FILAMER CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

Accredited Level IV– ACSCU-ACI
Roxas Avenue, Roxas City, Capiz 5800

GE10 PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE

Lesson 6: Philippine Popular Categories of Culture in the

Philippine Society

Categories of culture in the Philippine society

The different categories of culture in the Philippine society are the
following:
1. Based on Nationality
 Filipino Culture
2. Based on Ethno linguistic Group
 Culture of the Tagalog, Ilonggo, Ilokano, Kapampangan,
Waray, Bisaya,
Manobo, Maranao etc.
3. Based on Historical Epoch of Philippine Culture
 Culture before the coming of the Spaniards
 Spanish period culture
 American period Culture
 War period: Japanese Occupation
 New Republic Culture
 Pre-Martial law period culture
 Martial law period culture
 Post martial law period culture
4. Based on Economic Means
 Agricultural culture
 Fishing culture
 Business/commercial culture
5. Based on Geographical Location
 Lowland culture
 Upland culture
 Rural culture
 Urban culture
6. Based on Religion
 Christian culture
  Roman Catholic Culture
 Protestant Culture
 Muslim Culture
 Iglesia ni Cristo Culture
 Jehovah’s witnesses culture
 Other religious sectors/culture
 Pagan culture
7. Based on Technology
 Advanced/modern culture
 Primitive/traditional culture
8. Based on Age
 Teenage culture
 Culture of the retired and the aged
9. Based on Economic status
 Elitist culture
 Mass culture
10. Based on Response to Colonialism
 Mainstream culture
 Indigenous culture

OTHER SYMBOLIC USES OF CULTURE

1. Culture of poverty. It refers to the learned ways of life of the
poor, a vicious cycle of deprivation and want transmitted from one
generation to another.
2. Culture of opulence. It refers to the ways and life of the rich
and the famous in their world of glitz and glamour.
3. Culture of corruption. It refers to the established patterns of
illegally amassing wealth and obtaining power or concessions in
the government or private office.
4. Culture of silence or culture of sabotage. It refers to the
individual or group attitude to keep silent as resigned response to
authority
5. Pop culture. It refers to the popular ways, practices and
interests of contemporary society. Example: pop music or dance
craze
6. Culture of apathy. It refers to the prevalent inaction,
indifference, lack of emotion and interest of the people in regard
to the issues and concerns which need attention and resolution.
7. Culture of conspicuous consumption. It refers to the ways
and practices of the super-rich in buying goods and obtaining
services in excess of what they can actually consume and use.
8. Culture of exploitation and dehumanization. It refers to the
socially entrenched patterns of abusive and exploitative practices
by the moneyed and power-wielding members of the society
against the culturally deprived and materially disadvantaged
group of the society.

PATTERN OF ETHNIC RELATIONS

1. Pattern of Racism,
a. Racism refers to the belief that some human races are
inherently inferior.
b. Prejudice is an emotional prejudgment or attitude towards a
person or group of people. It refers to a categorical like or
dislike of a group of people based on real or imagined social
characteristics, usually associated with their race, religion,
ethnic group, sexual orientation, or perhaps occupation.
c. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or
mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or
on ascriptive groups rationally irrelevant to the situation.
Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual
behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to
create and sustain and ethnical stratification.

