Energy Reports 8 (2022) 15057–15066

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Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Research paper

A direct vector control based on modified SMC theory to control the

double-powered induction generator-based variable-speed
contra-rotating wind turbine systems
∗
Sara Kadi a , , Khoukha Imarazene a , El Madjid Berkouk b , Habib Benbouhenni c ,
Emad Abdelkarim d,e
a
Power Equipment Characterization and Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computing, University of Sciences and
Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
b
Laboratory of Process Control (LCP), National Polytechnic School of Algiers (ENP), Algiers, Algeria
c
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Nisantasi University, 34481742, Istanbul Turkey
d
Department of Electric Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
e
Department of Electric Engineering Buraydah Private Colleges, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The current and active power ripples are two of the biggest drawbacks of the direct vector control
Received 4 July 2022 (DVC), as these ripples cause several problems in the electric power generation system from contra-
Received in revised form 27 September 2022 rotating wind turbines (CRWTs) systems. But the DVC technique has multiple advantages that make
Accepted 5 November 2022
it among the most widely used techniques in the field of renewable energies for its ease to
Available online 17 November 2022
implementation and simplicity. In this work, a modified sliding mode controller (MSMC) was proposed
Keywords: and applied in the DVC strategy. The combination of the DVC and MSMC controller leads to a more
Direct vector control robust control scheme, thus reducing the current, torque, active power, and reactive power ripples of
Modified sliding mode controller the double-powered induction generator (DPIG). The designed DVC-MSMC strategy is used to improve
Renewable energies the performance of the DPIG-based CRWT system. Simulation results done in Matlab software show
Double-powered induction generator
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
Contra-rotating wind turbines
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction interaction (SSCI) due to use of series compensation. In Li et al.

