Computer Graphics By Dy Konus Srma (Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Aryabhatta College University of Delhi Lecture: 01 Unlike a camera picture, we can choose different methods for projecting a scene onto the view plane. One method for getting the description of a solid object onto a view plane is to project points on the object surface along parallel lines. This technique, called parallel projection, is used in engineering and architectural drawings to represent an object with a set of views that show accurate dimensions of the object Direction of projection = normal to the projection Direction of projection != normal to the projection Another method for generating a view of a three-dimensional scene is to project points to the view plane along converging paths. This process, called a perspective projection, causes objects farther from the viewing position to be displayed smaller than objects of the same size that are nearer to the viewing position. A scene that is generated using a perspective projection appears more realistic, because this is the way that our eyes and a camera lens form images. Pope ProjectionComputer Graphics By hy Rin Tle (Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Science Aryabhatta College University of Delhi Topic: Projection Lecture: 02 int ‘Types of Perspective Projection ba Oa | | | ; Sreoint | [Tworom | [Tree-Point sapere Perspectwe | | rerspectve| — [rersepecte| Perspective Projection Note: Parallel Projection displays a picture in its true shape and size. When projectors are perpendicular to the view plane, then is called orthographic projection. Isometric Projections Orthographic projections that show more than one side of an object are called axonometric orthographic projections. The most common axonometric projection is an isometric projection where the projection plane intersects each coordinate axis in the model coordinate system at an equal distance. In this, projection parallelism of lines are preserved but angles are not preserved. ‘Oblique Projection In oblique projection, the direction of projection is not normal to the projection of plane. in oblique projection, we can view the object better than orthographic projection. There are two types of oblique projections — Cavalier and Cabinet. The Cavalier projection makes 45° angle with the projection plane. The projection of a line perpendicular to the view plane has the same length as the line itself in Cavalier projection. In a cavalier projection, the foreshortening factors for all three principal directions are equal. The Cabinet projection makes 63.4° angle with the projection plane. In Cabinet projection, lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are projected at ’ their actual length. Isometric Projections ‘Orthographic projections that show more than one side of an object are called axonometric orthographic projections. The most common axonometric projection is an isometric projection where the projection plane intersects each coordinate axis in the model coordinate system at an equal distance. In this projection parallelism of lines are preserved X| | but angles are not preserved. iz 2 Cabinet ProjectionComputer Graphics Br y By Haonar Shama (Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Science Aryabhatta College University of Delhi Topic: Projection Lecture: 03 An initial modelling-coordinate position (xme , yme , zmc ) in this illustration is transferred to world coordinates, then to viewing and projection coordinates, then to left-handed normalised coordinates, and finally to a device-coordinate position (xdc , yde ) with the sequence: Snes Gre ) te) C%4e + tte) The Three-Dimensional Viewing Pipeline Procedures for generating a computer-graphics view of a three-dimensional scene are somewhat analogous to the processes involved in taking a photograph. First of all, we need to choose a viewing position corresponding to where we would place a camera, We choose the viewing position according to whether we want to display a front, back, side, top, or bottom view of the scene, We could also pick a position in the middle of a group of objects or even inside a single object, such as a building or a molecule. Then we must decide on the camera orientation (Figure 5). Which way do we want to point the camera from the viewing position, and how should we rotate it around the line of sight to set the “up” direction for the picture? Finally, when