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Application of Power Electronics in Power Systems
Chapter · May 2018
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3935-3.ch010
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Chapter 10
Application of Power
Electronics in Power Systems
Mashhood Hasan
Galgotias Engineering College, India
ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces the custom power device to solve the various kinds of power quality (PQ) prob-
lems. It is generally known as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and D-FACTS (FACTs used
for low voltage and low current rating in AC distribution system). The D-FACTS are various types like
dynamic voltage restore (DVR), static compensator in distribution system (D-STATCOM), and unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC). The third one is combination of DVR and D-STATCOM, which is
known as UPQC. The UPQC can compensate all the PQ problems. Comprehensive knowledge of UPQC
is presented here to understand the trade value of this device. This chapter is organized as follows: The
evaluation of power electronic based devices is presented in the background part of this chapter where
custom power devices (CPDs) are also discussed. And operating principle with the Matlab model of UPQC
and results are presented in the section titled “Working Principle of Unified Power Quality Conditioner
(UPQC).” The scope of the one of the functional power electronic based devices are presented in section
titled “Scope of UPQC.” At the end, this chapter is concluded.
INTRODUCTION
The application of power electronics in power system is presented to understand the trade value of power
electronics evaluation. The area of power electronics is wide in power system such as High Voltage DC
Transmission (HVDC), Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controlling devices, which is gen-
erally applicable for stability of power system and reliability of power systems in transmission system.
Moreover, D-FACTS is used in AC distribution system to enhance the power quality. In this chapter,
the main focus is that how to enhance the power quality of AC distribution system using the power elec-
tronics switches. The chapter is organized as follows, background of the power electronics, principle of
operation of unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs), scope of the UPQC, future research directions
and conclusion of the presented chapter.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3935-3.ch010
Copyright © 2018, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
Application of Power Electronics in Power Systems
BACKGROUND
The power electronics based loads supports to generate harmonics in power system. It has some serious
disadvantage in terms of power quality of the AC distribution system. The AC mains has to generate
extra reactive power because of harmonics polluted equipment. The latest issue needs a technical solution
for the betterment of the power system. The concept of custom power devices (CPD) has been exposed
in the late 1980s. This is an application of power electronics, which includes the controller to improve
the power quality and controllability of the power system (Hingorani, 1995; Hasan, et al., 2013; Fujita
& Akagi, 1998; Singh, et al., 1999). There are two type of methodology behind the power electronics
equipment, first one is conventional thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) or thyristor switched reactors
(TSR) and second one is self-commutated switching converters. These two methods could control real
and reactive powers efficiently but the self-commutated devices only could be used which eliminate
currents harmonics and voltages harmonics. Moreover, compensation flexibility and response time in
the self-commutated switching converters have been explored better than conventional thyristor switched
converters. The static VAR compensators (SVCs) are used to improve the quality and control of voltage
by supplying or absorbing reactive power using inductors and capacitors. The essentials parts of a SVC
are thyristors in anti-parallel and passive elements (capacitor and inductor). A SVC contains a switched
capacitor as a passive element is called as TSC or a controlled reactor is called TCR. The effective value
of the passive elements is changed regularly by controlling the angle of gate pulse of the thyristors. One
of the main problem of SVC is handling of the reactive power. The size of passive elements is limited by
the reactive power demand. On the other hand, custom power devices overcome the limitation of SVC.
Most adaptable custom power device is STATCOM. It has a voltage source converter (VSC) with fast
response. It could be implemented to support stability and voltage profile in the power system. The same
voltage and current profile in the distribution system can be enhance by D-STATCOM. The structure
of D-STATCOM is similar to the STATCOM.
The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) injects the voltage in series with the AC mains in
power system and behaves as a voltage controller of the transmission system. SSSC is capable to main-
tain desired output voltage. SSSC contains a voltage source converter with suitable controller if it also
contains DC link, the SSSC is able to eliminate harmonics in the voltage, to compensate reactive power,
regulate voltage sag/swell, voltage unbalance and voltage flicker. The same profile can be enhanced in
the distribution system using dynamic voltage restore (DVR). The most promising custom device DVR,
D-STATCOM and unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs) are used in the distributions system to
enhance the power quality. The UPQC is most promising device to enhance the power quality in the
distribution system which offers advantages over DVR and D-STATCOM. In a UPQC), two converters
are connected back to back with a common DC link (Hasan et al., 2015; Khadkikar, 2012). The series
converter mitigates the voltage related issue whereas shunt converter compensates current related issue.
This is the most common and popular converter topology which is shown in Figure 1.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)
The main objective of this chapter is the classification and configuration of the unified power quality
conditioners (UPQCs. This chapter is started with the detail of working principle of the UPQC. This
is also described the separate description of series converter and shunt converter of the UPQC. This
323
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