than L/Do of the cylinder, compute Pa
as follows:
2.6~E/F!~Do/L!~t/Do!2.5
Pa 5 (4)
~L/Do! 2 0.45 ~t/Do!0.5
where:
Do = outside diameter, in. (mm),
E = lower of hoop tensile modulus or axial tensile modu-
lus, psi (kPa),
FIG. 1 Jointed Head Detail
F = design factor = 5,
Sketch A
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mm) for over 6 to 12 ft (1.8 to 3.7 m) diameter, and 3⁄8 in. (9.5 not extend beyond the tangent line onto the tank bottom, unless
mm) for over 12 ft (3.7 m) diameter. methods of manufacture are used that maintain flat-bottom
6.3.2.1 Deflection of the flat bottom when the tank is empty, configuration, and shall extend up the vertical tank wall a
commonly known as “oil canning,” is permissible as long as minimum of 8 in. (200 mm) on tanks up to 4 ft (1.22 m) in
the requirements of 6.3.2.4 are met. diameter, and 12 in. (304 mm) on tanks over 4 ft (1.22 m) in
6.3.2.2 Bottom heads may be molded integrally with the diameter. The reinforcement shall then taper into the side wall
straight shell or may be molded separately with a straight over an additional length of 4 in. (102 mm) (see Fig. 3).
flange length for subsequent joining to shell. Methods of manufacture that incorporate stiffening bands as a
6.3.2.3 The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom means of knuckle stabilization, are permissible alternatives by
tank shall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm) on tanks 4 ft (1.22 m) agreement between purchaser and fabricator, provided the
or smaller in diameter and 1.5 in. (38 mm) on tanks larger than fabricator can document the validity of the design.
4 ft (1.22 m) diameter. The minimum thickness of the radiused 6.3.2.4 The tank bottom shall not have variations from a
section shall be equal to the combined thickness of the shell nominally flat plane that would prevent uniform contact of the
wall and the bottom. The reinforcement of the knuckle-radius entire bottom surface with a properly prepared flat support
area shall taper so that it is tangent to the flat bottom, and shall surface when the tank is filled with liquid. The bottom laminate
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NOTE 13—An alternative method for design of an elevated torispherical for bottom-supported tanks is shown in Table 3.
dished bottom is shown in Appendix X2. 6.3.4.4 The corrosion-resistant barrier component of the
6.3.2.6 The torispherical dished-bottom head shall have a joint shall be formed in the same manner as the inner surface
radius of curvature that is equal to or less than the inside and the interior layer (7.1.1 and 7.1.2) and the minimum
H 3 DA = 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500
minimum
width of
outsideB
in. 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(mm) (102) (102) (127) (152) (178) (203) (229) (254) (279) (305) (330) (356)
A
where: H = distance from the top of the liquid level to the joint, ft (m) and
D = inside diameter of the tank, ft (m).
B
Axial joint overlay widths shall be twice the width shown in table.
overlay width shall be 4 in. (100 mm). This internal overlay 6.3.5.4 Manways installed in top heads may be of the
shall not be considered a structural element in determining flanged or nonflanged design, as agreed upon between the
joint thickness. fabricator and purchaser.
6.3.4.5 The thickness of a joint near the bottom tangent line 6.3.5.5 Side-shell manways shall be installed in accordance
shall not be considered to contribute to the knuckle reinforce- with 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and Fig. 6.
ment of 6.3.2.3, but shall be additive thereto. 6.3.5.6 Typical manway dimensions are shown in Table 5.