we snap the shutter, the scene is cropped to the size of a selected clipping window, which corresponds to the aperture or lens type of a camera, and light from the visible surfaces is projected onto the camera film. —- ~~ ita] = oo li FIGURE 10-6 General three-dimensional transformation pipeline, from modeling coordinates (MC) to world coordinates (WC) to viewing coordinates (VC) to projection coordinates (PC) to normalized coordinates (NC) and, ultimately, to device coordinates (DC),Computer Graphics By Dp Henas Sere (Assistant Professor) Departnent of Computer Seienoe Arvabhatta College ‘Three-Dimensional Viewing-Coordinate Parameters Establishing a three-dimensional viewing reference frame is similar to set- ting up the two-dimensional viewing reference frame. We first select a world-coordinate position Po =(%o, 21) for the viewing origin, which is called the view point or viewing position. (Sometimes the view point is also referred to as the eye position or the camera position.) And we specify a view-up vector V, which defines the yey direction. For three-dimensional space, we also need to assign a direction for one of the remaining two coordinate axes. This, is typically accomplished with a second vector that defines the 2 axis, with ight tandecvewingccodmte the Viewing direction along this axis, Figure 7 illustrates the positioning of a sien il dee secang _ thtce-dimensional viewing-coordinate frame within a world system. eee foe The View-Plane Normal Vector Because the viewing direction is usually along the z,jey axis, the view plane, also called the projection plane, is normally assumed tobe perpendicular to this axis. ‘Thus, the orientation of the view plane, as wellas the direction for the positive ze BS ot ‘An additional scalar parameter is used to set the position of the view plane sot" at some coordinate value 2yy along the view axis, as illustrated in Figure 9. This parameter value is usually specified as a distance from the viewing origin along the direction of viewing, which is often taken to be in the negative Ze direction. Thus, the view plane is always parallel to the tvew hiew plane, and the projection of objects to the view plane corresponds to the view of the scene that vill be displayed on the output device In parallel projection, coordinate positions are transferred to the view plane aloug parallel lines. Figure 18 ustrates « parallel projection fora straighine segment defined wth endpoint coordinates P1 and P2_A parallel projection preserves relative proportions of objects, and this {she method used in computeraided drafting and design to produce scale drawings of threc-dimensional object, Al parallel lines ina scene are displayed as parallel when viewed with a paral projection. There are owe general methods for btalaing a parallel projection view ftan object: We can project along lines that are perpendicular tothe view plane, Gor we ean projeet at an oblique angle to the view pane. Rehipthatid sin agre epee een tae sacra) Soneeoietveniee [A teansformation of abject descriptions to a view plane along lines that are all parallel tothe view: plane normal vector Ni called an thogousl projection (or) quivaleaty, au orthographic projection). This produces « parallel projection transformation in which the projeetion tines are perpendicular tothe view plane. Orthogonal projections are most often used w produce the front, side, and top projections af an object are called elevations; and atop orthogonal projection fs called plan view. Engineering and architectural ‘drawings commonly employ these orthographic projections, because lens and angles are accurately depicted and can be measured tam the drawings We can also form orthogonal projections that display more than one face of an object. Such views are called axonometric orthogonal projections. The most commonly used axonometri projection fy the ometrie projection, which i generated by aligning the projection Dlane (or the abject so thatthe plane intersects cach coordimate axis in which the abject defined, called the principal axes CObjique Parallel Projections in Drafting and Design Forappheasonsin engineering and architectural design, am bique paral peo Jseiom i en spied wth eo ances "and ae sonem tn fig 2A ‘Spal positon y=) dus srt peje ¥ (2 Ym) ee Plane which i at action sy long the vicwing sax Pos) tte omepording oahogonal psceson pone The sig peal projtion Line itom (4-2) 3) asa neaeton ange wth elie onthe prof tin plane ato yg) and 95). Tex ewpameline et eg LLlsatan ange ¢ wit te zonal ection inthe projection plane. Angee ‘ann amgnd svalue beeen and 90 and angle ca ary fom O10 380 ‘Wecanenptathe proton coondinaea intro Land on aaaComputer Graphics By hay Harner Shaomea (Assistant Professor) @) Departwent of Computer Science Avabhatta Colle Cavalier and Cabinet Obique Pralel Projections Aisi: Homan Sam so en rofeeion: wi Ne tenae 2 pen 1. Parallel Projection. 