THERMODYNAMICS

1. The heat of formation of the starting materials and reaction products for the
reaction of combustion of ethene was given. What is the consequence of the Hess
law used to calculate the thermal effect of the reaction:
*First
Second
None of them
Third
Fifth

2. For the stability of which conditions is Hess's law valid:

*P, V
P, m
P, H
P, T
P, U

3. Which system equilibrium will shift towards a direct reaction with

increasing pressure?
H2[g] + I2[g] →2HI[g]
COCl2[g]→CO [g] + Cl2[g]
*2NO[g] + O2[g] →2NO2
CO2[g] + H2 [g] →CO [g] + H2O [g]
NH4Cl[solid]→HCl[g] + NH3[g]

4. Internal energy:
depends on the state of the system
depends on how the system moves from one state to another
not a function of system state
*is a function of the system state
does not depend on the initial and final state of the system

5. Depending on the nature of the interaction with the environment,

thermodynamic systems are divided into:
*isolated, open, closed
one-, two-, three-component
homogeneous and heterogeneous
equilibrated and nonequillibrated
 exogenous and endogenous

6. Enthalpy:
*depends only on the initial and final parameters
is a measure of the randomness of the system
depends on the process flow
is not a function of system state
determines the possibility of the processes

7. The concept of "entropy" in thermodynamics introduced by:

Arrhenius
Hess
Van't goff
*Clausius
Ostwald

8. The enthalpy factor is positive, and the entropy factor is negative. What
direction and process conditions:
the reaction takes place at high temperature
*the reaction does not proceed at all
the reaction takes place under any conditions
the reaction takes place at a low temperature
the reaction does not proceed at high temperatures

9. The heat effect of the neutralization of acids of different basicity:

*constant
depends on their basicity
determined by oxidative ability
determined by the nature of the acid
determined by the valence of the acid residue

10. Living organisms are:

closed systems
systems separated from the environment
isolated thermodynamic systems
systems that do not exchange matter with the environment
*systems that exchange energy and matter with the environment

2
11. The activity coefficient and the activity can not be determined by the next
method:
*calorimetric
osmometric
ebulioscopic
potentiometric
cryoscopic

12. The first law of thermodynamics allows:

determine the possibility of the process
*evaluate the energy characteristics of the process
determine the direction of the process
calculate the equillibrium state of the system
determine the absolute value of entropy

13. For an isolated system entropy of a reversed process is:

dS> 0
dS = 1
dS< 0
0 <dS< 1
*dS = 0

14. Increasing the pressure for gas reactions:

contributes to the equillibrium shift at high temperatures
does not affect the course of a chemical reaction
contributes to an equilibrium shift towards increasing volume
*contributes to a shift in equilibrium in the direction of decreasing volume
helps to shift the equilibrium in the direction of increasing the volume at high
temperatures

15. The heat effect of the neutralization of acids in row HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 is:
growing
*constant
decreasing
depending on acid reactivity

16. The first law of thermodynamics is:

*a special case of the law of conservation of energy associated with its
transition to heat and work
3
 mass conservation law
a special case of the law of conservation of energy associated with the transition
from one type to another
law of conservation of matter and energy
mass conservation law

17. The homogeneous system consists of:

homogeneous phases
homogeneous components
*components that are in the same phase
homogeneous components in different phases
homogeneous components in homogeneous phases

18. The enthalpy factor is negative, and the entropy factor is positive. What
direction and process conditions:
the reaction takes place at high temperature
the reaction does not proceed at all
the reaction takes place at a low temperature
the reaction does not proceed at low temperature
*the reaction takes place under any conditions

19. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of the medicinal substance is

examined in a bomb calorimeter. What is type of this process?
*isochoric
isobaric
isothermal
equilibrium
cyclical

20. Iodoform during storage spontaneously decomposes to form iodine. Which

thermochemical function serves as a criterion for the direction of this process
with the constancy of V and T?
entropy S
enthalpy H
*Helmholtz energy F
Gibbs energy G
internal energy U

4
 21. Thermal analysis is a type of physical-chemical analysis that studies the
dependence:
boiling points of system components
*crystallization temperatures of binary systems by their composition
crystallization temperature of system components
boiling points of mixtures of systems by their composition
boiling points of azeotropic mixtures

22. Pressure, temperature, concentration play an important role in the

technology of pharmaceutical preparations. Which process increasing the
temperature accelerates?
exothermic;
adiabatic;
isochoric;
Isobaric;
*endothermic.

23. If the stock of internal energy of the system decreases, then:

The amount of heat increases, and the work is done by the system;
*The amount of heat decreases, and the work is done by the system;
The amount of heat does not change, and work is done on the system.
The amount of heat does not change, and the work is done by the system;
The amount of heat increases, and work is done on the system.

24. The state parameter is not:

temperature;
pressure;
concentration;
volume;
*enthalpy;

25. A thermochemical equation is an equation in which:

heat effects and aggregation state of all substances;
heat effects and aggregation state of the starting materials;
heat effects, aggregation state and allotropic modifications of the reaction
participants;
*heat effects;
heat effects and aggregation state of reaction products.

5
26. Homogeneous system is:
oil-water system;
water-sand system;
the system water - sodium chloride - glucose;
tablet compressed powders;
*water system - ethanol.

27. The heat of hydrate formation is the heat that:

it is released or absorbed by attaching to 1 mole of solid anhydrous salt of
crystallization water before the formation of a stable crystalline hydrate;
*released when joining 1 mole of crystallization water to solid anhydrous salt
at the formation of a stable crystalline hydrate;
when attached to 1 g of solid anhydrous salt, 1 mole of crystallization water at
the formation of a stable crystalline hydrate;
it is released when it joins 1 g of solid anhydrous salt to crystallization water at
the formation of a crystalline hydrate;
released on adherence to 1 mole of solid anhydrous salt 1 mole of
crystallization water at the formation of crystalline hydrate.

28. Heat is:

*quantitative measure of the transition of various types of energy;
energy enclosed in the system;
measure of the internal energy of the system;
the sum of different types of energy;
energy of movement of micro particles of the system.

29. What properties of water is cause of cooling the human body and animals?
a special type of chemical bond in the molecule;
water molecules are in associated state;
covalent bond polarities in the molecule;
*large enthalpy of evaporation;
high heat capacity.

30. What is equilibrium process?

*flows both in the forward and in the opposite direction;
does not require for the implementation of the energy from the outside;
flows infinitely slowly through a series of states, infinitely close to equilibrium;
any thermodynamic process that has reached equilibrium;
requires for the implementation of energy from the outside;
6
31. The second law of thermodynamics:
deduced on the basis of the laws of quantum chemistry;
is statistical in nature;
has restrictions on the scope;
*it was postulated;
absolute in use.

32. Synthesis of medicinal substance happens in the isolated system. What is

criterion of the direction of spontaneous process?
*entropy
Gibbs energy
Helmholtz energy
internal energy
enthalpy

33. What changes of concentration of the reacting substances it is possible to

displace balance of reaction СО2 (gas) + С (solid) = 2СО (gas) to the right:
*Increase concentration СО2 (gas)
Increase concentration С (solid)
Arrhenius equation;
Reduce concentration СО2 (gas)
Reduce concentration С (solid)

34. Comparing the values of the standard Gibbs energy, determine which
gaseous compound is thermodynamically most stable under standard conditions:
Br2(+3,14 kJ / mol)
C2H6(-32,89 kJ / mol)
HI (+1,30 kJ / mol)
H2Se (+71,0 kJ / mol)
*HBr (-53,22 Kj/mole)

35. The principle of Le Chattelier makes it possible to control the course of a

chemical reaction both in the laboratory and in industry. Specify which of the
following processes should be carried out at elevated pressure?
H2(gas) + Cl2(gas) = 2HCl(gas)
*3H2(gas) + N2(gas) = 2NH3(gas)
Fe + H2O(vapor) = FeO + H2(gas)
N2(gas) + O2(gas) = NO2(gas)
7
 CO(gas) + Cl2(gas) = COCl2(gas)

36. Thermodynamic calculations allow us to predict the heat effects of various

reactions that underlie the synthesis of drugs. Specify which equation should be
used to calculate the thermal effect of the reaction at elevated temperatures:
Isochoric equation
*Kirchhoff Equation
Isotherm equation
Boltzmann equation
Isobar equation

37. The thermodynamic theory of phase equilibria allows you to optimize the
processes of drugs production. The general thermodynamic equation applied to all
phase transformations of pure substances is the equation:
Gibbs – Helmholtz
Mendeleev – Clapeyron
*Clapeyron – Clausius
Debye – Hückel
Shilova – Lepigne

38. The second law of thermodynamics underlies the phenomena important for
the life of a living organism. Entropy change is a criterion for the direction of the
process that takes place in:
Open system
*Isolated system
Closed system
Homogeneous system
Heterogeneous system

39. All parts of a heterogeneous thermodynamic system are distinguished:

Do not differ in physical and chemical properties
Only on physical properties
Chemical properties only
*On physical and chemical properties

40. What thermodynamic quantity is it impossible to measure its absolute value?

heat effect
*internal energy
work
8
 heat capacity
heat

41. Which of the following quantity is a state function, that is, its change does
not depend on the process path?
*enthalpy
heat
work
pressure
volume

42. Internal energy of the system :

depends on the state of the system;
depends on how the system moves from one state to another;
not a function of the system;
*is a state function of the system;

43. There are several classifications of thermodynamic systems. Depending on

the nature of interaction with the environment, thermodynamic systems are divided
into :
One-, two- three-component;
Homogeneous and heterogeneous;
*Open, closed, isolated;
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium;
Exogenous and endogenous.

44. The thermal effect of a chemical reaction does not depend on the path of the
reactions, that is, on the intermediate stages, but is determined only by the initial
and final state of the system. What law of thermodynamics proves it?
Rebinder;
Smoluhovsky;
Hess-Helmholtz;
Konovalov;
*Hess;

45. The calculation of the heat effects of chemical reactions in pharmaceutical

production is based on Hess's law, which states that the heat effect of the reaction
is determined by :
The duration of the process;
9
 The way the reaction proceeds;
By reaction course;
*Initial and final condition of a system;
Quantity of intermediate stages.