6.3.5 Fittings: NOTE 14—Tanks over 6 ft (1.8 m) straight-shell height may need both
6.3.5.1 The more common method of fabricating nozzles is top- and side-shell opening manways for safety and maintenance consid-
by contact molding both the nozzle neck and flange to the erations.
dimensions shown in Specification D5421 and Table 4. The 6.4 Vents:
corrosion-resistant barrier of the nozzle shall be at least 6.4.1 Vents that discharge freely into the atmosphere must
equivalent to the inner surface and interior layer (7.1.1 and be provided in all Type I closed-top tanks. Minimum vent size
7.1.2) and shall be fabricated from the same resin as the tank shall be sufficient to handle the flow displacement of all
head or shell to which it is attached. combined inlet or outlet nozzles without creating any pressure
6.3.5.2 Acceptable alternative methods to be agreed upon above atmospheric, or any vacuum condition.
between fabricator and purchaser are the use of contact-molded
NOTE 15—Special vent sizing consideration should be given to the
pipe, filament-wound pipe, in accordance with Specification numerous operating situations that could otherwise cause a positive or a
D2996, or centrifugally cast pipe, in accordance with Specifi- negative pressure in a closed tank. Since overfilling a closed tank with the
cation D2997, joined to a suitable contact-molded (Specifica- vent on the top can cause the tank to be over-pressured, a suitably sized
tion D5421), or filament-wound flange (Specification D4024). overflow, properly located, or other appropriate protection, may be
The corrosion-resistant barrier of the contact-molded portions required to prevent over-pressuring the tank.
of such nozzles shall be equivalent to the inner surface and 6.4.2 Type II tanks shall be designed to withstand the
interior layer (7.1.1 and 7.1.2) and shall be fabricated from the specified positive or negative pressures not to exceed 14 in.
same resin as the tank head or shell to which they are attached. (355.6 mm) of water. Special design consideration must be
6.3.5.3 Nozzles 4 in. (100 mm) and smaller shall be given to buckling of tank wall and heads, the hold-down lug
supported by a suitable gusseting technique, using plate gussets system, and top and bottom knuckle requirements. Fluid level
or conical gussets, as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Plate gussets, in the tank is an important consideration in the analysis.
where needed, shall be evenly spaced around the nozzle and 6.4.2.1 Flat-bottom Type II tanks must have all hold-down
are to be added after complete assembly by the nozzle on the lugs properly secured to the foundation, in accordance with the
shell. Larger nozzles, subject to superimposed mechanical tank fabricator’s recommendation for the design of the lugs
forces, require special consideration. used and for the tank installation and operation.
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Nozzle Inside Minimum Wall Minimum Flange Minimum Hub Minimum Hub Length
Diameter (D), in. (mm) Thickness (tn), Thickness (tf), in. Thickness (th), (h), in. (mm)
in. (mm) (mm) in. (mm)
1 (25) ⁄ (5)
3 16 ⁄ (13)
12 14⁄ (6) 2 (51)
11⁄2 (38) ⁄ (5)
3 16 ⁄ (13)
12 14⁄ (6) 2 (51)
2 (51) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2 (13) 14⁄ (6) 2 (51)
3 (76) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2 (13) 1⁄4 (6) 2 (51)
4 (102) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2 (13) 1⁄4 (6) 2 (51)
6 (152) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2 (13) 1⁄4 (6) 2 (51)
8 (203) 3⁄16 (5) 9⁄16 (14) 5⁄16 (8) 21⁄2 (57)
10 (254) 3⁄16 (5) 11⁄16 (17) 3⁄8 (10) 23⁄4 (70)
12 (305) 3⁄16 (5) 3⁄4 (19) 3⁄8 (10) 3 (76)
14 (356) 1⁄4 (6) 13⁄16 (21) 7⁄16 (11) 31⁄4 (83)
16 (406) 1⁄4 (6) 7⁄8 (22) 7⁄16 (11) 31⁄2 (89)
18 (457) 1⁄4 (6) 15⁄16 (24) 1⁄2 (13) 33⁄4 (95)
20 (508) 1⁄4 (6) 1 (25) 1⁄2 (13) 4 (102)
24 (610) 1⁄4 (6) 11⁄8 (29) 9⁄16 (14) 41⁄2 (114)
6.5 Hold-Down Lugs—Hold-down lugs shall be a require- number and attachment of such lugs is the responsibility of the
ment on all tanks for outdoor service, on all Type II tanks, and fabricator, based on the wind, seismic, and other loads speci-
on tanks subject to seismic loads or vibrations. The design fied by the purchaser.
