DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATIONS .

● Plain/ordinary concrete
This type of concrete is one of the most commonly-used, often for the construction of
pavements and where buildings don’t require very high tensile strength.

● Lightweight concrete
Also known as cellular concrete, this is a very 'flowable' material and so can be easily poured by
using gravity and is self-levelling. It is typically used to construct floor slabs, window panels and
roofs.

● High density concrete

This type of heavyweight concrete has a greater density than other types and is manufactured
using crushed rocks as coarse aggregate. As it provides good protection from x-rays and
radiation, it is often used in nuclear power plants and other such buildings.

● Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete (RC) is a versatile composite and one of the most widely used materials in
modern construction.

● Precast concrete
They are typically used for structural components such as; wall panels, beams, columns, floors,
staircases, pipes, tunnels, and so on.

● Prestressed concrete
It is now commonly used for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as well as structures such
as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways.

● Glass reinforced concrete

Glass reinforced concrete (GRC), or glass-fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC), is a construction
material that is commonly used to form exterior cladding panels.

● Smart concrete
Smart concrete technology offers an alternative method for monitoring the health of reinforced
concrete structures. It works by adding a small quantity of short carbon fiber to concrete with a
conventional concrete mixer which modifies the electrical resistance of the concrete in response
to strain or stress. This can be used to monitor stress or strain in concrete structures, identifying
potential problems before the concrete fails.

● Ready mix concrete

Ready-mix concrete is preferred to concrete mixed on-site because the mixture has higher
precision and having the concrete ready to pour reduces confusion on the worksite. Ready-mix
concrete can be used for buildings, roadways, walls and more.

● Decorative concrete
Decorative concrete creates visually and aesthetically appealing concrete mixes. Decorative
concrete can go through several processes, such as:

Coloring
Molding
Polishing
Etching

● Rapid set concrete

It’s ideal when you’re short on time to complete a project. It has faster set times and is very
resistant to low temperatures, so it can be used any time of the year.

● Pervious concrete
It is designed to deal with the problems of stormwater runoff and pools of water and puddles on
roadways or airport runways.

● Limecrete
This concrete uses lime instead of cement, along with lightweight aggregates like glass fiber or
sharp sand. It’s mainly used for the construction of floors, vaults and domes.

● Roll compacted concrete

Roll-compacted concrete is a strong, dense concrete used on heavily trafficked highways with
vehicles that carry large loads.

● Glass concrete

Commonly used in the large-format slabs found in flooring or on decorative facades, this
concrete can have shining or colored glass embedded during the mixing process to give it a
distinctive splash of color or sparkle.

● Shotcrete concrete
Shotcrete is shot through a nozzle onto a frame or formwork. Since this application requires
higher air pressure, the compaction process takes place at the same time as the placing.

EVOLUTION OF CONCRETE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL .

After water, concrete is the second most consumed material by men and it has been used since
ancient times.The technological evolution since pre-roman concrete was most influenced by the
discovery of portland cement in the early years of the XIX century. Since then high-performance
concrete and ultra high-performance concrete are the most recent evolutions of this kind of
structural construction material.The HPC, primarily due to its high durability, is particularly suited
for structures located in particularly aggressive environments. The use of this type of concrete
allows structures to have an estimated high service life of 100 or more years and can be
considered as one of the largest developments in technology suffered on concrete. However,
this development can not be regarded as revolutionary and the HPC should be understood as
an evolution of conventional concrete. The main difference between conventional and HPC is
that the HPC must include SP that allows a substantial reduction of the W/Binder ratio below to
0.4.The HPC is manufactured, in general, using high cement content, and is endowed with high
mechanical strength and durability. However, for most practical applications, the compressive
strength of a conventional concrete is sufficient. However, it is unlikely that this HPC will be used
everywhere, but they will, as now, be applied in particular situations such as bridges and tall
buildings.HPC is not the most resistant and the most durable concrete that is possible to make
with portland cement. By a very high porosity reducing, thermal treatment and applied pressure
during curing period, it is possible to produce an even better concrete: an ultra
high-performance concrete. With such a concrete, when reinforced with fibres, one can produce
elements with tensile strength similar to the steel ones. However, this kind of concrete has a
limited application because of its extremely high price.

WHAT ARE THE NEW ADVANCEMENTS IN CONCRETE.

The latest new concrete technology is beginning to gain acceptance in the industry. Some of the
more interesting new concretes are called high performance concrete (HPC), ultra high
performance concrete, and geopolymer concrete. They have significant advantages and little or
no disadvantages when compared to standard concrete in use today.

High performance concrete usually contains recycled materials and thereby reduces the need to
dispose of these materials. Some of these materials include fly ash (waste by-product from coal
burning), ground granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume. But perhaps the biggest benefit
of using some of these other materials is the reduction in the need to use cement, also
commonly referred to as Portland cement. The reduction in the production and use of cement
will have many beneficial effects. These benefits will include a reduction in the creation of
carbon dioxide emissions and a reduction in energy consumption, both of which will improve the
global warming situation. It is estimated that the production of cement worldwide contributes five
to eight percent of global carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the use of fly ash and furnace
slag is usually cheaper than cement and they have properties that improve the quality of the
final concrete.

Today’s new concrete technology has produced new types of concrete that have live spans
measured in the hundreds of years rather than decades. The use of fly ash and other
by-product materials will save many hundreds of thousands of acres of land that would have
been used for disposal purposes. Fly ash and other by-products from burning coal, are some of
the most abundant industrial waste by-products on the planet. The elimination of burial sites for
these waste by-products will translate into less risk of contamination of surface and
underground water supplies. When compared to standard concrete the new concretes have
better corrosion resistance, equal or higher compressive and tensile strengths, higher fire
resistance, and rapid curing and strength gain. In addition, the production and life cycle of these
new concretes will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 90%.

BSI is a new concrete technology that has a much higher tensile and flexural (bending) strength
than standard concrete. It is a fiber-reinforced concrete that is combined with premixed dry
components. It is much denser than standard concrete and structures built with it will need far
less new concrete, perhaps as much as 80% less. The high density gives BSI concrete other
properties such as extremely high resistance to corrosion from chemicals. The higher strength
of BSI eliminates the need for placement of steel rebar in structural designs. BSI, or some
variation with metallic fibers and/or superplasticizers, will be used to build some structural
elements less than an inch thick. Overall, structures built with BSI will have much greater life
spans and will require far less maintenance.

Ductal is another new concrete technology that is denser than BSI. Ductal uses steel or organic
fibers to create a concrete that is stronger than BSI. Interestingly, the ancient Romans used
horse hair in their concrete to improve its strength. Ductal is being tested for use in earthquake
resistant structures, bridges, tunnels, and nuclear containment structures. Although it is more
expensive than traditional concrete there are a number of cost savings that will make it price
competitive. Among these cost savings are no steel rebar is needed, less material is needed
with less related labor and equipment costs, and structures are thinner with less weight and
require smaller foundations. In addition, both BSI and Ductal have low maintenance costs
because of their very low porosity and are very resistant to penetration by water or chemicals.
They are both resistant to salt water which is very corrosive and damaging to today’s bridges
and roadways.
 Waterproofing

Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof

or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or
resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may
be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths.

Advantages of waterproofing Areas of Waterproofing is Needed;

• Safeguards the structural integrity of the building Basement of the building

• Prevents mold, mildew and decay Kitchen, Toilet and Bathroom
• Prevents metals from rusting and wooden furniture Balcony areas
from decay Roof /Terrace
• Prevents seepages from the ceiling and walls Swimming Pool
• Prevents dampness inside the building Water Tank
• Property value increases

WATERPROOFING TECHNIQUES

1.Cementitious Waterproofing

Cementitious waterproofing is the easiest

method of waterproofing in construction.
The materials for cementitious
waterproofing are readily available from
suppliers of masonry products. And they
are easy to mix and apply.
The applications of the cementitious
waterproofing technique are in the
internal wet areas, such as toilets. That is
why it does not go through the contract
and expansion process.
2. Bituminous Coating Waterproofing
Bituminous coating (asphalt coating) is made
of bitumen based materials. It is a flexible
protective coat based on its formulation and
polymerization grade. The flexibility and
protection against water can be influenced by
the polymer grade and reinforcement of fiber.
The most common applications of bituminous
coatings include areas that are beneath screed
wet. It is an excellent protective coating and
waterproofing agent, especially on surfaces
such as concrete foundations.
It is not suitable for exposure to sunlight
unless it is modified with a more flexible
material such as polyurethane or acrylic-based
polymers.

3. Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing

Bituminous membrane waterproofing is a popular

method used for low-sloped roofs due to their proven
performance. The bituminous waterproofing membrane
has a torch on the layer and self-adhesive membrane.
Self-adhesive compounds comprise asphalt, polymers,
and filler; additionally, certain resins and oils may be
added to improve adhesion characteristics. The self-
adhesive type has a low shelf life as bonding properties
of the membrane reduces with time.
Torch on membrane has exposed and covered types. The
exposed layer often has granular mineral aggregate to
withstand the wear and tear of the weathering. For the
other kind of membrane, the contractor needs to apply
one protective screed to prevent the puncture of the
membrane.
4.Bituminous waterproofing

Bituminous waterproofing systems are

designed to protect residential and
commercial buildings. Bitumen (asphalt or
coal-tar pitch) is a mixed substance made up
of organic liquids that are highly sticky,
viscous, and waterproof. These systems are
sometimes used to construct roofs, in the
form of roofing felt or roll roofing products.

5. Liquid Waterproofing Membrane

The liquid membrane consists of a primer coat and

two topcoats. The application of the coatings is by
spray, roller, or trowel. The liquid layer is thin and
offers more flexibility than the cementitious types of
waterproofing.
The liquid cures into a rubbery coating on the wall.
The durability of the waterproofing coating depends
on what type of polymer the manufacturer used for
the making of the liquid waterproofing.
Liquid waterproofing membrane can be of a spray-
applied liquid layer composed of polymer-modified
asphalt. Polyurethane liquid membranes in separate
grades for trowel, roller, or spray are also available
from various manufacturers.
6. Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing
Polyurethane is made up of two components, base and
reactor. Polyol acts as the base, while isocyanide is the
reactor component. The combination of both these in a
specific design ratio creates a liquid coating for
waterproofing applications. Polyurethane is a rather
popular choice due to its ease of installation. Unlike
other waterproofing systems like sheet membranes and
liquid applied membranes, this polyurethane
application requires comparatively less skill and
supervision. Application is fast and this type of
treatment can be used for post construction
applications as well.
It is easy to install, provides seamless finish and have a
long term durability and wear resistant. It is UV and
weather resistant alkaline cleaners, battery acid and
fuels.
 BUILDING MATERIALS AND
CONSTRUCTION
PRIORY OF SAINT MARY AND SAINT LOUIS
 INTRODUCTION
The Abbey of Saint Mary and Saint Louis is
an abbey of the Catholic English Benedictine
Congregation.

Location : Missouri, United States

Architect : Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum
Consultant : Pier Luigi Nervi
Structural Engineering :Weidlinger Associates

CONSTRUCTION
Structure : A reinforced concrete thin shell structure.

● Construction of the Abbey took about

seven years to complete, but the
monastery was completely rebuilt and
expanded in 2000.

It consists of two sets of thin concrete

parabolic shells on two levels, set in twenty
identical bays tapering toward the center of
the circular plan.

The unusual choice of a circular floor

plan was driven by the monk’s desire to
keep the congregation as close to the
altar as possible, as participants in the
Catholic ritual rather than spectators.
PROCESS
Convoluted shell form is three circling, pyramidal tiers Heights of Levels
of arches, which front the radiating vaults and a belfry,
look like some artfully folded and stacked-up white ● Level 1 - 7.31m
napkin.” ● Level 2 - 5.45m
● Level 3 - 9.14m
● To cross : 6.09m
SPACES [Design Elements]
The architectural form of the church is a structural
frame.

● Controlled Lighting : Kalkal’s unique translucent

sandwich panel is a composite of two translucent
fiberglass face sheets bonded to a structural grid
core.The system is highly insulating yet transmits
controlled natural daylight.
● Spatiality : The facade consists of three tiers of
thin-poured concrete parabolic arches, with the
top tier forming a large bell tower.The upper ring
of the arches serves to define the inner worship
area where the liturgy is celebrated.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS
CONNECTION DETAILS

The structure uses an umbrella footing to support the loads being transferred
through the hyperbolic structure connection details in thin shell structures.
 STRENGTH WEAKNESS

● The structure strength comes from

the hyperbolic shape which ● Concrete has no tensile
distributes the load to the umbrella strength
footing no need for columns. ● Steel has no compressive
● Resistant to earthquake strength
● Resists loads through curvature ● If it Is not sealed right water
● Concrete is strong in compression can
and steel has tensile strength
● Fire resistant
● Concrete has good work ability to
file the form / mold properly without
reducing the concretes quality
 MATERIALS
● The facade consists of three tiers of thin-poured concrete parabolic arches, with
the top tier forming a large bell tower.

● Since the concrete first poured into the wooden framework is slurry,it gives you
flexibility work with it so it can take any shape or form

● Kalkal’s unique translucent sandwich panel is a composite of two translucent

fiberglass face sheets bonded to a structural grid core.
MODEL
THANK YOU