2. Parspetve Projection Rak at Monga) no Re emer = wn 3) ok O74) = fuist in 2d ddaeTz= o dew ae have dihection ve { we He tated Bade Be aes sy isu % FL to Run f prairie : Fe NT Stage Hang Pars = foun co Agel vr dineclion oie Abed x aot pie 3 p C oblige pagedion jedi is 4 plows $PP\* Imp. point is Projection plane: socalled COP center of projection, Lets take it sat =0, so the point Pzy.2) > P'a’y'2') where! 0.Computer Graphics B y Bj Hos Sa (Assistant Professor) Departwent of Computer Science Avabhatta Colle Imp, point is Projection plane: socalled COP center of projection, Lets take itis at 0, s0 the point P(x.2) —> Pia'y'z') wheres! = Z es a 067.8) sy is Ste a age) an gyt are, 4,3, ae ee gat Gre, 42t 4RO) bine - xe dt, yrde, tht ee Sie) pe, 1g) = Cre dt, ged, Eat dam ot ob Gajedis * eye 3: & 20 —b Be ch. iste & ye aes = «td, Cad as j> of a, 63) 43 ae o” gis e ' pz, 6 °o bt the FAD , @ i443) l3. ‘n> a 432%, 0 ! ; a) ° iy ade B® Er = = is }Computer Graphics B y Boj Hamar Sharma {Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Sclence Anvabhatta College teat anti das ‘ de CHE and [Rooks Plane + 8, bd F:BP- Gee be dineitn vedi? rt gee a Praline Bin Pan Phir, + F Mees ar fag 4 2k oT, Cl ed the e i Ly fF 27) }e “ ae 2 = ee a2 .o off, ln a ny x et 3! , , 1¢ 0-940 = 3) £411) oP C542) rr OCtO4+C 40 =o +0 4048 259Computer Graphics By (Assistant Professor) Departwent of Computer Science Avabhatta Colle perpendicular othe plane of projection then the parallel projection is called Orthozraphie Projection Otherwise The parallel projection i called oblique projection. Remark: Let twe parallel planes be elven, then the parallel project the first plane and the projection on the second plane will give the same Projected object (picture). ‘This projection is not an orthographic projection becuase the vector d-frk is not perpendicutlar to the plane of projecton, 50: itis oblique. Pry ecbess Ps Example : Lets take a direction vector d= K and “ the projection plane fs x+y = 5 o— for any point Pxy.2) and P’ be projection of P, the line is parallel to Tne ben gute PHD white SEH | s Bo Oy Da tGi2) =D met Gogh Bo peng a Gok ion Ul Lie on Bejesem Plane - witg= 5 Der y= TT Do eaxre Xesteny = os Suppose the Plans passing through a point (x0, yO, 20)and normal N isnt.tsn2}+ Aa O19) ~ 0698) con, COO EERIE OES EO 5 wy, 28% = 0 9118 = OLA ee papel RE Tg 5 IC fat pont ee Oe eed ail beComputer Graphics By aw 9 Boy Hamer Sheama (Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Science Arvabhatta Colleae Foresortening factor Drapertes of parle projection: Suppote 1, 213 are 3 tne in 3, and Tee a a ve Scene She peer, Peles beot| i [PAL =! toatl we} fy Piva il in yo emedin stag poet * gedit Ce Fema. ome & a, Poe and Paseo ee wage 2) Baral 2 ies Dog TN et af te Fs Bam roy 1 ty cabled Bs Prraje hic Be ep OTs pnediin pet%d Bin, ae bg ke fe 2B Comaeed re Deb Cre mead Az bienen praetor plane Chae wydiged ete Gpgens 8 EES 42 ~ One) >= ae ad sgt ac => ravens fae ab alawe eh , Rr Me valine ada ue — Orie) = ae qenge8) gimilny gle ~~ aFa tng y!. eg ide 2 HRD? Onmayfe a -D) 7 . see oe Al B(o,1.0) —t> G OD oC ton! = Bahar = . for l4l, fF: w-B, Av-~& Te | fied if: f= 4Qi= tq) Ben fa Barun fan 9 srcabled if I ecothoginfis Bo Dynal (ALTO soe, etter 3b ip eetgpeplie de fl ib Pisa bled Ta) wentrie Cay eoComputer Graphics 7 By ~ Dy Hanes Sheana (Assistant Professor) Depariment of Computer Science Arvabhatta Collece Lot consider the unit cube whicch is rotated about the con the z = 0 plane with the eay positioned at (5,10,5) is by 45 degree and then be projected) fy (SR eT sine oe ain’ 4° . ~ Oph ime oe BO 2Ch-D Elarasy ext0-9) Do Ester, ed, 2 pajeb® fees gs BOT we ya SH 3-5 (eed + tlDyr gle xa 5 rts) 1 ee lGy 3 2 ot “yal i. ww 1 oo. Soa <(4-19 F194 (28) /g-2) Boren (ae v o. So a= wos yese = PANE) 5, ee oF | it, Se _ a “7 8 0 8 i = M4, Sse 8 aie epee Swe | 3 @ 005 [pa ee -eoe dteh: Kee) ow oe aay: OmeIe 1 ee! le oy ae Re ° o | oo @ Aunit cube Is placed