NOTE 1—This design does not require lay-up of nozzle neck to exterior of tank wall. Nozzle may be penetrating type or flush type as illustrated.
FIG. 5 Conical Type Gussets
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NOTE 1—This installation method is used only when the nozzle is being installed with an integral conical gusset which would prevent application of
an exterior laminate.
FIG. 6 Nozzle Installation and Cutout Reinforcement Location Alternative
6.5.1 Hold-down lugs shall be placed on the tank in such a 7. Laminate Construction Requirements
way that they do not protrude below the bottom surface of the
7.1 Structural Tank—The laminate comprising the struc-
tank.
tural tank (bottom, cylindrical shell, top head) shall consist of
6.6 Lifting Lugs—Lifting lugs or other provisions for lifting
a corrosion-resistant barrier (also known as “liner”) comprised
tanks (see Appendix X1) shall be provided for tanks over 500
lb (227 kg) in weight. of an inner surface and interior layer, and a structural layer.
24 (610) 32 (813) 11⁄4 (31.8) 3⁄8 (9.5) 291⁄2 (749) 20 3⁄4 (19)
24 (610) 32 (813) 3⁄8 (9.5) 1⁄4 (6.4) 291⁄2 (748) 20 1⁄2 (12.7)
A
60.06 in. (1.5 mm) (ASME/ANSI B 16.5).
B
60.03 in. (0.76 mm) center to center of adjacent bolt holes (ASME/ANSI B 16.5).
C
60.06 in. (1.5 mm) eccentricity between bolt circle and center of nozzle.
7.1.1 Inner Surface—The inner surface exposed to the 7.1.3.2 Contact-Molded Structural Layer in Top and Bottom
chemical environment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 Heads—Subsequent reinforcement shall be comprised of 1.5
in. (0.25 to 0.5 mm) thick, reinforced with a suitable chemical- oz/ft2 (0.46 kg/m2) chopped-strand mat or equivalent weight
resistant glass fiber surface mat or with an organic fiber surface of chopped roving, or shall be comprised of chopped-strand
mat, in accordance with 5.2.5. mat or chopped roving and such additional number of alter-
NOTE 16—This resin-rich inner surface will usually contain less than
nating plies of 24 oz/yd2 (0.81 kg/m2) woven roving 18
20 % by weight of reinforcing material. oz/yd2 (0.61 kg/m2) nonwoven biaxial fabric to a thickness as
required to meet the physical properties that are used for the
7.1.2 Interior Layer—The inner surface layer exposed to design. The use of woven roving is optional. The designations
the corrosive environment shall be followed with a layer of these specific weights of glass reinforcement are for
composed of resin, reinforced only with noncontinuous glass- reference only and may be comprised of other weight combi-
fiber strands applied in a minimum of two plies of chopped-
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chemical environment shall be sealed with a laminate conform- 7.3.3 Nozzle Installation Laminates—Nozzle installation
ing to 7.1.1 and 7.1.2. Where shape, thickness, or other laminate dimensions are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 7. Installation
restrictions preclude covering the edges with the preceding laminate placements are shown in Fig. 6. The all-interior
laminate, such cut edges and any machined flange faces shall installation laminate placement is used only when the nozzle
be at least coated with resin. In either case, the resin used shall being installed has an integral conical gusset preventing
be that used in the equipment laminate and finished in application of an exterior laminate.
accordance with 7.1.3.5. 7.3.3.1 Installation Laminate Thickness—The inside and
7.3.2 Nozzle and Manway Installation—Flanged nozzles outside installation thicknesses (ti and to) combined shall be at
may be installed with the pipe stub flush with the inside of the least as thick as the nozzle neck.
