MUATALA SECONDARY SCHOOL

WORK’s ENGLISH

THEME:

BIOGRAPHY AND WORK OF SAMORA MOISÉS MACHEL

NAMPULA, FEBRUARY

2024 1
 Name: Dorica Antonio

12ª Classe

Turma: B2

Theme:

Biography and work of Samora Moisés Machel

Evaluative work in the English subject with

the theme: Samora Moisés Machel , to be
delivered at Muatala Secondary School ,
prepared by the Teacher:
_______________________

Muatala Secondary School

Nampula, February

2024

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Index
Introduction ......................................................................................................................4

Samora Moisés Machel ....................................................................................................5

During Childhood .............................................................................................................5

About studies by Samora Moisés Machel ........................................................................5

How did he become trusted? ............................................................................................6

The year Samora was elected President ...........................................................................8

The death of Samora Moisés Machel ...............................................................................8

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................11

Bibliographic Reference .................................................................................................12

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Introduction

The present work falls within the scope of study in the subject of English , to be
presented at the Muatala Secondary School , and has the following theme: the Life and
Work of Samora Moisés Machel. During his childhood, Samora Moisés Machel
experienced forced cotton cultivation, in which monopoly companies forced Africans to
cultivate vast areas of cotton, which was then purchased by the company at starvation
prices.

Therefore, in the case of scientific research work, its objectives are:

General:

 Understanding the story of Samora Moisés Machel.

Specifics:

 Discover the works of Samora Moisés Machel;

 Understand what the death of Samora Moisés Machel was like.

Methodologies

As for methodological issues , the deductive method was used, because this method is
limited to the study of general aspects to understand particular aspects. However, with
regard to the type of research, bibliographical research was given priority because our
data collection was based on doctrine and other scientific articles that discuss aspects of
African colonization.

For data analysis and inclusion and exclusion criteria, articles were analyzed according
to title and abstract. The articles were read in full to collect information relevant to the
study theme. The work is structured into Index, Introduction, Literary Review,
Conclusion and Bibliographic References.

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Samora Moisés Machel
SAMORA MOISES MACHEL was born into a peasant family on September 29, 1933
in the village of Xilernbene , next to the fertile lands of the Limpopo valley, in the
province of Gaza. His grandparents and great-grandfathers actively participated in the
patriotic wars of resistance against colonial conquest. His paternal grandfather was one
of the commanders of the great Maguiguana's troops . His maternal grandfathers were
exiled first to Angola and then to S. Tome and Príncipe, where they died.
Thus, from an early age, he was educated in the patriotic traditions of his family.
Colonial-capitalist exploitation quickly helped him become aware of the oppression to
which he was subjected.

During Childhood
During his childhood, Samora Moisés Machel experienced forced cotton cultivation, in
which monopoly companies forced Africans to cultivate vast areas of cotton, which was
then purchased by the company at starvation prices.
Numerous people starved to death as a result of this brutal exploitation. Many peasants
were therefore compelled to abandon their lands and go to work in the gold mines of
South Africa. Samora's older brother Moisés Machel and many of his close relatives
died in the mines. Some returned forever disabled.
At the beginning of the 1950s, the colonial-fascist government expelled Limpopo
peasants from their lands in order to install landless Portuguese peasants. The land
cultivated by Samora Machel's father was confiscated by the colonialists, his house
razed.

About studies by Samora Moisés Machel

Samora entered primary school at the age of nine, when the Portuguese colonial
government handed over “indigenous education” to the Catholic Church. When he
finished primary school, the young man of around 18 wanted to continue studying, but
the priests only allowed him to study theology and Samora decided to try a life in
Lourenço Marques, now Maputo. She worked at Hospital Miguel Bombarda (the city's
main hospital) and, in 1952, began her nursing course. Grandson of a Gungunhana
warrior, Samora Machel was raised as a nationalist and, as a student, he was always a
“rebel”. In 1963 he decided to leave the country due to the political persecution he was
a victim of and joined FRELIMO in Tanzania. He underwent military training in
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Algeria and in 1966 he headed the FRELIMO Defense Department. In 1967, she created
the Feminine Detachment (DF) to involve Mozambican women in the liberation
struggle. In 1969 he joined the triumvirate that led FRELIMO and in 1970 assumed the
Presidency of FRELIMO, organized the guerrillas and, finally, with the independence
of Mozambique in 1975 he assumed the Presidency of the Republic.

At school, students, in addition to paying high fees, were forced to cultivate the
mission's rich fields. However, they only received flour and crushed peanuts cooked in
salted water as food.

