Spirituality and Mental Health among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z

A Thesis Proposal Submitted to the

Department of Psychology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY MANILA

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Research Methods in Psychology 1

Gemarino, Danielle Mae T.

Lloret, Juliana Ashley E.
Mamenta, Erll Daniel Y.
Paglinawan, Kai Kezha L.
Pimentel, Arrianne Sjairra P.
Santos, Jan Marie Pauline E.
Zamora, Edsa May G.

PSY 1210 Section 10

Ms. Jelianne Sharee De Jesus

Thesis Adviser/Collaborator

November 29, 2022

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

Theoretical Framework 4

Religious/Spiritual Stress and Resilience Model 4

Conceptual Paradigm 5

Statement of the Problem 6

Assumptions 6

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Limitation of the Study 9

Definition of Terms 10

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature 12

Religion and Spirituality 12

Spirituality and Mental Health among Generation Z 13

Spirituality and Mental Health among LGBTQ+ 16

Spirituality in Marriage and Family for LGBTQ+ 17

Spirituality on LGBTQ+ Identity and Coming Out Experiences 20

LGBTQ+ Identity, Resiliency, and Spirituality 22

Chapter 3: Method 26

Research Design 26

Participants 26

Ethical Considerations 27

Instruments 28

Procedure 29

Data Analysis and Trustworthiness 30

References 32

Appendices 40

Appendix A: Letter for Review of Research Instrument/s 40

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Appendix B: Certification of Approval of Research Instrument/s 43

Appendix C: Personal Data Sheet 46

Appendix D: Interview Guide 47

Appendix E: Figure E1 48
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Chapter 1
Introduction

Coming out as a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning

Plus (LGBTQ+) has received various critiques in the society, especially from those

who have fixed and contradicting beliefs and perspectives towards nontraditional

gender. Individuals who identified themselves as part of the LGBTQ+ community

encountered discrimination and marginalization despite being included in the

protection of human rights. The report by Amnesty International (2023) stated that

social exclusion still happens with people who have different gender expressions

regardless of the signed treaty. According to the report, sixty-four countries prohibited

and illegalized homosexuality, and in some countries, engaging in homo-consensual

activities was given the death penalty. Still, there are a few countries that have begun

to recognize and accept the LGBTQ+ community.

The Philippines has slowly changed its ideological perception regarding

gender and sexual diversity. In 1994, the first Pride March in Asia took place in the

country, and today, Filipinos have continued to display more acceptance of the

LGBTQ+ community in several ways such as in celebrating pride month through

festivals and parades across the country (Garcia, 2023; Yalao & Nicol, 2023). The

country is generally considered a gay-friendly country, especially relative to its

Southeast Asian neighbors, however, members of the LGBTQ+ community still face

discrimination, and a lack of support and protection (Manalastas et al., 2017; Tang &

Poudel, 2018). One of the main barriers identified was the powerful influence of

religion in Philippine culture and society. The country shares a traditional view on

gender roles that stems from the predominance of Catholicism in the country, and

high religiosity along with these traditional beliefs regarding gender and sexuality

have been found to be significantly connected to homonegativity (Manalastas et al.,

2017; Reyes et al., 2019).

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The Catholic church has been vocal in its influential position on matters such

as the opposition to the proposal of the anti-discrimination bill, with arguments similar

to the Catholic conservatives of other countries centering on shared values (Yarcia et

al., 2019). The Roman Catholics in the Philippines have also used aloofness and

guilt in LGBTQ+ to reprimand their sins of being of a different gender (Joaquin,

2014). As a result, changing their characteristics to fit the norms of a society

undermines, subjugates, and marginalizes them in the community. Moreover, gay

men who grow religious experienced rejection and refusal of their identity because of

marginalization and discrimination in some religious communities, which affects their

psychological state, such as suicidal attempts and depression (Hinman & Lacefield,

2020). An interesting note, however, is that these people also reported on the

essence of spirituality in their lives as they felt relief, joy, and peace. Furthermore,

despite some of the negative views that Catholic religion has towards the LGBTQ+

community, specifically in the context of marriage and sexuality, it is important to note

that there are some positive aspects as the church still advocates to treat members

of the LGBTQ+ community with respect and compassion. Furthermore, Pope Francis

emphasized that all of us were children of God and lack of kindness and compassion

to one another is a sin (Glatz, 2023).

Spirituality can be described as a feeling, a belief, or a connection to a Higher

Being that is greater than oneself, which involves a search for the true meaning of life

(McCann et al., 2020). While religion is one of the most fundamental aspects wherein

an individual usually first learns to be spiritual, being spiritual doesn't necessarily

mean being religious. They have intersected as one in different fields, and the term is

commonly used interchangeably, specifically when religion is the main focus of the

context. However, it is important to note that they are also significantly different from

one another. As stated by Hodge & McGrew (2005), religion was viewed as a place

for structured religious ideas and practiced spirituality, whereas spirituality was seen
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as a connection with a transcendent force. In this sense, the concept of spirituality

was further improved and enhanced in an individual’s life with the help of religious

communities, which made them know what it means to be spiritual as part of it.

Spirituality has been shown to play a significant role in mental health. Several

studies show the importance of spirituality on mental health as it serves as a source

of support (Oxhandler et al., 2021), to cope with distress and challenges (Levin,

2016), and as a protective factor against psychological issues and provides a sense

of purpose and stability (Sanders et al., 2015). Less internalized homophobia for

LGBTQ+ individuals has also been associated with religion’s supportive role to an

individual’s spirituality. Growing up in a spiritual environment has also shown to lead

to decreased internalized homonegativity in young adults (Dahl et al., 2014).

Despite the positive role of spirituality on one’s mental health, there are some

opposing studies that state that the manifestation of mental health symptoms is

associated with one’s spirituality (Rosmarin et al., 2020) and conflicting challenges

with a person’s spirituality can be linked to mental health distress (Currier et al.,

2018). Struggles with mental health may also be especially challenging for members

of the LGBTQ+ community, as they experience minority stress in the form of (1)

pessimistic attitudes, views, and feelings toward the group, (2) stigma and

discrimination, (3) challenges in coming out, and (4) social rejection, exclusion, and

isolation (Bostwick et al., 2014). Because of the different dilemmas that they are

experiencing, according to Russell and Fish (2016), LGBTQ+ are more susceptible to

being exposed to mental health problems like poor self-esteem, depression, anxiety,

eating problems, substance use and misuse, self-harm, suicide, and other mental

health problems that can potentially damage their lives, relationship, and everyday

functioning. This has also become especially true for LGBTQ+ youth, whose

experiences with conflicts between their identity and spirituality, especially when

associated to their religion experience distress and poor mental health (Miller, 2020).
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Thus, it is vital to explore this area to understand the experiences that members of

the LGBTQ+, especially in younger generations, face in the context of their mental

health and the role that spirituality plays in their lives.