Theories of prejudice
Economic Theory - assumes that racial prejudice is a social
attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic majority class for the
purpose of stigmatizing some groups as inferior so that
exploitation of the group resources will be justified.
Symbolic theory -asserts that prejudice arises because of racial
or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy.
Scapegoat theory -maintains that human beings are reluctant to
accept their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look
for an ethnic minority to shoulder the blame.
Social norm theory -asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural
development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-
group are the standard and normal way of doing things,
particularly in dealing with people.
d. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported
generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately
for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, ―Kuripot‖ (stingy).
Bicolanos, ―Sili‖ (pepper or spicy people)
2. Patterns of competition, Conflict and Domination
As pointed out in the process of ethnocentrism, people tend to
view their own way of life, including their behavior, beliefs, values,
and norms, as they judge others by these standards. When
people are strongly ethnocentric, they are distrustful of outsiders,
seeing them as a symbol of strangeness, evil and danger.
When ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup
competition for territory and scare resources.
3. Economic and Political Subjugation
The economic takeover of one nation by a more powerful one and
the subsequent political and social domination of the native
population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is
through the military superiority of the more powerful one for the
purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is
termed as military colonialism.
On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made through the
great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the
institutionalization of their business in their former colonies, the
control and domination of most of a colony’s natural resources,
the imposition of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to
their side; the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital; the
need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and make to fuel their
growing economy, the process is termed Neo-colonialism or
economic imperialism.
Economic colonialism
4. Displacement and segregation of the Native Population
Economic and political subjugation of a minority population by a
more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that
occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet.
When a weaker group occupies a territory that a stronger group
wants to inhabit, the stronger is likely to displace the weaker.
Displacement of native population can be made possible through
the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior
weapons. Displacement takes the following form:
a. By attrition, that is, a number of the weaker group may die of
starvation or disease either deliberately of not.
b. By population transfer; and
c. By genocide-deliberate and ruthless extermination of weaker
group.
Examples: by destroying the principal means of survival; by
introduction of disease for which the native lacked natural
immunities; programs of mass extermination, and displacement of
tribal groups from their ancestral lands, to give way for
―developmental‖ projects.
Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that
restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be
ethnic or racial or based on sex or age.
Example,
5. Patterns of accommodation and tolerance
Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried
throughout miscegenation or amalgamation. – the intermarriage
of members of the majority and minority groups. This can result in
the blending of their various customs and values and the creation
of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a customs and values and
the creation of new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and
biological blending in which the customs and values of both
groups are to some extent preserved and their biological
characteristics appear in the offspring. This is the melting pot
concept popularized by the writer Israel Zangwill. Blending is
more likely to occur when ethnocentrism is not strong and when
power among various racial and ethnic groups is relatively equal
and when relations among them are more cooperative or
competitive.
6. Patterns of Acculturation and Assimilation
In Acculturation the different ethnic groups selectively borrow
elements from each other’s cultures while retaining basic aspects
of the culture of their former respective societies.
In assimilation, the different ethnic groups evolve a common
culture and simultaneously level out their sub-cultural differences.
7. Patterns of cultural pluralism or ethnic Diversity
Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or
ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and
social structural networks, while participating equally in the
economic and political systems,

ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

A. According to distinctive physical traits
1. The Negritos who are regarded as the aborigines of the
Philippines
2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant
among the Filipinos.
3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group
4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other
European who came as colonizers.
B. According to cultural standpoints
1. Cultural minorities or Indigenous cultural communities.
2. Muslims
3. Christian groups
C. According to linguistic groupings
 PANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic
groups in the Philippines- e.g., Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray,
Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo etc.
D. According to religion
1. Roman Catholic
 2. Muslims
3. Aglipayans
4. Protestants
5. Inglesia ni Kristo
6. Buddhist
7. Jehovah’s Witnesses
8. Other religious sect
E. Muslim of Southern Philippines
The muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group.
They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely:
1. Tausug
2. Maranao
3. Maguindano
4. Samal
5. Yakan
6. Sanngil
7. Badja
8. Molbog
9. Jama Mapun

INDIGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES / INDIGENOUS

PEOPLES (ICCS/IPS)
 Homogenous societies continuously lived as organized
community bounded and defined territory
 Occupied, possessed and utilized such territories since time
immemorial under claims of ownership
 Sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions,
and other distinct cultural traits or who have become
historically differentiated from the majority of the Filipinos
  There are at least 110 ethno linguistic groups comprising
the ICCs/IPs with a population of about 14 million based on
extrapolation of Philippine population growth.

4. Indigenous culture
 Originated in a particular region or environment
 Indigenous Knowledge and Practices MEASURES AND

EFFORTS TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE PREJUDICE AND

DISCRIMINATION
1. Contact and acquaintance
2. Conduct sociological inquiry
3. State-funded public educational institutions
4. Affirmative action programs
5. Increase