The teachers only worried about teaching the catechism. The student's progress was the
sole product of his effort. It was, therefore, through his efforts that Samora Moisés
Machel finished primary education. Secondary education was prohibited to Africans.
The missionaries proposed that the “rebel”, as they called Samora Moisés Machel, go to
the Seminary where he could continue his secondary education.

Samora Moisés Machel refused and decided to go to work. She took a nursing course
and then, at her own expense, financed her secondary studies through night classes. The
late 1950s witnessed a rapid growth of patriotic consciousness on the African continent.
Samora Moisés Machel and his companions closely followed Vietnam's war of
liberation against French colonialism, the war of liberation in Algeria, and Africa's first
independence.

The Congo conflict and the beginning of the armed struggle for the liberation of Angola
in 1961 constitute a powerful catalyst for the Mozambican patriotic movement and fill
Samora Moisés Machel and his companions with enthusiasm.

When under the direction of Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, FRELIMO was formed on
June 25 , 1962, Samora Moisés Machel joined immediately. In 1963, Samora Moisés
Machel was part of the first groups that were trained in Algeria. Samora Moisés Machel
actively participated in the launch of the armed struggle on September 25, 1964,
drawing up the plans, selecting the combatants and organizing their infiltration.

How did he become trusted?

He was then entrusted with the responsibility of training our forces. In 1965 he led the
armed struggle in the eastern sector of Niassa. It then organizes the large Nachingwea

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Political-Military Preparation Center, where the cadres of the Mozambican Revolution,
the active agents of the transformation of society, are prepared politically and militarily.

In 1966, after the murder of Filipe Magaia, the FRELIMO Central Committee appointed
Samora Moisés Machel, Secretary of the Department of Defense. Samora Moisés
Machel thus becomes a member of the FRELIMO Central Committee.

Under his direction, the Popular Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique (FPLM) were
organized and structured and an intense process of political and ideological training of
combatants and the raising of their technical and combative capacity was launched.

Led by Samora Moisés Machel, the FPLM develops the level of armed liberation
struggle and begins the process of transformation of semi-liberated areas. Samora
Moisés Machel gives concrete guidance to this process. Supporting the fighters, it
systematically replaces feudalizing power structures with popular committees that
organize and direct the lives of the masses. The cooperatives campaign begins with the
aim of laying the foundations for collective production and collective trade. The
appearance of the liberated zones thus implies a change in the content of the struggle;
the liberated zone becomes a zone in which the level of organization of political,
economic life and social relations of production breaks with the system of exploitation
of Man by Man.

Under the direction of Samora Machel, the transformation of the National Liberation
Struggle into a Democratic and Popular Revolution was consecrated. The FPLM
fighters led by Comrade Samora Moisés Machel developed the People's War of
Liberation and struck powerful blows against the colonial-imperialist aggressors, which
led in 1974 to the final collapse of the Portuguese regime and its war machine.

The VII Session of the FRELIMO Central Committee in June 1975 appointed Samora
Moisés Machel President of the People's Republic of Mozambique.

Under his leadership, the total and complete independence of Mozambique was
proclaimed on June 25, 1975, and the State of the worker-peasant alliance was
established. The Earth is nationalized, Education, Health and Justice are nationalized.
Income buildings are nationalized. The revolutionary conquests of the Liberated Zones
are extended to the entire country, and expanded.

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The year Samora was elected as President
From the 3rd to the 7th of February 1977, the III Congress of FRELIMO took place in
which, under the direction of Samora Moisés Machel, the FRELIMO Party was created
and he was elected President.

In addition to establishing himself as an eminent combatant, military leader and leader

of the patriotic and class combat, Samora Moisés Machel revealed himself to be an
outstanding Marxist theoretician. There are numerous works of his that synthesize the
historical experiences of the struggle of the working class in Mozambique, and that
elevate these experiences to the category of theory of the Mozambican Revolution, a
theory that is integrated into the unique scientific theory of the working class, Marxism
-Leninism, and enriches it .

Samora Moisés Machel also established himself as a fighter for internationalism, a

tireless worker for strengthening relations between the Mozambican Revolution and the
socialist countries, natural allies of the People's Republic of Mozambique, between
FRELIMO
and progressive and democratic forces around the world. .

Samora Moisés Machel acted with perseverance for the consolidation and development
of African unity in the interests of the anti-imperialist struggle on the Continent and the
African Revolution. He actively participated in the creation of the Front Line and in all
the major decisions that advanced the struggle for Liberation in Southern Africa.

