SECTION 5.

SAMPLING THEORY
1. Definition Population: entire group of objects for a study

n elements Sample: specific elements collected from population

n - scaled sample

- 2 methods to collect a sample:

Observe
n elements Non-returnable sample

n lớn

n elements Returnable sample

Observe

We call X1, X2,..., Xn are results from observation process  Observe n times, each
time we got a random variable Xi (i = 1,..., n)
2. Arrange sample
2.1 Ungrouped frequency distribution table
EX: Conducting a survey of personal income (million VND/month) of 80 people
randomly in ward T. Sort the income X in ascending order and number of people n
with corresponding income level in tabular form as follows:
X (million
9 10 11 12 13 14
VND/month)
n (people) 13 12 21 9 10 15
2.2 Grouped frequency distribution table
EX: Conducting a survey of personal income (million VND/month) of 80 people
randomly in ward T. Those people having the incomes in the same class intervals are
consider having the same income level. Class intervals and the corresponding
frequencies are tabulated as:
X (million
5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 - 35
VND/month)
n (people) 10 15 14 16 19 6
*REMEMBER
In case the data are given in list form, they must be rearranged into tabular form.
3. Population
3.1 Population mean

3.2 Population variance

3.3 Population standard deviation

3.4 Population proportion

Supposedly, population has N elements, included M elements with nature A.
M
P=
N
4. Sample
4.1 Sample mean

(n = number of items in the sample)

- If X got the expected value E(X) = μ and variance Var(X) = Ϭ2, then: E(X) = μ and

Ϭ2
Var(X) =
n
4.2 Sample variance
- Heteroscedasticity

- Homoscedasticity
- If E(X) = μ; Var(X) = Ϭ2 → E(S2) = Ϭ2
4.3 Sample standard deviation

S= 2

4.4 Sample proportion

f=

4.5 Connection between sample and population

The X, S2, F of sample are the statistics used for studying the corresponding μ, Ϭ2, p
of population. Therefore we have:

EX: Observing the Advanced Maths exam results of 10 randomly selected students in
a class, we have the following frequency distribution table:
X n
4 2
5 3
6 2
7 2
9 1

Calculate the X and the S2 of this sample?

=> X = EX = 5.8; S2 = 2.4

5. Probability distribution of sample

5.1 Probability distribution of sample mean
a) Population has normal distribution
2
- Because EX = μ; VarX =
 σ2 X−μ
→ X ∈ N(μ; n
)→ ∈ (0,1)

X−μ
- When n < 30 and Ϭ2 unknown →
σ
n ∈ St(n-1)

b) X does not have normal distribution

- n ≥ 30:
+ Ϭ2 known:

+ Ϭ2 unknown:

5.2 Probability distribution of sample variance

- Suppose Xi ∈ N(μ;Ϭ2), ∀i.
−1
→ 2 .S2 ~ Ƴ2 (n-1)

5.3 Probability distribution of sample proportion

- Suppose Xi ∈ B(1-p) (i = 1,..., n) and n is quite big: