Quick Revision Module (Upsc Prelims 2024) Art & Culture

QUICK REVISION MODULE
(UPSC PRELIMS 2024)
ART & CULTURE

AHMEDABAD BENGALURU BHOPAL CHANDIGARH DELHI GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JAIPUR JODHPUR LUCKNOW PRAYAGRAJ PUNE RANCHI
Table of Content
1. Ancient India Architecture and Sculpture 3
2. Music of India 27
3. Dance of India 38
4. Religion and Philosophy Part 1 49
5. Religion and Philosophy Part 2 68

(Bhakti and Sufi Movement )
6. Indian Painting 79
7. Indian Puppetry 97
8. Indian Theatre 102
9. Science & Technology Through the Ages 107
10. Language and Literature 113
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QUICK REVISION MODULE
(UPSC PRELIMS 2024) ART AND CULTURE
INDIAN PAINTINGS
Evolution of Indian paintings
Modern
Regional
Indian and Folk
Schools
Paintings
Miniature of Paintings
Paintings
Mural
Paintings
Pre-Historic
Paintings
79
Main sources and principles of Paintings
Vishnudharmottara
Purana
Important
sources for
paintings
Mudrarakshasa
by Vatsyayana’s
Vishakhadutta Kamasutra
Principle Limb Meaning
Rupabheda Variety of form, looks and appearance.
Pramana Proportion of the object or subject or measurement.
Bhava Expressions, creation of lustre and gleam with the colours.
Lavanya Yojanam Immersion of emotions or aesthetic composition.
Sadrisyam Resemblance or Portrayal of likeliness of the subject.
Varnikabhanga Use of brush and colours or Mixing of colours.
Brahmanical and Buddhist tradition
Lepya Chitra Representation of the myths and lore on textiles.
Lekhya Chitra Including line drawings and sketches.
80
Pre-historic paintings
Petroglyphs
Earliest in Bhimbetka caves
in Madhya Pradesh.
Most common mineral Ochre or
Geru mixed with lime and water.
Mineral based colours like red,
white, yellow and green.
Animals like bison, elephant,
rhino, tigers, etc.
For Human figures Red and for
Dancers generally, Green was used.
Mesolithic Period Paintings

Size of paintings reduced.
More use of Red Colour.
Themes got increased.
Most common scenes are

group hunting.
Bhimbetka rock Lakhudiyar rock Other like
Animals like
grazing
bison,activity
elephant,
painting (MP) painting (Uttarakhand) rhino,
and riding
tigers,
scenes.
etc.
81
Chalcolithic Period Paintings
Rise in use of green and yellow colour.
Depiction of battle and battle

preparedness.
Included men riding horses

and elephants.
Paintings having complex geometrical shapes

like the spiral, rhomboid and circle.
Evidences for art of tanning skins, etc.
Examples: Narsinghgarh in Madhya

Pradesh, Jogimara Caves, Ghodsar and
Kohabaur rock art Chhattisgarh, Chinese
figure riding a donkey in Chitwa Dongri,
Gudahandi Rock Shelter and Yogimatha
Rock Shelter Odisha, etc.
Classification of Indian Paintings
Mural Paintings
Miniature Paintings
82
Mural Paintings
Mural Features Paintings
Ajanta Cave • One of the oldest surviving murals, 2nd

Paintings century BC to 5-6th century AD.
(Maharashtra) • Total of 29 caves, carved in a
horse-shoe shape, belonging to
Maurya, Gupta and Shunga period.
• Both murals and fresco paintings.
• Use of tempera style (use of
pigments).
• Each female figure has a unique
hairstyle. Bodhisattava
• Major themes are related to Buddhism Padmapani
like Jataka stories, life of Buddha,
etc.
• The outline of the figures is in red
ochre.
• Important Paintings:
• Padmapani (Avalokitesvara)
• Vajrapani
• Manjusri
• Scenes from the Jataka stories.
• Dying Princess in Cave No. 16.
Apsara - Cave 17
• Apsara.
Ellora Cave • Mainly found in 5 caves.
Paintings • Fragments of painting on the ceiling of
(Maharashtra) the different parts of Kailashnath
temple.
• Rectangular panels with thick borders.
• Sharp twist of the head, painted
angular bents of the arms, the concave
curve of the close limbs, the sharp
projected nose and the long drawn
open eyes, etc.
• Murals were done in two phases:
During the carving of the caves and
few centuries later.
• All three religions (Buddhism, Cave
Jainism and Hinduism). Paintings of Ellora
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Bagh Cave • Extension to the Ajanta school in

Paintings Madhya Pradesh.
(Madhya • Similar in terms of design, execution
Pradesh) and decoration.
• Major difference is figures are more
tightly modelled, have stronger
outline, etc.
• Cave No. 4, known as Rang Mahal. Bagh Cave
• More secular in nature. Paintings
Armamalai • Natural caves, later converted to Jain

Cave Paintings temples during 8th CE.
(Tamil Nadu) • Stories of the Jain religion and tales of
Astathik Palakas (deities protecting
eight corners) through stunning
paintings.
• Cave paintings include both Northern
Technique and Southern Technique. Armamalai
Cave Paintings
Sittanavasal • From 1st century BC to 10th century

Cave Paintings CE.
(Tamil Nadu) • Intimately connected with Jain
themes and symbology.
• Resemblance with Bagh and Ajanta
paintings.
• Paintings on walls as well as ceilings.
• Themes like a lotus pool with birds,
elephants, buffaloes and a young man Sittanavasal
plucking flowers, etc. Cave Paintings
Ravan Chhaya • Rock shelters are in the shape of

Rock Shelter half-opened umbrella.
(Odisha) • The most noticeable painting is that of
a royal procession that dates back to
7th century AD.
• Remains of Chola Paintings as well.
• Rough timeline around 5th CE to 9th
CE. Ravan
• Use of tempera technique. Chhaya
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Lepakshi • Veerabhadra temple walls at

Temple Lepakshi in 16th century.
Paintings • Vijayanagara period, during reign
(Andhra of king Achutaraya.
Pradesh) • Themes like Ramayana, Mahabharata
and incarnations of Vishnu.
• Depicts in decline of quality, complete
absence of primary colours. Lepakshi
• Outlined with black colour. Painting
Jogimara Cave • Pre-Buddha caves, dated around

Paintings 1000-300 BC.
(Chattisgarh) • Use of Brahmi script.
• Themes like dancing couples,
animals like elephant and fish, etc.
• White base plaster, red outline with
colours like yellow, black, etc.
• Rock-cut theatre of Sitabenga is Jogimara
situated nearby. Cave Paintings
Badami Cave • One of the earliest surviving Hindu

Temple paintings.
(Karnataka) • 6th-7th century CE.
• Famous for graceful and
compassionate looks.
• Cave no. 3, four-armed Brahma on his
swan.
• UNESCO-designated World Badami
Heritage Site. Cave
Miniature Paintings
• Name derived from word “Minium” means Red lead paint.
• Small and detailed paintings.
Painting
should not Formula of Techniques
be larger than 1/6th of actual of Miniature
25 square object size. Paintings
inch.
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1. Early Miniatures
Pala School of Painting Apabhramsa School of Art

• 750 CE to the mid–twelfth century. • The region comprising Gujarat,
• Related to Buddhism, centers like Rajasthan and Malwa.
Nalanda and Vikramsila. • Inspired by the ideals of Jainism.
• Use of palm leaves and mostly belong • Mainly Patronized by Chalukya
to the Vajrayana School. Dynasty.
• Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita • Early one on palm leaf and then on
(‘Perfection of Wisdom’) paper.
• Characterised by sinuous line and • Reduced dimension Murals.
subdued tones of colour. • Kalpasutra and Kalakacharya-Katha
are popular.
2. Transition Period Miniature
Development of new styles like

Vijayanagara in close
resemblance with Deccan style.
Islamic invasions and rise of

cultural synthesis.
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3. Miniature Art during Delhi Sultanate
Advent of Mohammed Ghori

• Fusion of Indian and Persian style.
• Nimat-nama (a book on cookery)
during the reign of Nasir Shah.
• Bright colours with well defined dark
outlines. Faces have sharp and
pointed.
4. Mughal Era Miniature Painting
Important
Personalities
Lepakshi Bihzad by • Timuraid style of Persian
Temple Babur, Mir paintings continued.
Paintings Syed Ali and
(Andhra Khwaja
Pradesh) Abdus
Samad
by Humayun.
Akbar's Mir Syed Ali • Entire department of

reign and Khwaja paintings.
Abdus • Regular salaries and
Samad. awards.
• Recognition of Indian
Indian influence.
painters like
• 3-D paintings and
Basawan,
technique of
Daswanth
foreshortening.
and
Kesudasa. • Popular art to court art.
• Important arts: Tutinama,
Hamzanama, Court Art
Anvar-i-Suhaili, etc. During Akbar
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Important
Personalities
Jahangir Ustad • Golden period.
Mansoor • Naturalist.
• Brought decorated
margins.
• Private workshop.
• Eg: Zebra, the turkey and
the cock, etc.
• Ayar-i-Danish
(Touchstone of Knowledge).
Shah Muhammad • Reduced liveliness due to
Jahan Nadir artificial elements.
Samarqandi • More European influence.
and Mir • Use of Pencil, gold, silver,
Hashim etc.
5. Miniature Paintings in South India(Liberal use of gold)
Tanjore Paintings Mysore Painting

1. Special decorative paintings. 1. Depiction of Hindu gods and
2. Mostly created on glass and wooden goddesses.
planks. 2. One figure predominates all the
3. Brilliant use of colour and liberal use others.
of gold. 3. Use the ‘gesso paste’.
4. Maratha patronage and mainly under 4. Both Tanjore and Mysore paintings are
Maharaja Serfoji II. GI tagged.
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Regional Schools of Painting
1. Rajasthani School of Painting (aka Rajput school of paintings)
Patronage/
School Paintings Important Features
Personalities
Mewar Sahibdin • Depiction of Ragamala,

School the Ramayana and the
Bhagavata Purana.
• Tamasha paintings
• Later became secular and
courtly.
Amber- Mainly under • Also known as ‘Dhundar’
Jaipur Sawai Pratap school.
School Singh reign. • Palace walls and
mausoleum of Amer Palace
in Rajasthan.
• Themes like Bhagwata
Purana, Ramayana,
Ragamala.
Marwar Under • Region of Jodhpur and
School Man Singh. Bikaner.
• Colourful clothing.
• Themes like Shiva Purana,
Natacharitra,
Durgacharitra, Panchtantra,
etc.
• Kishangarh School and
Bundi School are its
sub-school.
Kishangarh Sawant Singh, • Devotional and amorous
School Nagari Das, relations between Radha
and Nihal and Krishna.
Chand • Bani thani.
• Features like long necks,
arched eyebrows, thin lips
and wide eyes, and
adorned with jewellery.
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Patronage/
importan
School Paintings Features
personalities
Sahibdin
Bundi • Krishna-bhakti plays.
School • Manuscript of the
Bhagawata Purana.
• Element of naturalism.
Kotah • Quite similar to Bundi school.

School • Themes of tiger and bear
hunt were very popular at
Kotah.
• Krishna Bhakti reflected.
• Bundi and Kota are also
referred to as Hadoti School.
2. Pahari School of Painting(17th to 19th century)
Kulu-Mandi
Basohli School Guler School Kangra School
school
Earliest centre ofExtension of The third phase of Folk style of

painting in the Basohli style to the Pahari painting. painting in the
Pahari region. Jammu. Developed out of Kulu-Mandi area.
Patronage of Raja Portraits of Raja the Guler style. Bold drawing and
Kripal Pal. Balwant Singh of Possessed delicacy the use of dark
Devidasa executed Jasrota. of drawing and and dull colours.
miniatures in the New naturalistic quality of
form of the paintings with soft naturalism.
Rasamanjari. and cool colours Portraits of Raja
Vigorous and bold Sansar Chand of
line and strong Kangra.
glowing colours.
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Gita Govinda Master-artist Attributed mainly to Paiting about
painted by artist Nainsukh. the Nainsukh Bhagavata by Shri
Manaku. family. Bhagwan.
Modern Indian Painting
Company Paintings Bazaar Paintings Bengal School

• European elements with • European influence with • Reactionary approach,
Rajput, Mughal. Roman and Greek use simple colours.
• Use of water colour. influence. • Abanindranath Tagore
• Originated in Kolkata, • Bengal and Bihar and Nandalal Bose.
Chennai, Delhi, Patna, region. • Included Swadeshi
Varanasi and Thanjavur. • Indian bazaars with values in Indian art.
• Mazhar Ali Khan and European background. • Painting of Bharat Mata.
Ghulam Ali Khan. • Religious themes added
sometimes.
Folk Paintings
Painting Region Features Paintings
Madhubani Bihzad by • Geometric patterns and use

or Mithila Babur, Mithila two-dimensional imagery.
Paintings region (Bihar) • Depicts scenes from Hindu
Mir Syed Ali epics.
and • Symbolic figures like fish
Khwaja for good luck and fertility,
Abdus etc.
Samad
• Natural objects like sun,
by Humayun.
moon and sacred plants are
common.
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• Space is entirely filled

with designs of flowers,
birds, animals and
geometric shapes.
• Paint is made from a
powdered rice paste and
coloured with natural dyes
and pigments.
• GI status.
• Jagdamba Devi, Baua
Devi, Bharti Dayal, Ganga
Devi, etc. are associated.
Pattachitra Odisha • Inspired from Jagannath
Painting and Vaishnava cult.
• Painters are known as
chitrakar.
• Mix of classical and folk
elements.
• Base is treated cloth and
natural colours used.
• Pattachitra on palm leaf is
known as talapattachitra.
Patua Art Bengal • Mangal Kavyas tradition.
• Pats or scrolls for
paintings.
• Story telling through
paintings.
• Present day usage for
political and social
issues.
• Huge inclusion of Muslim
community.
Paitkar Jharkhand • Scroll paintings by Tribal.
Painting • Cultural association with
Ma Mansa.
• Common theme is ‘human
life post death’.
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Kalamkari Srikalahasti • Pen (Kalam) and

Paintings and craftsmanship (Kari).
Machilipatnam • Sharp pointed bamboo
(Andhra used.
Pradesh) • Base is cotton fabric.
• Vegetable dyes colours.
• Existed from
Vijayanagara Empire.
• GI status
Warli Gujarat- • Ancient tribal art

Painting Maharashtra 2500-3000 BC.
• Ritualistic paintings.
• Scenes portraying fishing,
hunting, farming, dances,
animals, trees and festivals.
• Traditionally done on walls,
with Geometric symbols
like triangle, a circle and
a square.
• Base made up from mud,
cow dung, etc.
• Painted by white pigment,
made of a mixture of gum
and rice powder.
Thangka Sikkim, • Related to Buddhism.

Painting Himachal • Base of cotton canvas.
Pradesh, • Significance of colours
Ladakh like Red for intensity of
region and passion, white for serenity,
Arunachal black depicts anger, green
Pradesh represents consciousness.
Manjusha Bhagalpur, • Snake painting.
Painting or Bihar • Executed on boxes of jute
Angika art and paper.
• Related to Anga
Mahajanpada.
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Some other folk Paintings
Phad Painting (Rajasthan)

Scroll-type art.
Cheriyal Scroll Paintings (Telangana)

Nakashi art, by balladeer community
known as Kaki Padagollu.
Pithora Paintings (Gujarat and

Madhya Pradesh)
Depiction of animals mainly Horses.
Saura Paintings (Odisha)

Saura Tribe of Odisha, wall mural
painting, similar to Warli paintings.
The Modern Indian Art

Personality/
Important themes/Features Paintings
School
Raja Ravi • Father of Modern paintings in India.
Varma • Themes like Lady in the Moonlight,
Shakuntala, Damayanti and Swan, etc.
• Blend of Indian with Western
techniques of colour and style.
Court Art
During Akbar
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Personality/
Important themes/Features Paintings
School
Amrita • Followed tradition of Ravi Verma,
Sher-Gil Abanindranath Tagore.
• Impressionism, expressionism or
post-expressionism.
• Cubism, abstraction and a variety of
expressionistic trends.
'Three Women
The Progressive • Use of progressive and bold themes.

Artist’s Group • Abstract themes.
of Bombay • F.N. Souza, S.H. Raza, M.F. Hussain,
K.H. Ara, H.A. Gade and S.K.
Bakre, etc.
By: F.N. Souza
Cubist Style • Brought different views of subjects

of Painting together.
• Objects were broken into pieces,
analysed and then reassembled.
• M.F Hussain, etc.
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Quick Revision Module (UPSC Prelims 2024)
Art & Culture
INDIAN PUPPETRY
Sources:
Ancient Written Meanings

Linkage evidences
Srimad Bhagavata: Earliest reference to Sanskrit terminology
Mention of three the art of puppetry: Puttalika and Puttika
strings-Satta, Raja Tamil classic ‘Silapp- means ‘little sons’.
and Tama, and God adikaaram’ and in
as puppeteer. Mahabharata. The root of Puppet is
derived from the latin
Harappa and Natyashastra: word ‘Pupa’ meaning
Mohenjo-daro: ‘Sutradhar’ meaning a doll.
Excavation of puppets. the holder of strings.
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String Puppets Shadow Puppets
Togalu Gombeyatta,
Kathputli, Rajasthan
Karnataka
Kundhei, Odisha
Tholu Bommalata,
Gombeyatta, Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Bommalattam, Tamil Nadu
Ravanachhaya, Orissa
Rod Puppets Glove Puppets

Putul Nautch, West Bengal
Yampuri, Bihar Pavakoothu, Kerala
Jointed limbs Rajasthan, Orissa,

controlled by Karnataka and
strings. Tamil Nadu.
STRING
PUPPETS
Miniature jewelleries
and other accessories
are attached.
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String Puppets Features Image
Kathputli, Traditional marionettes.
Rajasthan Carved from wood (Kath), puppets are
like large dolls (Putli) that are colour-
fully dressed.
Accompanied by a dramatic folk music.
Puppets wear long trailing skirts and do
not have legs.
Kundhei, Puppets have no legs but wear long
Odisha flowing skirts.
Have more joints and are, therefore,
more versatile, articulate and easy to
manipulate.
Influenced by Jatra traditional theatre.
Gombeyatta, Designed like the characters of
Karnataka Yakshagana.
Episodes enacted are usually based
on Prasangas of the Yakshagana plays.
Manipulated by two to three puppeteers
at a time.
Bommalattam, Combine the techniques of both rod
Tamil Nadu and string puppets.
Manipulation strings are tied to an iron
ring worn like a crown on his head.
The largest, heaviest and the most artic-
ulateof all traditional Indian marionettes.
4 stages: Vinayak Puja, Komali,
Amanattam and Pusenkanattam.
SHADOW
PUPPETS Silhouettes
Flat figures, cut or
out of leather. colourful
shadows
Orissa, Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh, Pressed against
Karnataka, the screen with
Maharashtra a strong source
and Tamil of light behind.
Nadu.
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Shadow Puppets Features Image
Togalu Mostly small in size.
Gombeyatta, Variation of puppet size based on
Karnataka social status.
Large size: kings and religious
characters.
Smaller size: Common people
or servants.
Tholu Large in size and jointed waist,

Bommalata, shoulders, elbows and knees.
Andhra Pradesh Coloured on both sides.
Music is dominantly influenced by
the classical music.
Themes are drawn from the
Ramayana, Mahabharata and
Puranas.
Ravanachhaya, One piece and have no joints.

Orissa Throw opaque shadows on
the screen.
Puppets are made of deer skin
and are conceived in bold
dramatic poses.
Use of non-human puppets.
Rod Puppets
Extension of glove-puppets.
Controlled by Rods.
West Bengal, Assam and Orissa.
Putul Nautch, West Bengal Yampuri, Bihar

Costumed like the actors of Jatra. Made of wood and are without
Mostly three joints. any joints.
Accompanied by a musical troop. Carved out of a single piece of
wood and then painted and
dressed in bright colours.
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Glove Puppets Pavakoothu, Kerala
Sleeve, hand or Originated around
palm puppets. 18th century.
Made of cloth or wood. Influence of Kathakali
Popular all across India. dance.
Themes like Ramayana
and Mahabharata.
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QUICK REVISION MODULE (UPSC
PRELIMS 2024) ART & CULTURE
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

THROUGH THE AGES.
MEDICINE
HISTORY:
• During the Vedic times, Ashwini Kumara were the practisioners of medicine and were given
the divine status.
• Dhanvantari was the God of medicine.
Atharva Veda was the first book where we find mention about the diseases, its cure and
medicines (magical charms and spells).
• Atreya and Agnivesa had dealt with principles of Ayurveda way back in 800 BCE.
• However, the era of practical and more rational cure to diseases emerged around 600 BC.
• Takshila and Varanasi emerged as the centres for medicinal learning.
107
IMPORTANT TREATIES ASSOCIATED:
CHARAK SAMHITA BY DEALS WITH AYURVEDA

CHARAK
SUSHRUTA SAMHITA DEALS WITH SURGERY E.G.

BY SUSHRUTA PLASTIC SURGERY, CATARACT ETC.
MADHAVA NIDANA DEALS WITH PATHOLOGY

BY MADHAVA
SARANGDHARA SAMHITA EMPHASISED ON THE USE

(MEDIEVAL ERA 13TH CENTURY), OF OPIUM IN MEDICINES AND
BY ACHARYA SARANGDHARA FOR URINE EXAMINATION IN
LABORATORIES
BHAVAPRAKASHA SAMHITA MOST RECENT OF THE CLASSICAL

BY BHAVAMISHRA TREATIES, FORMS THE LESSER
TRIAD OF AYURVEDA
RASACHIKITSA SYSTEM.
THE CREDIT OF ITS DEVELOPMENT DEALS WITH TREATMENT
AS A STREAM OF CLASSICAL OF DISEASES USING MINERAL
AYURVEDA, GOES TO MEDICINES.
NĀGĀRJUNA (5TH CENTURY CE)
108
MATHEMATICS
• It includes: Arithmetic (Pattin Ganita/Anka Ganita), Algebra (Bija ganita), Geometry (Rekha
Ganita), Astronomy (Khagolshastra) and Astrology (Jyotisa)
• In between 1000 BC and 1000 AD, a number of treatise on mathematics were authorised by
Indian mathematicians.
• The technique of algebra and the concept of zero originated in India.
• The town planning of Harappa indicates prevalence of a good knowledge of measurement

and geometry.
• Bija ganita was recognised as a parallel system of computation.
IMPORTANT MATHEMATICIANS AND THEIR BOOKS:
Sulvasutra written by Baudhayana • Mention of 'Pi' and concept

in the 6th century BC similar to Pythagoras theorem
• Practical Geometry e.g. Angles etc.

Apastamba, in the second century BC
Applications: Fire Altars
Chandaḥśāstra written by Acharya • Presents the first known description

Pingala (3rd/2nd century BCE) of a binary numeral system
• Deals with concepts of mathematics

(trigonometry, Algebra, decimal
system etc.) as well as astronomy.
Aryabhatiya written by Aryabhatta • Applications: true position of the

in around 499 AD planets, movement of the Sun and the
Moon, the calculation of the eclipses,
Knowledge about tides and stars for
navigation, identification of the
climate and rainfall pattern etc.
109
• A book on wide ranging subjects
Brihat Samhita written by the
like planetary movements, astronomy,
polymath known as Varahamihira
divination, jewellery geology,
(6th century A.D)
architecture, etc.
Brahmasputa Siddhantika written by • Mentioned Zero for the first time as a

Brahmagupta in the 7th century AD number. He also introduced negative
numbers.
• The first textbook on arithmetic in

Ganit Sara Sangraha written by the present day form. Here, he described
Mahaviracharya (9th century AD) the current method of finding Lowest
common multiple.
• It deals with Algebra, spheres, planets