With the challenges experienced by the LGBTQ+ community, spirituality has

been found to play a complex role in their mental health, in various protective or

detrimental ways. In the context of a dominantly religious country, wherein LGBTQ+

may have unique perspective in terms of the essence of their spirituality and the role

it plays, the current study aims to understand the experiences of spirituality in mental

health as lived by young members specifically Generation Z (Gen Z) of the LGBTQ+

community who practice their Catholic faith.

Theoretical Framework

This study will employ the Religious/Spiritual Stress and Resilience Model by

Lefevor et al. (2023) to explore the lived experiences of LGBTQ+ Gen Z individuals.

Religious/Spiritual Stress and Resilience Model

Within the framework of Religious/Spiritual Stress and Resilience Model, it

will be applied to investigate the complex interplay between spirituality and mental

health among LGBTQ+ Gen Z. As proposed by Lefevor et al. (2023), this framework

aimed at unraveling the complex dynamics by which religiousness or spirituality (RS)

shapes the well-being of sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). Acting as a

theoretical bridge, the RSSR integrates well-established theories on minority stress,

structural stigma, and the complex pathways linking RS to health outcomes. The

central objective of the RSSR is to articulate the circumstances under which

individuals within the SGM community perceive RS as either conducive or

detrimental to their health.

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Embedded within the RSSR are five fundamental propositions. Firstly, the

model posits that the processes associated with minority stress and resilience

significantly impact the overall health of SGMs (Lefevor et al., 2023). Secondly, RS is

identified as a determinant influencing broader resilience processes, thereby

contributing to an individual's capacity to navigate challenges and maintain well-being

beyond the specific context of minority stress. The third proposition asserts that RS

exerts a distinct influence on stress and resilience processes specific to the

experiences of sexual and gender minorities. The fourth proposition acknowledges

various moderating factors, such as a congregation's stance on same-sex behavior

or an individual's level of integration of SGM and RS identities, which can impact the

relationships between RS, stress, resilience, and health outcomes. Finally, the RSSR

recognizes that the connections between minority stress and resilience, RS, and

health outcomes are bidirectional, emphasizing the reciprocal influence that each

element has on the others over time.

The utilization of this theoretical framework enhances the depth and breadth

of the current study on spirituality and mental health among Filipino Catholic

LGBTQ+ Gen Z. The Religious/Spiritual Stress and Resilience Model collectively

contribute to a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay of stressors and

protective factors influencing the mental health of this demographic, to which their

experiences and perspectives will be explored.

Conceptual Paradigm

Figure E1. Lived Experiences of Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z on Spirituality and Mental Health

The conceptual paradigm evolves through a systematic investigation into the

lived experiences of Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z, examining spirituality in the context of

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mental health. Rooted in the Religious/Spiritual Stress and Resilience Model, the

paradigm envisions a progression from the unique experiences of individuals in this

demographic into an understanding of their perceived experiences with their

spirituality and investigating the role of spirituality on their mental health. This

framework, guided by the researchers' theoretical foundations, aims to address the

central research question regarding how Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z individuals

perceive and experience spirituality within the context of their mental health.

Statement of the Problem

With the various possible experiences lived by the Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z,

the current study aims to explore this unique point of view to understand the essence

of their spirituality in their mental health. Specifically, the researchers seek to answer

the central question on how Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z experience and perceive

spirituality within the context of their mental health.

The study also aims to answer the following sub-questions:

1. What are their lived experiences of spirituality?

2. How do they perceive their experiences of spirituality?

3. How do their perceptions and experiences of spirituality play a role in their

mental health?

Assumptions

The LGBTQ+ community is a diverse group that has unique ways in

identifying and expressing their gender and/or sexual identity. Exploring the lived

experiences of Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z in terms of their spirituality may elicit

different responses based on how they experience and perceive these areas,
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especially in the context of their mental health. Hence, in conducting the study, the

researchers assumed that:

1. Some experiences faced by Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z poses potential

challenges to their mental health.

2. Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z have unique experiences and perspectives of their

spirituality.

3. Spirituality plays a crucial role in the mental health of Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen

Z.

Significance of the Study

The importance of the study is in its capacity to provide a valuable

understanding of the interconnectivity of sexual orientation, gender identity,

spirituality, and mental well-being among individuals belonging to the LGBTQ+

Generation Z group. Thus, amid a constantly changing socio-cultural environment, it

is crucial to understand the many obstacles and successes experienced by LGBTQ+

individuals as they balance their identities with spirituality and mental health. The

research aims to not only highlight the perspectives of LGBTQ+ Gen Z persons but

also have wider implications for promoting tolerance in society, advocating for mental

health, and influencing the development of religious and cultural standards. With this,

the study can give importance to the following:

LGBTQ+. Through an investigation of the LGBTQ+ community’s experiences,

it is possible to gain insight into the unique characteristics and achievements that

these people may face, thereby fostering a sense of visibility and understanding.

Similarly, the act of engaging in such research can be empowering for the

respondents themselves. It offers a chance for individuals to share their narratives,

contribute to an expanding reservoir of information, and participate in a broader

movement focused on improving comprehension and embracing diversity.

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Furthermore, by exploring the experiences of spirituality and mental health among

LGBTQ+ people of Generation Z, this study has the potential to create an increased

consciousness regarding mental health concerns within this community. Such

knowledge could diminish social stigma and promote direct discourse concerning

mental wellness.

Generation Z. By exploring the spiritual and mental health challenges

encountered by LGBTQ+ members of Generation Z, this research has also had the

opportunity to effectively cultivate empathy within the wider Generation Z population,

thereby contributing to the advancement of a more compassionate and inclusive

society. Likewise, through an investigation of the mental health aspects related to the

experiences of LGBTQ+ Gen Z, this study has the potential to enhance the general

awareness surrounding mental health concerns among all members of Generation Z.

Religious Groups. Gaining insight into the religious experiences of LGBTQ+

individuals can facilitate the development of more inclusive environments within

religious communities. It promotes the establishment of inclusive environments that

welcome individuals of all sexual orientations and gender identities, and urges

religious leaders and community members to embrace diversity. Additionally, this

enlightenment may foster a more empathetic and supportive attitude toward those

attempting to reconcile their faith and identity.

Families of LGBTQ+. The research can provide family members with

valuable insights into the experiences of LGBTQ+ Gen Z individuals, enabling them

to gain a deeper understanding of the distinct problems their loved ones may

encounter in relation to spirituality and mental well-being. This comprehension has

the potential to overcome knowledge disparities and generate empathy.

Psychologists and other Mental Health Professionals. Mental health

professionals, particularly those with a focus on spirituality, can utilize the research

findings to assess and address mental health issues specific to the experiences of
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LGBTQ+ Generation Z individuals in a Catholic Religion. It may also help them to

give more informed and targeted interventions that are both culturally sensitive and

provide practical mental health support.

