CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY II

BY
ESTHER NJOKI

LESSON SIX
DOORS

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 DOORS
 Doors are the operating part of the entrance that allows
access to and egress from the building
 Doors serve as part of the building’s envelope by
preventing the intrusion of unwanted weather, noise and
unauthorized personnel
 Doors are designed to permit the passage of people,
including the handicapped or equipment and supplies or
both
 The primary materials used in door construction are
metals, wood, glass, and combinations of two or three or
all

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 Functional requirements
The functional requirements of a door, when closed, are:
1. To allow access into a building.
2. To allow access to other parts of a building.
3. To prevent outside elements such as rain and snow to
enter the building.
4. To prevent the passage of fire from one room to the
next.
5. To provide a thermal and sound insulation barrier.
6. To offer security and privacy.

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 Classification of doors
 Doors are classified according to where they are
used:
1. Doors used to enter a building are called external
doors.
2. Doors used within a building are called internal
doors.

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Classification of doors – cont’d
 Doors can be further classified by their method of
operation:
1. Folding doors
2. Sliding doors
3. Swinging doors
4. Revolving doors
5. Rolling shutter doors
6. Collapsible doors
7. Pivot doors

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Classification of doors – cont’d
 Door can also be classified based on the materials
they are made of:
1. Wooden or timber doors
2. Glass doors
3. Steel doors
4. PVC doors
5. Fiberglass doors
6. Aluminum glazed doors
7. Fiber reinforced plastic doors /FRP Doors

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Classification of doors – cont’d
 Door can also be classified based on the method
of construction:
1. Panel doors
2. Flush doors
3. Louvered doors
4. Wire gauzed doors

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Classification of doors – cont’d
 Door can also be classified based on the
arrangement of door components:
1. Battened and ledged doors
2. Battened, ledged and braced doors
3. Battened, ledged and framed doors
4. Battened, ledged, framed and braced doors

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 Classification of doors – cont’d
 The main types of doors used are:
1. Flush doors – usually internal doors, although some
plywood faced ones can be manufactured for
external use.
2. Panelled doors – can be internal or external.
External doors are thicker and stronger and usually
contain wood panels. They are sometimes called
framed doors.
3. Batten doors – usually external unless specified for
internal use.

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 Classification of doors – cont’d
 Both flush doors and framed doors can include glazed
or wooden panels.
 Both flush doors and panelled doors can be fire doors.

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 Exterior doors
 Exterior doors or external doors of a dwelling is given the
utmost importance.
 The exterior doors allow entrance to or exit from a house
and provide a measure of security.
 These doors must be weather resistant as they are
exposed to various climatic conditions
 The exterior doors are provided with adequate thickness,
stability and durability of construction.
 The exterior doors are given a protective coating of paint
and polish.
 They are generally made of steel or wood.

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Exterior of doors – cont’d

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 Internal doors
 Interior/internal doors between rooms are also known as
communicating doors
 Interior doors separate rooms by providing privacy.
 Generally, interior doors are thinner than the exterior
doors, and come in a variety of styles.
 They are available in different materials.
 They do not undergo the severities to the weather.

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Internal doors – cont’d

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 Light screen doors
 Light screen doors covered with insect screen are
mounted on the outside of frames of exterior doors

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 Storm doors
 Storm doors are have glass panels and are mounted on the
outside of frames of exterior doors during winter

 Combination doors are doors with interchangeable

screened and glazed panels
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 Fire resistant doors
 Fire resistant doors are doors designed to resist passage
of fire

Fire resistant doors

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Fire resistant
19 door
 Wicket door
 A wicket door is a small door within a large door designed
to permit passage without opening the large door

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 Swinging doors
 Doors usually open by swinging about a vertical axis or by
sliding horizontally
 They may sometimes swing about a horizontal axis or
slide vertically
 Swinging doors have hinges or pivots fastening the door to
the door frame

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 Double doors
 Double doors or pair doors are two doors hinged at
opposite sides of an opening

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 Double acting doors
 Double acting doors have special hinges that keep the
door closed when it is not held open and the door can be
pushed on either way

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 Pivot doors
 Pivot doors are simply designed to rotate about its
vertical axis.
 Pivot doors function on a special pivot hinge, with
pins that attach at the top and bottom of the door.
 These doors are available with or without a stopper,
this door can effortlessly rotate 360 degrees in its
own axis thus achieving an elegant swing in the space.

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 Pivot doors – cont’d
 The significant benefit of pivot hinges is, it can
support much wider and heavier doors than
traditional pin and barrel hinges.
 With the technical benefit, it gives aesthetic
uniqueness in opening and closing and gives eye-
catching swinging function.
 Pivot doors are generally used for the entry doors.