Siddhanta Shiromani written by and Arithmetic. A chakrawat method
Bhaskaracharya in the 12th century or the cyclic method to solve algebraic
equations was introduced by him in his
book Lilavati
• Narayan Pandit produced works of

mathematics which include Ganitaka-
umudi and Bijaganitavatamsa.
• Lilavati was translated into Persian by
Faizi.
• Feroz Shah Tughlaq established an
Medieval Period observatory in Delhi and Feroz Shah
Bahamani at Daulatabad.
• The court astronomer of Feroz shah
Bahmani, Mahendra Suri,invented an
astronomical instrument known as
Yantaraja.
• Sawai Jai Singh too set up 5 astro-
nomical observatories.
110
PHYSICS
• From the Vedic times, it has been perceived that the material world comprises five elements
(panchbhootas), identified with human senses of perception:
Earth (prithvi) with smell
Fire (agni) with vision
Air (maya) with feeling
Water (apa) with taste
Ether (akasha) with sound
• The Buddhist philosophers who came later rejected ether as one of the element and
replaced it with life, joy and sorrow.
• Indian philosophers Kanada and Pakudha Katyayana in 6th century BC, first Coined the idea
of atoms and the material world being constituted of atoms.
• Kanada was a scientist of Vaisheshika School, one of the six systems of Indian philosophy.
He explained that material world is made up of kana which cannot be seen through human
organ. They cannot be further subdivided and are indestructible as even said by the modern
atomic theory.
CHEMISTRY
• The development of metallurgy started in India from the Bronze Age. In fact, the progress
from Bronze Age to Iron Age to the present owes a great contribution to developments in
metallurgy.
• The best evidences of Indian metallurgy are Iron pillar of Mehrauli in Delhi and an idol of
Gautama Buddha in Sultanganj, Bihar.
• Nagarjuna was a tenth century scientist. In his treatise, Rasaratnakara, he has discussed
methods for the extraction of metals like gold, silver, tin and copper. Nagarjuna also wrote
Uttaratantra which is a supplement to Sushruta Samhita and deals with preparation of
medicinal drugs.
• Varahamihira, who was among the nine gems in the court of Vikramaditya, claimed that
presence of termites (Deemak) and plants could indicate the presence of water in that
particular area. The earth cloud theory was also propounded by him in his book Brihat
Samhita. He related earthquake to the influence of plants, behaviour of animals, under-
ground water, undersea activities and the unusual cloud formation.
111
SHIP BUILDING AND NAVIGATION
• Yukti Kalpa Taru is a treatise in Sanskrit which deals with the various techniques used in ship
building during ancient times. The book contains minute details about the types of ships,
their sizes and the types of material used to build those ships.
• According to length and the position of cabins, the ships were classified into:
Sarvamandira vessels - cabins extending from one end of the deck to another, used for
transportation of royal voyage and horses.
Madhyamandira - cabins in the middle part of the deck, for pleasure trips.
Agramandira - vessels used for warfare.
112
Quick Revision Module (UPSC Prelims 2024)
Art & Culture
LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE
Classification of Indian Languages
Languages in India are classified into the following major

subgroups:
113
Indo-Aryan Dravidian Sino-Tibetan Austric Others
Group Group Group
A branch of the Comprises mainly of Belong to Mongoloid Languages under This group includes
larger Indo- the languages family. this group belong to several Dravidian
European family spoken in the Austro-asiatic adivasi languages
which came to India southern part of Spread across the sub-family which are like Gondi, Oraon,
with the advent of India. Himalayas, North represented by the Praji, etc. which are
the Aryans. Bihar, North Bengal, languages of Munda very distinct and
Around 25% of the Assam and up to the or Kol group and cannot be classified
It is the largest Indian population is North-Eastern spoken in Central, in the groups men-
language group of covered under this frontiers of the Eastern and tioned above.
India and around group. nation. North-Eastern India.
74% of the Indians Some of them also
speak languages Broadly classified Considered to be belong to
which belong to this into three groups: older than the Mon-Khmer group,
group. Indo-Aryan languag- vig. Khasi and
Northern group: es; referred to in the Nicobarese.
Sub-divided into 3 Consist of three oldest Sanskrit
groups: languages, i.e., literature as Kiratas. The existence of
Brahui, Malto these languages
Old Indo-Aryan and Kurukh. Brahui 0.6% of the Indian have been much
Group: is spoken in population speaks before the advent of
Developed around Baluchistan, Malto languages belonging the Aryans and were
1500 B.C.; Sanskrit in the tribal areas to this group. referred to in ancient
was born out of this of Bengal and Sanskrit literature as
group. Odisha while Sino-Tibetan group Nisadas.
Kurukh in Bengal, is further divided
Middle Indo-Aryan into:
Odisha, Bihar and Santhali is the most
Group: Madhya Pradesh. important language
Developed from Tibeto-Burman:
Important languages under this group
600 B.C. to 1000 Central group: which is spoken
A.D.; started with the spoken under the
Consist of 11 sub-group are among by Santhal
development of languages i.e., tribals of Jharkhand,
Prakrit language Sikkimese, Bhutia,
Gondi, Khond, Kui, Balti, Sherpa, Lahuli, Bihar and Bengal.
(Prakrit is a broader Manda, Parji,
term under which all Ladakhi, Abor, Miri,
Gadaba, Kolami, Aka, Dafla and
the Middle Indo- Pengo, Naiki,
Aryan group Mishmi, Manipuri
Kuvi and Telugu. (or Meithi) etc.
languages are Only Telugu became
gene-rally clubbed a civilised language
together such as Pali Siamese-Chinese:
whereas others Ahom is one of the
and are tribal languag-
Apabhramsha). languages belonging
es. to this group.
Modern Indo- However this
Southern group: language has
Aryan Group: 7 languages belong
Developed gradually already been extinct
to this group. They from the Indian
after 1000 A.D.; are Kannada, Tamil,
includes Hindi, sub continent.
Malayalam, Tulu,
Assamese, Bengali, Kodagu, Toda and
Gujrati, Marathi, Kota.Tamil is the
Punjabi, Rajasthani, oldest among Indo-Aryan Group
Sindhi, Odia, all these.
Urdu etc. Dravidian Group
Sino-Tibetan Group
Austric
114
Note:
Prakrit was associated with the common people. On the other hand, Sanskrit was orthodox, had fixed
rules and was used by learned people or the elites, especially Brahmins. Prakrit was used in the Jain
‘Agamas’.
Pali was widely spoken in Magadha. It was popular during 5th- 1st century BC. It is closely related to
Sanskrit, and the texts in Pali were written generally in Brahmi script. The Tripitaka of Buddhism were
also written in Pali.
By 6th- 7th century, the development of ‘Apabhramsa’ (corrupt or non-grammatical) took place. It is an
umbrella term which means dialects other than Sanskrit or even Prakrit. It represents a transition from
Middle to Modern Indo-Aryan Group of languages.
Among the 21 languages of the Dravidian Group, the 4 major languages of the Dravidian group are:
Telugu (numerically the largest of all Dravidian languages), Tamil (oldest and purest form of language),
Kannada and Malayalam (smallest and the youngest of the Dravidian group).
Classical Language
Languages so far
Criteria declared to be Benefits
Classical language
High antiquity of its early
texts/recorded history over Tamil (2004) Two major international
a period of 1500–2000 Telugu (2008) awards for scholars of
years. Malayalam (2013) eminence in Classical
Sanskrit (2005) Indian Languages to be
A body of ancient litera- Kannada (2008) awarded annually.
ture/texts, which is consid- Odia (2014)
ered a valuable heritage by A ‘Centre of Excellence for
generations of speakers. Studies in Classical
Languages’ will be set up.
The literary tradition be
original and not borrowed The University Grants
from another speech Commission will be
community. requested to create and to
start with at least in the
The classical language and Central Universities,
literature being distinct from a certain number of Profes-
modern, there may also sional Chairs for Classical
be a discontinuity bet- Languages for scholars of
ween the classical eminence in Classical
language and its Indian Languages.
later forms or its
offshoots.
115
Ancient Scripts of India
Indus script Brahmi script Gupta script
A corpus of symbols Oldest writing systems Belongs to Gupta