Guidance Counselors. The results of the study may provide a nuanced

perspective on the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ Generation Z individuals, allowing

for more informed and empathetic counseling practices. It may also facilitate them to

formulate the potential development of specialized guidance programs that could

address the specific needs and concerns identified, promoting a more supportive

environment for the mental health of LGBTQ+ Generation Z within the Catholic

Religion.

Future Researchers. The research findings may serve as a foundational

reference for future studies on the experiences of LGBTQ+ Generation Z, specifically

in a Catholic Religion. Researchers can build upon this knowledge, exploring

additional factors and aspects not covered in the current study, thereby contributing

to the evolving body of literature in this field.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study will focus only of LGBTQ+ people who practice and define

themselves to be a part of the Roman Catholic religion. In addition, the study will only

include Catholic LGBTQ+ who are among the Generation Z, but are of legal age,

such as those who are ages 18 to 26 years old. Regarding the emphasis of the study,

the researchers will only explore the lived experiences of Catholic LGBTQ+

Generation Z on the aspect of their spirituality and its possible influence on their

mental health. Moreover, how they perceive the influence of spirituality on mental

health and their experiences of it will also be looked into.

However, there will be limitations in this study. The account of the Catholic

LGBTQ+ Generation Zs’ family members concerning the participants' lived

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experiences will not be included in this study. Those among the Catholic LGBTQ+

Generation Z, but are not of legal age will also not be included. In addition, excluded

are those who define themselves as spiritual LGBTQ+ Generation Z, but do not

practice any religion, specifically Roman Catholicism. Since the researchers are

concentrating on the lived experiences of Generation Z LGBTQ+, who identify as

Roman Catholics, it is unclear whether these experiences will apply to other

LGBTQIA+ members. Additionally, other religions and other generations will also be

excluded.

Definition of Terms

Generation Z is the generation of people born from the years between 1997 to 2012

(Dimock, 2019). The adult part of the Generation Z are ages 18-26 years old in the

year 2023.

LGBTQ+ refers to a group of people of diversity in regard to their gender and sexual

orientation. Moreover, it refers to people who are heterogenous in their gender and

sexuality.

Mental Health is the condition of the psychological well-being of an individual that

makes them be able to go through with the stresses in their life, helps them realize

what they are capable of doing, to learn and to work well, and makes them be able to

contribute in the community they are in (WHO, 2022). It involves the person's

capacity to manage stress, interact with people, make decisions, and overcome

obstacles in life.

Religion is made up of organized groups that have the same set of beliefs, rituals,

practices, and language that is centered on a Higher Power or God (Arrey et al.,

2016).
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Roman Catholic a member of the Roman Catholic religion (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

Individuals who are among those who are baptized, attendees, or practitioners of the

Roman Catholic Church customs and beliefs.

Spirituality is an individual's feeling, belief, or connection to a Higher Being that is

greater than oneself (Joshanloo, 2012), in which one may also seek the true meaning

of life (Arrey et al., 2016). The state of an individual’s relationship or connection with,

and belief in God in their life.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter comprises a review of related literature, which will be divided into

several key sections. First, the concepts of religion and spirituality will be explored to

dig into their distinctions and commonalities. Next, the complex relationship between

spirituality and mental health will be examined, with a specific focus on their linkage

on the mental well-being of Gen Z individuals. Subsequently, the influence of

religiosity and spirituality on the mental health of the LGBTQ+ community will be

discussed, addressing the challenges and benefits they experience. Following this,

the role of spirituality in shaping LGBTQ+ identities and their coming-out experiences

will be explored. Lastly, the interplay between LGBTQ+ identity, resiliency, and

spirituality will be investigated.

This review of related literature aims to provide a holistic understanding of the

complexities and connections between spirituality, mental health, and the LGBTQ+

community, specifically among Gen Z individuals. By examining these themes, the

researchers hope to shed light on the factors that link up the lived experiences of

LGBTQ+ Gen Z individuals and contribute to the broader conversation on mental

health and identity.

Religion and Spirituality

In the study of Arrey et al. (2016), religion and spirituality are two concepts

that are usually used interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Religion is

composed of an organized group having the same set of beliefs, rituals, practices,

and language centered on a Higher Power or God. On the other hand, spirituality is

more on the personal aspect of seeking the meaning of life. Another study from

Hodge & McGrew (2005) states that "Religion was viewed as a place where people's

religious ideas were structured and their spirituality was practiced, whereas
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spirituality was considered as some form of belief in or connection with a

transcendent force."

Furthermore, Joshanloo (2012) states that religion is seen as a phenomenon

that is part of the social context, whereas spirituality can be viewed on a personal

and more intimate level. Despite the lack of sources that study the connection

between the two, it is important to take note of the commonality found between

religion and spirituality, which is centered on the "search for the sacred." Search for

the sacred is beyond all the earthly things that a man can experience. It is the

connection that a man establishes in relation to a Higher Power that makes life

complete and meaningful. In relation to spirituality and religion, the Philippines takes

great pride in being the sole Christian country in Asia. It is said that Roman

Catholicism makes up more than 86 percent of the population, nationalistic Christian

cults make up 6 percent, and more than 100 Protestant denominations make up

another 2 percent (Miller, 2023). The Philippines is a religious country, hence the

majority of Filipinos find their spirituality in their Catholic Religion.

Knowing the idea that separates and connects spirituality from religion is

crucial to understand. A study that tackles the dimensions of religion and spirituality

states that religion’s main goal is to promote spirituality in their organized institutions

and traditions; this is one in which religion and spirituality can be associated (Kim et

al., 2020). Moreover, Oxhandler et al. (2021) suggest that despite the distinction

between religion and spirituality, they are interrelated, which can influence a person’s

emotions, behavior, thoughts, and ways of living. Thus, looking at the role of

spirituality, particularly on mental health of Catholic LGBT Gen Z, is one of the areas

that the researchers want to explore.

Spirituality and Mental Health among Generation Z

The complex relationship between spirituality and mental health among Gen

Z is an intriguing subject for investigation in the field of psychology research and

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practice. Consequently, recognizing the vital influence of spiritual and religious beliefs

on emotional resilience, coping strategies, and overall psychological well-being,

various studies have revealed the complex relationships between these aspects and

the mental health of young people. However, historically, as per Kao et al. (2020),

religious and spiritual issues were the predominant perception of mental health

challenges. Some believed mental illness allowed shamans to converse with the

supernatural world and heal bodily ailments in early antiquity. In medieval Christianity

and Judaism, mental illness was sometimes attributed to demonic possession,

resulting in the persecution of sufferers. Fortunately, the past few decades have seen

a new interest in religion and spiritual and mental wellness.

The relevance of religion and spirituality on mental health was discussed in

the study of Oxhandler et al. (2021). It was found that clients undergoing mental

health treatment saw the importance of religion and spirituality in such a way that it

provides support for their recovery. Although they find the relevance of religion and

spirituality in terms of mental health, the client perceived mental illness, problems,

and struggles as less associated with their religion and spirituality. Another study

revealed that religious and spiritual practices were used as a coping tool to alleviate

distress and to overcome challenges, circumstances, and health concerns, including

mental illness (Levin, 2016). Likewise, several research emphasizes the relevance of

the religion and spirituality of the client and its influence on the treatment process. It

was found that religion and spirituality can improve mental health (Pearce et al.,

2015), and integrating RS in treatment and interventions for mental health shows

significant results which alleviates the client's anxiety, depression, alcoholism, and

stress (Gonçalves, Lucchetti, Menezes, & Vallada, 2015). As stated by Sanders et

al. (2015), there is evidence that a young adult's engagement in religion and their

relationship with God can give them a sense of purpose and stability in life, which

can be protective factors against the emergence of psychological issues in young

adulthood. Likewise, it has been discovered that possessing a meaningful spiritual

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existence is linked to engaging in pro-social conduct, demonstrating moral

dedication, and exhibiting elevated self-esteem. Thus, all these findings were crucial

to consider since this shows that religion and spirituality play an important role in a

person’s mental health.

However, not all aspects of spirituality are beneficial. In Rosmarin et al.

(2020) study, spirituality can influence the manifestation of psychotic and obsessive

symptoms, making therapy more complex. Further, spiritual challenges such as

dissatisfaction with established religion due to clergy sexual abuse scandals and

wrath towards God can effectively contribute to mental anguish. As mentioned in

their study, over 40% of spiritual difficulties experienced before receiving treatment

were found to be associated with suicidal tendencies, especially those related to

God. Currier et al. (2019) state that challenges that disturb the spiritual being of an

individual can be a source of pain, trauma, and poorer mental health. This tells that

there is a connection that links spirituality and mental health both in positive and

negative ways. Another study shows that struggles with spirituality were related to

symptoms associated with mental illness and poorer treatment in the course of a

disease (Currier et al., 2018).

In the context of Gen Z, it was found that spiritual well-being is associated

with mental health. Spirituality was linked to improved mental health and sleep

patterns. Gen Z, who identify themselves as spiritual, emphasized that they

experience a sense of peace and enhanced well-being (Park, 2023). Gen Z are those

individuals who are known as “digital natives.” Almost everything was provided to

them in the most accessible and convenient ways with technology and the internet.

Through this platform and social media, Gen Z has a lot of options where they can

learn and strengthen their spirituality, even though some of their ways are different

from the traditional methods. However, study shows that overconsumption of social

media can lead to higher levels of anxiety and depression (Hayes, 2021).

Furthermore, spending too much time online can interfere with activities that will
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strengthen their spiritual relationships. Thus, overindulgence in social media can

negatively affect their mental and spiritual health. According to a study conducted by

Hayes (2021), 78% of Generation Z maintain their belief in God's existence, but only

41% of them participate in religious activities, and 8% make their religious leader as

their role model. Despite having religion and a relationship with God that produces

benefits in an individual's life, the circumstances mentioned by Rosmarin et al. (2020)

and the statistical data of Hayes (2021) imply that few among Generation Z pursue

spiritual relationships.

The facets mentioned above of spirituality pose obstacles and present

opportunities for academic psychiatry. The relationship between spirituality and

mental health is continuous and complex, with both positive and negative impacts

potentially affecting an individual. Understanding the intricate relationship between

spirituality and mental health requires a thoughtful approach that acknowledges the

ability of spiritual practices to provide comfort and strength while also considering the

unique needs and experiences of individuals trying to reconcile their spiritual beliefs

with their mental well-being.

Spirituality and Mental Health among LGBTQ+

While mental health discourse has acknowledged LGBT difficulties, studying

how spiritual and religious identities affect mental health is crucial. According to

Adelson (2019), there are unique physical and psychological health concerns for

LGBT adolescents. In this demographic, stigma—such as rejection from family—is

associated with poor mental health outcomes that lead to morbidity and mortality.

Examples include substance abuse, suicidality, depression, anxiety, and risky

behaviors that put people at risk for HIV and STDs.

With this, according to Miller (2020), there may be a link between poor mental

health outcomes and religious affiliation, in addition to the lack of protective benefits
 17

for LGBTQ adolescents. Miller's (2020) research also included a comprehensive

study from Ream et al. (n.d) of over 1,000 kids and young people aged 13–25, which

found that two-thirds had a conflict between their LGBTQ identity and their religion,

demonstrating that religion can cause LGBTQ youth distress. LGBTQ youth with high

religiosity had a higher risk of suicidal ideation than heterosexual youth with

increased religiosity, and Meanley et al. (n.d) found that religiously affiliated gay and

bisexual men had worse psychological outcomes than those without religious

affiliation. On the other hand, some studies have found advantages to growing up in

a spiritual environment, including increased spirituality and decreased internalized

homonegativity. In a sample of 106 young adults who identify as sexual minorities,

favorable cognitive and emotional religious backgrounds have also been connected

to higher levels of self-esteem (Dahl et al., 2014).

Nevertheless, there is sufficient data to conclude that spirituality and religion

have effects on both the physical and mental health of LGBT individuals in general.

However, it's uncertain if these advantages apply to all LGBT populations, as

theological differences can lead to particular issues. Less internalized homophobia

may be associated with religion's supportive role in relation to an individual's

spirituality and understanding of authority, which are important elements influencing

the physical and mental health of LGBT individuals (Adelson, 2019).

Spirituality in Marriage and Family for LGBTQ+

The conversation on marriage and family dynamics has changed dramatically

in the last several decades, moving to include a variety of stories that subvert

conventional ideas about what makes a family. As noted in Santos's (2014) study,

there have been several contentious discussions about LGBT rights over the most

extended time. Such a problem has transcended political boundaries and social,

religious, and cultural domains. The LGBTQ group, which is an abbreviation for

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning people, is currently

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fighting for more social acceptance and the ability to exercise their fundamental

human rights, such as the right to marry.

Similar to how the Philippine Family Code explicitly states that marriage is

only between a man and a woman, same-sex marriage has also faced obstacles in

its legalization process due to the Church's and some fundamentalist Christian

groups' views that homosexual relationships are immoral and diminish the value of

life and the Filipino family, along with other factors like divorce, euthanasia, abortion,

and complete contraception (De Leon & Jintallan, 2018). Notwithstanding these

diverse arguments against same-sex marriage, Time (2015) reports that twenty-one

states have documented the legality of homosexual marriage on a national level.

Namely, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Argentina, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada,

Spain, South Africa, England and Wales, France, New Zealand, Uruguay,

Luxembourg, Scotland, Finland, and Ireland are among these nations.