In recent years, wind turbines have been the topic of consid-
erable research, targeted at enhancing their process in terms of
durability, security, maintenance, and cost (Yin et al., 2017). Verti-
cal axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWTs) are the most often employed technologies (Alkalbani
and Guangul, 2021). HAWT is a typical type of wind turbine with
basically three blades and a single rotor turbine (SRWT) (Chen
and Thiringer, 2017). A contra-rotating wind turbine (CRWT) is
a HAWT that has two rotors rotating in a reverse direction on a
single axis (Ullah et al., 2022). The CRWT is designed to overcome
the drawbacks of the SRWT system. But this technology is more
costly compared to traditional wind turbines (Luo and Niu, 2017).
In wind farms based on a double-powered induction gen-
erators (DPIGs) it is characterized by subsynchronous control
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: skadi1@usthb.dz (S. Kadi), imarazene_k@yahoo.fr
(K. Imarazene), emberkouk@yahoo.fr (E.M. Berkouk),
habib.benbouenni@nisantasi.edu.tr (H. Benbouhenni),
emad.hussein2011@gmail.com (E. Abdelkarim).
(2021), the author has proposed an energy modulation controller
(ESC) in this paper to mitigate SSCI from an energy perspective.
Through this work, the use of ESC has further improved the con-
troller while enhancing durability. Simulation results show the
effectiveness of ESC under a wide range of operating conditions.
Moreover, the use of ESC improves the robustness of the sys-
tem against external disturbances and parameter uncertainties.
Sliding mode control (SMC) and feedback linearization technique
are combined to mitigate SSCI on DPIG wind farms connected
to sequentially compensated transmission lines (Li et al., 2017).
However, feedback-linearized sliding mode controller (FLSMC) is
proposed to control the grid side converter (GSC) and rotor side
converter (RSC) of the DPIG. The results showed the effectiveness
of the proposed technique in mitigating SSCI and improving the
robustness of the studied system in light of external disturbances
and uncertainty in parameters.
Many wind turbine installations are built using DPIGs. The
DPIG is coupled to the grid directly. For variable speed wind
turbines, DPIG presents the most essential generator, where this
generator is more robust, has simple to control, low cost, and
low maintenance compared to the other types of generators (Zou
et al., 2016).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.11.052
2352-4847/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
S. Kadi, K. Imarazene, E.M. Berkouk et al.
To optimize the operating performance of wind energy con-
version systems based on DPIG, many strategies are recom-
mended, which will be explored in the following paragraphs.
Due to its easier implementation and its simplicity, the field-
oriented control (FOC) approach is one of the most common
ways of controlling DPIG (Ma et al., 2018). Two main forms of
FOC are direct FOC technique (DFOC) (Shipurkar et al., 2017) and
indirect FOC technique (IFOC) (Marques and Iacchetti, 2019). In
field control, the IFOC strategy is more robust than the DFOC
technique. But, the DFOC strategy is more simple compared to
the IFOC strategy, where four proportional–integral (PI) controller
was used in the IFOC strategy and two PI controllers are used in
the DFOC (Naamane et al., 2011). Also, the IFOC strategy ensures
that the DPIG’s stator current has the fewest total harmonic dis-
tortion (THD) and minimum power ripples compared to the DFOC
technique (Dekali et al., 2019). The fundamental issue of the
IFOC and DFOC techniques is that present a performance decries
in case of machine parameters variation, which is a bad and
unwanted outcome. This is related to the hysteresis comparator
consumption and the PI controller. There is another technique
that is very similar to the FOC technique, called the vector control,
and the difference between them lies in the orientation used,
where there are two techniques, the direct vector control (DVC)
and the indirect vector control (IVC) strategy. This technique
was used to control DPIG placed in an electric power generation
system based on the CRWT system (Benbouhenni, 2021).
In the early 1970s, Emelyanov and Utkin developed a new
technique to solve the challenges of the PI controller based on a
non-linear approach named sliding mode control (Mi et al., 2020).
In the SMC technique, robustness is one of the most well-known
advantages of this strategy over traditional strategies (Xiong et al.,
2018). For this reason, SMC has been applied to a variety of
fields, including control and power electronics systems (Alqahtani
and Utkin, 2012; Levron and Shmilovitz, 2013; Zongxing and Rui,
2021; Hou et al., 2022; Ammar et al., 2016; Yuan and Li, 2022;
Incremona et al., 2017).
The use of SMC greatly improves the performance of the
systems and increases the durability in the event of changes in
system parameters (Hou et al., 2022). However, in the specific
area of rotating machines-control, this approach has demon-
strated its high efficiency and resilience (Djilali et al., 2022a).
Despite its benefits, the presence of the disagreeable chattering
phenomena, caused by a discontinuous function in the control
law, this effect has significantly decreased its employment (Jiang
et al., 2020). Due to the robustness of the SMC technique, it
was suggested as a better solution for controlling wind energy
generation systems (Costa et al., 2010; Pande et al., 2013; Majout
et al., 2022; Ardjoun and Abid, 2015; Djoudi et al., 2015). On
the other hand, several techniques have been used to improve
the characteristics of the SMC controller, such as neural net-
works (Habib et al., 2019), fuzzy logic (Habib, 2019), neuro-fuzzy
algorithm (Hwang et al., 2019), synergetic control (Habib, 2020),
etc. The use of these techniques improved the effectiveness and
durability of SMC. Moreover, the chatter phenomenon is signifi-
cantly reduced compared to the classical technique (Habib et al.,
2019; Habib, 2019; Hwang et al., 2019; Habib, 2020).
In this work, a novel nonlinear approach termed modified
SMC (MSMC) has been presented and tested to demonstrate
its robustness and effectiveness in reducing chattering in the
DPIG performance. This controller is suggested and built for the
first time in Habib et al. (2022) it is based on a modification
of the traditional SMC technique to achieve a simpler manner
of implementation for complex nonlinear systems practically.
The stability areas of the chosen MSMC parameters are defined
using the Lyapunov theory. The MSMC technique is suggested
to improve the performance of the DVC technique applied to
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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 15057–15066
DPIG-based CRWT systems while minimizing the active power,
torque, and reactive power ripples. Moreover, the DVC-MSMC
technique’s performance is compared to that of the traditional
DVC technique in terms of reference tracking and robustness
against parameter modifications.
The fundamental contribution of this study is to the applica-
tion of the MSMC technique to reduce the ripples in the active and
reactive power, torque, and the stator current of the DPIG-CRWT
system. Furthermore, the suggested DVC-MSMC approach is a
simple, robust, and uncomplicated algorithm to implement. The
major contributions of the proposed MSMC-based DVC strategy
are: (1) reducing the THD value of the rotor and stator currents;
(2) Enhances the robustness and consistency of the controlled
system; (3) providing a simple and less complex technique to
control complex systems; (4) improves the steady-state perfor-
mance of the reactive and active power; (6) simplifies the use of
the traditional SMC technique.
This paper is organized as follows. Presentation of the contri-
bution and objective of the study in Section 1. In the second part,
the mathematical form of CRWT system is given. In Section 3,
a comprehensive and detailed overview of the SMC technique
is given, where the pros and cons of this technique are given.
In Section 4, the application of the MSMC technique to the DVC
strategy is discussed, with the advantages of this technique and
its similarities and differences with classical technique. Simula-
tion results of the proposed technique are included in the fifth
section and finally, the work is finished with a set of main results
reached through this work.
2. CRWT system
This proposed system in this section of the paper is a standard
for a new technology that has emerged in recent years to replace
the old technology, as it is a development of the old technology.
The difference between the two technologies is the use of a
wind turbine that contains two turbines located on the same axis
(Habib et al., 2022). In this way, the problems in the old technol-
ogy are overcome, as the use of this type of turbine reduces the
area of wind farms and also reduces the cost of implementation
(Benbouhenni et al., 2022). Also, the use of this type of technology
leads to an increase in the value of the torque or energy generated
by the wind, where the torque produced is the sum of the torque
of the first and second turbines (Benbouhenni and Bizon, 2021a).
Eq. (1) represents the torque of the CRWT system.
T = T1 + T2 (1)
where, T is the torque of the CRWT, T1 and T2 are the torque of
the first and second turbines.
In CRWT, the torque produced is related to the wind speed and
other parameters, where each torque produced by the turbine is
expressed by Eq. (2) (Habib et al., 2022).
1
⎧
⎨T1 = 2λ3 .ρ.π.R1 .Cp .w1
⎪ 5 2
⎪
1
(2)
1
⎩T2 = 3 .ρ.π.R52 .Cp .w22
⎪
⎪
2λ2
where, ρ is the air density, Cp is the power coefficient, R1 and R2
are the blade radius of the first and second turbines, λ1 and λ2
are the tip speed ratio of the first and second turbines.
The resulting torque is closely related to a parameter called
the power coefficient, where this parameter is important in cal-
culating the torque and can be expressed by Eq. (3) (Benbouhenni
et al., 2022).
1 0.035
Cp (λ, β ) = − (3)
λ + 0.08β β3 + 1
S. Kadi, K. Imarazene, E.M. Berkouk et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 15057–15066

The power coefficient is a parameter in turn related to both

the ratio of speed and angle pitch, where the value of this coef-
ficient increases if the ratio of speed decreases. Each turbine has
its own ratio of speed and it is calculated according to Eq. (4)
(Benbouhenni and Bizon, 2021a).
w2 .R2
⎧
⎨λ1 =
⎪
⎪
V2
(4)
w2 .R2
⎩λ2 =
⎪
⎪
V2
Fig. 1. The MSMC technique.
where, λ1 and λ2 are the ratio of speed of the first and second
turbines, V1 and V2 are the speed of the first and second turbines,
β is the angle pitch, w1 and w2 the mechanical speed of the first characterized by durability and not affected by the change of
and second turbines.
parameters of the studied system (Shang and Hu, 2012). Also, the
In the CRWT system, The wind speed before and after the first
use of these techniques leads to the improvement of the dynamic
turbine varies, as the wind speed between the first and second
response and steady-state performance of active and reactive
turbine is related to the wind speed before the first turbine. To
powers. These techniques are many and varied, the most popular
calculate the wind speed between the two turbines, the Eq. (5)
and widespread are backstepping control (Amin and Uddin,
is used, where this speed is related to a constant (CT ) value of
0.9 and the distance between the two turbines (x), where this 2020), SMC (Bossoufi et al., 2021), synergetic control (Musarrat
distance is estimated at 15 meters in the proposed CRWT system and Fekih, 2021), super twisting algorithm (Benbouhenni and
(Habib et al., 2022; Benbouhenni et al., 2022; Benbouhenni and Bizon, 2021c) and high-order SMC (Djilali et al., 2022b). Through
Bizon, 2021a). research and study of these techniques, SMC is widely used in the
√ field of controlling electrical machines because of its simplicity
1− (1 − CT ) 2.x and ease of implementation (Ben Elghali et al., 2010). Moreover,
V2 = V1 (1 − (1 + √ )) (5)
2 1 + 4.x2 it can be achieved easily compared to other nonlinear techniques.
As it is known, wind turbines are used to rotate generators, However, this type of technique has its drawbacks, chattering
where several generators can be used to produce electric current. problem is one of the biggest drawbacks of this technique (Sun
The DPIG generator is among the most popular generators used et al., 2018). When this technique is applied to complex systems
especially in the case of variable wind speed. This generator such as five-phase or seven-phase electrical machines, the com-
contains an electrical part and a mechanical part and they are plexity increases and it is difficult to accomplish because this
expressed by Eqs. (6) to (9) (Benbouhenni and Bizon, 2021d; technique is related to the mathematical form of the studied sys-
Xiahou et al., 2019). tem. To solve this problem, a new technique of SMC is proposed
that is simpler, more intuitive and can be applied to any system
dΩ
⎧
⎨ Te − Tr = J ·
⎪ +f ·Ω regardless of its complexity. This new SMC technique was first
dt proposed in Habib et al. (2022), where it was used to improve
(6)
⎩Te = 3 p M (Idr .ψqs − Iqr .ψds )
⎪ the performance and effectiveness of the DPC strategy. The results
2 Lr showed the effectiveness of the MSMC in improving the dynamic
d
⎧
response and reducing ripples for both active and reactive power.
⎪
⎪Vdr = Rr Idr + ψdr − ωr ψqr
⎪
⎪
⎪ dt In SMC technique, there are two parts, a continuous part and
d a non-continuous part, and the SMC is expressed by the Eq. (10),
⎪
⎪
⎨Vqr = Rr Iqr + ψqr + ωr ψdr
⎪
⎪
dt where the continuous part is calculated from the mathematical
(7)
d form of the studied system, which makes its application and
Vds = Rs Ids + ψds − ωs ψqs
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ dt implementation on complex systems difficult. Eq. (11) represents
the discontinuous part of the traditional SMC, where a function
⎪
⎩Vqs = Rs Iqs + d ψqs + ωs ψds
⎪
⎪
⎪
of type Sign is used. On the other hand, the MSMC technique
dt
proposed in Habib et al. (2022) is a change in the principle of
ψ = L I + MIdr
⎧
dr r dr
⎪
⎨ψ = L I + MI
⎪ the traditional SMC technique, whereby a continuous part of the
qr r qr qr
(8) classical SMC is replaced by the element represented by K2 .e(t), so
ψ = Ls Ids + MIdr that the new form of the SMC becomes according to the Eq. (12).
⎩ ds
⎪
⎪
ψqs = Ls Iqs + MIqr u = un + ueq (10)
⎧
⎪
⎪ 3 un = K × Sat(e) (11)
⎨Ps = (Vds Ids + Vqs Iqs )
⎪
2 (9)
3 w = K1 × Sat (e(t)) + K2 × e(t) (12)
⎩Qs = 2 (Vqs Ids − Vds Iqs )
⎪
⎪
⎪
Through Eq. (12), the new technique of SMC has become easier
Where, Te is the torque of generator, Ω is the mechanical and more applicable than the classical SMC technique, whereby
rotor speed, Ps is the active power, J is the inertia, Qs is the it can be applied to any system no matter how complex. Also,
reactive power, Rs is the stator resistance, f is the viscous friction the new shape of the SMC is not related to the studied system,