He played a fundamental role in the process of Zimbabwe's liberation struggle and

developed intense activity both at the military and diplomatic levels, making the
People's Republic of Mozambique the safe rearguard of the people of Zimbabwe. After
the liberation of Zimbabwe and within the Front Line countries, President Samora
Moisés Machel continued his activity and consequent support for the struggle for the
liberation of Namibia and the eradication of “apartheid” in South Africa

The death of Samora Moisés Machel

Samora Machel was unable, however, to see his goals realized, since, on October 19,
1986, when he was returning from an international meeting in Lusaka , the Tupolev 134
donated by the Soviet Union in which he was traveling, along with many of his

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collaborators crashed in Mbuzini , in the Libombos mountains (South African territory,
close to the border with Mozambique).

The accident was attributed to errors by the Russian pilot, but it was proven that he had
followed a radio beacon, the origin of which was not determined. This fact led to
speculation about possible complicity on the part of the South African government,
which was never proven.

But Samora also resorted to harsh tactics and personal power to carry out Frelimo's
policies. When Frelimo's socialist project lost credibility and the armed forces proved
incapable of containing RENAMO, its administration became increasingly
authoritarian, as demonstrated by the use of force in the expansion of the communal
village system and the urban cleansing of “socially marginalized”. The reintroduction of
corporal punishment, including the application of whipping, remains a relevant stain on
its CV. History will not forget, and should not forget, the murders of Simango,
Nkavandame and Simião. Samora's refusal to definitively remove Guebuza and other
leaders from leadership positions after they committed serious abuses of power also
tarnished his presidency and created problems that persist to this day.

Samora's devaluation of African religious beliefs, considered obscurantist, reveals how

he misunderstood the meaning they had for many Mozambican communities. The
postulate that persuasion and scientific rationalism would easily weaken indigenous and
Christian beliefs was naive, as was the conviction that Frelimo could build a new moral
order.

In the search for economic and social justice, Samora was often shortsighted, convinced
that Mozambique could leapfrog history. Despite the shortage of finance specialists,
agronomists and technical personnel, he believed that a centrally managed economy
could transform Mozambique's already underdeveloped and unbalanced economic
system. As laudable as attempts to restructure the health and education sectors were, a
lack of resources prevented successful implementation.

But Samora was also a realist. When socialist planning failed to meet the needs of the
Mozambican people, instead of admitting defeat, Samora looked for alternatives.
Mozambique's evolution towards a mixed economy, which Samora was able to oversee,

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resulted from these setbacks — as did the readjustment of its relations with the world in
general.

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Conclusion
Samora was a tragically flawed hero who brought independence and hope to millions of
Mozambicans. Through his personal experience and readings of Mao Tse Tung, Frantz
Fanon, Kwame Nkrumah and Amílcar Cabral, he came to believe that colonialism and
capitalism were intrinsically interconnected. In different ways, these authors carried out
a powerful critique of imperialism and the colonial order and provided models for
combating class injustices and the colonization of the mind. Nevertheless, Samora's
socialism was always rooted in Mozambican reality. For him, the revolution in
Mozambique faced specific challenges; simply imitating what had been pursued by
other socialist nations was inadequate.

Samora left an indelible mark on the young nation as a charismatic leader who inspired
loyalty and a spirit of sacrifice. He used the power of the state and the stages where he
imposed his authority to attack illiteracy, disease, the exploitation of women and other
forms of oppression. He introduced anti-corruption policies, reminding Frelimo leaders
and cadres that they would be held accountable if they used their positions to
accumulate wealth or influence. He also defended Frelimo's non-racist ideology and
encouraged residents of Portuguese and Asian origin to become citizens of the new
Mozambique.

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Bibliographic reference
Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, Another Way , 2022
Dos Muchangos , Aniceto. 1999. MOZAMBIQUE: Landscapes and Natural Regions.
Republic of Mozambique: Tipografia Globo, Lda. Front for the Liberation of
Mozambique (FRELIMO). 1976.

Martins, Hélder. 2014. Interview Conducted in the Preparation of a Doctoral Thesis

entitled Leadership and Decision Processes in Mozambique Presented at
Commonwealth Open University . Maputo, Interviewed on January 26 , 2014.

Porto Editora – Samora Machel at Infopédia [online]. Porto: Porto Editora. [ consult .
2024-02-22 12:44:15]. Available at https://www.infopedia.pt/$samora-machel

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