Nevertheless, the Philippines' introduction of same-sex marriage still takes a

while despite these nations gradually modernizing as much discussion and debate

surrounds the morality of same-sex marriage, both within and outside of religious

spheres. Opponents of the practice frequently invoke spiritual principles such as God

and the natural order to support their position, while proponents frame it as equal

human rights (Ochoa et al., 2016). With this, since most organized religious

institutions have historically been viewed as a significant source of prejudice and

discrimination against LGBTQ people, individuals from the LGBTQ community may

be more inclined to identify as spiritual rather than religious, as religion has been a

catalyst for stigmatization and prejudice against LGBTQ-identified individuals, despite

it giving fortitude and support to some (Rostosky et al., 2016). Hence, as a result of

both positive and negative religious-related experiences, adult children of LGBTQ

parents and same-sex couples frequently redefine their faith, engage in spiritual

dialogue and inquiry, and determine which facets of spirituality or religiosity to

cultivate. According to Rostosky et al. (2016) for a variety of reasons, LGBTQ

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parents who value R/S (Religion/Spirituality) may also be inspired to support their

children's R/S growth and spiritual conversations. Like heterosexual parents, LGBTQ

parents may seek R/S for validation of the values and ideals they wish to instill in

their children. There are significant differences within and between religious

denominations regarding contentious moral and ethical issues, and religious groups

offer a variety of theological perspectives on existential, political, and social matters.

Therefore, parents who identify as LGBTQ may look for affirming and positive R/S

that upholds the morals, customs, and beliefs they want to instill in their kids.

Similarly to heterosexual parents, LGBTQ parents might look for religious practices,

teachings, and organizations to help their kids connect with spiritual resources

(Mahoney, 2013). These resources could be a feeling of transcendent purpose in life

or a link to a compassionate higher power. LGBT parents may wish to provide their

children with a strong sense of identification, belonging, and family cohesion through

family participation in R/S rituals, customs, and community events.

Furthermore, these LGBT parents do have their struggles as well regarding

how religion can be an aid or a hindrance in family relationships of those with gay or

lesbian relatives. A study by Lytle et al. (2013) discussed how children were able to

accept their parent’s sexual orientation through their religious experiences, how their

acceptance for their parents are hindered due to religion itself, and how the contrasts

of these two can be synthesized. Despite having examples in the study of Lytle et al.

(2013) that LGBT participants were able to reexamine the relationship they have with

religion, the study did not fail to mention that this can have a negative effect on an

individual if they are from a denomination that is either fundamentalist or

conservative. This was demonstrated by giving an example of how cognitive

dissonance among their participants was settled through either accepting their LGBT

parents and reexamining their relationship with religion or through doing the opposite

by separating themselves from their LGBT loved ones and associating themselves

more with their religious identity.

 20

Spirituality on LGBTQ+ Identity and Coming Out Experiences

Religiosity and Spirituality also play a role in the formulation and expression

of identity for the lgbt community. According to Bayne (2016), sexual identity

development involves the ability to come to terms with one's inner self, forming

connections with others, and effectively navigating societal prejudice. This journey is

not without its challenges, and various factors can hinder the healthy development of

one's sexual identity. One key factor is the divergent perspectives on sexual identity.

Colarusso (2017) highlighted two distinct viewpoints on sexual identity: the Catholic

church and the LGBTQ community. The study covered 18-year-olds and above who

identified as LGBTQ and were raised in a Catholic household. The Catholic church

grounds its perspective on sexual identity in biblical teachings, emphasizing a

traditional understanding of marriage as exclusively between a man and a woman.

Deviating from this norm is considered sinful. This norm arises from the idea that

being homosexual from the perspective of religion is considered to be a sin and an

immoral act (Wilkinson & Johnson, 2020).

Seda (2021) discovered that religiously related concerns, including identity

integration and disclosure, are one of the conflicts in the identity development of

LGBT people. Additionally, societal contexts that stigmatize non-heteronormative

sexualities, potentially leading to social rejection and isolation, can profoundly impact

the development of sexual identity, particularly among young gay and bisexual men.

Similar studies also found that this stigma often forces individuals to suppress or

deny their true feelings and sexuality in an attempt to conform to community norms.

Some may even resort to praying for a change in their sexual orientation or

increasing their involvement in church activities as they struggle with their identity

(Meanley et al., 2016; Hinman & Lacefield, 2020). In contrast to the increasing

involvement in church, a study of 22 LGBTQ homeless young people, ages between

19 and 26 years, found that among LGBTQ families, religious institutions and their
 21

adherents generated this palpable societal stigma and rejection. As they fight for

resiliency, they ignore judgments, run away from the sources of stigma, such as

family, stop going to church, and even change their religion. However, despite the

discontinuance of attending religious services of LGBTQ+, their religious faith

continues to play a significant role in shaping their identities as their relationship with

God is a source of support in dealing with prejudice and discrimination (Schmitz &

Woodell, 2018).

In terms of sexual expression, sexual identity disclosure of the LGBTQ+ to

their respective families and communities with a strong religious affiliation to God was

also deemed to be a struggle and conflict for most of the Gen-Z as an issue with

acceptance and identification to their gender arises in society. The backlash of

coming out or coming out of the closet of these individuals affected their sexual

identification since discrimination, prejudices, and marginalization were what they

encountered in a religious community. In turn, individuals involved in religion and

religious activities were most likely to hide their identity in respect of their family. In

contrast, those who were both religious and spiritual or only spiritual were most likely

to come out (Moskowitz et al., 2021). Nonetheless, as these individuals revealed

their sexual identity to their family, a fundamental aspect of support and acceptance,

most of them received a reaction of “disappointment, abandonment, or rejection due

to their family’s religious beliefs… and cultural beliefs” (Emetu & Bowman, 2019, p.

91).

Moskowitz et al. (2021) stated that sociocultural factors such as religion,

stigma, and LGBT+ victimization influence the process of sexual identity disclosure of

LGBTQ+. Similarly, in the integration of the study by Hinman and Lacefield (2020),

they explore the experiences of gay men with a strong upbringing in the religion of

Seventh-Day Adventists regarding their spirituality and sexual orientation. They found

that these men were discriminated against and marginalized by the leader of the

church, churchmates, families, and friends for being gay. Upon suppression and
 22

rejection of their sexuality, they experienced identity disorientation (such as denial of

feelings and sexuality to be accepted in the community, praying to God not to be gay,

and increased involvement with church activities) and suicidal attempts due to their

sexual orientation. When they come out as gay, they receive various reactions, such

as disowned and rejection. Despite being abandoned by their religion, these gay men

retain their strong faith and sense of spirituality because they are keeping themselves

updated with the activities and relations of the church and traditions. However, some

individuals find peace and order without religion and question the essence of God

while keeping their spiritual lives.