produced by the Indus used in the Indian Empire and was used
Valley Civilization. subcontinent and in to write Sanskrit.
Central Asia during
Most inscriptions are the final centuries Descended from
extremely short. BCE and the early Brahmi and gave rise to
centuries CE. the Nagari, Sharada
Not clear if these sym- and Siddham scripts.
bols constitute a script Usually written from These scripts in turn
used to record a left to right. gave rise to many of the
language. most important scripts
The best-known of India, including
Brahmi inscriptions Devanagari, Gurmukhi
are the rock-cut edicts script for Punjabi
of Ashoka in north- Language, Assamese
central India, dated to script, Bengali script
250–232 BCE. and the Tibetan script.
Kharosthi script
3rd Century BC to 3rd

Century AD.
Used in ancient Gand-

hara (present Afghani- Vatteluttu script Kadamba script
stan and Pakistan) to
write the Gandhari Developed from Marks the birth of a
Prakrit and Sanskrit. Tamil-Brahmi, dedicated script for
Vatteluttu is one of the writing Kannada.
It is a sister script of three main alphabet
Brahmi. systems developed by It is also a descendant
Tamil people to write of the Brahmi script and
Mostly written right to the Granthi or Pallava developed during the
left but some inscrip- alphabet and the Tamil reign of the Kadamba
tions also show the left script. dynasty in the 4th-6th
to right direction of centuries.
Kharosthi. Note: It was
deciphered by James This script later became
Princep. Kannada-Telegu script.
116
Grantha script Sarada script Gurmukhi script
Widely-used between A writing system of the Developed from the

the 6th century and the Brahmic family of Sarada script and was
20th century by Tamil scripts, developed standardised during the
speakers to write around the 8th 16th century by Guru
Sanskrit and the century. Angad.
classical language
Manipravalam. It was used for writing The whole of the Guru
Sanskrit and Kashmiri. Granth Sahib is written
It is a Brahmic script, in this script, and it is
having evolved from the script most com-
the Brahmi script in monly used by Sikhs
Tamil Nadu. and Hindus for writing
the Punjabi language.
The Malayalam script is
a direct descendant of
Grantha as are the Modi script
Tigalari and Sinhala
alphabets.
Used to write the
Marathi language.
Other languages such

Urdu script
as Urdu, Kannada,
Right-to-left alphabet
Gujarati, Hindi and
used for the Urdu
Tamil are also known
language.
to have been written in
Devanagari script Modi.
It is a modification of the
Persian alphabet, which
Written from left to
is itself a derivative of
right.
the Arabic alphabet and
has its origins in 13th
Used for over 120
century.
languages, including
Hindi, Marathi, Nepali,
Urdu script in its extend-
Pali, Konkani, Bodo,
ed form is known as
Sindhi and Maithili
Shahmukhi script and is
among other languages
used for writing other
and dialects, making it
Indo-Aryan languages
one of the most used
of North Indian subconti-
and adopted writing
nent like Punjabi and
systems in the world.
Saraiki as well.
The Devanagari script
is also used for
classical Sanskrit texts.
117
Indian Literature
Sanskrit
Literature
Classical
Hindu
Sanskrit
Literature
Literature
Samhitas Bramhanas Aranyakas Upanishads Puranas

Sanskrit Sanskrit Vedas
Books of Part of the Latter Mark the Mythological
Poetry Drama Mantras and Hindu sruti portions of culmination of works which
Benedictions; (revealed the Indian propagate
all the four knowledge) Bramhans; thought and religious and
vedas has Literature; deal with are the final spiritual
their own each Veda soul, birth, parts of the messages
Samhitas. has a Brah- death and life vedas through
mana beyond it; (Vedanta); parables and
attached to it; studied and deal with fables;
essentially a taught by questions like earliest
collection of men in the original of Puranas were
texts with vanprastha. the universe, compiled in
commentaries life and the Gupta
on the death, period.
particular material and
Veda. spiritual
world, nature
of knowledge
etc.
Rig Veda Yajur Veda Sama Veda Atharva Veda

Oldest existing ‘Yajus’ signifies Named after Also known as
Veda; compiled ‘sacrifice’ and ‘Saman’ (melo- Brahma Veda'
around this Veda dy); concen- attributed to two
1200-900 BC; concentrates on trates on melody rishis -Atharvah
focus on worldly rites and man- or songs; and Angira;
prosperity and tras of different consists of focuses on
natural beauty; types of sacrific- hymns, treatment of
hymns dedicat- es that were detached verses several ailments;
ed to several prevalent in the and 16,000 raga two major
deities, in Vedic times. (musical notes) recensions
particular to and raginis; also (sakhas) of the
their chief deity, called the ‘book text -
Indra. of chants’ Paippalada and
Saunakiya
118
Major Major Other
Sanskrit Written by Sanskrit Written Sanskrit Written by
by
Dramas Poetry Texts
Malavikagnimitra, Kalidasa Kumara Kalidasa Arthashastra Kautilya
Vikramorvasiya, Sambhava,
Abhigyana Raghuvamsa,
Shakuntala Meghaduta,
Ritusamhara
Mricchakatika Sudraka PrayagPrashasti Harisena Buddhacharita Ashvagosha
Mudra Rakshasa, Vishakhdutta Gita Jayadeva Charak Charak/Sushruta