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Pivot doors – cont’d

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Pivot doors – cont’d

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 Folding or accordion doors
 Folding or accordion doors are used as folding partitions
so that two rooms may be used as a single room or
separately

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Folding or accordion doors – cont’d

Folding doors
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 Horizontal sliding doors
 Horizontal sliding doors are suspended from hangers
containing wheels which operate on tracks placed at the
top of the door opening

Pocket sliding door

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Horizontal sliding doors – cont’d

Horizontal sliding door 31

Horizontal sliding doors – cont’d

Horizontal sliding door 32

Horizontal sliding doors– cont’d

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 Vertical sliding doors
 Vertical sliding doors move between guides provided at
the sides and are operated by cables or chains passing
over pulleys with or without counterweights

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 Canopy doors
 Canopy doors are used for large openings in industrial
buildings and is counterweighted

Canopy door
Counterfold canopy door

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 Rolling door
 In the rolling shutter doors, the door shutter acts like a
steel curtain.
 The rolling door rolls on a roller operated by hand or
electronically
 The rolling shutter doors are advantageous as it does not
require much space.
 These doors are very strong, durable and offer proper
safety.
 They are mostly used in stores, workshops, factories,
garages and shops fronts etc.

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Rolling door – cont’d

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Rolling door – cont’d

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39
 Revolving door
 The revolving door is used at entrances of certain
buildings such as banks and stores

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 Revolving door – cont’d
 A revolving door is used to control traffic or heating and
air conditioning in a building.
 The revolving door structure consists of individual door
panels (or wings), a center shaft with the hardware
needed to support the door wings, a circular structure
called a "rotunda" or "drum" that is usually fitted with
glass, and the ceiling (supported by the rotunda) that
contains either a mechanical braking device (used to
control the speed of the doors) or an electronic device
that uses a motor to drive the doors automatically.

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 Revolving door – cont’d
 The main benefit of a revolving door is that it is always
closed and always open.
 This means that the design of the system is such that
there is at least one door wing sealing the opening at all
times reducing the amount of heating volume and air
conditioning (HVAC) that escapes from a building and
these savings in energy costs can be considerable.
 The revolving door achieves these savings because the
curved walls of the rotunda allow the seals to fit tightly
as the door wings rotate.

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 Revolving door – cont’d
 Each wing is fitted with a rubber and felt weather seal.
 With time and use, these weather seals on the door wings
must be replaced because their effectiveness diminishes
with age.

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Operation of doors – cont’d

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 Panel doors
 The panel door or frame door consists of vertical and
horizontal members which frame rectangular areas in
which opaque panels or panes of glass or louvers are
located

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 Panel doors – cont’d
 Sash doors are panel doors with glass panels

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Parts of panel doors

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Parts of panel doors – cont’d

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Parts of panel doors – cont’d

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 Flush doors
 The flush door consists of flat relatively thin face panels
the full height and width of the door
 These doors have a jointless surface on both sides.
 Because of the plain face, they are easy to clean and
decorate.
 With varieties of laminates and veneers, which resembles
natural wood, they look beautiful and are attractive
appealing and available to a wide range of choices.
 The frame encases a core which can be:
• Hollow
• Solid
• Cellular
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 Hollow core
 Hollow core doors are usually internal doors.
 They are very lightweight and consist of a lightweight
frame which is glued together with a facing glued to it.
 The door derives its strength and shape from the strength
of the adhesive used to glue the frame and facings.
 The frame is usually jointed or stapled together, and the
facing glued and pinned to the frame.
 Edging strips called lipping are also glued and pinned to
the edge of the door.
 The top, bottom and intermediate rails incorporate small
holes or vents to allow the movement of air through the
door and to help disperse any trapped air with the core.
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 Hollow core – cont’d
 Attached to the framework of the door are lock blocks
and hinge blocks to accommodate the ironmongery used
to fit and hang the door.

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 Solid core
 This type of flush door has solid cores made up of solid
strips or particle board such as chipboard.
 These types of cores are the basis of fire-resistant doors.
 The solid core is an effective fire check against the
passage of flames, and if the door incorporates
intumescent seals it will prove to be an excellent fire
door
 Doors which have chipboard cores also have an outer
framework which supports the core.
 To reduce the weight of the door the core has holes
running vertically up the length of the core.
 This type of door is usually faced with a hardwood
plywood veneer to give a decorative appearance.
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 Solid core – cont’d
 The edges of the door are lipped with a hardwood strip to
ease the fitting of the door.