coefficient, Rr is the rotor resistance, and Tr is the load torque. which makes it more durable than the classical SMC technique.
Fig. 1 represents the proposed MSMC technique in Habib et al.
3. Modified sliding mode control theory (2022) and is used in this paper to improve the performance of
the DVC strategy. Simplicity and ease of implementation are the
Nonlinear techniques are among the solutions that can be biggest advantages of this proposed MSMC strategy (Habib et al.,
proposed to control electrical machines, as these techniques are 2022).
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S. Kadi, K. Imarazene, E.M. Berkouk et al.
Fig. 2. Proposed DVC-MSMC strategy of the DPIG-CRWT system.
To study the stability of the MSMC technique, the Lyapunov
theorem is used, where the relationship (13) is used to study the
stability.
e × ė < 0
The function V(x) represented in Eq. (14) is used to determine
the stability condition of the proposed MSMC technique, where
the derivation of this function is calculated according to Eq. (15).
According to Lyapunov theory, this condition must be less than
zero.
1 and reactive power fluctuations, a long dynamic response, a high
V (x) = × e2
2
V̇ = e × ė < 0
The derivative of the function V(x) must be less than 0 and be
equal to a bound value of –η.|e|, where this value is the condition
for the stability of the proposed technique.
e × ė ≤ −η × |e| , η>0
Where, η is the positive coefficient.
The error or the surface must be non-zero, i.e. e ̸ = 0, so we
can write:
Ṡ ≤ −η × Sat (e) , η>0
Where, η is the positive gain (η = K1).
4. Proposed DVC-MSMC strategy
In this part of the paper, a new DVC strategy idea is in-
troduced with the goal of reducing torque and current ripples.
Also, the performance and effectiveness of the DVC technique is
improved compared to other techniques. As it is known, the DVC
technique is one of the simplest and most easy to implement
compared to several techniques such as DTC or backstepping
control (Benbouhenni, 2019a). Eq. (18) represents the principle
of this technique, where two PI controllers are used to control
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 15057–15066
the active and reactive power (Benbouhenni, 2019b). This tech-
nique is used to calculate the reference value of both direct and
quadrature rotor voltages.
⎧ ∫ t
(13) M · Vs
∗
⎨Vdr = Kp · SQs + Ki SQs .dt + g
⎪
⎪
Ls
∫ 0t (18)
R r . Vs
⎩Vqr∗ = Kp · SPs + Ki SPs .dt −
⎪
⎪
0 M .w s
This technique is simple. However, there are several draw-
backs in this technique, including the large number of active
(14) value of the electric current THD and a very high steady-state
error value (Ben Elghali et al., 2010). To overcome these short-
comings and improve the efficiency of the DVC technique, MSMC
(15)
controller is used as the best solution because of its simplicity
and effectiveness in improving performance and reducing ripples.
Fig. 2 represents the proposed DVC technique for controlling
DPIG in the CRWT system, where maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) technique is used to determine the reference value of
(16) active power. On the other hand, the reference value of the
reactive power is set to 0 VAR.
The proposed technique differs from the classical technique
and several controls published in research work (Naamane et al.,
2011; Dekali et al., 2019; Benbouhenni, 2021; Xiong et al., 2018;
(17) Habib et al., 2019; Habib, 2020; Xiong et al., 2018; Habib et al.,
2019; Habib, 2020; Benbouhenni and Bizon, 2021d). The pro-
posed technique is based on the use of both MSMC controller and
PWM technique to control the DPIG-based CRWT system, where
two MSMC controllers are used to control the active and reactive
power. In addition, both the active and reactive power are esti-
mated in order to calculate the error in the powers. Therefore,
high-accuracy measuring devices must be used.
On the other hand, pulse width modulation (PWM) technique
is used to control the generator converter. This technique is
characterized by simplicity and ease of implementation compared
to other techniques such as space vector modulation.
In the proposed DVC-MSMC technique, two MSMC controllers
are used to obtain the reference values for both direct and
quadrature rotor voltages, where these reference values are used
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Table 1
A comparative study between the DVC and DVC-MSMC strategies.
DVC DVC-MSMC
Hysteresis comparator No No
Simplicity Simple Simple
Response dynamic Slow Quick
PI controller Yes No
Implementation Easy Easy
Steady-state error High Low
PWM technique Yes Yes
Quality of power Low High
Rise time High Low
THD High Low
Robustness Low High
MPPT technique Yes Yes
Reactive/active power estimation Yes Yes
Degree of complexity Low Low
Reactive/active power ripples High Low
MSMC controller No Yes
References Active and reactive power Active and reactive power