Devi Samhita/Sushruta
Govinda
Chandraguptam Samhita
Uttara Bhavabhuti Kiratarjuniyam Bharavi Siddhanta Bhaskara

Ramacharitam Shiromani
Ratnavali, Harshavardha Sishupalavadha Magha Pancha- Varamihira

Nagananda, na Siddhantika,
Priyadarsika Brihat Samhita
Swapnavasavadatt Bhasa Aryabhatiya Aryabhatta

a, Urubhanga
Rajatarangani Kalhan
Kathasarit- Somadeva
Sagar
119
Literature in Pali
and Prakrit
Jain
Prakrit formed the basis of the Jain canonical
literature; most important Jain texts written in Buddhist
Prakrit are the Angas, the Upangas and the
Parikramas; Chhedab Sutra and the Malasutra
are also considered to be sacred by the Jains
Canonical or Non-canonical
Canonical or Non-canonical religious texts literary works
religious texts literary works Consists of Jatakas -
Jain Agamas: Includes texts like ‘Triptikas’ or compilation of the
compiled by the Uvasaggaharam baskets- Vinaya stories from the
Gandharas who were Stotra, Kalpa Sutra Pitaka (covers the previous births of
immediate disciples by Bhadrabahu, rules and regula- Buddha and the
of Mahaviras; Acharya Kundkund’s tions to be stories of the
Important for Samayasara and followed by the Bodhisattva;
svetambaras. Niyamasara, Saman- Buddhist monks), Other Buddhist
Digamabara sect ta Bhadra’s Ratna Sutta Pitaka literary texts
believes that original Karanda Sravak- (contains include Dipavam-
teachings were lost achara (Life of a dialogues and sa, Milinda
long ago; do not Jaina householder) speeches of the Panha, Mahavam-
accept the authority and Aptamimansa. Buddha that deal sa, Mahavastu,
of Agamas; The three gems of with morality and Lalitavistara
give sacred status to Kannada literature righteous Sutra, Udana,
two works: the Pampa, Ponna and dharma), Bodhi Vamsa,
Karmaprabhrita and Ranna are the Abhidhamma Udanavarga,
the famous writers Pitaka (concen- Mahavibhasa
Kashayaprabhrita. related to Jainism. trates on the Shastra,
philosophy and Abhidharmamok-
metaphysics). sha, Visud-
dhimagga.
120
Dravidian
Literature
Tamil Malayalam Telugu Kannada
Sangam Tamil texts other Originated around Linguists have Jain scholars
Literature than Sangam the 11th century; argued the made the first foray
Composed and literature Two of the major Nannaya (11th into the Kannada
compiled between 300 Tolkappiyam was Malayalam works of century) was the literature. Dhar-
BC and 300 AD written to elaborate on the medieval period first poet in Telugu. manathapurana
(Sangam period) 2 the nuances of Tamil are Kokasandisan Vijayanagara written by Madhava
major schools of grammar and poetry. and Bhasa Kautilya, period is known as on the life of the
Sangam literature: The 5 epics of the which is a the golden age of fifteenth Tirthanka-
(a) Aham/agam - Tamil literature commentary on Telugu literature. ra. Uritta Vilasa
concentrates on the include: Arthashastra. Uttaraharivamsam wrote Dharma
abstract discussion of » Silappatikaram by Another major which was Parikshe on the
human aspects like Ilango Adigal, literary work in composed by Jain teachings of
love, sexual relations, » Manimegalai by Malayalam is Nachana this period. Kavira-
etc. Seethalai Sathanar, Ramacharitam, an Somanatha is an jamarga written by
(b) Puram - discusses » Civaka Cintamani epic poem written important work. Nripatunga
the human by Tirutakkatevar, by Cheeraman in Krishnadevaraya Amoghavarsha I ( a
experiences like social » Kundalakesi by 13th century. (1509-1529) powerful Rashtra-
life, ethics, valour, Nagakuthanar or Ezhuthachan, a composed poetry kuta king).
customs, etc. Nagasena, strong proponent of titled Amuktamalya- The ratnatraya (3
In the extant of » Valayapathi by an Bhakti movement, is da; Eight learned gems) consisted of
Sangam literature, anonymous Jain known as the father literary persons - Pampa (Adipura-
around 30,000 lines of ascetic. of Malayalam were attached to na and Vïkramarju-
poetry, has been literature. his court - ashta- na Vijaya), Ponna
arranged in 8 antholo- diggajas, the most (Shanti Purana)
gies called Ettuttokoi. important one and Ranna
These were further being Allasani (Ajitanatha Purano).
divided into 2 groups; Peddana
the older and the more (Manucharitam).
historically relevant
group is called the
Patinenkil Kanakku
(18 lower collections)
and the second is
Pattupattu (10
songs).
121
Place of
Sangam Kingdom Chairman Books
Organisation
First or Pandya Madurai Agastya or No book has

Head Shiva survived. Used
Agattiyam as
grammar.
Second Pandya Kapatapuram Initially it Around 2,000

or Middle was poems were
Sangam Agastya collected and
and then his compiled into
disciple Tolkappiyam
Tolkappiyar took (a textbook on
over Tamil
Grammar)
Third Pandya Madurai Nakkirar Most of the

