18 (Da Chaobo) FACTS Application in China

FACTS Application in China
Dai Chaobo
chaobo@epri.sgcc.com.cn
China EPRI Science & Technology Co. Ltd
中国电力科学研究院
CHINA ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE P1
Contents
1. Introductions
2. Series Compensation (SC)
3. Fault Current Limiter (FCL)
4. Static Var Compensator (SVC)
5. Controlled Shunt Reactor (CSR)
6. The De-icing Technology (De-icer)
7. Static Synchrous Compensator (STATCOM)
Introductions
The Concept and Challenges
A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading
limits. But in practice the system has the following constraints:
-Transmission stability limits
-Voltage limits
-Loop flows
Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with
which a transmission system can ride through major faults in the
system with its power transmission capability intact.
Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system
voltage can be kept within permitted deviations from nominal.
Loop flows can be a problem as they are governed by the laws of
nature which may not be coincident with the contracted path. This
means that power which is to be sent from point ”A” to point ”B”
in a grid will not necessarily take the shortest, direct route, but will
go uncontrolled and fan out to take unwanted paths available in
the grid. 中国电力科学研究院
The Concept
FACTS are designed to remove such constraints and to meet planners´,
investors´ and operators´ goals, without their having to undertake major
system additions. This offers ways of attaining an increase of power
transmission capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum
availability, minimum transmission losses, and minimum environmental
impact. Plus, of course, at minimum investment cost and time
expenditure.
The term ”FACTS” covers several power electronics based systems
used for AC power transmission. Given the nature of power electronics
equipment, FACTS solutions will be particularly justifiable in
applications requiring one or more of the following qualities:
-Rapid dynamic response
-Ability for frequent variations in output
-Smoothly adjustable output.
The IEEE definition
The IEEE definition of Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS): “-Alternating Current Transmission Systems
incorporating power electronics-based and other static
controllers to enhance controllability and power transfer
capability."
The IEEE definition of Custom Power is: " The concept of
employing power electronic (static) controllers in 1 kV
through 38 kV distribution systems for supplying a
compatible level of power quality necessary for adequate
performance of selected facilities and processes.”
The Devices
Important applications in power transmission involving FACTS and
Power Quality devices:
FACTS ：
SVC (Static Var Compensators),
Fixed * as well as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC)
STATCOM.
PST (Phase-shifting Transformers), IPC (Interphase Power
Controllers), UPFC (Universal Power Flow Controllers),
Custom Power:
DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers), DSTATCOM, SSTS (solid state
transfer switch), APF (Active Power Filter), UPQC (Unified power
quality conditioner)
History, Concepts, Background, and Issues
Origin of FACTS
-Oil Embargo of 1974 and 1979
-Environmental Movement
-Magnetic Field Concerns
-Permit to build new transmission lines
-HVDC and SVCs
-EPRI FACTS Initiative (1988)
-Increase AC Power Transfer (GE and DOE Papers)
-The Need for Power semiconductors
Why we need transmission interconnection
-Pool power plants and load centers to minimize generation cost
-Important in a deregulated environment
Opportunities for FACTS

Increase power transfer capacity
SVC (Nebraska GE 1974, Minnesota Westinghouse 1975, Brazil Siemens 1985)
TCSC, UPFC AEP 1999
Trends
-Generation is not being built
-Power sales/purchases are being
System Architectures and Limitations
System Architecture
Radial, interconnected areas, complex network
Power Flow in an AC System
Power Flow in Parallel and Meshed Paths
Transmission Limitations
Steady-State (angular stability, thermal limits, voltage limits)
Stability Issues (transient, dynamic, voltage and SSR)
System Issues (Post contingency conditions, loop flows, short-circuit levels)
Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations
Controllable Parameters
Basic FACTS Devices - Impact of Energy Storage
Power Flow Control on AC Systems
Radial
Parallel
Meshed
Power Flow in Parallel Paths Control of X,

Power Flow in a Meshed Systems Voltage
What limits the loading capability? and angle
Power Flow and Dynamic Considerations
FACTS Applications & Implementations
Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement
Steady State
Issues
Voltage Limits Traditional Solutions Dynamic Issues
Thermal Limits
Advanced Solutions Transient Stability
Angular Stability Limits Breaking Damping Power Swings

FACTS
Loop Flows Resistors Post-Contingency
Energy Voltage Control
Load Shedding
Storage Voltage Stability
Fixed
Compensatio Subsynchronous Res .
n
Line Transmission Enhanced Power
Reconfiguration Link Transfer and
Stability
Better
Protection
SVC
FACTS STATCOM
Increased Devices TCSC, SSSC
Inertia UPFC
FACTS Devices
Shunt Connected
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Generator - SSG
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Energy Storage
Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected
Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC)
Thyristor Controlled Phase-Shifting Transformer or
Phase Angle Regulator (PAR)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers

Shunt, Shunt-Series
Energy Storage
Power Electronics
-Semiconductor Devices
Diodes
Transistors
IGBT
Thyristors
SCR, GTO, MTO, ETO, GCT, IGCT, MCT
Devices
Diode (pn Junction)
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) GE
MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) SPCO
Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor (ETO) Virginia Tech
Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Mitsubishi, ABB
MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) Victor Temple
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Power Electronics
Principal Characteristics
Voltage and Current
Losses and Speed of Switching
Speed of Switching
Switching Losses
Gate-driver power and energy requirements
Parameter Trade-off
Power requirements for the gate
di/dt and dv/dt capability
turn-on and turn-off time
Uniformity
Quality of silicon wafers
IGBT has pushed out the conventional GTO as IGBTs ratings go up.
IGBTs - Low-switching losses, fast switching, current-limiting capability
GTOs - large gate-drive requirements, slow-switching, high-switching losses
IGBTs (higher forward voltage drop)
Power Electronics
System
VSI CSI
Commutation Forced
Approach Natural
Switching
Technology Synchronous PWM
Decision-Making Matrix
Transition
Approach Hard Soft
Circuit
Topology Two-Level Multi-Level
Device
Type SCR GTO IGBT MCT MTO
AC Transmission Fundamentals
-Series Compensation
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
X
Changes in X will increase or decrease real power flow for a fixed angle or change
angle for a fixed power flow. Alternatively, the reactive power flow will change with
the change of X. Adjustments on the bus voltage have little impact on the real power
flow. Vc Vx
I
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin () / (X - Xc)
Vr
Vs Vseff = Vs + Vc
Real Power Angle Curve
Xeff = X - Xc
Power Transfer
2
2
Vx
Vc
P1( x  delta  V1) 1
Vxo Vr
Vs
0 0
Vseff I
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 delta 3.14
Phase Angle
Voltage-Series and Shunt Comp.
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
X
P
Injected Voltage
E1
E1 - E2
E2
Integrated voltage series injection and bus voltage regulation (unified) will
directly increase or decrease real and reactive power flow.
-Stability Margin
Improvement of Transient Stability With FACTS Compensation
Equal Area Criteria
Q/V
Maximum Power Transfer
with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint)

A1 = Acceleration Energy
A2 = Deceleration Energy
Amargin
A2
no compensation
A1 1 - prior to fault
1 2 3 crit Phase Angle 2 - fault cleared

3 - equal area
Therefore, FACTS compensation can increase
3 >crit - loss of synchronism
power transfer without reducing the stability margin
Voltage Source Converters
ShuntCom
pensation SeriesCom
pensation
V
Systembus
V V
Systembus
Coupling Coupling
Transformer Transformer
I I
Transformerleakage Transformerleakage
X inductance
X inductance
Vo Vo
DC-AC DC-AC
Switching Switching
Converter Converter
Cs Cs
+ +
Vdc Vdc
Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

i dc
ia Ta1 D a1 Tb1 Db1 Tc1 D c1 Vdc

ea
2
ib + Vdc
eb Cs Hypothetical
neutralpoint
ic
ec Vdc
Ta2 D a2 Tb2 Db2 Tc2 D c2 2
2, 3, 5-level, VSC Waveforms

+
vdc
vdc
vdc
2 + 2
eout
vdc vdc vdc
+
2
2
2 vdc
vdc
Neutral e out
(mid-)point
+
vdc
1
+
vdc 2
+v dc
Neutral
(mid-)point e out
 -v dc
+ +
vdc vdc
FACTS Technology - Possible Benefits
• Control of power flow as ordered. Increase the loading capability of
lines to their thermal capabilities, including short term and
seasonal.
• Increase the system security through raising the transient stability
limit, limiting short-circuit currents and overloads, managing
cascading blackouts and damping electromechanical oscillations of
power systems and machines.
• Provide secure tie lines connections to neighboring utilities and
regions thereby decreasing overall generation reserve
requirements on both sides.
• Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.
• Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more
active power.
• Reduce loop flows.
• Increase utilization
中国电力科学研究院 of lowest cost generation.
FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions
HVDC
Independent frequency and control
Lower line costs
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
FACTS
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
Installed Costs (millions of dollars)

Throughput MW HVDC 2 Terminals FACTS
200 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M
500 MW $ 75-100M $ 10-20M
1000 MW $120-170M $ 20-30M
2000 MW $200-300M $ 30-50M
(*)Hingorani/Gyugyi
FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions
HVDC Projects: Applications

Submarine cable
Long distance overhead transmission
Underground Transmission
Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible frequencies
Large market potential for FACTS is within the ac system on a value-added basis, where:
• The existing steady-state phase angle between bus nodes is reasonable