46. The standard conditions are:

*101.3 kPa, 298 K
101.3 kPa, 273 K
100 kPa, 298 K
100 kPa, 273 K
105.3 kPa, 298 K

47. Thermodynamics is based on:

*three basic laws;
five basic laws;
two basic laws;
various laws and equations of physics
four basic laws;

48. When the isolated system spontaneously approaches the equilibrium state,
the value of its entropy:
Reaches the maximum
Increases linearly
*Points to zero
Straight to infinity
It reaches a minimum

49. In pharmaceutical production, the processes of drug synthesis take place

under different conditions. In which process does entropy not change?
*adiabatic
isothermal
Isochoric
isobaric
polytropic

50. Under what condition is the isobaric thermal effect of the reaction equal to
the isochoric thermal effect:
*Δn = 0
T1 = T2
10
 Δn=1
P1 = P2
Δ n = -1

51. 2019 In the pharmaceutical company, ithout setting up an experiment, the

researcher calculated the expected termal effects of the chemical reaction. What
properties determine the possibility of such calculation in accordance with the Hess
low?
* Initial and final state of system
Mechanism by which the chemical change occurs
Process duration
Number of intermediate stages
Route by which the chemical change occurs

52. 2020To calculate the thermal effects of drug synthesis reactions at elevated
temperatures use:
* Kirchhoff's equation
Boltzmann equation
Isobar equation
Isochore equation
Isothermal equation

2021
53. Entropy as one of the main thermodynamic functions is a measure of:
Enthalpies
Energy that can be used to do the job
Internal energy system
Full energy system
* Scattered energy

54. 2023 Helmholtz energy is the irection criterion of an arbitrary process at a

constant:
Entropy and volume
*Temperature and volume
Temperature and pressure
Internal energy and volume
Entropy and pressure

11
SOLUTIONS. PHASE EQUILIBRIA
1. Abnormal properties of water are caused:
natural change of density with temperature change
ability to dissolve inorganic substances
chemical composition of molecules
ability to form hydrophobic complexes with some organic compounds
*structure of molecules and structure of substance

2. What is diffusion?
unilateral process in solution due to the thermal motion of solute and
solvent particles
*two-sided process in solution, due to the thermal motion of the particles of
the solute and solvent
two-sided process in solution due to the thermal motion of solute particles
two-sided process in solution due to the thermal motion of solvent particles
unilateral process in solution due to the thermal motion of solute particles

3. The solubility of gases in liquids increases:

with decreasing temperature and decreasing pressure
*with increasing temperature and increasing pressure
with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure
with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure
when the temperature rises

4. What expression concentration in the equation of the law of Raul has :

Mass
Molecular
*Mole fraction
Molar
Normal

5. How water molecules interact with each other :

*dipole-dipole interaction
Vander Waals interaction forces
ionic interaction
ion-dipole interaction
molecular interaction
12
6. Hypertonic solution it is:
a solution whose osmotic pressure is 1
a solution that has the same osmotic pressure compared to the standard
*a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure compared to the standard
a solution that has a lower osmotic pressure compared to the standard
solution whose osmotic pressure does not change

7. How does the presence of electrolyte affect the solubility of gases in liquids:
the gas in the presence of electrolyte does not dissolve
does not affect
*increases solubility
solubility depends on the degree of electrolyte dissociation
reduces solubility

8. The maximum point on the melting diagram, when substances form a stable
compound, is called :
eutectic
equilibrium
maximum
*singular
critical

9. The calculation of the phase transformation temperature at the different

pressures is practical importance for modern pharmaceutical production and
is carried out in accordance with:
Trouton's rule
*Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Gibbs' Phase Rule
Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation
Konovalov laws

10. The water at the triple point on the condition diagram is the system:
Monovariate
Bivariate
Trivariant
*Invariant
Four-variant

13
11. Isotonicity is a requirement for injection solutions and eye drops. The
solution which substance has the highest osmotic pressure at the same molar
concentration and temperature.
*Al2(SO4)3
Cu(NO3)2
CuSO4
C6H12O6
C12H22O12

12. Thermal analysis is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and analysis.

Specify the number of points on the meltability diagram (isomorphic
substances) NaBr-KBr, in which the system is invariant.
*2
3
4

13. For several 1% water solutions of non-volatile substances was determined

experimentally a decrease in the crystallization temperature. The solution of
which substance crystallizes at a lower temperature if the molar mass of the
substances is as follows:
342
180
*60
142
166

14. Electrolyte solutions are medicines. What is the maximum of the isotonic
coefficient for MgSO4 solution?
4
3
*2
5
7

15. Cryoscopic constants of benzene, acetic acid, water, phenol, camphor are
respectively 5.12; 3.9; 1.86; 7.39; 40.00. Which of the solvents should be
chosen to determine the molar mass by the cryoscopic method?
acetic acid
*camphor
14
 water
phenol
benzene

16. Thermal analysis is widely used in pharmacy. Specify the number of points
on the meltability diagram of salol-camphor, the components of which form
a simple eutectic, in which the system is invariant.
0
1
2
*3
4

17. Thermal analysis is widely used in the pharmacy. Specify the number of
points on the melting diagram of phenol-n-toluidine, the components of
which form one chemical compound in which the number of degrees of
freedom is zero.
3
2
1
*5

18. A liquidus line is defined:

*dependence of melt composition on temperature;
the composition of the liquid phase at a given temperature;
the composition of the equilibrium liquid phases;
the composition of the solid phase, which is in equiphase with the melt.

19. What osmotic pressure must have solutions which used in medicine, as
isotonic solutions:
200 - 300 kPa
300 – 400 kPa
500 – 600 kPa
*700 – 800 kPa
900 – 1000 kPa

20. Among the listed aqueous solutions of medicine with the same molarity, the
maximum boiling point corresponds to the solution:
promedol
15
 nicotinamide
resorcinol
iodine
*sodium sulfate

21. In the pharmaceutical industry for the extraction of essential oils from
vegetable raw materials, you can use the method:
rectification
*extraction
cryoscopy
condensation
polarimetry

22. What should be the vapor pressure of the liquid at boiling?

maximum
equal to the pressure of saturated steam at 273 K
Minimum
*equal to atmospheric
equal to the pressure of saturated steam at room temperature.

23. The colligative properties of solutions were not applied to ...

Osmotic pressure
*Degree of dissociation
Vapor Pressure Lowering above the solution
Freezing Temperature Lowering of the solution
Increasing Boiling-point of the solution

24. The line on the state diagram above which a solid phase cannot exist is
called ...
eutectic
*solidus
median
liquidus
conode

25. Aqueous solutions of sucrose, fructose, KCl, Na2SO4, AlCl3 of the same
molality were prepared. Which of the following solutions will have the
highest boiling point?
Sucrose solution
16
 KCl solution
Fructose solution
*AlCl3 solution
Na2SO4 solution

26. When calculating the amounts of auxiliary substances which necessary for
isotoning liquid dosage forms, it is used the values of isotonic coefficients
of Van't Hoff (i). Specify what the Van't Hoff coefficient for zinc sulfate
will be equal to, knowing that this substance is completely dissolved in an
aqueous solution:
*і = 1
і=0
і=4
і=3
і=2

27. Extraction is one of the technological stages of medicine production. When

studying the distribution of acetic acid between chloroform and water, it
was found that its molecules form dimers in an organic solvent. Specify the
equation that should be used to calculate the distribution coefficient in this
case:
*K = c2/c1
lgK = lgc2 – lgc1
K = c2/cm1
K = c1/c2

28. How many phases does the system used in the technology of
pharmaceutical production, as a baking powder?
NH4HCO3(s)>NH3(g)+CO2(g)+H2O(l):
4
5
2
*3

29. Most of the technological processes in pharmacy happen in multiphase

systems. What is the number of phases contained in the eutectic of a two-
component system?
2
*3
17
 5
4

30. Extraction is widely used in pharmacy for the separation of mixtures. This
process is based on:
Hess Law
Dalton's second law
*Nernst Distribution Law
The third law of thermodynamics
Konovalov's first law

31. The degree of release of the drug in the extraction process depends on the
magnitude of the distribution coefficient. If the substance is distributed,
characterized by different degrees of dissociation or association in different
phases, the distribution coefficient is calculated by:
Nernst distribution law
Gibbs phase rule
Van't Hoff's rule
Raoult's first law
*Shilov - Lepine equation

32. The solution of which substance has the highest osmotic pressure at the
same molar concentration and temperature.
Glucose
*Al(NO3)3
MgSO4
NaCl
KJ

33. To maintain a certain pH of the medium, buffer solutions are used. Specify
a mixture of substances that is not a buffer.
*NaOH+NaCl
NH4Cl+NH3*H2O
HCOOH+HCOONa
CH3COOH+ CH3COONa
NaH2PO4+ Na2HPO4

34. A mixture of small crystals of both components, which formed when the
melt is cooled, is called:
18
 Isomorphic
*Eutectic
Emulsion
Suspension
Paste

35. The point on the state diagram of water which determines the equilibrium of
liquid water, water vapor, and ice is called:
Singular
Eutectic
Double
Single
*Triple

36. How is the process of extracting one or more substances from complex
systems with a selective solvent called?
Evaporation
Crystallization
Dispersing
Condensation
*Extraction

37. Solutions are great importance in the organism life. Ideal solutions submit
the law:
Nernst
*Raul
Arrhenius
Charle
Boyle–Mariotte

38. Above the liquids line the system is:

In the liquid state with eutectic crystals
*In the liquid state without crystal components
In the liquid state with crystals of all components
In the liquid state with crystals of two components
In the liquid state with crystals of one component

39. The magnitude of the saturated vapor pressure of ideal solutions which
formed by volatile components in a solution of a specific composition have:
19
 maximum value
minimum value
the vapor pressure of one of pure components.
*the intermediate value between the values of the vapor pressures of pure
components.
the sum of the pressures of saturated steam of pure components.

40. The best example of an ideal solution which obeys the Raoul’s law is:
*Extremely diluted solution
Acetone solution in chloroform
Benzene-ethanol
Benzene-water
Chloroform-cyclohexane

41. Specify which of the above reactions should be carried out at elevated
pressure to increase the yield of the product, according to Le Chatelier's
principle:
Fe(l) + H2O(g) → FeO(s) + H2(g)
N2O4(g) → 2NO2(g)
СО(g) + Н2О(g) → СО2(g)+ Н2(g)
H2(g + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
*3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)

42. The solution of the substance in the original solvent, remaining after
removal, where its concentration is less compared with the extract, is called:
eluent
extractant
dialysate
*raffinate
sol

43. What solutions can be used as infusion?

hypertonic
hypotonic
hypotonic
*isotonic
ideal

44. What equation is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions?

20
 Gibbs
Nernst
*Henderson-Hasselbach
Arrhenius
Van't goff

45. What can lead to a change in the equilibrium constant of a chemical

reaction?
catalyst input;
change in the concentration of the reacting substances;
change in pressure of gaseous reactants;
*temperature change.

46. Most of the technological processes in pharmacy occur in multiphase

systems. What phases are in equilibrium at a eutectic point of a two-
component system with a simple eutectic?
2 liquid and 1 solid
*1 liquid and 2 solid
3 solid
2 solid
1 liquid and 1 solid

47. At the same temperature, 5 aqueous solutions with a molar concentration of

0.05 mol / kg are given. Which of these solutions are isotonic with respect
to each other?
*NаСl и МgSO4
С6Н12О6 и NаСl
AlCl3 и СаСl2
СН3ОН и NаСl
AlCl3 и СаСl2

48. In the equation of Raoult's law concentration has the expression:

Mass fraction;
Molecular fraction;
Molar fraction;
*Mole fraction;
Normal share.

21
49. The molar concentration of the solutions is 0.1M. Which of the solutions is
characterized by the highest osmotic pressure?
Potassium chloride;
Ethanol;
Lithium chloride;
Phenol;
*Calcium chloride.

50. Aqueous solutions were prepared in the physical-chemical laboratory.

Which of the listed solutions have the highest osmotic pressure at 298K?
Sodium benzoate;
Glucose;
*Aluminum sulfate;
Urea;
Sodium sulfate.

51. Phase equilibria are used in pharmaceutical analysis. What is the name of
the line on the state diagram below which the liquid phase cannot exist?
Liquidus;
Nods;
Eutectic;
*Solidus;
Konods.

52. What rule is used to characterize heterogeneous systems in which phase

equilibrium is established?
Peters;
Staudinger;
Van't goff
*Gibbs phase rule;
Nernst.

53. Which solution of substances is characterized by the minimum

crystallization temperature, at the same molar concentration?
Na2SO4;
CH3OH;
*C6H5COONa;
NaCl;
CH3Cl.
22
 54. In laboratory and plant practice, essential oils, alkaloids and other medicinal
substances are isolated and purified using selective solvents. This process is
called:
Sedimentation;
Coagulation;
Flotation;
*Extraction;
Flocculation.

55. Most of the technological processes in pharmacy occur in multiphase

systems. What phases are in equilibrium at a eutectic point of a two-
component system with a simple eutectic?
2 liquid and 1 solid
*1 liquid and 2 solid
3 solid
2 solid
1 liquid and 1 solid

56. Among the reactions carried out, choose the one whose equilibrium state is
not affected by a change in pressure:
*A reaction that occurs with an increase in the volume of gases
A reaction in which the amount of gases does not change
A reaction that occurs with a decrease in the volume of gases
A reaction that occurs with an increase in the amount of gases
A reaction that occurs with a decrease in the amount of gases

57. Name the system that is an example of unlimited solubility of liquids:

*Water-ethanol
Toluene - NaCl
Water is mercury
Water is benzene
Phenol is water

58. The value of the saturated vapor pressure of ideal solutions formed by
volatile components in a solution of a certain composition:
*Has an intermediate value between the values of the vapor pressures of the
pure components
Has the maximum value
23
 Has a minimal value
It has the value of the vapor pressure of one of the pure components
It is equal to the sum of the saturated vapor pressures of the pure
components

59. There are three eutectic points on the melting diagram of the urea - salicylic
acid system. How many chemical compounds are formed when these
substances interact?
*2;
1;
3;
4;
5.

60. The relative decrease in the pressure of the saturated vapor of the solvent
(water) will be the greatest over the NaCl solution:
*hypertensive, C (NaCl) = 20%;
hypertensive, C (NaCl) = 10%;
isotonic, C (NaCl) = 0.9%;
hypotonic, C (NaCl) = 0.1%;
hypotonic, C (NaCl) = 0.09%.

61. The cryoscopic constant is equal to the decrease in the freezing temperature
of a solution containing 1 mole of a substance in:
*1000 g of solvent;
1 liter of solvent;
100 g of solution;
1 liter of solution;
1000 g of solution.

62. At the eutectic point of a two-component system with a simple eutectic, the
phases are in equilibrium:
*2 solid and melt eutectic composition;
2 liquid and 1 solid;
3 solid;
1 solid, 1 liquid and 1 gaseous;
1 liquid and 1 solid.

24
63. What is the number of degrees of freedom at the point of intersection of the
liquidus line with the ordinate axis on the melting diagram of a two-
component system with a simple eutectic:
*0;
2;
3;
4;
1.

64. The pressure of the saturated vapor of the solvent above the solution, which
includes a non-volatile substance, is directly proportional to the concentration
of the solvent, which is expressed as:
*Molar fraction;
Molality;
Molarity;
By mass fraction;
The molar mass of the equivalent.

65. Cryoscopic and ebulioscopic steels depend on:

*Nature of the solvent;
Concentrations of the solution;
Temperatures;
The nature of the dissolved substance;
Presence of catalyst.

66. Iodine used for medical purposes is purified by sublimation. At the same
time, the following process occurs: I2 (sol) → I2 (liq). Specify the number of
phases, the number of components and the number of degrees of freedom
formed by the equilibrium systems, if n = 2 (the number of external
parameters):
*F = 2; K = 1; C = 1;
F = 3; K = 1; C = 0;
F = 1; K = 1; C = 2;
F = 2; K = 2, C = 2;
F = 3; K = 2, C = 1.

67. To characterize which solutions is the isotonic coefficient used?

*electrolytes;
non-electrolytes;
25
 high molecular weight substances
colloidal surfactants;
solutions of high molecular weight compounds

68. For intravenous injections, a hydrogen solution of CaCl2 with a mass fraction
of 10% is used. What is the maximum value of the isotonic coefficient of
CaCl2 in a hydrogen solution?
1
5
4
*3
2

69. To determine the molecular weight of new medicinal substances, as well as

to estimate the isotonic concentration, the following method can be used:
*cryoscopy;
pH-metry;
polarography;
calorimetry;
potentiometry.

70. Are 1% solutions of glucose and potassium iodide isotonic at the same
temperature?
*No;
so;
yes, at 310 K;
yes, at 298 K;
yes, at 273 K.

71. Isotonicity is one of the requirements for injection solutions. What happens
to erythrocytes immersed in a hypotonic solution?
*swell and burst;
shrink;
change color;
acquire a charge;
there are no changes.

72. Does the number of degrees of freedom of an equilibrium heterogeneous

system depend on the number of system components?
26
 *depends on condensed systems;
independent;
depends in liquid two-component systems;
depends on biochemical systems.

73. On the melting diagram of a two-component system with a simple eutectic

above the liquidus line:
*Both components are in a liquid state;
Both components are in the solid state;
Both components are in a gaseous state;
Each component is partly in different aggregate states;
One of the components is in a liquid state, the other is in a solid state.

74. At the triple point on the water status diagram:

*C = 0;
C = 2;
F = 3; C = 1;
C = 1;
F = 3; C = 2.

75. Which process does not belong to phase transformations?

*polymerization
melting
evaporation
Sublimation.
Crystallization.

76. To clean purulent wounds in surgery, a 5% NaCl solution is used externally,

it is called:
*hypertensive
isotonic
physiological
unsaturated
hypotonic

77. The cryoscopic constant is calculated for individual solvents as a decrease in

the freezing point:
A solution with a mole fraction equal to 1
*One-molar solution
27
 one-normal solution
one percent solution
of a unimolar solution

78. To determine the quantitative composition of the solution according to

Raoult's law, the phenomenon of a decrease in the pressure of saturated vapor
above the solution was used. What concentration was determined?
molar concentration
*molar fraction
molal concentration
caption
Percentage concentration

79. Colligative properties are defined:

Temperature
The nature of the solvent
*The number of particles in the solution
The nature of the dissolved substance
Diffusion coefficient

80. What type of systems does physiological solution belong to:

*homogeneous, single-phase, two-component;
heterogeneous, two-component, three-phase;
homogeneous, single-phase, three-component;
homogeneous, single-phase, single-component;
heterogeneous, two-phase, three-component.

81. To what type can this system be classified if limestone is heated in a test
tube:
*Heterogeneous, two-phase;
homogeneous, two-phase;
homogeneous, single-phase;
heterogeneous, three-phase;
heterogeneous, four-phase

82. Isotonicity is a mandatory requirement for infusion solutions and eye drops.
Are 1% solutions of glucose and potassium iodide isotonic at the same
temperature?
*No;
28
 yes, at 310 K;
yes, at 298 K;
yes, at 273 K.

83. Thermal analysis is widely used in pharmacy. Indicate the number of points
on the melting diagram of salol-camphor, the components of which form a
simple eutectic, at which the system is invariant.
*3
2
4

84. When some solution was administered intravenously, the phenomenon of

erythrocyte shrinkage (plasmolysis) occurred. What solution was
administered?
*hypertensive
hypotonic
isotonic
physiological
colloidal

85. Dibazol is characterized by antispasmodic and hypotensive effects. To

calculate the volume of chloroform required for the extraction of dibazole
from an aqueous solution, it is necessary to know:
*distribution coefficient
boiling point of chloroform
diffusion coefficient
melting point of dibazole
ebulioscopic table of water

86. Physiological solution of NaCl can be attributed to which type of systems:

*homogeneous, two-component
heterogeneous, two-component, three-phase
homogeneous, three-component
homogeneous, one-component
heterogeneous, two-phase, three-component

87. Homogeneous is:

*water-ethanol system.
oil-water system;
29
 water-sand system;
system water - sodium chloride - glucose;
powders pressed into tablets

88. Specify the coordinates of the graph of cooling curves during thermal
analysis:
*temperature - time;
temperature - composition;
temperature - volume;
pressure - composition;
pressure - volume.

89. Isotonicity is a mandatory requirement for infusion solutions. Specify a value

that is not possible for the isotonic coefficient.
*1
2
3
4
5

90. What is the number of components at the point of intersection of the liquidus
line with the ordinate axis on the melting point diagram?
*1
3
2
0

91. A condensed system is a system in which:

*there is no gaseous phase
no solid phase
there is no liquid phase
components are in a liquid state
there are more than two components

92. Solutions used for injections should be isotonic. Isotonic solutions are those
in which:
*same osmotic pressure
the same oncotic pressure
the same pH of the solutions
30
 the same polarity of molecules of dissolved substances
the same mass fraction of dissolved substances

93. One of the modern methods of blood purification from toxins is

hemosorption. What physical phenomena underlie this method?
Coagulation
*Osmosis
Adsorption
Adhesion
Conductivity

94. Most technological processes in pharmacy take place in heterogeneous

systems. What is the number of phases contained in the mixture of eutectic
composition at the eutectic temperature of the two-component system?
*3
2
5
4
1

95. For intravenous injections, an aqueous CaCl2 solution with a mass fraction of
10% is used. What is the maximum value of the isotonic coefficient of CaCl2
in an aqueous solution?
*3
4
2
5
1

96. What solutions can be used as infusions?

*isotonic
hypertensive
hypotonic
colloidal
perfect

97. Definition of Tboil. of water-alcohol mixtures is a pharmacopoeial method of

quantitative determination of alcohol. What method allows you to determine
the temperature change?
31
 *Ebulioscopy
Cryoscopy
Enteroscopy
Osmometry
Conductometry

98. In the pharmaceutical industry, you can use:

*steam distillation;
fractional distillation;
rectification;
sequential rectification;
thermal analysis.

99. Raoult's law obeys only:

real solutions
colloidal solutions
homogeneous solutions
*ideal solutions
heterogeneous solutions

100. The value of isotonic concentration for glucose solution (%) is equal
to:
*5
1
0,5
0,9
10

2020
101. During which phase transformations is there an increase in
entropy?
Crystallization and condensation
Sublimation and crystallization
Melting and crystallization
Boiling and condensation
*Melting and evaporation

32
 2020
102. Pharmacopoeial ebulioscopic method of quantitative determination
of alcohol in the composition of water-alcohol mixture is based on
experimental determination
Osmotic pressure
*Boiling point
Dissolution temperatures
Resistance
Crystallization temperatures

2020
103. The calculation of the temperature of phase transformations at
different pressures is of great practical importance for modern
pharmaceutical production and is carried out in accordance with:
*Clapeyron-Clausius equation
Truton's rules
Gibbs phase rules
Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation
Konovalov's laws.

104. 2023 Physiological solution of 0.9% NaCl in relation to blood serum is:
*Isotonic
-
Hypertensive
Isotonic
Hypotonic

33
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. For all solutions with a concentration of 0.1 mol / l, the minimum value of
ionic strength corresponds to the solution of:
CaCl2
[NH4]2S
[CH3COO]2Pb
AlCl3
* KCl

2. The potential of which of the listed redox electrodes depends on the pH of the
medium:
Pt | Ce3 +, Ce4 +
Pt | CO2 +, CO3-
*Pt | Mn2 +, MnO4-
Pt | MnO42-, MnO4-
Pt | Fe2 +, Fe3 +

3. What type of electrodes is a silver chloride electrode?

Electrode of the first kind
Gas electrode
Redox electrode
Ion selective electrode
*Electrode of the second kind

4. What type of titration can be carried out with the help of a galvanic element Ag |
AgCl | HCl | glass membrane || test solution || KCl | AgCl | Ag?
*acid-base
precipitating
complexometric
redox
amperometric

5. One of the modern methods of measuring the pH of biological fluids is the

potentiometric method. Which of the electrodes listed below can be used as a
definition electrode?
Silver chloride
Calomel
34
 *Stibium
Platinum

6. Specify the physical-chemical method of analysis based on the measurement of

the electrical conductivity of the studied solutions resulting from a chemical
reaction:
*Conductometry
Polarography
Amperometry
Coulometry

7. Select a pair of electrodes for potentiometric determination of the pH of the

solution.
Quinhydrone-antimony
Calomel-silver chloride
*Glass-silver chloride
Glass-antimony

8. Electro-chemical methods of analysis are widely used in pharmacy. Of what

type the electrode Cu2 + | Cu is?
Electrode of the second kind
*Electrode of the first kind
Ion-selective electrode
Redox electrode

9. The critical molar electrical conductivity of an ion depends on:

Temperatures
Nature of the Solvent
*All of the listed factors.
Ion's ability to solvation
Absolute ion velocity

10. Which of the following electrolytes has the highest electrical conductivity?
potassium sulfate
potassium hydroxide
potassium chloride
acetic acid
*hydrochloric acid

35
11. In which case equivalent conductivity has the highest value?
Concentration of the solution is maximum;
*This is an extremely dilute solution;
This is the perfect solution;
The speed of the cation is equal to the speed of the anion;
This is an imperfect solution.

12. One of the quantitative characteristics of weak electrolytes is the degree of

electrolytic dissociation, which is determined by:
*The ratio of dissociated molecules to the total number of molecules;
The product of dissociated and undissociated molecules;
The relationship of the non-dissociated to the dissociated molecules;
The ratio of solution concentration to the total number of dissociated
molecules;
The ratio of undissociated molecules to the total number of ions.

13. For the quantitative determination of Iron (II) sulphate by potentiometric

titration method as an indicator electrode, we use:
*Platinum;
Glass;
Silver chloride;
Antimony;
Quinhydrone

14. Potentiometric method of pH determining as the most universal, is listed in the

State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. With which pair of electrodes can pH be
determined?
Glass - hydrogen;
Hydrogen - Quinhydrone;
*Glass- Quinhydrone;
Calomel-silver chloride;

15. What indicator electrode is used for the quantitative determination of

hydrochloric and boric acids in their mixture by the method of potentiometric
titration?
Silver Chloride;
*Glass;
Platinum;
Calomel;
36
 Silver.

16. Potentiometric method for determining pH is used in the study of medicinal

substances. Which of the electrodes can be used as an indicator one (definition
electrode) while measuring the pH of a solution?
Silver Chloride;
*Glass;
Zinc;
Calomel;
Standard hydrogen.

17. How will the potential of the zinc electrode change with a decrease in the
concentration of zinc ions by 100 times?
Decrease by 40 mV
Increase by 120 mV
Decrease by 120 mV
Increase by 30 mV
*Decrease by 60 mV

18. The concentration of sodium bromide is determined by potentiometric titration.

Titrant - standard nitrate solution. Select indicator electrode:
hydrogen
*silver
platinum
silver chloride
chinidhidron

19. The degree of electrolytic dissociation is determined by:

the product of dissociated molecules and undissociated;
the ratio of undissociated molecules to dissociated;
the ratio of the concentration of the solution to the total number of dissociated
molecules;
*the ratio of dissociated molecules to the total number of molecules;
the ratio of undissociated molecules to the total number of ions.

20. In potentiometric acid-base titration, an indicator electrode is used:

silver chloride
*glass
silver
37
 calomel
hydrogen

21. The measure of the active acidity of the medium (pH) is:
*negative decimal logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
natural logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
total acidity of the solution
total and active amount
medium acidity
hydrogen indicator amphoteric electrolyte

21. Equivalent conductivity is most significant if:

solution concentration is maximum
this is the perfect solution
the speed of the cation and anion is equal *
this is an extremely dilute solution
this is not ideal solution

22. Glass electrode with hydrogen function has the scheme:

glass membrane / H+ / HCl / AgCl
HCl / glass membrane / H+ / Ag, AgCl
*Н+ / glass membrane / HCl / AgCl, Ag
Ag / glass membrane / AgCl / KCl / HCl
Н+ / glass membrane / HCl / AgCl / KCl

23. In which of the potential of the following electrodes does not depend on pH?
hydrogen
glass
chinidhidron
*calomel
platinum

24. What does the isotonic coefficient of Vant-Hoff (i) show?

how many times the concentration of ions in solution changes
how many times the concentration of ions decreases due to electrolyte
dissociation
how many times the ion concentration increases due to the dissociation of a
non-electrolyte

38
 *how many times increases the concentration of ions due to electrolyte
dissociation
how many times increases the concentration of ions due to the dissolution of
the electrolyte

25. Diffuse potential occurs at the boundary:

membrane of cells
*two solutions
metal and membrane of cell
two metals
metal and electrolyte solution

26. pH 0.01 n solution of NaOH:

*pH = 14 – (– lg 0,01)
pH = – lg 0,01;
pH = – Kd(lg 0,01)
pH = – lg (Kd • 0,01)
pH = 10 – (– lg 0,01)

27. Electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions with increasing temperature:

does not change
reaches the limit value
*is growing
decreases
reaches the minimum value

28. For the quantitative determination of potassium hydroxide were selected

method of potentiometric titration. The equivalence point is determined by a sharp
change:
resistance
diffuse current
voltage
electromotive force
current strength

29. The hydrogen electrode belongs to the electrodes:

redox
*the first type
Ion-selective
39
 the second type
reference electrodes

30. The glass electrode is widely used to measure pH in biological media. What
type of glass electrode is it?
*Ion-selective
the first type
redox
the second type
gas electrode

31. Which of the following physical-chemical methods is used to determine the pH

of injection solutions?
conductometry
amperometry
polarography
*potentiometry
electrolysis

32. How does the potential of the hydrogen electrode change at 298.15K, if a 1M
solution of HCl, in which the electrode is immersed, is diluted 100 times?
does not change;
*decrease by 0.118V;
decrease by 0.413 V;
increase by 0.206 V;
increase by 0.413 V.

33. Which of the existing methods for determining pH, as the most accurate and
versatile, is included in the State Pharmacopoeia?
polarographic;
conductometric;
coulometric;
gravimetric;
*potentiometric.

34. How does the potential of the hydrogen electrode change at 298.15 K if the 1M
HCl solution is completely neutralized?
decrease by 0.413 V;
does not change;
40
 *increase by 0.413 V;
increase by 0.118 V;
decrease by 0.118 V.

35. What type of electrode is the calomel electrode?

*the second type;
the first type;
gas electrode;
redox;
ion-selective.

36. Which electrodes can be classified as ion selective?

glass;
ion exchange;
with solid ion exchange membranes;
all listed;
based on liquid ion-exchange membrane

37. What methods are based on the functional relationship between the activity of
the component under study and the value of the electrode potential:
conductometry;
*potentiometry;
atomic absorption spectroscopy;
amperometry;
electrophoresis.

38. pH environment instrumental method can be measured using the device:

*ion meter
polarograph;
chromatograph;
conductometer;
polarimeter.

39. The copper plate is lowered into 0.1 M copper sulfate solution. What potential
will arise on the border of 2 phases?
diffusion;
contact;
membrane;
*electrode;
41
 electrokinetic.

40. Calculate the pH of the solution in which [H+] = 10–8 mol/l:

6;
*8;
14;
1;
4.

