B neering UNIT 2 - GEOMETRIC MODELING S.BALAMURUGAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AAA COLLEGE OF ENGINEEERING & TECHNOLOGYMES691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING LTre 3003 UNITI INTRODUCTION 9 Product cycle- Design prosess- sequential and concurrent engineering- Computer aided design - CAD system architecture- Computer graphics — co-ordinate systems- 2D and 3D transformations- homogeneous coordinates - Line drawing -Clipping- viewing transformation-Brief introduction to CAD and CAM — Manufacturing Piinning, Manufacturing control Introduction te CADICAM = CAD/CAM concepts —Types of production - Manufactnring models and Metrics — Mathematical models of Production Performance UNIT IL GEOMETRIC MODELING ° Representation of curves- Hermite curve- Bezier curve: B-spline curves-rtional eurves-Techniques urface modeling — surface patch- Coons and bicubic patches Bezier and B-spline surfeces modeling techniques- CSG andB-rep UNITE CAD STANDARDS 9. Standards for computer graphics- Graphical Kemel System (GS) - standards for exchange images- Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) - Data exchange standards - IGES, STEP. CALS ets communication standards. UNITIV FUNDAMENTAL OF CNC AND PART PROGRAMING 2 Introduction ta NC systems and CNC - Machine axis and Co-ordinate systemi- CNC machine tools- Principle of operation CNC- Construction features including structure-- Drives and CNC controllers 2D and 3D machining on CNC- Introduction of Part Programming, types - Detailed Manual part programming on Lathe & Milling machines using G codes and M codes- Cutting Cycles, Loops, ‘Sub program and Macros- Introduction of CAM package. UNIT ¥ CELLULAR MANUFACTURING AND FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS) * Group Technology(GT),Part Familics—Parts Classification and coding-Simple Problems in Opitz Part Coding system—Production flow Analysis—Cellular Manufiaeturing-Composite part concept ‘Types of Flexibility - FMS — FMS Components — FMS Application & Benefits FMS Planning and ‘Control Quantitative analysis in FMS TOTAL: 45 PERIODSGEOMETRIC MODELING * It plays a crucial role in the overall application of CAD-CAM-CAE system. REQUIREMENTS OF GEOMETRIC MODELING + Information entered through geometric modeling is utilized in number of downstream applications, RESIGN ANALYSIS -—<—- {F + Evaluation of centroid, area (cross-sectional & surface) & volume. Estimate the mass & Inertia properties. Interference checking in assemblies. Kinematic / Dynamic analysis & Simulation Finite element analysis for Stress, Vibration, Thermal & Optimization DRAFTING + Automatic 2D view generation a + Automatic planar cross-sectioning tl * Automatic dimensioning OE (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUACTURING ——-S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, ARACETGEOMETRIC MODELING MANUFACTURING + NC Tool path generation & verification * Manufacturing process simulation + Part classification & Process planning PRODUCT INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING + Material Requirement Planning 23 + Scheduling . + Preparation of Bill of Material + Marketing Ea EERE 2 (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING —-S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, ARACETGEOMETRIC MODELING | THREE DIMESIONAL 3 - D | | TWO DIMENSIONAL 2 -D "orcune | SURFACE SOLID MODELING MODELING MODELING (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETGEOMETRIC MODELING TWO DIMESIONAL 2-D * To prepare manufacturing drawings * Difficult to represent complex objects THREE DIMENSIONAL 3 - D + It provides all the information required for CAD-CAM-CAE applications + Provide all details required from documentation to engineering analysis to manufacturing. (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING _S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, ARACETWIREFRAME MODELING + In this method the complete object is represented by number of lines, points, arcs & curves & their connectivity relationships. ADVANTAGES + The construction of a wireframe model is simple * It does not require much computer time & memory + It can be used for simple NC tool path generation DISADVANTAGES * Itcan not be used for calculation of mass, inertia properties + The interpretation of wireframe models having many edges is very difficult. A wireframe model — Model of a Solid object with a blind hele ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S|BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AKACETSURFACE MODELING * The surface model is constructed essentially from surfaces such as planes, rotated curved surfaces & even very complex synthetic surfaces. * Surface creation on existing CAD system usually requires wireframe entities