tank shell (flush type, Fig. 4) or projecting inside the tank 7.3.3.2 Inside Installation Laminate Construction—The in-
(penetrating type, Fig. 5). side installation laminate shall be constructed using only
7.3.2.1 Nozzle Projection—The installed nozzle shall main- noncontinuous glass reinforcements, except that when woven
tain a minimum clearance of 3 in. (76 mm) between the back roving is included to strengthen the laminate, it shall be
face of the flange and the exterior of the cutout opening preceded and followed by a layer of 11⁄2 –oz (0.458 kg/m2) mat
reinforcement. In addition, this clearance shall not be less than and then covered with a laminate equivalent to 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
When the inside laminate consists only of a corrosion barrier,
the shear distance required for proper installation of the nozzle
the length of the laminate, hr shall be a minimum of 3 in. and
(see 7.3.3).
hi shall be the lesser of 3 in. (76mm) or the nominal radius of
7.3.2.2 Cutout Reinforcement Laminate— When a vessel the nozzle.
shell or head is cut in an area bearing hydrostatic pressure, P, 7.3.3.3 Installation Laminate Lengths—The length of the
the cutout shall be reinforced on a circular area concentric with outside laminate, ho, and the inside laminate, hi, shall each be
the cutout, as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Acceptable patterns equal to the shear length, hs, given in Table 6 based on the
of reinforcement placement are shown in Fig. 2. thickness of the individual laminates.
7.3.2.3 Cutout Reinforcement Diameter—The outer diam- 7.3.3.4 In nozzle installations where the installation overlay
eter of the cutout reinforcing laminate, dr, shall not be less than is installed before the cutout reinforcement has fully cured, that
two times the nominal nozzle diameter. For nozzles less than 6 portion of the overlay which extends onto the tank shell may be
in. (152 mm) in diameter, the minimum cutout reinforcement considered to become a part of the cutout reinforcement
diameter, dr, shall be the nominal nozzle size plus 6 in. (152 laminate if the installation laminate length is extended to the
mm). required cutout reinforcement diameter, dr.
7.3.3.5 Monolithic Installation—The total bond thickness, 7.3.6 All nozzles and manways shall be installed in accor-
tm, shall be the greater of either the cutout reinforcement dance with Fig. 2 and Fig. 7. The interior overlay shall present
thickness, tr, or the outside bond thickness, to. the same corrosion resistance to the fluid as specified in 7.1.1
7.3.4 Gussets—If gussets (either plate or conical) are used and 7.1.2.
to stiffen the installed nozzle, gusset installation laminates are
in addition to the requirements of 7.3.3. Typical plate type and 8. Dimensions and Tolerances
conical type gussets are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. Other
gusseted nozzle installations may be used as agreed upon 8.1 Standard tank diameters, based on internal measure-
between fabricator and purchaser. ments with the tank in the vertical position, are listed in Table
7.3.5 Location of Cutouts on the Shell—For cutouts made 7. Tolerance on the inside diameter, including out-of-
within 6 in. (152 mm) of the knuckle radius area of a head or roundness, shall be 61 %.
within 6 in. (152 mm) of a shell-to-shell or shell-to-head joint, 8.2 Where employed, shell taper shall be additive to the
additional hole-cutout reinforcement is required, unless the figure used for the tank diameter, unless otherwise specified by
area of installation is at a point within the vessel that is not the manufacturer and accepted by the purchaser. The shell taper
exposed to hydrostatic pressure. shall not exceed 1⁄2 ° per side.
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NOTE 1—Larger tolerances may be agreed upon between purchaser and fabricator for tanks over 12 ft in diameter.
FIG. 8 Nozzle Location and Orientation Tolerances
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 Handling X1.1.1.8 When storing the tank on the ground prior to
X1.1.1 The following normal precautions should be taken in installation, it should be placed on the shipping cradles and tied
handling the tank at the destination: down so that it cannot roll, due to wind or sloping ground.