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 Cellular core
 Cellular core flush doors are the lightest and cheapest
version of flush doors.
 The core can be either:
• Rolled softwood shavings.
• Honeycombed paper or cardboard.
• ‘X’ mesh cardboard.
• Boxed cardboard.
 This type of door has a softwood outer framework which is
glued, stapled or jointed together.
 The core is covered with veneered faced plywood or
hardboard.
 In some cases, the facing material is pressed to form
panels. 55
 Cellular core – cont’d
 Exterior door facings should be of weather resistant
materials such as exterior grade plywood or oil-tempered
hardboard.
 This type of door derives its strength from the outer
framework, and the type and strength of the adhesive
used to glue the facing material to the frame and the
core.
 The edges of the door are covered with thin laths called
lippings.

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Cellular core – cont’d

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 Flush doors – cont’d
 Openings may be provided in flush doors for a glass vision
panels or louvers for ventilation

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 Battened doors
 This is the simplest type of a door used where appearance
and strength of the door is not important
 They are simply constructed and are made up of tongued
and grooved boards called battens nailed to cross
members called ledges.
 These doors can be either braced or braced and framed to
offer rigidness and a much better look.
 Such doors are mostly utilized for toilets, baths, WC, and
other rooms as well as in homes where the economy is the
prime factor to consider.

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Battened doors – cont’d

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 Metal doors
 Metals commonly used in the manufacture of doors are
aluminium and carbon steel
 Other metals used include bronze, stainless steel, and
copper
 Metal members for door construction are usually hollow
with or without some form of non metallic filling
 With the exception of aluminium and bronze doors, they
can therefore be classified as hollow metal doors

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 Aluminium doors
 Both panel and flush doors are constructed of aluminium
 The members are joined by electric-arc welding with the
joints being invisible

Panel door Flush door

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 Hollow metal doors
 They are either the panel or flush types
 They are usually 1 ¾ in. thick
 They are constructed primarily of cold-rolled sheet steel
with flat surfaces
 The panels are of sandwich construction with sheet metal
faces and cores of asbestos,
composition board,
sheetrock, hardboard or
other material

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 Metal covered doors
 These are generally called kalamein doors
 They consist of sheet-metal facing securely bonded or
attached to non-resinous kiln-dried wood interior
construction
 The metal is usually galvanized steel or furniture steel

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 Corrugated steel doors
 It is constructed of corrugated steel sheets supported by a
structural frame
 Two thicknesses of corrugated sheets is preferred with
one with corrugations vertical and the other with
corrugations horizontal with an asbestos lining between
the sheets for fire resistance

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 Steel doors
 Steel doors are used in the interior as well as in exterior
application.
 These doors have a steel face with a foam core for
insulation.
 They are very strong as compared to the other doors.
 They might not look as attractive as wooden or glass door.

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Steel doors – cont’d

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 Aluminium glazed doors
 Aluminum doors with glass panel
are most commonly used in
commercial applications.
 They are strong, durable and
hence, used as a security door.
 However, with the full
aluminum panel, their look may
not be as appearing as others.

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 Glass doors
 Glass doors look elegant and add richness and beauty to
the house.  
 They provide natural lighting.
 The disadvantage of this door is that they are easily
broken. Hence, they must be handled with care.
 However, with the toughen glass this would not happen
easily.
 Most glass doors are therefore made of tempered glass
 Tempering glass is heating it to high temperatures and
then cooling it suddenly
 Tempered glass is much more resistant to pressure and
impact than normal glass and is more flexible
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 Glass doors – cont’d
 It cannot be cut, drilled or altered in any way
 The glass thickness is between ½ to ¾ in.
 The surface of the glass is smooth but a rough textured
glass may be used for obscure vision
 Fittings to the door are done at the factory

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Glass doors – cont’d

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Glass doors – cont’d

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 PVC Doors
 PVC or polyvinyl chloride doors
are a very popular material
choice for doors in
your bathroom.
 These doors look like painted
wooden doors that do not need
any maintenance, which is
required for the absorbent,
natural fibers of the wood.
 They are light in weight and easy
to use
 They do not corrode or rot
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 Fibre Glass Door
 Generally, glass fiber is
manufactured by bonding fiber
with resin that can be utilized to
produce a variety of products
 Fiberglass is proven to be one of
the most solidified products with
fairly low upkeep expenses as
compared with wood and steel.
 Fiberglass doors are well known
as steady as they do not warp,
bow or twist.
 These doors are durable and hard
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 Louvered Doors
 These types of doors are used
when privacy with natural
ventilation and quietness for rest
is desired, as they allow free
passage of air even when closed.
 Louvered doors can be used to
help ventilate certain areas of
your home, to add a small
amount of privacy to otherwise
open space, or as room dividers.
 The door may be fully louvered
are partly louvered.