Substantially, religiosity and societal attitudes impact the development of

sexual identity, often presenting LGBTQ+ individuals with unique challenges and

conflicts that influence their journey of self-discovery and acceptance. Thus, the

socio-cultural factors surrounding religious communities significantly influence

LGBTQ+ individuals' courage to come out and shape their perceptions of identity.

The narratives emphasize the importance of fostering understanding, acceptance,

and inclusive environments within religious contexts, paving the way for a more

compassionate and supportive society for LGBTQ+ individuals.

LGBTQ+ Identity, Resiliency, and Spirituality

Despite the adverse impact of identity disclosure of LGBTQ+ in a

sociocultural and religious context, several studies found positive social acceptance

and inclusion of LGBTQ in a spiritual and faithful community. Wang et al. (2023)

conducted a quantitative analysis involving 300 young trans women, revealing that

religiosity serves as a crucial resilience resource. Their study, grounded in Social

Capital Theory, showcased that gender-affirming religious and spiritual interventions

significantly enhance resilience among young trans women, emphasizing the

empowering potential of religious identity. Similarly, Haggerty's (2017) qualitative

exploration delved into the experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals within non-affirming

 23

Christian traditions. Drawing on Shame Resiliency Theory and Empowerment

Theory, the research illuminated the impact of negative messages, leading to shame

and self-denial. However, the study also highlighted the potential for positive

integration of spiritual and sexual identities through open dialogue and acceptance

within religious communities.

Although religious communities are said to be problematic for LGBTQ+

equality, their presence can still improve LGBTs' mental health despite discrimination

and marginalization. Timbers et al. (2023) pointed out that transgender and

gender-expansive (TGE) individuals were encouraged by their families, friends, and

significant individuals to participate in the faith community to make connections,

bond, and receive support on their identity. Visibility of their sexual orientation

provides a positive impact on their life as they feel welcome, accepted, safe, and

comfortable. TGE individuals also engage in faith communities to expand their

spiritual growth and connection with other people. They wanted to share and hear

other's well-being, struggles, and experiences to find the meaning of life. Studies

have also shown that LGBTQ young adults who have positive experiences with

religion tend to experience an increase in their self-esteem. These positive

experiences often stem from religious contexts that offer supportive social

connections and lack specific, restrictive guidelines. Such environments enable

LGBTQ individuals to come out comfortably and authentically (Schmitz & Woodell,

2018). For instance, individuals feel relief, joy, authenticity, and being heard and

seen, which heals them from the past by involving themselves in affirming

communities. They felt ‘normal’ as a member of a faithful community where they

found solace, reassurance, and bliss in serving in the presence of faith in the church

without victimization and rejection, just being ‘normal’ individuals (Gandy et al.,

2021). These communities serve as vital sources of social and emotional support for

LGBTQ+ individuals who frequently face discrimination and marginalization in the

broader society. This emphasizes that supportive religious communities provide a

 24

sense of belonging and acceptance, which is indispensable for the well-being of

LGBTQ+ individuals.

These studies collectively emphasize the importance of fostering acceptance

and understanding within religious contexts, empowering LGBTQ+ individuals to

navigate the integration of their spirituality and sexuality positively. Furthermore, it

suggests how faith communities contribute to the resilience of LGBTQ+ individuals,

helping them navigate and cope with the unique challenges associated with their

sexual orientation or gender identity.

On the whole, religiosity and spirituality play a crucial role in one’s life in

mental health, especially in the LGBTQ+ community. Knowing the difference and

connection between religion and spirituality and how it influences mental health in

both good and bad ways and in different aspects is important because it will enable

us to understand the lived experiences of LGBTQ+ in this aspect. Also, a review of

related literature about spirituality, mental health, and LGBTQ+ identity provides vast

knowledge regarding the different dilemmas that members of LGBTQ+ are facing.

LGBTQ+ issues about marriage and family, particularly same-sex marriage and

homosexual relationships, were seen as immoral in some religious groups, causing

stigmatization and prejudice to the group. Aside from the discrimination and prejudice

from religious groups, some members of the LGBTQ+ also receive stigma and

rejection from family members. They often experience social rejection and isolation

from the community. Furthermore, they experience conflict with their identity, causing

them distress (from hiding their true identity) and confusion. Thus, some of them

struggle to come out and reveal their identity because of discrimination, prejudice,

and stigma that they may experience. All the issues that they are experiencing from

the self, which includes their identity from others, which is composed of their

relationships with family, friends, and partners, along with how religious groups and

communities perceive them, may affect their mental health. Fundamentally, the

current study aims to address the experiences of spirituality among Filipino Catholic
 25

LGBT Gen Z individuals within the context of their mental health. By building upon

the knowledge and perspectives gained from the reviewed literature, this research

endeavors to contribute to the broader conversation on mental health, identity, and

societal inclusivity. It aspires to pave the way for a more compassionate and inclusive

society that values and embraces the diverse experiences of all its members.
 26

Chapter 3
Method

Research Design

In exploring the experiences of spirituality and mental health among Catholic

LGBTQ+ Gen Z, the study will utilize a qualitative type of research. This type of

research seeks to analyze and gather data from the perspective, experiences,

attitudes, and behavior of participants. Particularly, this type of research deals with

the unique or common experiences of individuals. It aims to explore how individuals

perceive and experience social phenomena, why they perceive them as such and

provide meaning to this exploration through the process of inquiry. According to

Tenny et al. (2022), qualitative research is a type of research that (1) seeks to

understand the hows and whys of a certain phenomenon instead of answering the

question of how many or how much, (2) analyze real-world problems in a deeper

sense, and (3) explain human behavior, feelings and attitudes that are difficult to

quantify.

To further explore the experiences of Catholic LGBTQ+ youth in the context of

their spirituality and mental health, a phenomenological approach is necessary.

Phenomenology is an effective research strategy when dealing with and analyzing

the participants' lived experiences. As explained by Neubauer et al. (2019),

phenomenology is an approach where the researchers understand the essence of a

certain phenomenon by looking at the experiences and perspectives of those

individuals who undergo those experiences. Hence, the primary goal of

phenomenology is to elucidate the meaning of certain experiences.

Participants

This study aims to gather at least eight participants who are Catholic LGBTQ+

Gen Z, particularly those whose age ranges from 18-26 years old and who currently

live within the vicinity of Metro Manila. According to Dimock (2019), Generation Z are
 27

those individuals born from 1997-2012. These are the individuals whose age ranges

from 11-26 years old. However, the researchers decided to restrict their participants'

age range from 18-26 years old, assuming that during this age, they have a stable

sense of identity as they pass through the stage of identity versus identity confusion.

In qualitative research, several articles, books, and guidelines suggest that 5 to 50

participants are sufficient (Dworkin, 2012), and for phenomenological studies, at least

six participants are necessary (Bekele & Ago, 2022). Furthermore, the research will

utilize purposive sampling to ensure a deliberate and relevant participant group. This

method is chosen for its capacity to target individuals who fit the specific criteria,

aligning with the study’s aim to explore the intersection of spirituality and mental

health among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z individuals residing in Metro Manila.