• The cost of a FACTS device solution is lower than HVDC or other alternatives
• The required FACTS controller capacity is less than 100% of the transmission
throughput rating
FACTS Attributes for Different Controllers
FACTS Controller Control Attributes
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, voltage
(STATCOM without storage) stability
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
(STATCOM with storage, BESS, SMES, and dynamic stability, voltage stability, AGC
large dc capacitor)
Static VAR Compensator (SVC, TCR, Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
TCS, TRS and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor Damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability
(TCBR)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC without storage) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC with storage) voltage stability
Thrystor-Controlled Series Capacitor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSC, TSSC) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSR, TSSR) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Phase-Shifting Active power control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic
Transformer (TCPST or TCPR) stability, voltage stability
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Active and reactive power control, voltage control, VAR
compensation, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Limiter Transient and dynamic voltage limit
(TCVL)
Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
(TCVR) transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability
FACTS Implementation - STATCOM
E1 / 1 P&Q E2 / 2
I
Regulating Bus Voltage

Can Affect Power Flow Indirectly / Dynamically
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X
FACTS Implementation - TCSC
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
Line Impedance Compensation P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff

Can Control Power Flow
Xeff = X- Xc
Continuously
FACTS Implementation - SSSC
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff
Xeff = X - Vinj/I
static synchronous series compensator-SSSC
FACTS Implementation - UPFC
P&Q E2 / 2
E1 / 1
I
Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting

Voltage In Series With the Line
Can Control Power Flow
Q1 = E1(E2 - E2 . cos ()) / X
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff
Xeff = X - Vinj / I
FACTS Implementation - UPFC
Series Transformer
Shunt Inverter Series Inverter
Shunt
Transformer
Unified Power Flow Controller
FACTS Implementation
- STATCOM + Energy Storage
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
Regulating Bus Voltage Plus Energy Storage

Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
Plus Energy
Storage
- SSSC + Energy Storage
P&Q E2 / 2
E1 / 1
I
Voltage Injection in Series Plus Energy Storage

Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
and sustain operation under fault conditions
Plus Energy Storage
- UPFC + Energy Storage
E2 / 2
E1 / 1 P&Q
I
Regulating Bus Voltage + Injected Voltage +

Energy Storage
Can Control Power Flow Continuously, and
Support Operation Under Severe Fault
Conditions (enhanced performance)
Plus Energy Storage
FACTS Implementation - IPFC
interline power flow controller

E3 / 3
E1 / 1
E2 / 2
P12 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 2)) / X

P13 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 3)) / X
FACTS Implementation - IPFC
Series Transformer, Line 1
Series Transformer, Line 2
Series Inverter #1 Series Inverter #2
Interline Power Flow Controller

Development of FACTS technology
 The first generation of FACTS controller is based on Half controlled

device and the representative equipment are SVC and TCSC. SVC is
the earliest FACTS controller which came out in 1970 and widely
used in transmission system, distributed system and arc furnace.
 In 1992 ， the first TCSC i.e. ASC (Advanced series compensation)
provided by Siemens was installed in the middle of 230kV
transmission line at Kayenta substation in America.
 In 1993 ， BPA and GE made larger capacity TCSC which was
installed in 500kV transmission line in Oregon and was put into
commercial operation in 1994.
STATCOM is the representative of the second generation

of FACTS
 In 1986 ， the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute made the GTO
1MVA STATCOM prototype
 In 1991 ， the 80MVA STATCOM was put into operation in Japan
 In 1996 ， the United States developed the first set of 100MVA
STATCOM in TVA Sullivan substation.
GTO series technology became mature. It means STATCOM controller

began engineering application.
 The third generation of FACTS controller is the comprehensive
integration of the second generation, the representative UPFC.
 AEP, EPRI, and Westinghouse company developed the world's
first UPFC system (138kV, 770MVA) which was installed in the
East Kentucky Inez substation in June 1998, which increased
transmission capacity and improved voltage stability.
 In April 2004, the New York Power Authority completed the
world's first convertible static compensator (CSC), and was put
into operation in Marcy substation in NYPA. It combined the
functions of several FACTS devices and can control the system
more flexible and maintain the system voltage stability.
FACTS in China
 Before 2004 ， China had imported six sets SVC and the dynamic
capacity is 105~170Mvar.
 The Anshan Red-One SVC demonstration project was put into
operation in late 2004.
 The TCSC demonstration project of Gansu Chengbi was Put into
operation in December 2004.
 The Yifeng 500kV TCSC demonstration project was Put into
operation in 2007.
 The ±20Mvar STATCOM which is based on zigzag transformer and
GTO was put into operation in Chaoyang Substation HeNan
province in 1999.
Series Compensation
Series Capacitor
Series Compensation
Series Compensation
Source
transmission line
System
Equivalent
Series compensation consists of capacitors which are placed in series

with a transmission line. The negative reactance of these capacitors is
used to cancel a part of the normal inductive reactance of the line and
results in a reduction of the net series impedance of that line. Typically,
series compensation lies in the range of 30 to 70 percent.
Hunyuan Series Compensation Installation
8 sets, the largest capacity, April 2008