as PWM inputs. The reference values for the direct and quadra-
ture rotor voltage are calculated according to the Eq. (19) (Ben El-
ghali et al., 2010; Djilali et al., 2022b).
⎧
( ) M · Vs
⎨Vdr∗ = K1 × Sat eQs (t) + K2 × eQs (t) + g
⎪
⎪
Ls
(19)
Rr .Vs
⎩ Vqr∗ = K1 × Sat (ePs (t)) + K2 × ePs (t) −
⎪
⎪
M .ws
where, eQs and ePs are the error of the reactive and active
power.
To calculate the error in the active and reactive power, we
need to estimate the active and reactive power, as estimating
these two values requires measuring the current and voltage and Fig. 3. Wind speed profile.
calculating the flux as well. Eqs. (20) to (22) are used to estimate
both the active and reactive power.
⎧ ∫ t
⎨Ψqr =
( )
⎪
⎪ −Rr iqr + Vqr dt value of electric current, steady-state error (SSE) and power rip-
∫0 t (20) ples. Two different tests are proposed to study the behavior of the
designed DVC-MSMC technique compared to the conventional
⎩Ψdr = (−Rr idr + Vdr ) dt
⎪
⎪
DVC technique. Fig. 3 represents the wind speed used in this
√ 0 work in order to study the behavior of the designed DVC-MSMC
Ψr = Ψqr2 + Ψdr2 (21) technique.
⎧ ( )
3 Vs Vs × Lm
⎨Qs = −
⎪
⎪ × Ψβ r − 5.1. Tracking test
2 σ × Ls σ × Lr × Ls
(22)
3 Lm
Ps = − Vs × Ψr β × This test is the reference tracking test, where the behavior
⎪
⎪
σ × Lr × Ls
⎩
2 of the designed DVC-MSMC technique is studied in this test
Table 1 represents a comparative study between the proposed compared to the traditional DVC strategy in terms of the value of
strategy and the classical strategy in all respects. This study was the power ripples, SSE and the value of the THD of the electric
completed on the basis of the results of this work shown in Part 5 current. Fig. 4 represents the results obtained from this test.
of the paper. This comparison showed that the proposed strategy Through this figure, the active and reactive power follow the
is much better in terms of reducing the ripples of active power references but with preference to the proposed technique in
and current, improving the dynamic response, reducing the value terms of dynamic response and SSE (see Figs. 4a and 4c). Also,
of THD of current,. . . ,etc. the form of active power is the same as the form of wind change,
where the active power increases with the increase in wind speed
5. Results and decreases when the wind speed decreases. As for the reactive
power, it takes the value 0 VAR and is not affected by the change
The proposed MSMC applied on CRWT system is simulated in wind speed for the designed DVC-MSMC technique. But in the
under Matlab/Simulink software and compared to classical DVC case of the traditional DVC strategy, there is a noticeable change
strategy. Several simulation tests of the used system were in- due to the use of the PI controller. From Fig. 4b, the torque and
vestigated, where the DPIG used in this work has the following the active power are the same, where the torque takes negative
characteristics: 50 Hz, 1.5 MW, Lm = 0.0135 H, Ls = 0.0137 H, values due to the machine being in a generator state. In addition,
Rr = 0.021 , 380/696 V, Rs = 0.012 , Lr = 0.0136 H, J = the decrease in the active power leads to a decrease in the value
1000 kg m2 , p=2, and fr = 0.0024 N m/s. of the torque, as it is noted that the proposed technique gave
The proposed DVC-MSMC strategy is compared with the con- better response to the torque than the classical DVC technique.
ventional DVC strategy from several aspects, such as the THD The electric current for the two techniques is shown in Fig. 4d,
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Fig. 4. First test results.