The choice of Metro Manila as the research location stems from its diverse

population and serves as the exclusive focus of the study. Lastly, the selection of the

participants will follow an inclusion criteria: (1) 18-26 years old, (2) identifies as part

of the LGBTQ+ community, (3) has Catholic faith.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers will take meticulous care to ensure that all participants in the

study, identified as Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z individuals, will be fully informed about

the nature and purpose of the research. Prior to participating in the study, each

participant will be presented with an informed consent form detailing the study's

procedures. This form will explicitly convey that participation is entirely voluntary,

granting participants the right to withdraw at any stage without facing repercussions.

Emphasis will be placed on the ethical obligation to protect the participants' privacy

and maintain the confidentiality of their shared experiences.

To uphold the principles of confidentiality and privacy, all participants will be

assured that their personal information will be safeguarded in strict compliance with
 28

the Data Privacy Act of 2012. Access to the collected data will be restricted to the

research team and research advisers, who will be bound by confidentiality

agreements. The researchers will employ the use of pseudonyms in the presentation

of data to further shield the identities of participants. This additional layer of

anonymity will be introduced to minimize the risk of unintended disclosure.

Access to participant information by research advisers will be limited solely to

instances where essential instructional tasks necessitate the use of the gathered

data. Strict guidelines will be established to ensure that no information unrelated to

the study will be disclosed during these instances. The researchers will implement

rigorous measures to prevent any unauthorized access or use of the data, reinforcing

the commitment to ethical research practices.

In further adherence to ethical standards, all physical and digital records,

including any audio or visual recordings, will be securely and permanently disposed

of at the conclusion of the academic year in May 2024. This process will be carried

out in a manner that ensures the irreversible deletion of all stored information,

maintaining the participants' confidentiality beyond the duration of the study.

Recognizing the potential for abreaction—a strong emotional response during

or after recounting traumatic experiences—the researchers will be prepared to

address such occurrences. Participants will be informed of the possibility of

emotional distress and will be assured that support mechanisms, including access to

counseling services, will be made available to them. In the event of abreaction, the

researchers will commit to handling the situation with sensitivity and providing

appropriate assistance to ensure the well-being of the participants.

Instruments

The chosen instrument for data collection in this research is an interview

guide (see Appendix D), a semi-structured interview designed to facilitate a

comprehensive exploration of the lived experiences, perspectives, and challenges

 29

encountered by Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z individuals in the context of their

spirituality and mental health. This guide serves as the foundation for conducting

semi-structured interviews, a qualitative research method that blends elements of

both structured and unstructured approaches.

In a semi-structured interview, the researchers utilize the interview guide,

comprised of predetermined questions, to establish a framework for the conversation.

This structured format ensures a degree of standardization by covering key topics

consistently across participants. However, the approach also allows for flexibility,

enabling the interviewer to delve into unanticipated areas and pose follow-up

questions based on the participant's responses. This adaptability fosters a more

nuanced and in-depth exploration of the unique experiences and perspectives of

Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z individuals within the realms of spirituality and mental

health. Additionally, before proceeding with the guide interview, a suitable

professional will check and validate the relevance of the information.

Procedure

Step 1: Distribution of Informed Consent Form: After fully informing the

participants about the purpose of the study and any potential dangers, the

researchers will get their informed permission. Subsequently, the interviewees will

be requested to affirm their consent.

Step 2: Setting a Schedule: The researchers gathered the participants and

organized a meeting for the interview to be conducted at a time that worked best

for them.

Step 3: Interview proper: To gather the necessary data in exploring the

experiences of spirituality and mental health among Catholic LGBTQ+ Gen Z, the

researchers used an open-ended, semi-structured interview method for the interview

 30

questions. To guarantee a smooth interview procedure, one of the researchers

conducted the interview with help from the other team members. The researchers will

conduct an online interview via the Microsoft Teams platform and record the interview

for transcription purposes.

Step 4: Transcription: The researchers will then transcribe the information

collected in order to maintain its timeliness and correctness. To ensure accurate

data to be collected and the exact response and answers of the participants can be

evaluated.

Step 5: Analysis and Interpretation: The participants' answers were then

carefully analyzed and interpreted in order to determine their importance. Using

Braun and Clarke’s six steps of thematic analysis, the researchers will work.

Step 6: Conceptualizing: After carefully analyzing the data, the researchers

will find themes in the information they have gathered and, eventually, any common

motifs that could help with the study.

Step 7: Ensuring the accuracy: The findings will undergo thorough

evaluations and checking to ensure its accuracy. The researchers will validate the

data through member checking to establish trustworthiness and accuracy before

disposal.

Step 8: Disposal: The information and data gathered will all be permanently

deleted when the study is submitted. Additionally, the researchers will ensure that the

data they have gathered is erased at the same time.

Data Analysis and Trustworthiness

The interview and transcription data will be subjected to a comprehensive

analysis utilizing Braun and Clarke's (2006) six steps of thematic analysis, which
 31

employ an inductive approach. These steps include familiarizing oneself with the

data, generating codes and themes, reviewing them, defining and labeling themes,

and ultimately writing up the analysis. With this, the researchers will familiarize the

data from the interview transcriptions and proceed to a coding process to

systematically identify recurring themes or patterns associated with Filipino Catholic

LGBTQ+ Generation Zs' perceptions of spirituality and its influence on their mental

health. The researchers will also conduct a post-analysis or review to ensure the

relevance and accuracy of the codes and themes.

Moreover, a triangulation approach will be employed utilizing member

checking. This process involves returning the obtained findings to the participants for

verification. By incorporating member checking, the researchers seek to achieve the

credibility of participants' responses and validate the accuracy of the interpreted data.

The researchers will also provide a detailed explanation of the study's context,

methodologies, and participants to ensure the transferability of the study. This

process enables readers to evaluate the applicability of the results to different

settings or demographic groups. Additionally, external validation by experts in the

field, on the other hand, will be utilized to facilitate replication. This method provides

reliability and helps in identifying potential changes of the study, making it more likely

to be replicated. Overall, integrating these approaches will allow the researchers to

achieve trustworthiness, ensuring credibility and reliability of the findings.

 32

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 40

November 29, 2023

Dear Ma’am Karen Ann Macalinao

We are 4th year students from PSY 1210 Research in Psychology 1 section 10 and
currently working on our thesis proposal entitled “Spirituality and Mental Health
among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z”. Our research objective is to investigate the
phenomenon among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z.

We are humbly requesting for your review of the following research instruments in
terms of their fit with our research study.
1. Personal Data Sheet
2. Interview Guide

Included also is the review form for your completion. Your comments and suggestions
are highly appreciated and will be of great help on the success and completion of our
study.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Gemarino, Danielle Mae T.

