How FACTS Controllers

Benefit
AC Transmission Systems
By
P.Narsimha reddy
1005-10-743205
 Contents
 Introduction
 Why FACTS Controllers
 Power System Constraints
 Controllability of Power Systems
 Examples of conventional& FACTS Controllers
 Comparison of FACTS & conventional ckts
 Benefits of Control of Power Systems
 Overview of FACTS Controllers ckts
 Introduction
 To achieve both operational reliability and financial
profitability, it has become clear that more efficient
utilization and control of the existing transmission
system infrastructure is required.

 In the evolving utility environment, financial and

market forces are, and will continue to, demand a
more optimal and profitable operation of the power
system with respect to generation, transmission,
and distribution
 Why FACTS Controllers required
 The process to permit, site, and construct new
transmission lines has become extremely difficult,
expensive, time-consuming, and controversial.

 FACTS technologies provide advanced solutions as

cost-effective alternatives to new transmission line
construction
 Power System Constraints
 Steady-State Power Transfer Limit
 Voltage Stability Limit
 Dynamic Voltage Limit
 Transient Stability Limit
 Power System Oscillation Damping Limit
 Inadvertent Loop Flow Limit
 Thermal Limit
 Short-Circuit Current Limit
 Others
 Controllability of Power Systems
 Power system only has certain variables that
can be impacted by control, consider the basic
and well-known power-angle curve
 Angle
 Voltage
 Impedance
 Examples of conventional equipment
for enhancing
 Series Capacitor Controls impedance

 Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor

-Controls voltage

 Transformer LTC -Controls voltage

 Phase Shifting Transformer -Controls

angle

 Synchronous Condenser -Controls voltage

,
 Example of FACTS controllers for
enhancing power system
control

 Static Var Compensator (SVC)

Controls voltage

 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

 Convertible Static Compensator (CSC)

 Inter-phase Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

 Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
-Controls impedance

 Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer

(TCPST) -Controls angle

 Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC)

-controllers impact voltage, impedance, and/or angle

 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

-Controls voltage
 Comparison of FACTS &
conventional ckts
 This figure shows that the speed of mechanical
switches, can be as fast as a couple of cycles of
60 (or 50) Hz.

 This speed of switching in and of itself may be

fast enough to solve many power system
constraints.

 Although there is a vast improvement in

switching time from mechanical to power
electronic based solutions
 The main benefit that FACTS controller solutions
provide is the “cycling/repeatability” and “smooth
control”
 Benefits of Control of Power
Systems
 Increased Loading and More Effective Use of
Transmission Corridors
 Added Power Flow Control
 Improved Power System Stability
 Increased System Security
 Increased System Reliability
 Added Flexibility in Siting New Generation
 Overview of FACTS Controllers
ckts
 Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Controls voltage

 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

-Controls voltage

 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

impedence, voltage magnitude and phase angle
 svc
 In general, the two thyristor valve
controlled/switched concepts used with SVCs

 The thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and the

thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC).

 The TSC provides a “stepped” response and the

TCR provides a “smooth” or continuously
variable susceptance
 The SVC regulates voltage at its terminals by
controlling the amount of reactive power injected
into or absorbed from the power system.

 When system voltageis low, the SVC generates

reactive power (SVC capacitive). When system
voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (SVC
inductive).
 The variation of reactive power is performed by
switching three-phase capacitor banks and
inductor banks connected on the secondary side
of a coupling transformer

 Each capacitor bank is switched on and off by

three thyristor switches (Thyristor Switched
Capacitor or TSC).

 Reactors are either switched on-off (Thyristor

Switched Reactor or TSR) or phase-controlled
(Thyristor Controlled Reactor or TCR).
STATCOM
 The function of a STATCOM is similar to that ofa
synchronous condensor.

 In general it provides reactive power

compensation to solve a variety of power
system, voltage fluctuation and stablity
conditions

 STATCOM consists of
DC voltage sourse, gate commutated turn off
thyristors(GCT), step up transformers
Operation mode
 Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)

 The universal and most flexible FACTS device is

the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).

 UPFC is the combination of three compensators’

characteristic; i.e. impedence, voltage
magnitude and phase angle.
Basic ckt diagram
 UPFC construction
 The UPFC consists of two voltage source
converters; series and shunt converter, which are
connected to each other with a common dc link.

 Series converter or Static Synchronous Series

Compensator (SSSC) is used to add controlled
voltage magnitude and phase angle in series with
the line.

 while shunt converter or Static Synchronous

Compensator (STATCOM) is used to provide
reactive power to the ac system, beside that, it will
provide the dc power required for both inverter.
 The energy storing capacity of this dc capacitor
is generally small.

 Therefore, active power drawn by the shunt

converter should be equal to the active power
generated by the series converter.

 The reactive power in the shunt or series

converter can be chosen independently, giving
greater flexibility to the power flow control.
 Control of power flow is achieved by adding the
series voltage, VS with a certain amplitude, VS
and phase shift, φ to V1.

 This will gives a new line voltage V2 with

different magnitude and phase shift.

 As the angle φ varies, the phase shift δ between

V2 and VR also varies.
 Conclusion
 In power system transmission, it is desirable to
maintain the voltage magnitude, phase angle
and line impedance. Therefore, to control the
power from one end to another end, this concept
of voltage injection is applied.
 References
 S. Mori, K. Matsuno, T. Hasegawa, S. Ohnishi,
“Development of a Large Static Var Generator Using
Self-Commutated Inverters for Improving Power
System Stability,” IEEE Transactions, 1993

 N. Morishima, Takeda, T. Sugiyama, Y. Hamazaki, T.

Snow, A. Abed, “SDG&E Talega STATCOM Project -
System Analysis, Design, and Configuration,”
Proceedings of the IEEE PES, October 2002.