Series Compensation
 The SC technology, including FSC (Fixed Series Compensation),
TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation), etc., is an
attractive and cost-effective method for grid reinforcement and
optimization.
 Increased Power Transfer Capability
 Improved system stability
 Control of power flow
 Avoid new transmission line construction
 Improved voltage regulation
 Economical to apply, widely used
Especially for the TCSC
 POD (Power oscillation damping)
 Power flow optimization
 SSR mitigation
Single Line Diagram
FSC TCSC
Main Components
Capacitor Platform
Series capacitor banks
MOV (metal oxide varistor)
Spark GAP
Bypass circuit breaker
Damping circuit
Disconnector
Thyristor valve (TCSC)
Thyristor controlled Reactor (TCSC)
Cooling system (TCSC)
Capacitor banks
Three types of capacitors:

External fuses
Internal fuses
fuseless
MOV
 Protect the capacitor banks from overvoltage
 Reinsert the series capacitor once the external fault
disappear
 Large energy absorption capacity
CEPRI
GE
Spark GAP
Quickly triggered. withstand fault current and capacitor discharge current.

Main protection of MOV ， Back-up protection of capacitor banks.
GE CEPRI
Control & Protection System
Data Measuring
Control & Protection
Background Monitoring
Transient Fault Record
Characteristics of CEPRI Control & Protection
 Dual-redundancy configuration
 Self-diagnose ability ；
 Good expansibility and compatibility ；
 Excellent reliability
Protection Specifications
 Unbalance protection  Energy protection
Current withstand protection Temperature protection
MOV
 trigger-failure protection  Self-trigger protection
GAP  Delay-trigger protection
Capacitor  Unbalance protection  Overload protection

bank
 Insufficiency protection of valve  trigger failure protection

Valve redundancy  Overload protection
 Asymmetry ignition protection
Series Capacitor Installations by CEPRI
Northeast
North
Finished
Northwest
Under construction
Tibet East
Central
South
Vietnam
220kV Chengbi TCSC, Gansu Province China. (2004.12)
 First home-made TCSC in  The Highest Degree of
China Compensation
Technical Data of 220kV Chengbi TCSC
System Voltage 220kV
System Frequency 50 HZ
Rated Current (RMS) 1100 A
Reactive Power Capacity (Three-phase) 95.4Mvar (FSC)
Capacitor Protective Scheme MOV, GAP& Thyristor Protection
MOV Energy Consumption 30 MJ
Line Compensation Degree 50% (FSC)+75% (TCSC)
Protection Level 2.3 p.u (FSC)
Sets 1
Delivery Date 2004.12
500kV FSC in Sanbo, Xuzhou (2006.7)
 First set of 500kV FSC by CEPRI
Technical Data in 500kV FSC in Sanbo
System Voltage 500~550kV

Reactive Power Capacity (Three-phase) 529Mvar
Capacitor Protective Scheme MOV, GAP
MOV Energy Consumption 144 MJ
Line Compensation Degree 41.4%
Sets 1
Two sets of 220kV FSC in Laocai, Vietnam (2007.5)
 First oversea FSC by CEPRI
Vienam Laocai 220kV Substation FSC
Vietnam National Power Company (EVN) 220kV substation

project :
 the first overseas series compensation project by CEPRI
 two sets of series compensation devices
 successfully put into operation in May, 2007
 This FSC project has greatly enhanced the China-Vietnam p
ower transmission capacity and enhanced the stability of the
China-Vietnam interconnected power grid.
Technical Data in 220kV FSC in Laocai
System Frequency 50 Hz
Reactive Power Capacity (Three-phase) 291.6Mvar

Capacitor Protective Scheme MOV, GAP
MOV Energy Consumption 21MJ
Line Compensation Degree 97.2%

Sets 2
500kV TCSC in Yifeng (October 2007)
 First 500kV TCSC by CEPRI -40 ℃  Two sets of FSC ; Two
 One of the biggest capacitysets
andof TCSC rate voltage
highest
TCSC projects in the world
Technical Data in 500kV TCSC in Yifeng

Reactive Power Capacity (Three- 1088Mvar (FSC), 652 Mvar (TCSC)
phase)
Capacitor Protective Scheme MOV, GAP& Thyristor Protection
MOV Energy Consumption 251.87 MJ
Line Compensation Degree 30% (FSC)+15% (TCSC)
Over-voltage Protection Level 2.25 p.u (FSC), 2.35p.u (TCSC)
Sets 4
Fault Current Limiter
FCL
Background
Main Problems
Weak system Stability problem
Development Laod flow problem

