Basic Terms

1 Combustion 2 Ignition

The chemical process that occurs The point at which a fire starts due to
when a fuel combines with oxygen, the presence of heat, fuel, and
releasing heat, light, and various oxygen.
byproducts.

3 Flashpoint 4 Plume

The minimum temperature at which a The hot gases rise vertically upward
substance vaporizes to form an that carries with it most of the heat
ignitable mixture with the air. (70% _80%)released by combuction .
Fire Theories
1 Fire Triangle
• There elements heat , oxygen , and fuel .
• Present in a preper balance .
• Smolder and spread slowly or flame brightly and travel
rapidly.
2 Chemical chain reaction

• Hydrogen is available in many

fuels .
• When oxygen and heat are
available hydrogen will be
transformed in a fraction of a
millisecond .
• New hydrogen atoms formed .
• Continue branching chain
reaction .
3 Fire tetrahedron
• Fire tetrahedron
recognizes the
conditions sufficient
a flaming fire .
• These conditions
include the
availability of
gaseous fuel or fuel
vapors .
4 fire pentagon
• Represents the elements
of a grain dust fire or
explosion .
• To have an explosion
extra 2 element are
necessary , confinement
and dispersion
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
1 Conduction 2 Convection 3 Radiation

The transfer of heat The movement of The transfer of heat

through direct heat through the through
contact between circulation of fluids or electromagnetic
objects or gases. waves, such as
substances. infrared radiation.
 Fire Classes

1 Class A 2 Class B

Fires involving ordinary combustible Fires fueled by flammable liquids or gases,

materials like wood, paper, and cloth. including gasoline, oil, and propane.

3 Class C 4 Class D

Fires involving energized electrical Fires fueled by combustible metals like

equipment or wiring. sodium, magnesium, or titanium.

5 Class k
Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media ( vegetable or animal oils and fuels ).
Classifications of fires
Why classifying fires ?

• It is frequently useful to classify fires in order to simplify communication

regarding certain common characterisations .
Classifying by type of combustion process

Smoldering
Pre combustion • Glowing combustion the fuel
• Heating fuels to their surface without flames .
ignition point . • Vapor production rate and
• Vapors and particulates are temperatures not be
released from the fuel . sufficient to support flaming
combustion .

Flaming combustion
• Induction of sufficient energy
and a fuel vapor mixture with
air in a flammable range .
Classifying by growth rate

• Have more air available than is needed for combustion .

positive • Will continue to grow until limited or the amount of air for combustion .

Steady • Fire`s heat output or heat release rate remains relatively constant over time .
state

• Burout decay condition , where there is plenty of air for combustion but the
Negative HRR is decreasing , as fuel is consumed .
Classifying by ventilation
Fuel controlled
When a fire is burring in the
open , or is in the early
stages of development
within a compartment
where there is excess air for
combustion .
Ventilation controlled
Fire develops to a point
where it produces more fuel
vapors than can be consumed
in the compartment with the
available air .
Flammable Limits

1 Upper Flammable Limit 2 Lower Flammable Limit 3 Flammable Range

(UFL) (LFL)
The range between the
The maximum The minimum upper and lower
concentration of a concentration of a flammable limits where
vapor or gas that will vapor or gas that will a substance can ignite
support combustion. support combustion. and sustain a fire.
Condition for ignition

• Temperature must be at or above the flashpoint .

• Ignition source with high temperature and energy .
• This is why low energy flashes may not ignite a flammable mixture .
Extinguishment Basics

1 Starvation

Remove the fuel source to eliminate the fire's ability to sustain itself.

2 Cooling

Reduce the temperature of the fire to a point where it can no longer burn.

3 Smothering

Deprive the fire of oxygen by covering it or using an extinguishing

agent that displaces oxygen.
Which mechanisms is used ?
When water is applied a fire of a solid combustible buring in air , several
extinguishing mechanisms are involved simultaneously.

Steam is Gaseous flame is Solid is Fog block

generated cooled , causing cooled by radiative heat
prevented a reduction in contact with transfer
oxygen from heat feedback water
reaching the
fire
Fire Detection Basics

1 Smoke Detection 2 Heat Detection 3 Flame Detection

Utilizing smoke Thermal detectors or Optical flame

alarms, ionization spot-type heat detectors or
detectors, or detectors designed to ultraviolet/infrared
photoelectric activate at specific (UV/IR) flame
detectors to detect temperature detectors that detect
the presence of thresholds. the unique
smoke. characteristics of
flames.
Thanks for your attention