41. To characterize which solutions are used isotonic coefficient?

non-electrolytes;
high molecular substances
colloidal surfactants;
colloid;
electrolytes.

42. A silver chloride electrode is widely used as a reference electrode in the

potentiometric analysis of drug solutions. Its structure corresponds to the
scheme:
*Ag|AgCl,KCl
Ag|Cl2
(-)Ag0|Ag0(+)
Ag|AgCl|HCl|glass|H+
Ag|KCl

43. The degree influence of alien ions on the potential of the ion-selective
electrode is determined by the value of:
diffusion coefficient
*selectivity coefficient
activity coefficient
conductivity coefficient
osmotic coefficient

44. How does the molar electrical conductivity of a solution of some electrolyte
change when it is diluted?
growing slowly
does not change
*grows fast and peaks
dropping rapidly
42
 slowly declining

45. Potentiometric is a method of analysis that is widely used in the pharmaceutical

analysis. The electromotive force of a galvanic cell does not depend on the
values of the standard potentials of the electrodes?
chemical
with carry
without transfer
negotiable
*concentration

46. Electrolyte solutions are medicines. What is the maximum isotonic coefficient
for MgSO4 solution?
*2
4
3
5
7

47. Kohlrausch Bridge is designed for:

Voltage measurement
*Resistance measurements
Capacitance measurements
Current measurement
Measurements of potentials and electromotive forces

48. The conductometric titration curve is a graphically depicted relationship:

The resistance of the solution of the volume of titrant
The resistivity of the solution of the volume of titrant
*Electrical conductivity of titrant volume
Electromotive force from titrant volume
pH of the solution of the volume of titrant

49. What physical-chemical characteristics of the solution cannot be determined by

conductometry:
dissociation constant
degree of dissociation
solubility product
solution concentration
43
 *osmotic pressure

50. One of the modern methods of measuring the pH of biological fluids is the
potentiometric method. Which of the electrodes listed below can be used as a
definition electrode?
Silver chloride
Calomel
*Stibium
Platinum

51. Specify the physical-chemical method of analysis based on the measurement of

the electrical conductivity of the studied solutions resulting from a chemical
reaction:
*Conductometry
Polarography
Amperometry
Coulometry
Potentiometry

52. Indicate the condition under which the redox reaction proceeds in the forward
direction:
Eook > 0
Eook < Eored
Eook < 0
Eook = Eored
Eook > Eored

53. The potentiometric titration method was chosen for the quantitative
determination of potassium hydroxide. The equivalence point in this method is
determined by a drastic change:
Fluorescence intensity
*Current strength
Voltage
Electromotive force
Diffuse current

54. The dependence of the electrode potential on various factors is expressed by

the equation:
Gibbs
44
 Van't goff
Arrhenius
*Nernst
Hess

55. What type of electrode is Au3 + | Au?

*the first type
the second type
the third type
redox
Ion-selective

56. 2020The degree of influence of foreign ions on the potential of the ion-selective
electrode is determined by the value:
* Coefficient of selectivity
Diffusion coefficient
Coefficient of activity
Conductivity coefficient
Osmotic coefficient

57. 2023 What value determines the degree to which foreign ions can influence the
potential of an ion selective electrode?
Diffusion coefficient
*Selectivity coefficient
Electrical conductivity coefficient
Activity coefficient
Osmotic coefficient

58. 2023 One of the electrochemical methods of analysis is polarography. By which

indicator is the substance under investigation identified during polarographic
analysis?
*Half-wave potential
Polarographic wave height
The position of the polarographic wave
Polarographic wave width
The magnitude of electromotive force

59. 2023 Which of the listed electrodes can be used as an indicator during the
titration of bases?
45
 Calomel
Silver chloride
Anhydronic
Platinum
*Glass

60. 2023 Various electrodes are used in electrochemical methods of analysis to

determine pharmaceuticals. The potential of which electrode depends on the
concentration of the ion being determined?
Reference electrode
Silver chloride
*Indicative
Standard
Calomelny

61. 2023 What method of titration using a pair of "glass-silver chloride" electrodes is
used to determine the components of a medicinal substance?
Coulometric titration
Conductometric titration
*Potentiometric titration
Polarographic titration
Amperometric titration

62. 2023 Equivalent electrical conductivity is one of the most important physical
quantities for the quantitative determination of a medicinal substance using
conductometry. What is its physical meaning?
Equivalent electrical conductivity shows the conductivity of an electrolyte
solution with a layer thickness of 1 m and a volume of 1 m3
*Equivalent electrical conductivity shows the conductivity of the electrolyte
solution and is the inverse of the total resistance
The equivalent electrical conductivity shows the conductivity of the
electrolyte solution and is the inverse of the specific electrical conductivity
Equivalent electrical conductivity shows the conductivity of an electrolyte
solution containing a substance equivalent to 1 kmol with a layer thickness of
1 m and a volume of 1 m3

63. 2023 What reference electrode can be used in the potentiometric analysis of a
medicinal substance?
Quinhydrone electrode
46
 Zinc electrode
*Silver chloride electrode
Glass electrode
Antimony electrode

64. 2023 What physico-chemical method is used to determine the pH of solutions for
injections?
Electrolysis
Polarography
Conductometry
* Potentiometry
Amperometry

65. 2024 When a galvanic cell operates under standard conditions, the chemical
energy of the redox process transforms into the following type of energy:
Electromagnetic energy
Mechanical energy
Thermal energy
*Electrical energy
Nuclear energy

47
 KINETICS
1. Choose the system in which the increase of pressure will shift the
equilibrium towards direct reaction?
H2 [g] + I2 [g] → 2HI [g]
COCl2 [g] → CO [g] + Cl2 [g]
CO2 [g] + H2 [g] → CO [g] + H2O [g]
*2NO [g] + O2 [g] → 2NO2 [g]
NH4Cl [t] → HCl [g] + NH3 [g]

2. Chemical kinetics is a science that:

determines the general patterns of chemical reactions;
establishes laws according to which it is possible to determine the rate of
chemical reactions and the possibility of their occurrence;
establishes laws according to which the influence of various factors on the
mechanism of chemical reactions can be determined;
*establishes laws according to which the rate of chemical reactions and the
influence of various factors on the reaction mechanism can be determined

3. The rule, according to which, the speed of a chemical reaction increases by

2-4 times with the increase of temperature for every 10 C, was formulated
by:
Ostwald
*Van't goff
Hess
Henry
Arrhenius

4. Increase of activation energy leads to:

An increase of the rate of chemical reaction
A promotion of active complex formation
*A reduce of the rate of chemical reaction
Does not affect the rate of chemical reaction
A change of the speed of a chemical reaction

5. The order of the chemical reaction is determined by:

*graphical method of concentration-time dependence
by the Nernst equation
48
 according to the value of rate constant
by the value of the isotonic coefficient
according to the Arrhenius equation

6. The activation energy is:

energy of molecules, which have entered into chemical interaction
energy of molecules, which exist in a certain amount of matter
energy of molecules, which have entered into chemical interaction after the
reaction
an excess system energy
*excess energy of molecules, which have entered into chemical interaction

7. The order of a chemical reaction for a given substance can be determined:

as a number equal to the natural logarithm value, in which concentration of
this substance is included to the chemical reaction equations
as the number of molecules of a substance in which concentration of this
substance enters the chemical reaction equations
*as a number equal to the exponent in which concentration of this substance
enters the chemical reaction equations
as a number equal to the exponent in which the amount of this substance
enters the chemical reaction equations
as the number of molecules of substances that are formed in accordance with
the chemical reaction equation

8. Which of the following reactions relates to pseudo first-order reactions?

*Hydrolysis of sucrose
Esterification
Washing
Neutralization
Burning

9. Enzymes are widely used in pharmacy as drugs. What is the main difference
between enzymes and non-biological catalysts?
high versatility
low versatility
high dispersion
*high specificity of action and selectivity
high homogeneity

49
10. Enzymes (biological catalysts) are used as pharmacological agents. What is
the mechanism of enzyme action in biochemical reactions?
enzymes increase activation energy
enzymes inhibit the reaction process
enzymes change the reaction rate constant
enzymes change the reaction order
*enzymes reduce reaction activation energy

11. Kinetic methods are used to determine the stability of drugs. Determine the
order of reaction if the dimension of rate constant is s-1:
*first
zero
fractional
second
third

12. Pharmaceutical synthesis requires studying the kinetics of complex

reactions. If the product of the first stage is the initial substance of the second
stage, then this reaction is called:
negotiable
*sequential
conjugate
second order
parallel

13. What data should be used to calculate the activation energy of the drug
synthesis reaction?
thermal effect of the reaction
Gibbs energy change
internal energy of the system
reaction order
*reaction rate constants at two temperatures

14. The catalysts of biochemical processes are enzymes. What type of

homogeneous catalysis includes the processes with their participation?
acid-base
redox
*enzymatic
focal
50
 15. Determine the order of the reaction, if an experimental study of a chemical
reaction indicates a linear dependence of the value, inverse of the square of
the reagent’s concentration, on time:
zero order;
second order;
*third order;
first order;
impossible to determine.

16. The conditions for experimental determination of the shelf life of medicines
by an accelerated method differ from the standard ones by:
High pressure;
low temperature;
Reduced pressure;
None of the above.
*High temperature;

17. Choose the order and molecularity if the rate of formation of hydrogen
iodide in the gas phase at high temperature in reaction: H2 + I2 = 2HI is
directly proportional to the concentration.
monomolecular, zero order;
*bimolecular, second order;
monomolecular, first order;
bimolecular, first order;
fractional order.

18. Determine the order of a simple reaction 2A + B = 3D:

*third order;
first order;
second order;
zero order;
it is impossible to determine the order.

19. Why does the reaction rate increase with the increase of temperature?
activation energy decreases;
*the proportion of molecules having an energy equal to or greater than the
activation energy increases;
activation energy increases;
51
 the proportion of molecules that have an energy less than the activation
energy increases;
activation energy does not change.

20. How many times will the speed of the elementary reaction 2A + B = 2C
increase if concentration of reagents is doubled?
4 times;
2 times;
6 times;
*8 times;
16 times.

21. The speed of a chemical reaction increases 27 times with a temperature

increase of 30 C. What is the temperature coefficient of this reaction?
2;
6;
*3;
9;
4.