Meshed system
of power grid
Strong system High fault current
Solution: Fault Current Limiter
Short circuit current level in SGCC
The short circuit current are increasing

steadily with the ever-growing need for
俄罗斯
俄罗斯
中俄背靠背 1400
1500 呼伦贝尔能源
1500
electrical power and the development of

50 海拉尔
140
160
满洲里牙克石
40 巴彦
150 鄂温克宝清
120
至冯屯
伊敏 250 宝清
power system. East China power

准北
250 蒙古
哈尔滨
皇宫 170 奎屯
120 360
150 乌北通榆
玛纳斯 200 1400 1260 260
伊宁 140 奇台
150 908 吉林
80 锡盟煤电 90
system, for example must face the fact

西山电 360 铁岭
300 东郊核电
西山 60
150 哈密哈密煤电
锡盟 1400 320
340 375 220
230 320 480 1600
350 辽宁
380 阿克苏库车吐鲁番东北华北背靠背本溪
塔什店
安西 480
马鬃山
250
that short circuit current of some

玉门镇
喀什 330
280 60 唐山营口
蒙西煤电2 400 北京西 100 天津
蒙西
酒泉 150 沿海电源
190 北京东
400 蒙西煤电6100 130 150 天津
张掖鄂尔多斯煤电晋北
2400 陕北 490
190 蒙西煤电1
沙湖 430 270 德州
鱼卡
金昌
substation are approaching or even

贺兰山蒙西煤电5 晋北煤电石家庄寿光
200 2400 90 陕北煤电
80 1335 210 250 青岛
永登神木 470
200 白银 110银川东 150 济南潍坊
180 165 黄河榆横 160
乌兰 350 日月山 150 280
370 西宁晋东南煤电晋东南豫北
格尔木 150 300
40 兰州东 270 200 360
170 160 270 平凉延安
羊曲 140 150 晋东南煤电徐州
80 180 晋东南煤电连云港
exceeding the interrupting capacity of

285 190 天水
青藏±500千伏官亭 140 渭南郑州 210 270
拉西瓦宝鸡 0乾县 120 362 1000
玛尔挡 165 0
直流联网工程 1 徐州煤电 330
1040 210 西安南灵宝背靠背
泰州
200 淮南 170 200
南京
550 南阳苏州
南京南
80
安康 283 淮南煤电
苏南 80
33
拉萨德阳 170 上海西
0
breakers. Hence, the short-circuit

120
绵阳 370 万县 490
芜湖
雅安 220 荆门武汉 520 150
川西水电 200
荆门 1000 浙北
240
重庆地下电站 280
川西水电 150 260 金华
130 长寿 420 35 370
乐山宜昌南 0
雅砻江梯级 1935 150 温州
2100 南昌
300
current level must be reduced to an

金沙江I期 1688 长沙
290
川西水电 1400 株洲 360
380
赣州福州
180
410
泉州
acceptable value to assure the security

of power system.
Fault current limiting technology
Mode of connection
Power source insertion
Reasonable grid changing
Layering & subregion
the normal
Back-to-back HVDC
modes of
Bus splitting operation
Traditional Flexible operation grid
technology Change main electric connection
structure
Series reactor
High impedance High short-circuit impendence transformer
Fault
Taking the power system stability and reliability, construction cycle, difficulties
split winding transformer
current
and economics, fault current limiting realizability Mechanical
into consider,switchstatic
drivingtype fault
limit
current limiter or short-circuitDriving
currenttype
limiter would be a new solution
Electromagnetism driving to the
technology Fuse drivinggrid structure
problem of excess short-circuit current except for changing changing
Electric arc driving
the fault
parallel resonance type
modes of
series resonance type
Current limiter Static type grid
Rectification type
structure
FACTS type
Super conduction type

New material type
PTC
FCL Technology based on TPSC
 FCL (Fault Current Limiter) based on TPSC (Thyristor Protected

Series Capacitor ) is an improved scheme compared with series
reactor.
 FCL will reduce the short-circuit current effectively without

changing the load flow and operation status of power system.
Principle and design scheme
Current Limiting Reactor In the normal state, K is switched off,

causing a power-frequency series
Capacitor resonance between Reactor and capacitor.
Hence, the power flow will not be changed
L C by the insertion of FCL.
When some faults (i.e. short circuit)