Table 2
The values of the ripples in the case of the first test.
Reactive power (VAR) Torque (N m) Current (A) Active power (W)
DVC 33000 210 43 9000
DVC-MSMC 400 4 2 500
Ratios 99.87% 98.10% 95.35% 99.44%

where the current takes the change of wind speed and active clearly noted that the designed DVC-MSMC strategy reduced the
power. An increase in the value of the active power leads to current THD with an amelioration ratio of about 85%. The values
an increase in the value of the electric current produced by the of ripples for the proposed and classical DVC strategies are shown
generator. in Table 2. Through this table, the designed DVC-MSMC strategy
Fig. 4e and Fig. 4f show the stator current THD for the two gave very low ripple values for current, active power, torque,
control cases, from these results, the proposed DVC-MSMC tech- and reactive power compared to the classical DVC technique,
nique offers a better current quality with a THD of 0.10% over where the reduction ratios were very high, which indicates the
the traditional DVC technique that gives a THD of 0.70%. It is efficiency The designed DVC-MSMC strategy and the ratios were
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Fig. 5. Second test results.

as follows: 99.44%, 99.87%, 98.10%, and 95.35% for each of the Table 3
active power, reactive power, torque, and current, respectively The values of the time response in the case of the first test.

(see Table 2). Also, the proposed DVC-MSMC technique reduces Tr _Qs (ms) Tr_Ps (ms)

the time response of the reactive/active power compared to the DVC 12 12

traditional DVC strategy with PI controller (see Table 3). The DVC-MSMC 0.0012 0.091
Ratios 99.99% 99.24%
proposed DVC-MSMC technique reduced the response time of
the active power by about 99.24% compared to the traditional
DVC technique, and by 99.99% for the reactive power. Through
The DVC-MSMC shows high performance, with an active
these ratios, it can be said that the reduction ratios are very high,
which indicates the high efficiency of the proposed technique in power quality resulting by a better decoupling, power, torque,
improving the advantages and characteristics of the generator. and current ripples reduction, where the powers and torque
Therefore, the proposed method is the best solution that can be ripples are almost zero and the stator current is nearly sinusoidal
proposed to control wind systems and other electrical systems. compared to the classical DVC strategy.
15063
S. Kadi, K. Imarazene, E.M. Berkouk et al.
Table 4
The values of the ripples in the case of the second test.
Reactive power (VAR)
DVC 15000
DVC-MSMC 435
Ratios 99.71%
Table 5
The values of the time response in the case of the second test.
Tr _Qs (ms) Tr_Ps (ms)
DVC 25 13
DVC-MSMC 0.006 0.093
Ratios 99.97% 99.28%
5.2. Robustness test
The system behavior under DVC-MSMC strategy compared to
the traditional DVC in case of generator parameters variation is
studied in this part, where the stator and rotor resistances are
doubled and the stator and rotor inductances are decrease by 50%
from their nominal values.
From the obtained results, the torque varies relating to the ac-
tive power in Fig. 5b, the active and reactive powers keep tracking
their references in Fig. 5a and Fig. 5c for both strategies. On the
other hand, the proposed DVC-MSMC technique provided better
results in terms of dynamic response, SSE, THD and ripple values,
as this method is less effective than the classical DVC technique
in case of changing the generator parameters (see Tables 4 and 5).
Under system parameters variation, Fig. 5e and Fig. 5f show
the current THD using both DVC-MSMC and classical strategy.
From these figures, a THD of 0.11% has been recorded using the
DVC-MSMC technique over the classical DVC strategy that offers
a THD of 2.14%. It is clearly noted that the DVC-MSMC technique
keep the current THD amelioration, with an amelioration ratio of
95%. The DVC-MSMC shows an excellent robustness compared to
the conventional DVC technique where the stator powers, torque,
and current ripples are notably reduced using DVC-MSMC (see
Table 4). The designed DVC-MSMC technique reduced the ripples
of torque, active power, current and reactive power by excellent
ratios compared to the classical DVC technique, where the ratios
were 99.77%, 99.71%, 98.14%, and 98.26% for each of the active
power, reactive power, torque, and electric current, respectively.
The proposed technique in this test provided a much better
response time for both active and reactive power than the clas-
sical DVC technique, where the response time for active power
was approximately 13 ms and 0.093 ms for both the traditional
and proposed techniques, respectively. As for the reactive power,
the response time was about 25 ms and 0.006 ms for each of
the traditional and proposed techniques, respectively. Through
these values, the proposed technique reduced the response time
of the active and reactive power by very high rates, and these
ratios were estimated at 99.28% and 99.97% for each of the active
and reactive power, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded
through the reduction ratios that the proposed technique has a
very high efficiency in case of changing the parameters of the
system compared to the classical technique.
Finally, a comparison of the work done with other works is
necessary in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed tech-
nique compared to other works performed. Table 6 represents a
comparison between the proposed technique and other works in
terms of the value of THD of stator current. Through this table, the
proposed technique provided a lower value for THD compared
to several techniques performed in research work published in
famous journals. The proposed technique improved the current
quality compared with DTC, FOC, DPC, SMC, . . . ..etc.
Energy Reports 8 (2022) 15057–15066
Torque (N m) Current (A) Active power (W)
590 172 60000
11 3 1380
98.14% 98.26% 99.77%
6. Conclusion
In this paper, an improved performance DVC strategy is pre-
sented for the DPIG-based CRWT system. In comparison to the
classical DVC technique, the proposed DVC-MSMC strategy is vali-
dated using Matlab/Simulink software. The obtained results show
high performance for the proposed technique in term of reference
tracking, robustness, and better dynamic response with lower
stator current THD compared to the traditional DVC strategy. The
main results from this work are summarized in the following
points:
• A new simple and robust DVC control strategy was proposed
to control the DPIG-based CRWT system.
• The DVC-MSMC technique improves the THD value of the
current and power ripples of the DPIG-based CRWT system.
• The steady-state error was reduced using the DVC-MSMC
technique.
• The MSMC technique is better than the traditional PI con-
troller.
Each of these criteria brings a significant improvement in the
electrical power quality and contributes to enhanced system
durability, decreasing its failures and maintenance operations
costs.
In future works, a new nonlinear technique will be included
in order to control the asynchronous generator, where several
nonlinear techniques are used to obtain a more robust technique
and thus obtain better results.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Sara Kadi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Soft-
ware, Writing – review, Formal analysis. Khoukha Imarazene:
Visualization, Investigation, Reviewing. El Madjid Berkouk: Su-
pervision, Reviewing, Resources. Habib Benbouhenni: Data cu-
ration, Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft,
Validation, Formal analysis. Emad Abdelkarim: Supervision, Re-
viewing, Funding acquisition, Editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by the Scientific Research Center
at Buraydah Private Colleges, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the
research project# BPC-SRC/2022-012.
15064
S. Kadi, K. Imarazene, E.M. Berkouk et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 15057–15066