as a start(Points & Curves) + Surface & wireframe form the core of all existing CAD system ADVANTAGES It is relatively more complete & less ambiguous representation than its wireframe model This method is very much useful for specific non-analytic surfaces(Free form surfaces) — Used in modeling automobile, airplane bodies & turbine blades etc. It is used in NC tool path generation, Sectioning & Interference detections DISADVANTAGES The calculations of mass & inertia properties would be difficult. Generating a cylinder by in the direction of an axis eeping a circle generating a donut by sweeping a circle around an axis (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING —_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETSOLID MODELING * Solid modeling of an object is a more complete representation than surface model, as all the information required for engineering analysis & manufacturing can be obtained with this technique. * It provides more Topology information in addition to the Geometric information, helps to represent the object un ambiguously. ADVANTAGES Geometry vs Topology * Solid modeling produces accurate design | «. * mass & inertia properties can be determined + Provides complete 3D definition + Improves the quality of design + Improves Visualization GEOMETRY * Definition of the coordinates & dimensions of an object & its entities. TOPOLOGY + The connectivity & associativity of the object entities. It determines the relationship between object entities. (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET (h Same tpotogy bat Tent geomeWireframe Modeling Point Lines Analytic Entities / Cues: Circles Ellipse —|Conics Parabolas Cubic spline | a 7 Bezior curves Synthetic Curves: B-spline NURBS | (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) Analytic Curve Synthetic Curve - are described by analytic equations + are described by a set of data points (i.e. control points) S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURINGENGINEERING CURVES ANALYTIC CURVES * This curve described by analytic equations such as lines, circle, conics etc., + Provide very compact forms to represent shapes & simplify the computation of related properties such as areas & volume. + Analytic curves not sufficient to meet today's geometric design requirements of complex mechanical parts like automobile bodies, aero plane wings, propeller blades etc. + That require synthetic curves & surfaces (Free form surfaces) SYNTHETIC CURVES * This curves are defined by a set of data points(control points) such as Splines, Bezier curve etc. + Synthetic curves provide designers with great flexibility & control of a curve shape by changing the positions of one or more data points. + Ex. : Cubic Spline Ex. : Bezier Curve Pro * * : oN L (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING _S/BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET.NEED OF SYNTHETIC CURVES The need for synthetic curves in design arises on two occasions + When a curve is represented by a collection of measured data points (in case of reverse engineering)[graphical visualization of experimental data] + When an existing curve must change to meet new design requirements Phystear Mower INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUE APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUE a Py Curve resulting form this technique pass through the given data points. Ex- Hermite Cubic Spline (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING Produce curves that do not pass through the given data points. The control points are used to control the shape of the resulting curves. Ex- Bezier Curve S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETNON-PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION ANALYTICAL CURVES Line Circle Ellipse Parabola Non-parametric representations of curve equations are used in some cases, they are not in general suitable for CAD because: * If the slope of a curve at a point is vertical or near vertical, its value becomes infinity or very large. + Shapes of most engineering objects are intrinsically independent of any coordinate system. * If the curve is to be displayed as a series of point or straight-line segments, the computations involved could be extensive. (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETPARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF STRAIGHT LINE rem 292 Parametric equation of a straight line P(u) =A+(B-A)u Pixy) © X=X1+(X2-X1)u on * Y=¥1+(¥2-Yi)u where, Osus1 om The point P on the line is changed from A to B, as the value of ‘u’ is varied from 0 to 1. Parametric equation of Circle x + X=rcos® + Y=ersin® where, 0s @<2r i] | YN S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET fensingbed) ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING:PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF CURVES ADVANTAGES * t can be easily expressed in terms of vectors & matrices which enables the use of simple computation techniques to solve complex analytic geometry problem. * To check whether a given point lies on the curve or not, reduces to finding the corresponding “u" values & checking whether that value les in the stated “u" range. BLENDING OF CURVES + Blending is used to construct composite curve. Blending of two curves implies the joining of two curves subjected to the satisfaction of continuity equation. * Various continuity requirements can be specified at data points to impose various degrees of smoothness of the resulting curve, + The order of continuity becomes important when a complex curve is modeled by several curve segments pieced together end-to-end. ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETOrder of Continuity Zero-order First-order Second-order Continuity Continuity Continuity (C° - continuity) (G*- continuity) (C2 - continuity) g a a Pasition Continuous ‘Slope Continuous: ) ‘Curvature Continuous oe) cure ane — Tangent Comer of ‘C*= Continuous is “Smoother” than C® = Continuous at the joining point © — Continuous is “Smoother” than Ct — Continuous at the joining point > Synthetic curves represent a curve-fitting problem to construct a smooth curve that passes through given data points. Zero-order continuity CO yields a position continuous curve. First C1 and second C2 order continuities imply slope and curvature continuous curves respectively. A C1 curve is the minimum acceptable curve for engineering design. (ME-8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING _S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETHERMITE CUBIC SPLINE * The parametric equation of a cubic spline segment is given by + VECTORFORM-— P(u)=Yiiy Ciu’ u-—parameter,O + C,u?+C,u+C, To define a tangent vector, differentiate the above equation P’(u) =DiLpi Ciul-? P’(u) = 3 C,u2+ 2 C,u+C,....... ‘@) u—parameter,Osus1 To find the coefficients C3, C2, C1 & CO. Use Boundary conditions AtP, & Py’, u=0, ALP, & Py’, u=1 Po’. Substitute in Equ. 1 & 2, / pPa Py =C, P,=C,+C,+C,+C, Py=3C,+2C,+C, |P,=C,+C,+P,'+P,, P,)=3C,+2C,+P,’ ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S,BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETHERMITE CUBIC CURVE +* P,=C,+C,+P,’+P, Py’ =3C,+2C,+P,’ .. * Two equation & Two Unknowns, Solve this 2 equations + C,=3(P,— Po) —(2P,’ +P’) * C= 2(P)—-P,) + Py + Py’ + Substitute CO, C1, C2 & C3 values in equation (1) * P(u) = (2P) — 2P, + P,' + P,’) u? + (3P, — Py — 2P,'— P,') u2 + P,'u + Py + P(u) = (2u3 — 3u? + 1) Py + ( - 2u? + 3u) Py + (u® — 2u? + u)P,’ + (u?— u?) P,’ + In matrix form, 2u3 —3u? +1 ep | —2u + 3u2 *P(U)=EPy Py Po Prd) is one a aut 2 -3 0 17;7e *py|-2 3 0 Of]u *P(U)=EPo Pr Po Prd] 5 4 olla 1 -1 0 ojli ME #691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S,BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETHERMITE CUBIC CURVE Find the parametric equation of the Hermite Cubic Spline with the end point P, (1,1) & P, (7,4) whose tangent vector for end points are given as P, (5,6) & P, (10,7). Evaluate the value of u = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 & 1. Po(t,1) = Pi (754) Pz (5,6) Ps (10,7) Po . X - CO-ORDINATES ee P, = Point Pg & Point P2 P,'= Point P, & Point P nfo = Puet Pye? Py =5-154 Pi =10-753 ¥ - CO-ORDINATES Py =i Pyye4 Py=6-1=5 Py'=7-4=3 2 -3 0 17/83 - ‘piq[-2 3 0 Of] PU)=EPoP, Po PY] 4 YON, 1 -1 0 oOllt P,(u) = - Su? + 7u2 + 4u +4 P,(u) = 2u?- du? + 5u #4 u 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 P,(u) 1 2.04 34 4.84 6.12 7 P,(u) 1 1.85 2.48 2.99 3.46 ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING _S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETBEZIER CURVE Based on Approximation techniques Developed by P.Bezier, Designer of French car Frim Regie Renault(1962). Used in his software system(UNISURF) to define the outer panels of several Renault cars. Bezier curve uses the vertices of Control Polygon as control points for approximating the generated curve. The curve will pass through the first & last point with all other points acting as control points. The curve always tangent to the first & last polygon segment. The degree of Bezier curve is related to the number of data points. If Number of data points is 4 (n+1 = 4), then n=3, degree of curve = 3 Cubic P Py PSS CONTROL \™ POLYGON * This curve used for the design Ay of aesthetic surfaces. + The flexibility of the curve becomes more with more control points (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETBEZIER CURVES + For (n+1) control points, the Control Points Bezier curve is defined by * ‘Cont in| polynomial of degree n: + The parametric equation of Bezier curve VECTOR FORM * P(u) =Xizo P, Bi ,(u) wale, u-parameter,O / (u) = Py ( ) 1u( ) 2 U? ( )+P, cai) = a2 = P(u) = Py (1-u)3+3P,u(1-u)2+3P,u2(1-u)+P;u3 =P, (1-u3 — 3u+ 3u2) +3 Pyu(1-2u+u?) +3 Pu? (1-u) +P,u3 (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETBEZIER CURVES * P(u)= Py (-us+ 3u?