are detected, K will be switched on
K quickly and the capacitor will be
bypassed. As a result, the reactor is
inserted in the power system to limit
Bypass Switch, probably the fault current.
including thyristor valve,
spark gap, fast mechanical
switch, etc.
Single Line Diagram of FCL
500kV Demonstration Project of FCL
 CEPRI delivered the PingYao 500kV demonstration FCL for East China
power system.
 The basic information and data are listed as follow:
 Rated impedance: 8.0 ohm
 Rated current: 2000 A
 System voltage: 500kV
 Rated voltage: 16kV
 Rate Capacity (3-phase): 96 Mvar
 Responding time: less than 1.5 millisecond. Time delay from the
moment when fault current reaches setting value to that when the
current-limiting reactor is inserted
 Date: Dec. 25th, 2009
Primary Equipment of FCL Installation
Fault Current-Limiting Reactor (FL)
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
保护电容器电容器组（C）
DS1 DS2 瓶窑-杭北
瓶窑变电所
500kV母线限流电抗器 (FL) 线路
ES1 MOV
ES2
阻尼回路（DC）
可控火花间隙（GAP）
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
旁路断路器 (BCB)
FL will be put into operation by bypassing the series capacitor

to limit fault current when certain type of short-circuit
occurs. 中国电力科学研究院
Series Capacitor Banks
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
瓶窑变电所
ES1 MOV
ES2
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
Series capacitor banks are employed to compensated the

current-limiting reactor in normal state and bypassed after short
delay when short-circuit occurs.
Thyristor Valve
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
瓶窑变电所
ES1 MOV
ES2
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
Thyristor valve will be switched on when receiving orders

from control & protection system to bypass the capacitor
immediately after short-circuit.
MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor)
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
瓶窑变电所
ES1 MOV
ES2
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
MOV is used to protect capacitor banks from overvoltage.
Spark Gap
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
瓶窑变电所
ES1 MOV
ES2
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
The flashover of spark gap can be controlled to protect the MOV

from overvoltage and overheating.
Bypass Breaker
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
瓶窑变电所
ES1 MOV
ES2
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
Thyristor valve and spark gap can not carry the fault current for
a long time. Bypass breaker will be closed quickly (about 30
milliseconds) to protect the Thyristor valve and spark gap.
Damping Circuit
旁路刀闸 (MBS)
MOVL
瓶窑变电所
ES1 MOV
ES2
绝缘平台 (PL)
TL
晶闸管（ETT）
The damping circuit is to limit the magnitude and frequency of

capacitor discharge current upon operation of the thyristor
valve, spark gap or bypass breaker.
Control & Protection System
characteristic Main Functions

Dual-redundancy configuration  Data measuring
 Data input and output

DSP and CPLD.
 Control & protection
 Spark gap ignition and monitoring
 Thyristor valve ignition and monitoring
Typical Waveform after System Fault
Static Var Compensator
SVC
Construction Model of SVC
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(a) TCR (b) TSC (c) TSR (d) TCR/TSC (e)TCT
i Single-phase
u
schematic circuit
TCR
0
i
2
and wave diagram
e of TCR
  3

α 
1 cycle
Voltage and current

wave diagram of
different TCR
triggering angle
Harmonic & Fundamental current content of TCR
Bus Voltage U
Network Characteristic
Capacitive Inductive Isvc
Output characteristic of voltage

SVC of Type TCR controlled TCR
u
i i uL
C
UC UC
t
U uSW
uSW
L UL
TSC投入 TSC断开 t
a) b)
Single-phase schematic circuit and wave diagram of TSC
iQ U
UL max
UC max
iC1 iC 2 iC 3 iL()
BC BL max
U
BC max  2BC
IC IC max IL max IL
Single-phase schematic circuit , wave diagram and output characteristic of TCR+TS

C
SVC Functions in Transmission System
 Realize continuous and dynamic accurate adjustment for

system voltage;
 Increase system stability;
 damp system oscillation;
 Improve system security;
 Reduce grid loss;
 Increase capability in transmitting
active power
Damping power oscillation
Active load flow of line Wanlong after the Hongch Relative power angle of Ertan and Tuer after the
en-Sanyong fault in 2006 (red-have SVC, blue-no S Hongchen-Sanyong fault in 2006 (red-have SVC, b
VC) lue-no SVC)
Support voltage after the system fault
Voltage of Bus Honggou, Chenjiaqiao and Wa Voltage of Bus Honggou, Chenjiaqiao and Wanxi
nxian after the Hongchen-Sanyong fault in 200 an after the
6(recovery time)
Hongchen-Sanyong fault in 2006(valley of the first
red-Wanxian, blue-Chenjiaqiao, black-Hongqi swing)
ao,broken-have SVC, continuous-no SVC
red-Wanxian, blue-Chenjiaqiao, black-Hongqiao,b
roken-have SVC, continuous-no SVC)
SVC Functions in Power Distribution System
 Increase power factor;

 Reduce network loss;
 Suppress harmonic interference caused by nonlinear load;
 Balance three phase load;
 Reduce negative sequence, voltage fluctuation and flicker;
 Improve power quality ;
 Increase productivity (steel mill).
Thyristor
valve
Hydrocooling system
Phase controlled
reactor
Filter
Control and protection system
远方工作站
操作员站
Field BUS
调节
监控
VM
VBE
IO WCS Monitor
Typical SVC in power grid
1 、 SVC at Anshan Red-One substation——

