Statistics

Part 6
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Quartiles 32
Two other measures similar to the median are, the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3).
The first quartile )‫ (الرب ع األول‬splits the data such that 25% of the observations are less than or equal to Q1 and 75%
are larger.
The third quartile ) ‫ (الرب ع الثالث‬splits the data such that 75% of the observations are less than or equal to Q3 and 25% are
‫طريقة تانية بينا و بين بعض لو مثال‬
larger. 𝑛+1 ‫ نحل بالقانون ده‬2.25 ‫ طلع‬q1
After sorting the data, the positions of the two 𝑜𝑑𝑑 = are determined as:
quartiles 4 ‫ كتبناه و‬0.25 ‫اخدنا الباقي اللي هو‬
𝑛 𝑛
Even = , +1 3 ‫ و اللي اكبر منها ال‬2 ‫اخدنا ال‬
Position of First quartile (𝑄1 ) 4 4 Q1 = X2 +0.25 (X3 –X2)
3(𝑛+1)
𝑜𝑑𝑑 =
4
3𝑛 3𝑛
3 ( 𝑛+1 ) Even = , +1
Position of third quartile (𝑄3 ) = 4 4
4

Example (1):
Given the following, find Q1 ,Q2 ,and Q3 0, -8, -10, 2, 8, 9, 80, and 15.

Solution: (First arrange the data from smallest to largest ) ….. ( -10 , -8 , 0 , 2 ,8 , 9 ,15 , 80 )

𝒏+𝟏 𝟖+𝟏
Position of 𝑸𝟏 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓
𝟒 𝟒
Then 𝑸𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎 − −𝟖 = −𝟔

𝒏+𝟏 𝟖+𝟏
Position of 𝑸𝟐 = = = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
Then 𝑸𝟐 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟖 − 𝟐 = 𝟓

𝟑(𝒏+𝟏) 𝟑(𝟖+𝟏)
Position of 𝑸𝟑 = = = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟓
𝟒 𝟒

Then 𝑸𝟑 = 𝒙𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒙𝟕 − 𝒙𝟔 = 𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟑

Example(2):
Find Q1 ,Q2 ,and Q3 from the following data: 25, 40, 15, 90, 50.
Solution: First, arrange the data (from smallest to largest) ( 15 , 25 , 40 , 50 , 90 )
𝒏+𝟏 𝟓+𝟏
Position of 𝑸 𝟏 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝟒 𝟒
Then 𝑸𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟐𝟎
𝒏+𝟏 𝟓+𝟏
Position of 𝑸𝟐 = = =𝟑 , Then 𝑸𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑(𝒏+𝟏) 𝟑(𝟓+𝟏)
Position of 𝑸𝟑 = = = 𝟒. 𝟓
𝟒 𝟒

Then 𝑸𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟕𝟎

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33
Then for frequency distribution ( Grouped data) :
1st Step : construct a cumulative frequency table
‫ الفرق‬median ‫نفس طريقة ال‬
2nd Step : Determine the order of the quartile
order ‫هيبقى في طريقة ال‬
3rd Step : Calculate them from this rule
𝑄1 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 −𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝐶𝐹
𝑄1 = 𝐿 + × class length
𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝐶𝐹 −𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝐶𝐹

σ𝑓 3 σ𝑓
𝑄1 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = , 𝑄3 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 =
4 4

Example :
From the table , Find Q1 , Q3
Class 10- 15- 20- 25- 30-35 Total
Frequency 8 12 40 11 9 80

Solution:
Class Frequency Less than CF
10- 8 Less than 10 0
15- 12 Less than 15 8
20- 40 Less than 20 20 𝑄1 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
25- 11 Less than 25 60
30- 35 9 Less than 30 71
Total 80 Less than 35 80
σ𝐹 80 3σ𝑓 3×80
First : order of 𝑄1 = 4
= 4
= 20 , 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3 = 4
= 4
= 60
20 −8
Then 𝑄1 = 20 + 60−8
× 5 = 21.15
60−20
𝑄3 = 25 + 70−20
× 5 = 28.9

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Exercises 34
Choose the correct answer in each of the following questions:

1. If 80% of the unemployed in some country searched for new jobs for at least 5 months, then
…..
a) The first quartile is less than or equal to 5.
b) The first quartile is greater than or equal to 5.
c) The third quartile is less than or equal to 5.
d) The median is less than or equal to 5.

2. If 25% of the unemployed in some country searched for new jobs for at most 5 months, then
…..
a) 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟓.
b) 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟓.
c) 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟓.
d) 𝒙
̅=𝟓

3. If 80% of middle-sized companies paid their tax obligations by deadline. Then……

a) The first quartile is greater than or equal to the deadline.
b) The median is less than or equal to the deadline.
c) The median is greater than or equal to the deadline.
d) The third quartile is greater than or equal to the deadline.

4. If 75% of middle-sized companies paid their tax obligations by deadline. Then this deadline is
simply……
a) The first quartile.
b) The median.
c) The third quartile.
d) The mean.

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Measures of Relative Dispersion 35

(Coefficients of Variation)

Coefficient of variation
"𝑪𝑽"

𝜎 𝑆
𝑪𝑽 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 or × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝜇 𝑥ത

✓ To compare the dispersion of two (or more) groups, we take the ratio of a measure of absolute
dispersion to the corresponding measure of central tendency.

✓ Note that coefficients of variation are unitless.

Example:
If the mean annual salaries of country(A) is $20,000 with a standard deviation of $2000 while the
mean annual salaries of country(B) is $4,000 with a standard deviation of $1000. Which country
has less inequality in salaries distribution?

A B

𝝁 20,000 4,000

𝝈 2,000 1,000

𝜎 200 0 1000
𝑪𝑽 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 10 % × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 25 %
𝜇 2000 0 4000

As country (A) is less varied than country (B), then country (A) has less inequality in
salaries distribution than country (B).

‫ تطلع كبيرة يبقى‬cv ‫كل لما ال‬

Higher Variation/spread / dispersion/ Inequality/Instability/ Heterogeneity
Higher Homogeneity/Stability/Equality ‫ تقل يبقى‬cv ‫❑ كل لما ال‬

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36
Question :
To compare the daily salary (in L.E) for males and females in a small company ,
one random sample of each was selected. The following information were
obtained:
Compare the two salaries with respect Male Female
to inequality (Homogeneity) Sample Size 100 50
Sum of Salaries 6000 3300
Median of Salary 60 65
Variance of 25 36
Salary

Solution:
To compare inequality we use C.V

Male Female
σ𝑥 6000 σ𝑥 3300
𝑥̅ = = = 60 𝑥̅ = = = 66
𝑛 100 𝑛 50

S = 25 = 5 S = 36 = 6

𝑆 5 𝑆 6
C.V = × 100 = × 100 = C.V = × 100 = × 100 =
𝑥̅ 60 𝑥̅ 66
8.30 % 9.09 %

Less dispersion ; Less inequality ;

More Homogeneity

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