Table 6
A comparative study between the DPC-MSMC and other published papers in terms of THD value.
Strategies THD (%)
Bouderbala et al. (2021) Predictive current control 0.49
Integral SMC 0.27
Chojaa et al. (2021)
FOC 1.33
Strategy 1 5.6817
Moreira et al. (2019) Power control
Strategy 2 3.1873
DTC 6.70
Ayrira et al. (2020)
Fuzzy DTC 2.40
DTC 7.83
Said et al. (2022)
DTC-ANN 3.26
Yahdou et al. (2016) Second-order SMC technique 3.13
Amrane et al. (2016) FOC 3.7
DTC using L-filter 10.79
Alhato and Bouallègue (2019)
DPC using LCL-filter 4.05
Integral SMC 9.71
Quan et al. (2019)
Multi-resonant-based SMC 3.14
2-level DTC 8.75
El Ouanjli et al. (2019)
3-level DTC 1.57
Kamarzarrin Genetic algorithm-least squares wavelet
3.39
et al. (2022) support vector machines strategy
Sara et al. (2019) Indirect FOC 6.5
Yaichi et al. (2019) Nonlinear DPC 1.66
Benbouhenni and Bizon (2021b) FOC with synergetic-SMC 0.50
First test 0.10
DVC-MSMC
Second test 0.11

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Further reading
Dong, H., Su, M., Liu, K., Zou, W., 2020. Mitigation strategy of subsynchronous
oscillation based on fractional-order sliding mode control for VSC-MTDC
systems with DFIG-based wind farm access. IEEE Access 8, 209242–209250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3038665.