The first domestic SVC demonstration project in power transmission
systems in China(35kV 100Mvar) （ putting to use in 2004 ）
Voltage
stabilization
effectiveness in
Red-One Station
Bird’s View of SVC
2 、 Sichuan-Chongqing Electric Network SVC——
The first SVC project in 500kV transmission corridor
500kV Honggou substation(35kV 120Mvar), 500kV Chengjiaqiao Substation （ 35kV

120Mvar ） , 500kV Wanxian Substation(35kV 180Mvar), 500kV Banqiao Substation
（ 35kV 120Mvar), 500kV Longquanyi
CHINA ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCHSubstation
INSTITUTE (66kV 2×180Mvar) P97
3 、 Removable SVC
 RSVC at 220kV Jintang substation in Jiangxi power grid—(10kV

50Mvar) （ 2007 ）
 RSVC at Xintang substation in Fujian power grid (10kV 50Mvar)
（ 2007 ）
4 、 The first 35kV RSVC in china——
Tanyuan substation ， Xinjiang RSVC （ 35kV TCR 50Mvar, 2009 ）
5 、 SVC project at 500kV Heihe HVDC converter station (35kV
100Mvar, 2008)
6 、 SVC project for central power access of wind-power——
two sets of SVC at Yumen substation, Gansu (35kV 2×30Mvar)
(2009)
Future development of SVC in China
Model ：
Various type of SVC adapt to different grid
Application field ：
UHV power grid and Smart power grid
Control system ：
Realize coordination control between SVC and other FACTS devi
ces in power grid
Controlled Shunt Reactor
CSR
Functions in power grid
A flexible regulating means of the system

reactive power
Regulate the system’s reactive power
Suppress the overvoltage and secondary arc
current to improve the system stability
Reduce the loss of system
Damping oscillation to improve the grid
transmission capacity
Transformer Type Controlled Shunt Reactor
•K3
•K2
•K1
K1 、 K2 and K3 can change the reactance connected to the

second winding, which is the step adjustment of CSR
Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor
Bypass breaker 7:
close when fault
happens, short the
reactor control
winding and limit
the over voltage 。
Change the DC current following through control winding to
change the iron saturation degree, and thus the iron equivalent
permeability, which is the continous adjustment of CSR

Controlled Shunt Reactor Technology
CEPRI
CEPRIleads
leadsthe
thedevelopment
developmentofoftransformer
transformertype
typecontrolled
controlled
shunt
shuntreactor
reactorof
ofthe
the500kV
500kVconverter
converterstation
stationin
inXindu.
Xindu.
Main Parameters ：
 Rated Voltage ： 550kV
 Rated Capacity ： 150Mvar
 Capacity range ： 25 ％、
50 ％、 75 ％、 100 ％
Xindu transformer type controlled shunt reactor
Sets of controlled reactor system Main part of CSR
Xindu transformer type controlled shunt reactor
Valve Control and protection system
Xindu CSR specification ：
Rated Voltage 550kV
Rated Power 3×50Mvar
Adjustment
25% 、 50% 、 75% 、 100%
Range
Responding Transient adjustment time less than
Time 30ms
Harmonics Almost zero
Xindu CSR Benefit Analysis ：
parameter
Maximum Voltage The largest reduction in
Enhancement Capacity net loss
year
2006 5.4 kV 2.0 MW
2008 3.8 kV 2.4 MW
CEPRI
CEPRIleads
leadsthe
thedevelopment
developmentofofmagnetically
magneticallycontrolled
controlled
shunt
shuntreactor
reactorof
ofthe
the500kV
500kVconverter
converterstation
stationininJiangling
Jiangling
150Mvar
127.3km
JingZhou
Three
Gorge QF1 127.1km QF2
Controlled reactor
100Mvar
Main Parameters ：
 Rated Voltage ： 550kV  Short-circuit impedance ： 63 ％
 Rated Capacity ： 100Mvar  Excitation system capacity ： 1MVA
Jiangling magnetically controlled shunt reactor
Sets of controlled reactor system Main part of CSR
Jiangling magnetically controlled shunt reactor
Control and protection system Excitation System
Jiangling CSR specification ：
Rated Voltage 550kV
Rated Power 100Mvar
Excitation System
1MVA
Power
Jiangling CSR Benefit Analysis ：
parameter
Maximum Voltage The largest reduction
Enhancement Capacity in net loss
year
2007 2.3 kV 7.2 MW
2008 1.2 kV 2.9 MW
Short Current
Test
The De-icing Technolgy
De-icer
1 Challenge of Electrical Transmission
System - Icing Disaster
 Icing disaster always leads to
 line trip
 load shedding
 tower collapse
 insulator flashover
 communication interruption.
 Many countries have suffered from the icing disasters:
Canada, China, Russia USA, etc.
Icing Disaster in China 2008
Overwhelmed Transmission Lines Iron Tower Collapse
Stopped Electric Railway Large Area Black-out