- 3u +1) + P, (3u>— Gu + 3u) + P,(- 3u?+3u2) + P, ue -u3+ 3u?—3u+1 - 3u3- 6u + 3u +P(u)=[Pp P, Pz P3] 33 43u2 uw -1 3 -3 1)[u a 2 +P(uy=[Pp Py P, P3)/%, : ; y < 1 0 oO olla + Find the parametric equation of the Bezier curve whose end points are P, (0,0) & P,(7,0). The other control points are P, (7,0) & P, (7,6). Evaluate the value of u=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 & 1. ANSWER - P,(u) = 7u?- 21u? + 21u P,(u) = 18u? — 18u* + Find the equation of a Bezier curve which is defined by four control points as (80,30,0), (100,100,0), (200,100,0) & (250,30,0). Evaluate the value of u = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 & 1. ANSWER - P,(u) = - 130 u? +240u? + G0u +80 P,(u) =~ 210u? + 210u + 30 ME $691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETB-SPLINE CURVES * Single piecewise parametric polynomial curve through any Fy number of contro! points with the degree of polynomial selected by designer. + It provides the ability to add control points without increasing the degree of the curve. + B-Spline exhibit a local control of the curve shape. ie. Whenever a single vertex is moved, only those vertices around that will be affected while rest remains the same. Py Useful in dispiaying design & engineering analysis results such as Stress/displacement distribution }—{ Useful for modeling free-form surfaces + In contrast to Bezier curve, the theory of B-Spline curve separates the degree of resulting curve from the number of the given control points. + Four control points can always produce a cubic Bezier curve but four control points can produce linear, Quadratic or Cubic B-Spline curve, \ + A B-spline is a piecewise polynomial, and its knots are the points where the pieces meet * A knot would have the same type as the argument to the easel peat Whe polynomials Interpolate a given set of data points (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUSACTURING —S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHAMICAL, AAACET.HERMITE CUBIC SPLINE BEZIER CURVE B-SPLINE CURVE * It is represented by the polynomial of degree 3 Curve with (n+#1) data points are represented by the polynomial of n' degree. Curve with (n+1) data points are represented by the polynomial of n™ degree. + To draw the curve, it needs two data points & two tangent vector To draw Bezier curve, it require two data points & one or more control points in between is required. To draw Bezier curve, it require two data points & one or more control points in between is required. + Degree of polynomial is independent of data points. « The shape of the curve depends on the tangent vectors at the end. Degree of polynomial is depends on the number of data points. The shape is controlled by the control points. Degree of polynomial is depends on the number of data points. The shape is controlled by the control paints. + It is not convenient to. control the shape of the curve. The curve is affected globally by the movement of the control points It affects the curve locally by the movement of the control points (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETSURFACE MODELING [-*|Plane surface + [Ruled surface! Lofted surface_] |-+|Surface of revolution Tabulated cylindrical surface Analytic Surface Entities Bi-cubic Hermite spline surface Synthetic Surface Entities Coons patch Curve segment : is the fundamental building block for curve entities Surface patch : is the fundamental building block for surfaces (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETSURFACE MODELING - ANALYTICAL SURFACE PLANE SURFACE It is the simplest surface which requires three non-coincident points to define a plane. + The plane surface can be used to generate cross-sectional view by interesting a surface model with it. RULED SURFACE » It is a surface constructed by transitioning between two or more curves by using linear blending between each section of the surfaces. + {t interpolates linearly between two boundary curves that define the surface. LOFTED SURFACE + It is a surface constructed by transitioning between two or more curves by a smooth i.e. higher order blending between each section of the surface. + Used for modeling engine manifolds, turbine blades etc. Plane Surface (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETSURFACE MODELING - ANALYTICAL SURFACE SURFACE OF REVOLUTION + Itis an Axi-Symmetric surface that i can model axi-symmetric objects, + It is generated by a rotating a planar