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Louvered Doors – cont’d

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 Wire Gauged Doors
 Wire Gauzed doors are widely used in the house for
preventing the entry of insects and mosquitoes into the
house.
 These doors are provided in kitchens, canteens, cupboards
used for food storage, refreshment rooms, hotels, sweet
shops etc., with a view to get light and restrict the entry
of insects.

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 Collapsible Doors
 The arrangement of collapsible doors is made in such
a way that, when you open the door, all the strips are
folded together and while you close, the strips are
stretched.
 The Collapsible doors are composed of vertical double
channels (20 X 10 X 2 mm) joined together with
hollows on the inside to create an artificial gap.
 Channels are spaced about100mm – 200mm apart and
braced with diagonal iron flats, which allow the
shutter to open/close giving an appearance of a
“steel curtain”.

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 Collapsible Doors – cont’d
 The doors shutter operates within two rails, one fixed to
the floor and the other at the lintel.
 Roller fixed on top supports the equivalent movement in
both directions for easier operation.
 They occupy the least space and so it is preferable.
 Collapsible doors are used for the main entrance of the
residential buildings, shops, godowns, cinema hall etc.

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Collapsible Doors – cont’d

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 Door frames
 Door frames retain the door, anchor door hardware and
present a finished appearance by forming a transition
between the door and the wall
 Door frame materials include wood, solid steel sections,
hollow aluminium, and stainless steel.
 The side members of a door frame are called jambs
 The top member is known as the head
 Door stops are projections or strips on the jambs and
head against which a one-way swinging doors close

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Door frames – cont’d

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 Door ironmongery
 External and Internal doors can be tailored to suit
individual requirements – ranging from privacy, security,
convenience, functional, or commercial needs

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Door ironmongery – cont’d

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Door ironmongery – cont’d

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 Door handles
 Latch handles – used in conjunction with a tubular
mortice latch. They are for internal use only.

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 Door handles – cont’d
 Bathroom handles - are designed for use with a bathroom
lock. For safety/emergency reasons, the outside face of
the handle can be unlocked.

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 Door handles – cont’d
 Lock handles - include a pre-cut keyhole and are used in
combination with a mortice sashlock. They can be used
internally and externally

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 Door handles – cont’d
 Rose handles - for internal use, in combination with a
tubular mortice latch. A range of matching bathroom
turns and escutcheons are available – these are used with
a tubular bathroom bolt.

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 Door locks
 Tubular Mortice Latch - Can be used
with latch, rose, and knob handles.

 Night Latches - These are

traditionally used where key access is
not required on the inside face of the
door – perfect for multi-residential
use.

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 Door locks – cont’d
 Bathroom Locks - These have a deadbolt fitted
into the lock casing, which is activated via the
thumbturn on the bathroom handle.

 Sashlocks - These are suitable for use with lock

handles – they have a deadbolt, key, and latch;
all of which can be operated from both sides of
the door

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 Door locks – cont’d
 Rebate Door Housing - Ideal for use with a pair of
rebated/ overlapping doors. Use in combination
with a mortice sashlock or deadlock.

 Deadlocks - can be used in combination with a

nightlatch for additional security. They feature a
deadbolt and key, which can be operated from
both sides of the door.
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 Door locks – cont’d
 Rim Locks - A simple, functional solution for
outdoor uses (sheds and gates etc.). Supplied
with a deadbolt and key.

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Co-ordinating Door Accessories

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 Hinges
 Hinges hung the door and they may be made of chrome,
brass, zinc plated, stainless steel etc.
 Standard butt hinge - are ideal for light duty internal
use.

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 Hinges – cont’d
 Washered Hinges - are a mid-range option, offering a
greater reduction in friction between the pin and knuckle
of the hinge, giving a smoother action. They are a great
choice for medium duty applications.

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 Hinges – cont’d
 Ball Bearing Hinges - are a higher specification, with a
silky smooth action and additional durability. They are also
graded to a variety of British standards for use with fire
doors.

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 Hinges – cont’d
 Radius Corner Hinges - give a great professional finish,
and a perfect fit into door and frame when cut with a
router and jig

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 Hinges – cont’d
 Parliament Hinges - allow for a wide opening angle, and
also give door clearance around skirtings and architraves.

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 Door closer
 The function of a door closer is to make the door self-
closing.
 There many different types of closers.
 The example shown is called an overhead closer with a
lever arm.
 This consists of a main body and a hinged lever arm.
 The body encases a small hydraulic piston which expands
and contracts as the door is opened and closed.
 There are types of door closers that are concealed within
the door and frame; these closers are called concealed
closers.

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Door closer – cont’d

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 Recommended further reading
https://stevewilsonsite.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/sec10
_doors.pdf

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