Clear the Coated Ice on Towers and Lines
Manual De-icing
Fixed DC De-icer & SVC Installation
-Developed by CEPRI Independently
- Operating in Hu-nan Power Supply Co.
-Two Operational Modes
 SVC Mode
 De-icer Mode
Fixed DC De-icer & SVC Installation Developed by
CEPRI
Temperature Measuring Full View
Filter Capacitor Smoothing Reactor

Static Synchronous Compensator
STATCOM
STATCOM-Basic Configuration
STATCOM
STATCOMisisaaregulating
regulatingdevice
deviceused
usedon
onAC
ACtransmission
transmission
networks.
networks.ItItisisbased
basedon
onaapower
power electronics
electronicsvoltage-source
voltage-source
converter.
converter.
STATCOM-Basic Operation Principal
STATCOM
STATCOMcan canacts
actsas
aseither
eitheraasource
sourceororsink
sinkof
ofreactive
reactivepower.
power.
IfIfconnected
connectedto
toaasource
sourceititcan
canalso
alsoprovide
provideactive
activepower.
power.
STATCOM-Basic Operation Principal
AC Lines Vg
.
P, Q Capacitive Vs X I Vg Vs
I
Vs  Vg .
.
I Vg
.
jX I
X Vs X Vg
Inductive I .
.
Vs .
I jX I
Vs Vs  Vg
.
Vg
VSC
VsVg Vg  Vs cos   Vg 
P sin  Q
X X
I dc
 is the degree that Vs leading Vg
Vdc Through
Throughcontrolling
controllingthe
themagnitude
magnitudeandanddegree
degreeof
ofVs,
Vs,
STATCOM
STATCOMcancanadjust
adjustits
itsreactive
reactiveoutput
output
dynamically.
dynamically.
STATCOM-Principal Operation Modes
STATCOM-Principal Configuration
Two-level VSC Three-level VSC Cascade Multilevel VSC
Multi-stage Transformer Structure

Cascade Multilevel Structure

STATCOM-Relocatable Tpye Configuration
STATCOM-Relocatable Tpye
Modular Design Relocatable Container


18 (Da Chaobo) FACTS Application in China

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FACTS Application in China

Opportunities for FACTS

Power Flow in Parallel Paths Control of X,

Angular Stability Limits Breaking Damping Power Swings

Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers

with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint)

1 2 3 crit Phase Angle 2 - fault cleared

Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

ia Ta1 D a1 Tb1 Db1 Tc1 D c1 Vdc

2, 3, 5-level, VSC Waveforms

Installed Costs (millions of dollars)

HVDC Projects: Applications

• The existing steady-state phase angle between bus nodes is reasonable

Regulating Bus Voltage

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X

Line Impedance Compensation P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ()) / Xeff

static synchronous series compensator-SSSC

Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting

Shunt Inverter Series Inverter

Unified Power Flow Controller

Regulating Bus Voltage Plus Energy Storage

Voltage Injection in Series Plus Energy Storage

Plus Energy Storage

Regulating Bus Voltage + Injected Voltage +

interline power flow controller

P12 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 2)) / X

Series Transformer, Line 2

Series Inverter #1 Series Inverter #2

Interline Power Flow Controller

 The first generation of FACTS controller is based on Half controlled

STATCOM is the representative of the second generation

GTO series technology became mature. It means STATCOM controller

Series compensation consists of capacitors which are placed in series

8 sets, the largest capacity, April 2008

Three types of capacitors:

Quickly triggered. withstand fault current and capacitor discharge current.

 Good expansibility and compatibility ；

GAP  Delay-trigger protection

Capacitor  Unbalance protection  Overload protection

 Insufficiency protection of valve  trigger failure protection

System Voltage 220kV

Rated Current (RMS) 1100 A

Reactive Power Capacity (Three-phase) 95.4Mvar (FSC)

Capacitor Protective Scheme MOV, GAP& Thyristor Protection

MOV Energy Consumption 30 MJ

Line Compensation Degree 50% (FSC)+75% (TCSC)

Protection Level 2.3 p.u (FSC)

Delivery Date 2004.12

System Voltage 500~550kV

Vietnam National Power Company (EVN) 220kV substation

System Voltage 220kV

Rated Current (RMS) 900 A

Reactive Power Capacity (Three-phase) 291.6Mvar

MOV Energy Consumption 21MJ

Line Compensation Degree 97.2%

Protection Level 2.3 p.u (FSC)

Delivery Date 2007.5

System Voltage 500kV

Weak system Stability problem

Development Laod flow problem

Strong system High fault current

Solution: Fault Current Limiter