22. Kinetic methods are widely used to determine the stability of dosage forms.
The half-life of which reaction is expressed by the equation t1 / 2 = ln2 / K:
*first order;
second order;
third order;
zero order;
fractional order.

23. The rule of Vant-Hoff is used in determining the shelf life of drugs. What is
the value of temperature coefficient for most chemical reactions?
2 - 3;
13;
3 - 4;
15.
*2 - 4;

24. In which case the order and molecularity of chemical reactions coincide:
always coincide;
*only for simple one-step reactions
52
 never coincide;
only for complex multistage reactions;
for enzymatic reactions.

25. The half-life of a certain reaction, A> B, is inversely proportional to the

initial concentration of substance A. What is the order of this reaction?
first;
*second;
third;
zero;
fractional.

26. The temperature coefficient of the chemical reaction rate is 4. How many
times will the speed of this reaction increase if the temperature is increased by
30 °C?
32 times;
128 times;
16 times;
8 times.
*64 times;

27. What is the essence of catalysis?

Offset of chemical equilibrium
Increase of activation energy
Increase of the amount of product yield
*Reduce of the reaction energy barrier
Change in stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction

28. With what value of activation energy does a chemical reaction occur more
slowly, if other conditions are equal:
*100 kJ / mol
30 kJ / mol
90 kJ / mol
40 kJ / mol
50 kJ / mol

29. What is the order of reaction if dimension of the reaction rate constant does
not depend on the method of concentration expression?
second;
53
 third;
zero;
*first;
fractional.

30. Which of the factors in a narrow temperature range plays a major role in
increasing the reaction rate with the increase of temperature?
*the increase of active molecules proportion;
the increase of total number of molecules’ collisions;
the increase of activation energy;
the decrease of activation energy;
the increase of the speed of molecules’ movement.

31. Chemical kinetics, which is of great importance for pharmacy, investigates

the rate of reactions and the mechanism of their occurrence. What is the order
of sucrose hydrolysis reaction?
zero;
second;
third;
fractional.
*pseudo first;

32. The study of the dependence of the reaction rate on various factors allows us
to intensify the technological processes of pharmaceutical production,
determine the shelf life of drugs, etc. Which factor does not affect the rate
constant of a chemical reaction?
*concentration of reactants;
temperature;
nature of the reactants;
nature of solvent;
degree of dispersion of solids.

33. What is the order of drug decomposition reaction in the method for
determining shelf life of a drug?
second order;
zero order;
*first order;
third order;
fractional order.
54
 34. The method of "accelerated aging of drugs", which is used to study the shelf
life of drugs, is based on:
Fajans' Rule;
Planck's postulate;
The Ostwald Law;
*Vant-goff rule;
Raul's law.

35. What is called “molecularity of reaction”?

the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction participants;
the number of particles that enter into a given chemical reaction;
reaction order;
number of reaction product molecules.
*number of particles that take part in the elementary act of a chemical
reaction;

36. Specify the order and molecularity of sucrose hydrolysis reaction

С12Н22О11 + Н2О = С6Н12О6 + С6Н12О6 :
monomolecular, first order;
bimolecular, second order;
*bimolecular, pseudo-first order;
monomolecular, second order;
bimolecular, third order.

37. To accurately calculate the reaction rate constant from the activation energy,
a steric factor is applied, which takes into account:
Chemical properties of interacting compounds
Reactant concentration
Temperature of the reaction mixture
The structure of molecules of interacting compounds
*Mutual orientation of reacting molecules

38. What value is used to compare the speed of chemical reactions?

*the chemical reaction rate constant;
the rate of chemical reactions;
the end of the reaction;
change of concentration of the reacting substances;
change of concentration of the reaction products.
55
39. Specify an equation that characterizes the half-life period of the I order
reaction:
t1 / 2 = 3 / 2KC0
t1 / 2 = 1 / (KC0)
t1 / 2 = C0 / (2KT)
*t1 / 2 = ln2 / K
t1 / 2 = C / v

40. The dependence of the rate constant of biologically active substances’

decomposition on temperature is determined by the equation of:
Nernst
*Arrhenius
Mendeleev-Clapeyron
Langmuir
Freundlich

41. The Le Chatelier's principle makes it possible to control the flow of a

chemical reaction both in laboratory and industrial conditions. Specify which
of the following processes should be carried out at elevated pressure?
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) = 2HCl (g)
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) = 2NH3 (g)
N2 (g) + O2 (g) = NO2 (g)
CO (g) + Cl2 (g) = COCl2 (g)
*Fe + H2O (steam) = FeO + H2 (g)

42. The rate of chemical reaction does not depend on the concentration of the
reacting substances. What is the order of this reaction?
*zero
first
second
third
fractional

43. According to what value can the rates of chemical reactions of the same
order be compared?
Reaction end time
Chemical reaction rate
Changes in the concentration of reactants
56
 *Chemical reaction rate constant
Changes in the concentration of reaction products

44. The kinetics of chemical reactions is of great importance for pharmacy. The
exact dependence of the rate constant on temperature is given by the equation
of:
Vant-Hoff
Kirchhoff
Nernst
Staudinger
*Arrhenius

45. Most chemical and pharmaceutical industries use catalytic processes. How is
catalysis called, in which the catalyst and reagents form a single phase?
*Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Enzymatic
Common acid-base
Specific acid-base

46.The size of the half-life for any first-order reaction:

Directly proportional to initial reagent concentration
Equal to half of the reaction rate constant
*Does not depend on the initial concentration of the reagent
Same for all first order reactions
Twice as large as the reaction rate constant

47. Select the wrong statement:

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the catalyst remains
unchanged after the end of the reaction.
*The catalyst is consumed during a chemical reaction.
Catalyst does not shift equilibrium in reversible reactions.
Catalysts can exhibit high specificity according to reaction type.
Catalyst reduces reaction activation energy

48. In the expression V = k [Cl2] ^ 3, the symbol k denotes:

temperature coefficient of reaction rate.
equilibrium constant
Boltzmann constant
57
 concentration
*chemical reaction rate constant.

49. What is the essence of catalysis?

Offset of chemical equilibrium
Increase of activation energy
Increase of the amount of product yield
*Reduce of the reaction energy barrier
Change in stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction

50. If one of the reagents of bimolecular reaction is taken in large excess, then
the reaction order will be:
determined by the substance taken in excess;
*pseudo first
equal to molecularity
will be more that molecularity
third

51. What factor depends on the reaction rate constant?

Pressure;
Reaction time;
*Temperature;
Volume;
Concentration.

52. The chemical reaction rate constant is numerically equal to the reaction rate,
if molecular concentrations are:
Maximum;
Differ by one unit;
*Equal to one unit;
Equal to each other.

53. What are the units of activation energy?

*J / mol
J
J / m2
J/K
Kcal

58
54. What should be the molar concentrations of reactants so that the rate of a
chemical reaction is equal to the rate constant?
*1 mol/l
Concentrations of reagents must be the same
0.1 mol/l
The concentration of reactants does not affect the reaction rate
One of the reagents must be taken in excess

55. What rule describes the dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction on
temperature?
Gibbs
Langmuir
Nernst
* Van't Hoff
Hess

56. What is the order of the reaction H2 + I2 = 2NI:

the first
zero
small
the third
*second

57. How does the rate of the chemical reaction 2NO (g) + O2 (g) = 2NO2 (g)
change when the concentration of the starting compounds increases by 3
times?
*Increases 27 times
Increases 9 times
It increases 54 times
Increases 18 times
Increases 64 times

58. Amylase is the catalyst of the starch splitting process, this is an example:
homogeneous catalyst
heterogeneous catalyst
multiplet catalyst
adsorption catalyst
*enzymatic catalyst

59
59. In the method of determining the shelf life of a medicinal product, it is
assumed that the reaction of the breakdown of the medicinal substance is the
reaction:
second order
of zero order
of the third order
*first order
fractional order

60. What are the units of activation energy?

kcal
J/K
J/m2
*J/mol
J

61. If one of the reagents involved in the bimolecular reaction is taken in a large
excess, then the order of the reaction will be:
will be greater than molecularity
Third
equal to molecularity
be determined by the substance taken in excess;
*pseudo-first

62. Increase in activation energy:

Changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
Contributes to the formation of an active complex;
Does not affect the rate of chemical reaction;
Increases the rate of chemical reaction;
*Reduces the rate of chemical reaction;

63. What data should be used to determine the activation energy?

Reaction order
Internal system energy
*Reaction rate constants at two temperatures
Heat energy of reaction
Energy change of the system

60
64.2021Proper use of catalysts increases the efficiency of industrial production of
drugs. Substances that do not have catalytic properties, but enhance the action
of catalysts, are called:
Inhibitors
* Promoters
Catalytic poisons
Enzymes

65. 2021Catalysts are widely used in production of drugs. How can reaction
acceleration in the presence of a catalyst be explained?
Molecule speed increases
Collision frequency decreases
*Activation energy decreases
Total collision frequency increases
Activation energy increases

66. 2023 What reaction can be classified as a pseudo-first-order reaction?

Combustion
Etherification
*Hydrolysis of sucrose
Saponification
Neutralization

67. 2023 Proteins are the catalysts of biochemical processes. What type of
homogeneous catalysis includes the processes with their participation?
Acid-base catalysis
Gas-phase homogeneous catalysis
* Enzyme catalysis
Redox catalysis
Coordination catalysis

61
 SURPHASE PHENOMENON.
ADSORBTION
The separation of solutions of biopolymers by gel chromatography occurs
accordingly:
adsorption on the surface of the sorbent;
*size of the molecule;
hydration of molecules;
physical separation of substances between the two phases.

Regarding the air-water interface, choose the surfactant:

HCl;
NaOH;
urea;
none of the above;
*valeric acid.

Which equation can be used to calculate the surface tension of an aqueous

solution of propionic acid?
Freundlich;
Gibbs;
*Shishkovsky;
Helmholtz-Smoluchowski;
Rayleigh.

According to the Duclos-Traube rule, the Traube coefficient is equal to:

*3-3,5
1-2
2-3
0-1
4-4,5

Electrolyte adsorption is carried out according to the Panet-Faience rule,

according to which crystals are completed by:
*Ions, which are of their composition or isomorphic
ions only
cations only
62
 any ions from solution
non-isomorphic

In which row are the cations arranged by the growth of their adsorption
capacity?
Cs + Rb + K + Na + Li +
K + Na + Li + Rb + Cs +
K + Li + Na + Cs + Rb +
*Li + Na + K + Rb + Cs +
Na + K + Li + Rb + Cs +

Which equation can be used to quantify adsorption at the solid-gas interface?