existing corpus
of Sangam
literature was
written
Medieval
Literature
Persian Urdu
Came to India with the language mostly
coming of Turks and Mon- follows the grammar
gols in the 12th century; of Hindi and the form
became the mode of and script of Persian.
communication of the court.
One of the finest Persian poets is Amir The language mostly follows the
Khusrau; wrote Diwan (collection of poetry in grammar of Hindi and the form and
Persian) Zia-ud din Barani wrote Tarikh-e-Firuz script of Persian. In the twentieth
Shahi Babar'sTuzuk-I-Babari in Turkish, century, a major figure in Urdu literary
Jahangir's Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri, Akbarnama by writing was Iqbal who wrote Bang-i-
Abul Fazl are examples of literature of this Dara. He is famous for writing ‘Saare
period Malik Muhammad Jayasi also com- jahan se achcha’, which has become a
posed his Padmavat in this period. celebrated nationalistic song.
122
Modern
Literature
Punjabi Kashmiri
Literature Literature
Composed in two Earliest texts from In Western In Eastern Hindi
major scripts: Persian Kashmir was Kalhan’s India India With the coming of
and Gurmukhi. One of Rajatarangani written the British, the
the greatest texts of in Sanskrit. In the focus of literature
the world is the early medieval period changed -
religious book of the when the Bhakti nationalistic
Sikhs: the Adi Granth movement was at its fervour.
and a majority of it is peak, Kashmiri
in Gurmukhi.The local language saw its first
literature took heavily female poetess called
to love stories and Lal Ded, who was a
epics like Sohni- Shaivite mystic. The
Mahiwal, Sassi-Punnu local people used
and the very famous Kashmiri and it had
Heer-Ranjha, which influences from
was composed by Persian and Hindi
Waris Shah. The Sufi dialects.
poetry of Baba Farid
and Bulley Shah
became popular.
Marathi Rajasthani Gujarati Assamese Bengali Bharatendu

Oldest known Two main forms of Bhakti movement In the medieval With the nationalist Harishchandra
work in Marathi is fictional writing affected the period, Assamese fervour reaching wrote his most
from the 13th called Dingal and literature; Narsinh literature was Bengal that the famous drama
century by Saint Pingal. The most Mehta composed dominated by literature took a Andher Nagari
Gyaneshwar; famous text in this devotional songs buranjis (court definite turn; Raja (City of M
Most famous saint context is Dhola for Lord Krishna; chronicles). Apart Ram Mohan Roy Darkness) in
from Maharashtra Maru. The writings pinnacle of from these official was amongst the 1850s
from the sixteenth of Mirabai in Braj success in works, Shankar- first to write in movement to
century was have been very Gujarati literature dev composed Bengali and make Hindi the
Eknath who wrote famous. was achieved by devotional poetry English; Ishwar national language
commentaries on Dr K.M Munshi in Assamese. In Chandra spearheaded by
Bhagwata Purana who has written context of the Vidyasagar and Swami Dayanand
and Ramayana fiction and non- modern Akshay Kumar (wrote Satyartha
and as he also fiction (historical) Assamese Dutta were his Prakash in Hindi)
composed works work too. One of literature, two contemporary Important Hindi
in the vernacular his finest novels is major scholars writers ; zenith of authors include
language; Prithvi Vallabha. namely nationalist Bengali Munshi Prem
Tukaram and Padmanaba literature was Chand, Surya
Ramdas are the Gohain Barua and achieved by the Kant Tripathi
other notable Lakshmi Nath writing of Bankim ‘Nirala’, Maithili
Bhakti poets; Bal Bezbarua, have Chandra Sharan Gupt,
Gangadhar Tilak, made their mark. Chatterjee (Anand Ramdhari Singh
published his Math); ‘Dinkar’ and
regional news Rabindranath Harivansha Rai
paper Kesari in Tagore got the Bachchan etc.
Marathi. Nobel Prize for his
Bengali master-
piece Geetanjali in
1913
123
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QUICK REVISION MODULE

(UPSC PRELIMS 2024)

ART & CULTURE

4. Religion and Philosophy Part 1 49

5. Religion and Philosophy Part 2 68

Components of an Impactful Answer

Structure and Presentation: Organizing the

Master Classes on Answer

Flexible Testing Schedule Comprehensive Feedback Post-Test Discussions

Scan QR code to Register & download Scan QR code to know Toppers

Principle Limb Meaning

Rupabheda Variety of form, looks and appearance.

Pramana Proportion of the object or subject or measurement.

Bhava Expressions, creation of lustre and gleam with the colours.

Lavanya Yojanam Immersion of emotions or aesthetic composition.

Sadrisyam Resemblance or Portrayal of likeliness of the subject.

Varnikabhanga Use of brush and colours or Mixing of colours.

Brahmanical and Buddhist tradition

Lepya Chitra Representation of the myths and lore on textiles.

Lekhya Chitra Including line drawings and sketches.

Mesolithic Period Paintings

Themes got increased.

Most common scenes are

Depiction of battle and battle

Included men riding horses

Paintings having complex geometrical shapes

Evidences for art of tanning skins, etc.

Examples: Narsinghgarh in Madhya

Classification of Indian Paintings

Ajanta Cave • One of the oldest surviving murals, 2nd

Bagh Cave • Extension to the Ajanta school in

Armamalai • Natural caves, later converted to Jain

Sittanavasal • From 1st century BC to 10th century

Ravan Chhaya • Rock shelters are in the shape of

Lepakshi • Veerabhadra temple walls at

Jogimara Cave • Pre-Buddha caves, dated around

Badami Cave • One of the earliest surviving Hindu

Pala School of Painting Apabhramsa School of Art

2. Transition Period Miniature

Development of new styles like

Islamic invasions and rise of

Advent of Mohammed Ghori

4. Mughal Era Miniature Painting

Akbar's Mir Syed Ali • Entire department of

5. Miniature Paintings in South India(Liberal use of gold)

Tanjore Paintings Mysore Painting

Mewar Sahibdin • Depiction of Ragamala,

Kotah • Quite similar to Bundi school.

2. Pahari School of Painting(17th to 19th century)

Earliest centre ofExtension of The third phase of Folk style of

Modern Indian Painting

Company Paintings Bazaar Paintings Bengal School

Painting Region Features Paintings

Madhubani Bihzad by • Geometric patterns and use

• Space is entirely filled

Kalamkari Srikalahasti • Pen (Kalam) and

Warli Gujarat- • Ancient tribal art

Thangka Sikkim, • Related to Buddhism.

Phad Painting (Rajasthan)

Cheriyal Scroll Paintings (Telangana)

Pithora Paintings (Gujarat and

Saura Paintings (Odisha)

The Modern Indian Art

The Progressive • Use of progressive and bold themes.

Quick Revision Module (Upsc Prelims 2024) Art & Culture

Quick Revision Module (Upsc Prelims 2024) Art & Culture