Tips on using my ppt. You can freely download, edit, modify and put your name ete. Don’t be concerned about number of slides. Half the slides are blanks except for the title. First show the blank slides (eg. Aetiology ) > Ask students what they already know about ethology of today's topic. > Then show next slide which enumerates aetiologies. . At the end rerun the show — show blank> ask questions > show next slide. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x three revisions. Good for self study also. See notes for bibliography.Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives . Introduction & History . Relevant Anatomy, Physiology . Aetiology . Pathophysiology Pathology Classification Clinical Features Investigations worn AN wWhr = . Management 10. Prevention 11. Guidelines 12. Take home messagesIntroduction & History.Introduction & History. * Foreign bodies in the oesophagus are usually swallowed, purposefully or accidentally * The presentation is usually straightforward but on occasion can be extremely subtle.AetiologyAetiology Idiopathic Congenital/ Genetic Nutritional Deficiency/excess Traumatic Infections /Infestation Autoimmune Neoplastic (Benign/Malignant) Degenerative / lifestyle latrogenic Psychosomatic Poisoning/ Toxins/ Drug inducedEtiology Idiopathic Congenital Traumatic Infections /Infestation Autoimmune Neoplastic (Benign/Malignant) DegenerativePathophysiologyPathophysiology * The esophagus is a tubular structure approximately 20-25 cm in length. * Patients can usually localize foreign bodies in the upper esophagus but localize them poorly in the lower two thirds of the structure,Pathophysiology * 3 areas of narrowing : — the upper esophageal sphincter (UES), — crossover of the aorta; — lower esophageal sphincter (LES). * Structural abnormalities of the esophagus * strictures * webs * Diverticula * Malignancies * motor disturbances such as scleroderma, diffuse esophageal spasm, or achalasia.Pathophysiology Swallowed magnets from toys and household items have become a serious health hazard in children. food boluses coins or marbles toothpicks and dentures.Pathophysiology « Drug smugglers may swallow multiple condoms (usually double wrapped) filled with cocaine or heroin. This is called "body packing," as opposed to "stuffing," which occurs when the patient attempts to elude arrest by swallowing packets of drugs in their possession.Clinical FeaturesDemography Symptoms Signs Prognosis Complications Clinical FeaturesDemographyDemography * The site of entrapment — 75% of children having entrapment at the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) — 70% of adults having entrapment at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).Demography * The site of entrapment — 75% of children having entrapment at the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) — 70% of adults having entrapment at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).Demography * Incidence of intentionally swallowed foreign bodies is much higher in men than in women.SymptomsSymptoms: Adults History of ingestion Foreign body sensation or vague discomfort in the epigastrium Dysphagia Inability to handle secretionsSymptoms: Child + Asymptomatic « History has seen the child with an object in his or her mouth and suspects the child might have swallowed it. * Gagging, vomiting, and neck or throat pain.Symptoms: Chronic Poor feeding Irritability Failure to thrive Fever Stridor Pulmonary symptoms, such as repetitive pneumonias from aspiration Large ones ar the UES can cause tracheal impingement in children, with resultant stridor or respiratory compromise.SignsSigns * None * Rarely signs of infections: — Mediastinitis — Pyothorax — PeritonitisComplicationsComplications Pressure necrosis, fistula,perforation infection, obstruction. Button batteries can rapidly create — esophageal necrosis. — oesophageal stricturesComplications * Mucosal scratches or abrasions, punctures, and perforations — Abscesses — Pneumomediastinum,mediastinitis — pericarditis/tamponade — Pneumothorax,pneumomediastinumt — racheoesophageal fistula — vascular injuries to * aorta (aortoesophageal fistulas) * pulmonary vasculature.InvestigationsInvestigations Laboratory Studies — Routine — Special Imaging Studies Tissue diagnosis — Cytology + FNAC — Histology — Germ line Testing and Molecular Analysis Diagnostic Laparotomy.Investigations * Laboratory Studies — Routine — Special * Imaging Studies * Tissue diagnosis — Cytology + FNAC — HistlogyDiagnostic StudiesDiagnostic Studies Imaging Studies X-Ray USG CT Angiography MRI Endoscopy Nuclear scanDiagnostic Studies Imaging Studies X-Ray USG CT Angiography MRI Endoscopy Nuclear scan Metal detectorsManagementManagement Observation Endoscopy Foley catheter removal Magill forceps removal of esophageal foreign bodies Bougienage. Download Microsoft . Open Google lens. 4. Scan qr code from Get this ppt in mobile PowerPoint from play store. . Open Google assistant next slide.Get this ppt in mobileGet my ppt collection + https://www.slideshare.net/drpradeeppande/ edit_my_uploads https://www.dropbox.com/sh/x600md3cvj8& swoy/AACVMHuQOtvHvl_ K8ehe3ltkEa?dl =0 https://www.facebook.com/doctorpradeeppa nde/?ref=pages_you_manage