at the origin such that its three edges lle along x,y,2 axls, Find the respective projection of eube on teh xy plane with canersA( 1,1) (0,0,1) C14) and D(1,1.0) bt dz) ECHO) E+tP-D Ree Gogdt tara) Goe968) | a BLED, or YD, ¥ gor llz-be) simenieipe 7 . -6e hehe g-0=> e+ € (60) =9C> * a-6e ics f+ Lor 50)—> se Ae) (“9+ = gs cect 67Q. Aunit cube is placed at the origin such that its three edges lie along x,y,z axis, Find the respective projection of cube on teh xy plane with coners A(0,1,1) B(0,0,1) C(1,1,1) and D(1, 1,0) 2 Eet(h) \P2® E+tCP-D Hee wor thona) (90,0,66)) | yes Dy 222 ees oe Ophea) Annan en!) hehe fro sort Geo =¢ op * - a 904 beso 8° Kee) (HS) Sao b ge 4 a ees aye. eOvag Oo 600 2 Boo] 2 3-6 Noo yo Gon “Calealabs "4 fa A unit cube fs placed at the origin such that its three edges ite along x,y,z axis, Find the respective projection of cube on teh xy plane with coners A(0, 1,1) B(0,0,4) C(1,1,1) and D(1, 1,0) A Orbe) ° BO te) eae - oo Gala on) rte oo & yh Bi ities D Posse apy pe clove . eeComputer Graphics Bi y Dy Kena Sheona (Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Science Arvabhatta Colleae Example : What type of projection obtained when the lines of projection are parallel to the vector (2,3,4) and the plane of projection has a normal vector({,1,1) and reference point is at ar apart plaueg Prgicliin.s xpigre 7, epee Pag thes Ping) ® oe 2 Megs) Pajededl (Or Lm De Ook Haat 4D a a ents” 5 als gee% Pagree™ Pave of agin — Kr Fe Bs 4 dete agentes atime ) yo OTR) a 4. - Orrerd weale wey abraed) = Jey ape gees a4 Se. an cep See dagen = ge —*tElearg) _ weg Cita) 2 Or may os goals 22) Aye PCE ot [Sa B/E (i peed Ve - el =fayu a el Eres. es Forde EHO ; to iE ry 8 & tuy> He moby ah pyiann FE — (00) chic respective Projection : (Train Track) In this case position of eye is given; So called center of projection. Projection Plane is given, and the object is. siven. 7 eens —~et is projection of point 8 C'is projection of point C Plane of projection Inprosecive projection projection fray. hen he bc wl be small. projection near ye tts ager ins dip mpdtocen Aap Min Mant $ Prandin g P bie eee Nd objet et Mage piles fe 2 lo D + yee OOD. F044 2)Computer Graphics My Dy Kanu Sheena (Assistant Professor) Department of Computer Science Arvabhatta Colleae Perspective projection or perspective transformation Is a nonlinear projection where three dimensional objects are projected on a picture plane. This has the effect that distant objects appear smaller than nearer objects. 5 Lr Example: Suppose we take prespective projection with the eye placed at (0,0,-d) E+4(P-£) where b20 when 20 = Jos a . “ —_ Pe No at srg weg 4g —— (0.0,5) + ttsy72}40,0;91 ne (0,0,-5) #t6x¥,2° re uty Sete) Lalyl 1) sien ob Prgeelod Plane tl) es -54 t@da0 p+ Be te ty Battles) wis ee ce F eye # pe |- EB ¢ - 0920 Carsiids (tals 2 o0 do Ox eo oe 26 (08) 622.2) (8 8 3 OTe Oma) 86040 Ke E, £0) “ a Ban KD FN) 9E¢0, © 0) b> PD WEIN ean) vaecaey ee “ ECPI) —> 00041, Sera seagiey 0 7A (AGES parang ot Oa eee, YOM L1G ke tha te tne I, 8 M papee Howe eee je he (MOG LHL, a Fron naer raapecive PapScHaNT W PaTaT OT Wale TaN CAN GD he KAMP 7 ad allel to the prajecton plane and It’ and I2' will ntersect this pont of tnteresction fs called Vanishing palnt tn Note: Iti parallel to 12 but ata point inthe projection plane, the direction of I Principal vanishing point: Let [1 || to 12 be two lines in 30, if 1 is || to X-Asix , Suppose It’ and 12" be prospective projection of {1 and I2 respectively and It’ and (2' intersect at a point Px then tthe Px is called Principal vanishing point in Y and Z axis In previous direction of 11" and 12’ then no principle vanishing point in the X-Direction exists. 4s in Last example the unit cube on the 7 = 0 plane with the eye blaced at (0,0,-5)E note that 41. No principal vanishig point int the X-Direction exist. and in Y-Direction. 2. There is a principal vanishing point in Z->direction that is (0,0). 3. At least It may have 1 principal vanishing point and maximum 3 vanising points. Under perspective projections, any set of parallel lines that are not parallel to the PP wll converge to a vanishing point. Vanishing points of lines parallel to a principal axis x, y, or are called principal vanishing points * Maximium principal vanishishing. nie points willbe 3 and minimum 1. ie (a) 1 point prespective projection. : (b) 2 points prespective projection. oe {c) 3 points prespective projection. S