SHOCK

Shock- is a life-threatening clinical syndrome of cardiovascular collapse characterized by:

*an acute reduction of effective circulating blood volume

*an inadequate perfusion of cells and tissues

TYPES OF SHOCK

1. Hypovolemic shock ~results from inadequate circulatory blood volume by various etiological factors.

2. Anaphylactic shock -- is a life-threatening allergic reaction caused by a systemic antigen-antibody

immune response to a foreign substance.

3. Cardiogenic shock- acute circulatory failure with sudden fall in cardiac output from acute disease of
the heart without actual reduction of blood volume.

4. Septic shock (toxaemic)- severe bacterial infections or septicemia induce septic shock.

5. Traumatic shock- shock resulting from trauma.

6. Neurogenic shock -- results from causes of interruption of sympathetic vasomotor supply

7. Hypoadrenal shock-- occurs from unknown adrenal insufficiency in which the patient fails to respond
normally to the stress of trauma, sergury or illness.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK

1. Acute haemorrhage

2. Burns

3. Myocardial infarction

4. Rupture of the heart ventricle

5. Pulmonary embolism

6. Septicaemia (gram +,or gram -)

7. Severe injuries

8. Surgery with marked blood loss

9. Severe head injury

10. High cervical spinal cord injury

11. Administration of high doses of glucocorticoids

12. Secondary adrenal insufficiency

STAGES OF SHOCK

1. Compensated (initial, reversible)shock

2. Progressive decompensated shock

3. Irreversible decompensated shock

MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK

a. Monitoring vital signs

b. Administration of i.v. fluids

c. Managing airway

d. Pain control