X1.1.1.1 Proper rigging practices should be observed at all X1.2 Installation
times. Hoisting equipment operators should attach a guide line
X1.2.1 Vertical flat bottom tanks should be installed on a
to prevent tank from swinging out of control.
base provided continuous support and having sufficient
X1.1.1.2 The tank should not be dropped or allowed to
strength to support the weight of the tank full of liquid with
strike any other object. Damage caused by such action may
negligible deflection. Full support of the bottom should be
result in cracking the inner corrosion-resistant liner, as well as
obtained by one of the following:
the structural portion of the tank.
X1.2.1.1 If the surface of the pad and the bottom of the tank
X1.1.1.3 The tank should not be rolled or slid on rough are flat and have no projections from the plane surface, the tank
ground. Never set a tank upon a fitting or other protrusion that may be set on such a surface.
may be attached to the shell. X1.2.1.2 If the conditions of X1.2.1.1 cannot be met,
X1.1.1.4 In working around the tank, care should be exer- methods of support recommended by the manufacturer should
cised to prevent tools, scaffolding, or other objects from be used.
striking the tank or being dropped on, or inside the tank. X1.2.2 If the tank has a bottom drain, a hole should be
Soft-soled shoes should be worn by workmen entering the provided in the pad with sufficient clearance so that the drain
tank. Where ladders are used (inside and outside), all points of and its flange will not contact the base at any point.
contact with the tank should be cushioned to protect the surface X1.2.3 Erection of Vertical Tank:
from scratching or point loading. X1.2.3.1 Tanks should be handled with a crane, using the
X1.1.1.5 The use of a crane is recommended, both in lifting lifting lugs provided. Do not attempt to lift tank by attaching to
and positioning the tank. The clearance between the head other fittings. Prior to hoisting the top end, a suitable protection
shackle of the crane and the tank should be at least equal to the pad of material should be placed under the bottom pivot point
span between the lugs used for lifting. If this is not possible, a of tank so that as the tank rises, the strain is taken on the pad.
spreader bar must be used to approximate the same angle in The hoist wire should be connected to the top lifting lugs, and
lifting. the tank should be raised carefully, using guide ropes to
X1.1.1.6 Where tanks are not equipped with lifting lugs, it prevent sudden swinging.
is recommended that such tanks be lifted with canvas or rope X1.2.3.2 All hold-down lugs supplied should be utilized to
slings (over 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter) positioned near each secure the tank to its pad. Hold-down lugs should be grouted or
end of the tank. Tanks can be moved by positioning fork-lift shimmied to prevent excessive loads being transferred to the
trucks on either side of the tank with forks padded. tank shell.
X1.1.1.7 Under no conditions should chains or cables be X1.2.3.3 Valves, controllers, or other heavy items connected
allowed to contact a tank. Full protection must be provided to tank nozzle should be independently supported.
when using chains or cables. Do not attach lifting devices to X1.2.3.4 When agitators, mixers, or cooling/heating coils
any fitting other than lifting lugs. are to be installed, special design considerations must be used.
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PRcW 0.036gHRcW
ti 5 2S 5 2S or S
0.2489g HRcW
2S D (X2.2) Rc = crown radius of dished head, in. (m),
H = fluid head, in. (mm),
W = stress intensification factor =
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where:
tc = head thickness in area of the crown radius, in. (mm),
ti = head thickness in area of the knuckle radius, in. (mm),
1
4 ~3 1 =Rc / ri!,SD
S = allowable stress, psi (kPa),
g = specific gravity of fluid, and
P = pressure, psi (kPa), ri = knuckle radius of the dished head, in. (mm).
X3.1 The hoop tensile modulus of a laminate, composed EFW = hoop modulus of filament winding,
partially of filament winding and partially of a contact molded ECB = modulus of corrosion barrier,
corrosion barrier, is expressed by: tL = corrosion barrier thickness,
EFW * tFW ECB * tCB tFW = filament winding thickness,
ET 5 tT 1 tT (X3.1) tT = total thickness, = tCB + tFW
This expression will give a good approximation of total
where: laminate modulus for values of EFW of 3.0–6.0 3 106 psi
ET = hoop modulus of total laminate, (20.7–41.4 GPa).
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