*Freundlich equation
Gibbs equation
Shishkovsky equation
Helmholtz-Smoluhavsky equation
Rayleigh equations

The unit for measuring surface tension is:

nm
*N / m
kg
N / kg
Cm

Which of the ions is selectively adsorbed from an aqueous solution on silver

chloride?
*Ag +
NО 3-
OH -
Cu 2+
H+

Surfactants are widely used in pharmaceutical production. Of what type is

potassium oleate?
cationic
non-ionic
amphoteric
*anion-active
63
 none of the above

Suspension is one of the forms of pharmaceuticals that is used in medical

practice. Which pair of substances forms a suspension?
Water - oil
Ethanol - ethyl acetate
Ethanol - diethyl ether
Water - ethanol
*Water - activated carbon

The area per one molecule of the adsorption layer, which is maximally
saturated with a surface-active substance remains constant:
For a separate class of chemical compounds
In the temperature range of 273-298 K
*Within the homologous series of surfactants
Only for surfactants
For all classes of chemical compounds

Select the surfactant among the listed substances:

*potassium palmitate
sodium hydroxide
water
sulphate acid

What is the name of the device with which you can measure the surface
tension of the liquid?
calorimeter
nephelometer
hydrometer
Viscometer
*stalagmometer

Choose the substance which lower surface tension:

inorganic salts
Glucose, fructose
Esters, glycogen
Inorganic acids and bases
*Proteins, alcohols

64
 The technology of manufacturing drugs widely uses the phenomenon of
adsorption and ion exchange. Specify which cation from the aqueous solution is
better adsorbed on negatively charged surface areas of the adsorbent:
H+
Li +
Na +
K+
*Cs +

Powders, granules, tablets make up to 80% of the finished dosage forms of

the modern formulation. With an increase in the dispersion of powders, their
adsorbing effect:
disappears
none of the above
does not change
decreases
*increases

Which of the following substances must be added to the Argentum hydrosol

in order to increase its stability?
Ethanol
Potassium Oleate
Kaolin
Stearate
*Gelatin

The basis of the colloidal systems aging is the process of:

thixotropy
*syneresis
gelation
swelling
peptization

Choose which state responds to colloidal solutions:

s/s
l/s
s/g
l/l
*s / l
65
 The phenomenon of electrophoresis and electroosmosis was discovered by:
Peskov
Clausius
*Reuss
Relay
Arrhenius

2020
For the adsorption of surfactants from a nonpolar benzene solvent, the best
adsorbent is:
Coal
Graphite
Soot
Talc
* Silica gel

2020
Powders containing belladonna extract and activated charcoal have
reduced therapeutic activity. What is a superficial phenomenon affects the
reduction of their activity?
Desorption
Spreading
Adhesion
*Adsorption
Cohesion

2020
One of the most modern methods of purifying the blood from toxic
substances is hemosorption. What physical phenomenon underlies this method?
* Adsorption
Osmosis
Electrical conductivity
Coagulation
Adhesion

2021
Who is the author (authors) of the rule: "On the surface of the crystalline
substance are mainly adsorbed ions that are part of the crystal lattice or are
isomorphic to them, forming a sparingly soluble compound with the crystal ions"?
Vant-Goff
Schultze, Hardy
* Panet, Faience
66
 Duclos, Traube
Rebinder

2021
On the surface of Fe(OH)3 are subjected to selective adsorption from
solution:
Na +
NO3-
H2O
* Fe3 +
Cl-

2023
What is the name of the process of absorption of one substance by the
surface of another?:
Chemosorption
Coagulation
Desorption
*Adsorption
Absorption

2023
In medicine and pharmacy, such phenomena as adsorption, wetting,
adhesion, etc. can be observed. What are they called?
Electrokinetic phenomena
* Superficial phenomena
Physico-chemical phenomena
Molecular-kinetic phenomena
Optical phenomena

67
 COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS
The ion - coagulator will be the particle that has a charge:
Same with the charge of the nucleus;
Opposite to counterions of the adsorption layer;
Same with potential-determining ions;
*Opposite to the charge of the granule;
Same with the granule charge.

Powders, granules, tablets make up to 80% of ready-made medicinal forms of

modern formulations. With an increase in the dispersion of powders, their
adsorbing antiseptic effect:
disappears
none of the above
does not change
is decreasing
* increases

Which of the following substances must be added to Argentum hydrosol to

increase its stability?
Ethanol
Potassium oleate
Kaolin
Lead stearate
* Gelatin

The aging of colloidal systems is based on the following process:

Thixotropy
Gel formation
Swelling
Peptization
* Syneresis

The interaction between the dispersed phase and the dispersed medium for
different systems does not appear to the same extent. If the dispersed phase
weakly interacts with the medium, then the system is called:
*Free dispersion;
Connected to dispersed;
68
Lyophobic;
hydrophilic;
Lyophilic.

In the manufacture of liquid forms, colloidal surfactants are added to increase

the solubility of the individual components. What physical and chemical
phenomenon is the base of this process?
Sedimentation;
Extraction;
Coagulation;
Diffusion;
*Solubilization.

Diffusion is
a one-way process in a solution caused by the thermal movement of particles
of a dissolved substance
a two-way process in a solution caused by the thermal movement of solvent
particles
a two-way process in a solution caused by the thermal movement of particles
of a dissolved substance
a one-way process in a solution caused by the thermal movement of particles
of a dissolved substance and a solvent
* two-way process in the solution, caused by the thermal movement of the
particles of the dissolved substance and the solvent.

Lyophobic salts are

systems in which particles strongly interact with each other and it is almost
impossible to separate them
systems in which the particles of the dispersed phase strongly interact with the
particles of the dispersion medium and it is practically impossible to separate
them
systems in which the particles of the dispersed phase interact weakly with the
particles of the dispersion medium and it is practically impossible to separate
them
systems in which the particles of the dispersed phase strongly interact with the
particles of the dispersion medium and they can be easily separated
* systems in which the particles of the dispersed phase interact weakly with
the particles of the dispersion medium and can be easily separated

69
Indicate the scheme of the micelle structure of the barium (II) sulfate sol
obtained by the interaction of 1 ml of a 0.001 N solution of BaCl2 and 10 ml
of a 0.001 N solution of sulfuric acid
{m[BaSO4] nHSO4- (n–x)H+}х- xH+

{m[BaSO4] nBa2+ 2(n–x)Cl-}2х+2xCl-

{m[BaSO4] nH+ (n–x)SO42-}2х+2xSO42-

{m[BaSO4] nBa2+ (n–x)SO42-}2 х+ SO42-

* {m[BaSO4] nSO42- 2(n–x)H+}2х-2xH+

Corresponds to colloidal solutions

s/s
l/s
s/g
g/g
* s/l

The phenomenon of electrophoresis and electroosmosis was discovered

Clausius
Relay
Arrhenius
* Reissom

In colloidal solutions, light scattering manifests itself in the form of

opalescence. Opalescence is
the phenomenon of light absorption by colloidal solutions
glow of various shades, which is observed when the ash is illuminated
matte glow, which is observed when a light beam passes through a sol
solution
glow of various shades, which is observed when light is absorbed by colloidal
solutions
*matte glow, blue in color, which is observed when ash is lit from the side on
a dark background

Zeta potential occurs at the boundary between:

potential converting ions and ions of the diffuse layer
nuclei with absorption layer counterions
70
potential by the signifying ions with counterions
nuclei and the potential of the signifying ions
* adsorption and diffusion layers

The "artificial kidney" device (AIK) works according to the principle

electrophoresis
ultrafiltration
gel filtration;
electrodialysis
* compensatory dialysis

Indicate which of the following is not a method of cleaning colloidal solutions

ultrafiltration
electrodialysis
electroultrafiltration
*nephelometry
compensation dialysis

Ferrum (III) hydroxide sol granules obtained by the hydrolysis reaction have
*positive charge
neutrally charged
a charge that is half the original value
negative charge
charge that is equal to 1

Electrophoresis is
*phenomenon of movement of dispersed phase particles in a constant electric
field
the phenomenon of movement of the dispersed medium relative to the
stationary dispersed phase in a constant electric field
the phenomenon of movement of particles of a dispersion medium in a
constant electric field
the phenomenon of movement of the dispersed phase relative to the stationary
dispersion medium in a constant electric field
the phenomenon of directional movement of dispersed phase particles under
constant illumination

Viscosity is

71
*internal friction between layers of substances (liquids or gases) that move
relative to each other
the opposite property of fluidity
external friction
internal friction between layers of solid matter
external friction between liquid layers

In the center of the micelle are microcrystals of a poorly soluble compound,

which form:
granule
*aggregate
diffuse layer of counterions
a layer of potential-forming ions
adsorption layer against ions

Indicate the scheme of the micelle structure of arsenic (III) sulfide sol
obtained by the reaction 2H3AsO3 + 3H2S = As2S3 v + 6H2O; stabilizer H2S
*{m[As2S3] nHS– (n–x)H+}x–xH+

{m[As2S3] nS2– 2(n–x)H+}2x–2xH+

{m[As2S3] nH+ (n–x)HS– }x+xHS–

{m[As2S3] nHS– (n+x)H+}x–xH+

{m[As2S3] nS– (n–x)H+}x–xHS–

Berlin azure sol is obtained by the interaction of FeCl3 with K4[Fe(CN)6].