wireframe entity in space about the axis of symmetry to the required angle. (a) Piamar Carve (O)ARer Revolution (6) 10 Wiew ot the Object TABULATED CYLINDRICAL SURFACE + It is a surface generated by Genera translating a planar curve a certain = Sart distance along a specified / len direction. nin + Plane of the curve is perpendicular estat to the axis of the cylinder. + Itis used to generate surfaces that Dice Fh have identical curved cross = sections. Tabuated Surace (Cenc Se (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHAMICAL, AAACET.SURFACE MODELING - SYNTHETICAL SURFACE BI - CUBIC PATCHES + It is generated by the four boundary curves connects four corner data points & utilizes a bi-cubic equation. * bicubic interpolation is an extension of cubic interpolation for interpolating data points on a two-dimensional regular grid + The patch is defined by the 16 control points ie. 4 control points on each curve. B - SPLINE SURFACES + The surface is formed by using B-Spline curve. + It is a synthetic surface that can either approximate or interpolate given input data. + Its not necessary to pass the surface from all control points + Permits local control of the surface. (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET.SURFACE MODELING - SYNTHETICAL SURFACE COONS PATCH or COON SURFACE + A linear interpolation between four bounded curves is used to generate a coons surface. + Itis easy to create, so many 2-D cad packages utilize this option for generating models. + The surface is inflexible & cannot create very smooth surface. « The single patch can be extended in both the directions by adding further patches. BEZIER SURFACE + [tis a synthetic surface that approximates given input data, i.e. it does not pass all given data points * Allows only global control of the surface. + The surface is contained in the convex hull of the polygon set. + The degree of the surface in each polynomial direction is one less than the number of defining polygon vertices in that direction ==> th Wh oN A AN ‘i ( nS a Bezier Surface ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN MANUFACTURING _S\BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETSOLID MODELING Solid modeling techniques provide the user with the means to create, store, and manipulate complete representations of solid objects with the potential for integration and improved automation. SOLID REPRESENTATION Several representation schemes are available for the creation of solid models. Some of the most popular are given: * Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG). + Boundary Representation (B-Rep). + Sweeping E1 CYLINDER E-Edges F-Faces V-Vertices E2 v2 (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING —_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET.CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY A CSG model is based on the topological notation that a physical object can be divided into a set of primitives (basic elements or shapes). This primitives can be combined in a certain order following a set of rules (Boolean operations) to form the object. The available operators are Union ( U or +), Intersection (1 or |) and difference ( - ). The Union operator (U or +): is used to combine or add together two objects or primitives. The Intersection operator (1 or |): intersecting two primitives gives a shape equal to their common volume. The Difference operator (-): is used to subtract one object from the other and results in a shape equal to the difference in their volumes (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET. on Aue A AOCONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY CSG PRIMITIVES + Primitives are usually translated and/or rotated to position and orient them properly applying Boolean operations. * Following are the most commonly used primitives: BB a. Cylinder ‘Sphere (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MIECHAMICAL, AAACET.BOOLEAN OPERATIONS Figure below shows Boolean operations of a clock P and Solid Q Union (PU Q) Difference (Q — P) Intersection (P. 4 @) Difference (P - Q) (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING —S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET.CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY Data structures for the CSG representation are based on the binary tree structure. The CSG tree is a binary tree with leaf nodes as primitives. and interior nodes as Boolean operations CSG Tree LIMITATION or DISADVANTAGES Inconvenient for the designer to determine simultaneously a sequence of feature creation for all design iterations The use of machining volume may be too restrictive Problem of non-unique trees. A feature can be constructed in multiple ways Tree complexity Surface finish and tolerance may be a problem (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETCONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY + The CSG tree is organized upside down, with the root representing the composite solid at the top & primitives called as leaves at the bottom cee S=—> {(@) Unbalanced ‘Tree xs EP =a goon 6% 49 (©) Balanced Tree CSG Tree x leaves ao s. (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETCONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY The creation of a model in CSG can be simplified by the use of a table summarizing the operations to be performed. The following example illustrates the process of model creation used in the CSG representation. x Tie Bookeia senator mand [ED D| Toe sesz0.6) | xosan so r2s0500) noaasa0) Sie = 044, d= 082) musasan) Sir = 0.125, b = 05) same) mo2sp0031) ‘Re0.0.0000) BeBe BB (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHAMICAL, AAACET.BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION (B-REP) + A B-Rep model or boundary model is based on the topological notation that a physical object is bounded by a set of Faces. * ach face is bounded by edges and each edge is bounded by vertices. * These faces are regions or subsets of closed and orientable surfaces. A closed surface is one that doesn't have a boundary or end, such as a sphere, cube pyramid & cone etc. The surface is closed if it has a definite inside & outside. There is no way to get from the inside to the outside surface without passing through the surface. An orientable surface is one in which it is possible to distinguish two sides by using the direction of the surface normal to a point inside or outside of the solid model. ewes suttoes + open surfaces (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MIECHAMICAL, AAACET.BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION (B-REP) DATA STRUCTURE + A general data structure for a boundary model should have both topological and geometrical information. + Geometry relates to the information containing shape defining parameters, such as the coordinates of the vertices. * Topology describes the connectivity among the various geometric components, that is, the relational information between the different parts of an object (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING | Topology Geometry [Object Genus : Face pe Surface _ p41 Curve 4 Vertex Point S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACETB-REP GEOMETRY VS TOPOLOGY Same geometry but different topology Same topology but different geometry UU Ll z Rg ry te f, L [| 3 (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING —S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET.BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION (B-REP) B-REP ENTITIES DEFINITION Vertex is a unique point in space An Edge is a finite, non-self-intersecting, directed space curve bounded by two vertices A Face is defined as a finite connected, non- self-intersecting, region of a closed oriented surface bounded by one or more loops. A Handle (Genus or Through hole) is defined as a passageway that passes through the object completely. A Body (Shell) is a set of faces that bound a single connected closed volume. Thus a body is an entity that has faces, edges, and vertices. A Loop is an ordered alternating sequence of vertices and edges. A loop defines a non- self-intersecting, piecewise, closed space curve which, in turn, may be a boundary of a face. (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING —_S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHANICAL, AAACET. pebesiomBOUNDARY REPRESENTATION (B-REP) * To ensure topological validation of the boundary model, special operators are used to create and manipulate the topological entities. These are called Euler Operators. * The Euler's Law gives a quantitative relationship among faces, edges, vertices, loops, bodies or genus in solids CMa FE +V -L=2(B-G) F = number of faces, E = number of edges, V = number of vertices L = Faces inner loops, B = number of bodies, G = number of genus (handles) F-E+V=2 F-E+V=2 6-12+8=2 10-244 16=2 F-E+V-L=2B-G) [14-36 + 24-2=20- 1) (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MECHAMICAL, AAACET.SWEEP REPRESENTATION + Solids that have a uniform thickness in a particular direction & axisymmetric solids can be created by Transitional (Extrusion) or Rotational (Revolution) Sweeping. + Sweeping requires two elements — a surface to be moved and a trajectory, analytically defined, along which the movement should occur. EXTRUSION REVOLUTION TRANSITIONAL SWEEPING. ROTATIONAL SWEEPING. Swepl ald wa Generator Sept sli on Sara oe ’ ‘Generator oo Surface oo0 i a fe o Ap wor ’ Zn ty cole (ME 8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ——S.BALAMURUGAN, AP/MIECHAMICAL, AAACET.