S.Y.

BCOM SEMESTER -IV INDIVIDUAL

ASSIGNMENT
2021-22

TOPIC: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

SUBJECT: FOUNDATION
COURSE

COMPILED BY:

NAME: Nimisha Darak

CLASS: SY-BCOM
DIVISION: C
ROLL NO: HSBC0312
GROUP NO: 11
 CONTENTS

⮚ INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………

⮚ HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE………………………

⮚ TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE………………………….

⮚ CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE………………

⮚ CONCLUSION………………………………………………………...

⮚ WEBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………
 INTRODUCTION

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to natural

intelligence displayed by animals including humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as
the study of "intelligent agents": any system that perceives its environment and takes actions
that maximize its chance of achieving its goals. Some popular accounts use the term
"artificial intelligence" to describe machines that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans
associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving", however, this
definition is rejected by major AI researchers.
AI applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google), recommendation
systems (used by YouTube, Amazon and Netflix), understanding human speech (such
as Siri and Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g., Tesla), automated decision-making and competing
at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go). As machines become
increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the
definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect. For instance, optical character
recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI, having become a routine
technology. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the
years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the
loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"),followed by new approaches, success and
renewed funding. AI research has tried and discarded many different approaches since its
founding, including simulating the brain, modelling human problem solving, formal logic,
large databases of knowledge and imitating animal behaviour. In the first decades of the
21st century, highly mathematical statistical machine learning has dominated the field, and
this technique has proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems
throughout industry and academia.
 HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumours
of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The
seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the
process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work culminated
in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the
abstract essence of mathematical reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired a
handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic
brain.
The field of AI research was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth
College, USA during the summer of 1956. Those who attended would become the leaders of
AI research for decades. Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human
being would exist in no more than a generation, and they were given millions of dollars to
make this vision come true. Eventually, it became obvious that commercial developers and
researchers had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project. In 1973, in response to
the criticism from James Light hill and ongoing pressure from congress, the U.S. and British
Governments stopped funding undirected research into artificial intelligence, and the
difficult years that followed would later be known as an "AI winter". Seven years later, a
visionary initiative by the Japanese Government inspired governments and industry to
provide AI with billions of dollars, but by the late 80s the investors became disillusioned
and withdrew funding again.
Investment and interest in AI boomed in the first decades of the 21st century when machine
learning was successfully applied to many problems in academia and industry due to new
methods, the application of powerful computer hardware, and the collection of immense data
sets.
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI can be categorized into four types, beginning with the task-specific intelligent systems in
wide use today and progressing to sentient systems, which do not yet exist. The categories are
as follows:

● Reactive Machines: These AI systems have no memory and are task specific. An
example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov in the
1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chessboard and make predictions, but
because it has no memory, it cannot use past experiences to inform future ones.

● Theory of
Mind: Theory of
mind is a psychology
term. When applied
to AI, it means that
the system would
have the social
intelligence to
understand emotions.
This type of AI will
be able to infer
human intentions and
predict behaviour, a
necessary skill for AI systems to become integral members of human teams.

● Limited Memory: These AI systems have memory, so they can use past
experiences to inform future decisions. Some of the decision-making functions
in self-driving cars are designed this way.

● Self-Awareness: In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, which gives

them consciousness. Machines with self-awareness understand their own current
state. This type of AI does not yet exist.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

● Deep Learning

Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches computers to do what comes
naturally to humans, to learn by example. Innumerable developers are leveraging the latest
deep learning innovative technologies to take their business to the new high.

● Facial Recognition

Artificial Intelligence has made it possible to recognize individual faces using biometric
mapping. This has lead to pathbreaking advancements in surveillance technologies. It
compares the knowledge with a database of known faces to seek out a match.

● Data Ingestion

With every passing day, the data that we are all producing is growing exponentially, which is
where AI steps in. Instead of manually feeding this data, AI- enabled not just gathers this
data but also analyses it with the help of its previous experiences.

● Cloud Computing

Next Artificial Intelligence characteristics is Cloud Computing. With such a huge amount of data
being churned out every day, data storage in a physical form would have been a major problem.

AI capabilities are working within the business cloud computing environment to make
organizations more efficient, strategic, and insight driven.

However, the advent of Cloud Computing has saved us from such worries
 CONCLUSION

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of Computer
Science that aims to create it.AI textbooks define the field as “The Study and Design of
Intelligent Agents” where an intelligent agent is
a system that perceives it’s
environment and takes actions that
maximize the chances of its
success. John McCarthy, who
coined the term in 1955, defines it
as “The Science and Engineering of
making intelligent Machines”

In its short existence, AI has

increased understanding of the
nature of intelligence and provided
an impressive array of application
in a wide range of areas. It has
sharpened understanding of human
reasoning, and of the nature of intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed the
complexity of modelling human reasoning providing new areas and rich challenges for the
future.
 WEBLIOGRAPHY

⮚ URL: https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence

⮚ URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

⮚ URL: https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence

⮚ URL: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence

⮚ Google Images