1. POP CULTURE:
 Is the culture
 Which are popular
 Well-liked
 Common
 This often defined or determined by the mass media
 Also defined ―leftover‖
 Popular culture is the accumulation of cultural products
such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyber
culture, television and radio that are consumed by the
majority of a society's population. Popular culture has
mass accessibility and appeal. The term "popular culture"
was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, it
was associated with lower classes and poor education as
opposed to the "official culture" of the upper class.
 John Storey and Popular Culture
 There are two opposing sociological arguments in
relation to popular culture. One argument is that popular
culture is used by the elites (who tend to control the mass
media and popular culture outlets) to control those below
them because it dulls people’s minds, making them
passive and easy to control. A second argument is just
the opposite, that popular culture is a vehicle for rebellion
against the culture of dominant groups.
 In his book, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, John
Storey offers six different definitions of popular culture. In
one definition, Storey describes mass or popular culture
as " a hopelessly commercial culture [that is] mass
produced for mass consumption [by] a mass of non-
discriminating consumers.‖ He further states that popular
culture is ―formulaic [and] manipulative,‖ not unlike how
he views the process of advertising. A product or brand
has to be ―sold‖ to an audience before it can be
entrenched in mass or popular culture; by bombarding
society with it, it then finds its place in popular culture.
 Britney Spears is a good example of this definition; her
road to stardom and place in popular culture were based
on marketing strategies to build look along with her fan
base. As a result, she generated millions of fans, her
songs were played frequently on numerous radio
stations, and she went on to sell out concerts and garner
the public's fascination with her meltdown. Like the
creation of Britney Spears, pop culture almost always
depends on mass production for mass consumption
because we rely on mass media to get our information
and shape our interests.
1. Pop Culture vs. High Culture
 Pop culture is the culture of the people and it is accessible
to the masses.
 High culture, on the other hand, isn't meant for mass
consumption nor is it readily available to everyone. It
belongs to the social elite. The fine arts, theater, opera,
intellectual pursuits. These are associated with the upper
socioeconomic strata and require more a high brow
approach, training or reflection to be appreciated. Elements
from this realm rarely cross over into pop culture. As such,
high culture is considered sophisticated while popular
culture is often looked down upon as being superficial.
2. Popular culture and mass culture
Mass Culture:
 Seen as commercial culture
 Mass produced for mass consumption
 Industrial revolution
 Mass culture is the set of ideas and values that develop
from a common exposure to the same media, news
sources, music, and art. Mass culture is broadcast or
otherwise distributed to individuals instead of arising from
their day-to-day interactions with each other. Thus, mass
culture generally lacks the unique content of local
communities and regional cultures. Frequently, it
promotes the role of individuals as consumers. With the
rise of publishing and broadcasting in the 19th and 20th
centuries, the scope of mass culture expanded
dramatically. It replaced folklore, which was the cultural
mainstream of traditional local societies. With the growth
of the Internet since the 1990s, many distinctions between
mass media and folklore have become blurred.

Mass culture vs Popular culture

 Mass culture refers to how culture gets produced,
whereas popular culture refers to how culture gets
consumed. Mass culture is culture which is mass
produced, distributed, and marketed.
  Mass Culture is a set of cultural values and ideas that
arise from common exposure of a population to the same
cultural activities, communications media, music and art,
etc. Mass culture tends to reproduce the liberal value of
individualism and to foster a view of the citizen as
consumer
 Popular culture (the preferred term in cultural studies and
where the focus is on uses rather than production),
although some theorists distinguish it from traditional folk
culture because it is oriented toward profit and is
organized according to the laws governing commodity
exchange.
 Cultural products that are both mass-produced and for
mass audiences. Examples include mass-media
entertainments—films, television programmes, popular
books, newspapers, magazines, popular music, leisure
goods, household items, clothing, and mechanically-
reproduced art.

4. History of Popular Culture (Popular Culture from 1900 to

21st Century)
 (Highlight the evolution and changes)
 1900, 1920, 1945, 1960’s, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000
 Traditionalist (1900); Baby Boomers (1946-1960); Gen X
(1960-1980);
 Millennials (1980-2000)

I. FINAL TOPICS
FILIPINO CULTURE
A. Genres of Philippine pop culture
 Social Beliefs And Customs
 Religion, Festivals, And Holidays
 Music: P-Pop, OPM & Dance
 Literature And Arts
 Cuisine
 Clothing/Fashion
 Sports
 Television
  Virtual Culture
B. Pop culture of the millennials
C. Issues of Popular Culture in the Philippines:
-Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Cultural Imperialism, Censorship, Cyber
Issues
D. Pop Culture and the Rise of Social Media in the Philippines:
(http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/ronda2014/Culture-
Philippines.pdf)
4. Cultural Preservation:
-Restoring cultural confidence and pride
 The act of using deliberate and well-designed methodologies
to maintain cultural heritage from the past for the benefit of
the present and future generations.
 Ex. NCCA, NCIP, NHC
5. Cultural Promotion:
-Encouraging the emergence of cultural and artistic talent by
offering opportunities for an expression in an open environment.
 DOT

REFERENCES:
Philippine popular culture categories of culture in the philippine
society - PHILIPPINE POPULAR - Studocu