Lloret, Juliana Ashley E.
Mamenta, Erll Daniel Y.
Paglinawan, Kai Kezha L.
Pimentel, Arrianne Sjairra P.
Santos, Jan Marie Pauline E.
Zamora, Edsa May G.

Endorsed by:

Ms. Jelianne Sharee De Jesus

Thesis Adviser/Collaborator
 41

November 29, 2023

Dear Sir Gerard James Valmadrid

We are 4th year students from PSY 1210 Research in Psychology 1 section 10 and
currently working on our thesis proposal entitled “Spirituality and Mental Health
among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z”. Our research objective is to investigate the
phenomenon among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z.

We are humbly requesting for your review of the following research instruments in
terms of their fit with our research study.
1. Personal Data Sheet
2. Interview Guide

Included also is the review form for your completion. Your comments and suggestions
are highly appreciated and will be of great help on the success and completion of our
study.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Gemarino, Danielle Mae T.

Lloret, Juliana Ashley E.
Mamenta, Erll Daniel Y.
Paglinawan, Kai Kezha L.
Pimentel, Arrianne Sjairra P.
Santos, Jan Marie Pauline E.
Zamora, Edsa May G.

Endorsed by:

Ms. Jelianne Sharee De Jesus

Thesis Adviser/Collaborator
 42

November 29, 2023

Dear Ma’am Marie Lenore Delos Santos

We are 4th year students from PSY 1210 Research in Psychology 1 section 10 and
currently working on our thesis proposal entitled “Spirituality and Mental Health
among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z”. Our research objective is to investigate the
phenomenon among Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z.

We are humbly requesting for your review of the following research instruments in
terms of their fit with our research study.
1. Personal Data Sheet
2. Interview Guide

Included also is the review form for your completion. Your comments and suggestions
are highly appreciated and will be of great help on the success and completion of our
study.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Gemarino, Danielle Mae T.

Lloret, Juliana Ashley E.
Mamenta, Erll Daniel Y.
Paglinawan, Kai Kezha L.
Pimentel, Arrianne Sjairra P.
Santos, Jan Marie Pauline E.
Zamora, Edsa May G.

Endorsed by:

Ms. Jelianne Sharee De Jesus

Thesis Adviser/Collaborator
 43

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

November 29, 2023

This certifies that the interview items intended to study spirituality and mental
health of Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z have been evaluated in terms of its
usefulness in collecting information of personal accounts and viewpoints of the
participants. The item questions that Jelianne Sharee De Jesus, Danielle Mae T.
Gemarino, Juliana Ashley E. Lloret, Erll Daniel Y. Mamenta, Kai Kezha L.
Paglinawan, Arrianne Sjairra P. Pimentel, Jan Marie Pauline E. Santos, & Edsa May
G. Zamora designed are accepted as fitting to the purpose of their study.

This certification is hereby issued upon the request of the researchers.

Karen Ann S. Macalinao, MA, RPsy

Reviewer, Department of Psychology
 44

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

November 29, 2023

This certifies that the interview items intended to study spirituality and mental
health of Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z have been evaluated in terms of its
usefulness in collecting information of personal accounts and viewpoints of the
participants. The item questions that Jelianne Sharee De Jesus, Danielle Mae T.
Gemarino, Juliana Ashley E. Lloret, Erll Daniel Y. Mamenta, Kai Kezha L.
Paglinawan, Arrianne Sjairra P. Pimentel, Jan Marie Pauline E. Santos, & Edsa May
G. Zamora designed are accepted as fitting to the purpose of their study.

This certification is hereby issued upon the request of the researchers.

Gerard James Valmadrid, RPm, LPT

Reviewer, Department of Psychology
 45

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

November 29, 2023

This certifies that the interview items intended to study spirituality and mental
health of Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z have been evaluated in terms of its
usefulness in collecting information of personal accounts and viewpoints of the
participants. The item questions that Jelianne Sharee De Jesus, Danielle Mae T.
Gemarino, Juliana Ashley E. Lloret, Erll Daniel Y. Mamenta, Kai Kezha L.
Paglinawan, Arrianne Sjairra P. Pimentel, Jan Marie Pauline E. Santos, & Edsa May
G. Zamora designed are accepted as fitting to the purpose of their study.

This certification is hereby issued upon the request of the researchers.

Marie Lenore Delos Santos, RPm, RPsy

Reviewer, Department of Psychology
 46

Appendix C

Personal Data Sheet

I. Personal Information

Name (Optional): _________________________________________

Code Name:_____________________________________________

Sex:____________________________________________________

Age:___________________________________________________

Religion:________________________________________________

Citizenship:______________________________________________

II. Background Information

How do you identify your sexual orientation? (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual,

queer, etc)

_________________________________________________

On a scale of 1-10, how spiritual do you consider yourself to be?

_________________________________________________

Are you an active member of any LGBTQ+ or Catholic organization?

_________________________________________________
 ‭47‬

‭Appendix D‬

‭Interview Guide‬

‭Statement of the Problem‬ ‭Interview items‬

‭1.‬ H ‭ ow would you define or describe‬
‭ . What are their lived‬
1 ‭spirituality?‬
‭experiences of spirituality?‬ ‭2.‬ ‭What role does spirituality play in your‬
‭life?‬
‭3.‬ ‭How do you usually practice your‬
‭spirituality?‬

‭1.‬ W ‭ hen do you feel most spiritual? Can‬

‭ . How do they perceive their‬
2 ‭you recall a time when you felt this‬
‭experiences with their‬ ‭way?‬
‭spirituality?‬ ‭2.‬ ‭When do you feel is it hardest to be‬
‭spiritual? Can you recall a time when‬
‭you felt this way?‬
‭3.‬ ‭How important would you say is it to be‬
‭spiritual?‬

‭1.‬ C ‭ an you recall a time wherein your‬

‭ . How do their perceptions and‬
3 ‭spirituality played a role in establishing‬
‭experiences of spirituality play a‬
‭role in their mental health?‬
‭and expressing your identity?‬
‭2.‬ ‭Can you recall a time wherein your‬
‭spirituality played a role in coping with‬
‭stresses of life?‬
‭3.‬ ‭Can you recall a time wherein your‬
‭spirituality played a role in fulfilling your‬
‭potentials and/or goals?‬
‭4.‬ ‭Can you recall a time wherein your‬
‭spirituality played a role in your work or‬
‭learning?‬
‭5.‬ ‭Can you recall a time wherein your‬
‭spirituality interacted with your social‬
‭relationships?‬
‭6.‬ ‭Can you recall a time wherein your‬
‭spirituality played a role in your‬
‭interactions with the‬
‭community/society?‬
 48

Appendix E

Figure E1. Lived Experiences of Catholic LGBTQ+ Generation Z on Spirituality

and Mental Health