Coy Ter= aE ome) eReader CETTE) What is Geometric Modeling It is an unambiguous, systematic and well- defined representation of an object in 2D and 3D. Geometric modeling are of following 3 types: Wireframe Modeling (or Line Modeling) describes an object using boundary lines Surface Modeling describes an object using boundary surfaces Solid Modeling (or Volume Modeling)Why Geometric Modeling...? . Geometric (3D) models are easier to interpret. a . Simulation under real-life conditions. —— . Less expensive than building a physical model. —— wna ; ‘ . 3D models can be used to perform finite element analysis (stress, defleefion, thermal) . 3D models can be used directly in manufacturing, Computer Numerical Control (CNC). . Can be used for presentations and Bt aTYPES OF GEOMETRIC MODELING oeTypes: Wireframe Modeling First let’s see some images PNG aTypes: Wireframe Modeling Wireframe model or line model can be defined as the CAD Model consisting of lines and curves in 2D or 3D. It can be referred as “a stick figure Or “an edge representation Wireframe modeling is the process of Visual presentation of a three- dimensional or physical object used in 3-D computer graphics. It is an abstract edge or skeletal representation of a real-world 3-D object using lines and curyes— It is a geometric modeling that describes 3D geomet “ edges. PNG aTypes: Wireframe Modeling Tt consists of edge and Complete model is ¢ icted by line_identity with well defined connecti relationship. Cine Therefore, line is the smallest entity in wireframe modeling. ee BNAdvantages of Wireframe Modeling ~Can quickly and efficiently convey information than multi view drawings. an be used for finite element analysis Can be used as input for CNC machines to generate simple parts Contain most of the information needed to create surface. solid and higher order models « PNDisadvantages of Wireframe Modeling Wireframe modeling is not_suitable for complex geometry. If complicated, it becomes overlapping and ambiguous Unable to calculate Volumetric and Dynamics Properties like mass and MOI Tend to be Non realistic Do not represent an actual solids (no surface and volume) Complex model difficult to interpret. ambiguous Pata aTypes: Surface Modeling A surface model represents the skin of an object, the S¢ skins have no — e modeling is more sophisticated than wireframe modeling in that it defines not only the edges of a 3D object. but also its surfaces. In general, a wireframe model can xt from a surface model g face model by deleting or blanking all surface entities Se —— BN apes: Surface Modeling Surface modeling is widely used in CAD (computer-aided design) for illustrations and architectural renderings. Itis also used in 3D animation Tor games and other presentations. tay op polygonal surface representation BaoSurface Modeling Entities Surface modeling entities contains several analytical and well as synthetic curves. Such as: Analytic entities include : * Plane surface, * Ruled surface, * Surface of revolution, and * Tabulated cylinder. Synthetic entities include * Hermite Cubic spline surface, i * B-spline surface, ..—— * Bezier surface, and ~~ * Coons patches. « PootPEA Come Ce Plane surface PNG aFMEA Cm CeCe Ruled or Lofted Surface: This is a linear surface. It interpolates linearly between two boundary curves that define the surface. Bata aPME oC OLS oblate sphemid Surface of Revolution: oa This is an axis symmetric surface that can model axis symmetric objects. It is “ dm generated by rotating a planar wireframe entity in space about the comical frastwum axis of symmetry a certain angle. oylinder Pata aPVE WArC Come Ce Tabulated cylinder: This is a surface generated by translating a planar curve a certain distance along 2 specified direction (axis of the aS cylinder). Pata aUNIT 2 GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION Ayal ar-t im stal diac Lavelle (=) Hermite Cubic spline surface: It is a synthetic curve is a spline where each piece is a third- degree polynomial specified in Hermite form. EVeneAWEnueneATi atstaCm tal ai dc-cm Lavelle (=) B-spline Surface: This is a surface that can approximate or interpolate given input data. It is synthetic surface. It is a general surface like the Bezier surface but with the advantage of permitting local control of the surf BNCoy Ter= aut eae) NIN ee PUN Casa Re CCe ATTY ATi artim tal aidceM Laval ee(-) Bezier surface: this is surface that approximates given input data. It is different from the previous surfaces in that it is a synthetic surface. Similarly to the B- spline curve, it does not pass through all given data points. It is a general surface that permits, twists, and kinks . The Bezier surface allows only global control of the surface. EiSynthetic Entities Include Similarly we have Coons patches, Fillet surface, offset surface etc. U~ BNAdvantages of Surface Modeling Eliminates_ambiguity and non-uniqueness present in wireframe models by hiding lines not seen. —— _ Ao shape desig and representation of complicated objects such as a car. ship, and airplane bodies as well as castings Renders the model for better_visualization and presentation. objects appear more realistic. —~ Provides the surface geometry for CNC machining Provides the geometry needed for mold and die design. ~~ Can be used to design and analyze complex free-formed surfaces (car bodies) Surface properties such as roughness. color and reflectivity can be assigned and demonstrated. BataDisadvantages of Surface Modeling Surface models provide no information about the inside of an object Cannot be used to calculate dynamic properties. \_ = It doesn’t specify’ the topology of an object. Still ambiguous...Types: Solid Modeling In the solid modeling, the solid definitions include vertices (nodes), edges. surfaces, weight. and volume. The model is a complete and unambiguous representation of a precisely A enclosed and filled volume PtConstructing Solid Models There are several methods of constructing Solid Models such as: _ Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), CAD packages: Unigraphies, AutoCAD — 3D modeler . Boundary Representation (B-rep), mostly used in finite element programs. Parametric Modeling, CAD packages: Solidworks. . Pro Engineer Boot aAdvantages of Solid Modeling Has all the advantages of surface models (uniqueness, non-ambiguous, realistic, surface profile) plus volumetric information, ~ Allows the designer fo create multiple options for a design 2D standard drawings. assembly drawing and exploded views generated form the 3D model. Can easily be exported to different Finite Element Methods programs for analysis. ~~ er volumetr opel of an object can be easily obtained, total , area and mass moment of inertia, volume, radius of gyration PteDisadvantages of Solid Modeling More intensive computation than wireframe and surface modelin; Requires more powerful computers (faster with more memory good graphics. ———, PNG a