Indicate which substance must be taken in excess to obtain a negatively
charged sol
first K4[Fe(CN)6] and then FeCl3
FeCl3
first FeCl3 and then K4[Fe(CN)6]
in an equivalent amount
* K4[Fe(CN)6]

How does the rate of diffusion depend on temperature and viscosity

decreases with decreasing temperature and increasing viscosity
decreases with increasing temperature and increasing viscosity
increases with decreasing temperature and increasing viscosity
72
increases with decreasing temperature and decreasing viscosity
* increases with increasing temperature and decreasing viscosity

Blood contains, as one of its components, erythrocytes, the size of which is of

the order of 10-6 m. To what type of dispersed systems should blood be
classified?
homogeneous system
*microheterogeneous system
heterogeneous system
colloidal dispersion system
coarse-grained system

Specify the degree of dispersion of colloidal systems

~10 -5
~10 -4
~10-10 - 10-12
~10-3 - 10-6
* ~10-7 - 10-9

In colloidal preparations of argentum (Protargol, Kolargol) high molecular

weight compounds (HMC) are added to increase the stability of the sols. The
ability of the HMC to protect the sol from coagulation is determined by:
*protective number
the magnitude of the electrokinetic potential
coagulation threshold
by the value of the electrothermodynamic potential
electrophoretic mobility

Opalescence is
* matte glow, blue in color, which is observed when the sol is illuminated
from the side on a dark background
glow of various shades, which is observed when light is absorbed by colloidal
solutions
matte glow observed when a light beam passes through a sol solution
glow of different shades, which is observed when the sol is illuminated
the phenomenon of light absorption by colloidal solutions

Electrophoresis is

73
the phenomenon of directed movement of dispersed phase particles under
constant illumination
the phenomenon of movement of the dispersed phase relative to the stationary
dispersion medium in a constant electric field
the phenomenon of movement of particles of a dispersion medium in a
constant electric field
the phenomenon of movement of the dispersed medium relative to the
stationary dispersed phase in a constant electric field
* the phenomenon of movement of dispersed phase particles in a constant
electric field

Granules of ferrum (III) hydroxide sol obtained by the hydrolysis reaction

have:
charge that is equal to 1
negative charge
a charge that is half the original value
neutrally charged
* positive charge

Indicate which of the following methods is not a method of cleaning colloidal

solutions
compensation dialysis
* nephelometry
electroultrafiltration
electrodialysis
ultrafiltration

The value of the zeta potential affects the stability of sols as follows
the smaller the value of the zeta potential, the lower the stability of the sol
greater than the value of the zeta potential, the lower the stability of the sol
the value of the zeta potential does not affect the stability of the sols
the smaller the value of the zeta potential, the higher the stability of the sol
* greater than the value of the zeta potential, the higher the stability of the sol

Indicate the scheme of the micelle structure of the arsenic (III) sulfide sol
obtained by the reaction
2H 3AsO 3 + 3H 2S = As 2S3 + 6Н 2 О; stabilizer Н2Ѕ

{m[As 2S3] ns2- (n–х)Н+}х-xHS-

74
{m[As 2S3] nHS- – (n+х)Н+}x-xH+

{m[As 2S3] nH+ (n–x)HS- }x+xHS-

{m[As 2S3] nS2- 2(n–х)H+}2x-2xH+

* {m[As 2S3] nHS (n–х)Н+}x-xH+

Viscosity is
external friction between liquid layers
internal friction between layers of solid matter
external friction
the opposite property of fluidity
* internal friction between layers of substances (liquids or gases) that move
relative to each other

In the center of the micelle are microcrystals of a poorly soluble compound,

which form:
adsorption layer of counterions
a layer of potential-forming ions
diffuse layer of counterions
* aggregate
granule

What is the Brownian motion of particles of dispersed systems characterized

by?
* average shift
coagulation speed
zeta potential
diffusion coefficient
sedimentation rate

Indicate for which ions additive action is observed during coagulation of

electrolyte mixtures:
Na+, Al3+

Li+,Ca2+

PO43-,Cl-

NO3-,SO42-
75
*K+, Na+

What is the name of an emulsion whose dispersed phase particles are

deformed and have the form of polyhedra?
Reverse
straight
diluted
Concentrated
* Highly concentrated

A drop of water-oil emulsion was applied to a plate covered with paraffin and
the absence of wetting was observed. This phenomenon characterizes this
emulsion as:
Rack
Rotary
Diluted
Concentrated
*Direct

Contains Blood, erythrocytes, the size of which is 10-6 m. To what type of

dispersed systems should blood be classified?
heterogeneous system
Colloid-disperse system
coarse-grained system
homogeneous system
* Microheterogeneous system

The human body absorbs fats only in the form of emulsions. Vegetable oils
and animal fats contained in food are emulsified under the action of bile
(emulsifier). How does the interfacial surface tension change?
First they decrease, then they increase
They are increasing
Do not change
First they rise, then they fall
*Decreasing

Biopotentials caused by various physiological processes, which are the result

of occurrence at the interface of phases
76
none of the above
diffuse layer
absorption layer
adhesive layer
* double electric layer

Disperse systems are used in pharmaceutical practice. The method of

confirming the colloidal state is the passage of light through the system. At
the same time, a beam of light:
is absorbed
refraction feels
penetrates inside the particle
is displayed
* disperses in the form of a glowing cone

The pharmacist studied the properties of separate classes of dispersed systems

- aerosols. What optical phenomenon is characteristic of this class of
dispersed systems?
Refraction of light
Opalescence
* Light scattering
Light absorption
Light reflection

High molecular weight compounds (VMS) are added to colloidal silver

preparations (Protargol, Kolargol) to increase the stability of the sols. The
ability of the IUD to protect the sol from coagulation is determined by:
electrophoretic mobility
the value of the electrothermodynamic potential
by the magnitude of the electrokinetic potential
coagulation threshold
* Protective number

The pharmacist added the electrolyte to the silver chloride solution in small
portions, and coagulation occurred at a higher concentration of the electrolyte
than at a single addition. It is called:
Synergism
Additivity
Decreased sensitivity
77
Antagonism
* Addiction to sol

Micellar surfactant solutions are used in pharmaceutical production as

stabilizers and solubilizers. For which of the solutions of colloidal surfactants
can we expect the highest value of CCM (critical concentration of micelle
formation)??
C10H 21SO 3Na

C 12H 25SO 3Na

C16H33SO3Na

C14H29SO3Na

* C9H19SO3Na

In the pharmaceutical industry, micellar solutions of surfactants are used for

the production of water-soluble drugs from water-insoluble substances, for
example, vitamins A and E. In solutions of which substances does the critical
concentration of micelle formation have the least value?
C11H23COONa

C15H31COONa

C13H27COONa

C12H25COONa

* С17H35COONa

Thresholds of sol coagulation by electrolytes of the medicinal substance salts

MgSO4, NaCl, Al(NO3)3 are equal to 0.81, respectively; 51.0; 0.095 m mol/l.
Which of the electrolyte ions has the greatest coagulating effect?
Cl-

Na+

Mg2+

*Al3+

78
In the manufacture of a number of rare dosage forms, colloidal surfactants are
added to increase the solubility of individual components. What physical and
chemical phenomenon is the basis of this process?
* solubilization
coagulation
extraction
diffusion
sedimentation

What type of dispersion systems does foam belong to?

to aerosols
* to coherent-dispersive systems
to colloid-disperse systems
to ion-molecular systems
to hydrosols

Which systems are characterized by sedimentation?

navy solutions
* suspension
non-electrolyte solutions
zola
electrolyte solutions

Osmotic pressure is an important characteristic of biological fluids. Indicate

in which of the following solutions the osmotic pressure has an unstable
value?
sodium chloride
calcium sulfate
glucose
* silver chloride sol

Al(OH)3 sol was obtained by treating freshly prepared Al(OH)3 sediment with
a small amount of HCl solution. How did you get the sol?
mechanical peptization
mechanical dispersion
washing with solvent
chemical condensation
* chemical peptization

79
To increase the stability of concentrated emulsions, surfactants and HMC are
added, which are available
* emulsifiers
Activators
catalysts
solvents
absorbers

Coagulating ability of electrolytes in relation to some salts changes in the

following sequence: (NH4)3PO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3. What sign of charge
does a colloidal particle have?
* positive
negative
has no charge
electroneutral
initially has no charge and then becomes negative

If the amount of IMS added to the ash is very small, then not an increase, but
a decrease in stability is possible. This phenomenon was named:
* sensitization
solubilization
mutual coagulation
colloid protection
addiction to oils

In medicine, pastes are used to treat skin diseases. To which class of

dispersion systems does this dosage form belong?
* suspension
emulsion
powder
foam
aerosol

Macromolecules of protective proteins are adsorbed on the surface of

bacterial cells and form aggregates of a large number of particles. As a result
of consolidation of parts, they pass through:
* sedimentation
diffusion
dispersion
80
peptization
swelling

The sol of ferric hydroxide (III) is positively charged. Specify the ions that
have the lowest coagulation threshold in relation to it:
*SO42-

Cu2+

Cl-

Na+

J-

As a result of a complex enzymatic process, the blood coagulates. This is due

to the ability of colloidal particles to:
adsorption
* coagulation
wetting
cohesion
adhesion

On the labels of some medicines there is an inscription: "Shake before

consumption." This warning is due.
*Instability of dispersed systems
Solubility of dispersed systems
Stability of dispersed systems
None of the above
Insolubility of dispersed systems

Hydrosols of sulfur and rosin are obtained by adding alcoholic solutions of

these substances to water. What method is used for this?
*replacement of solvent
chemical condensation
mechanical dispersion
chemical dispersion
condensation from steam

81
In order to protect medicines from the environment, they are
microencapsulated, which is based on the phenomenon
wetting
adsorption
*coacervation
cohesion
adhesion

What is the name of the phenomenon of reducing the coagulating effect of

electrolytes in the mixture?
*antagonism
additivity
syneresis
thixotropy
synergism

When obtaining ash by the condensation method of the reaction of an excess

of barium chloride with sodium sulfate, the charge of the granules is
determined by the ions:
* barium;
sodium;
chloride;
sulfate;
indifferent electrolyte.

The dispersion of aerosols corresponds to the size of the particles:

*10-7 - 10-4 m

10-9 - 10-5 m

>10-4 m

<10-9 m

10-7 - 10-9 m

Which of the electrolytes, under the conditions of their equal molar

concentration, has the lowest "coagulation threshold" value?
potassium chloride;
* cesium chloride;
82
lithium chloride;
sodium chloride;
rubidium chloride.

One of the quantitative characteristics of weak electrolytes is the degree of

electrolytic dissociation, which is determined by:
*The ratio of dissociated molecules to the total number of molecules;
The product of dissociated molecules and non-dissociated ones;
The ratio of non-dissociated to dissociated;
The ratio of the concentration of the solution to the total number of
dissociated molecules;
The ratio of undissociated molecules to the total number of ions.

Equivalent electrical conductivity has the greatest value if:

*This is an extremely diluted solution;
The concentration of the solution is maximum;
This is an ideal solution;
The speed of the cation is equal to the speed of the anion;
This is not an ideal solution.

Electrokinetic phenomena - electrophoresis and electroosmosis - were

discovered:
* Reissom;
Arrhenius;
Peskov;

The process of spontaneous agglomeration of droplets in emulsions is called:

Flocculation;
*Coalescence;
Flotation;
Sedimentation;
Coagulation;

The following method is used to break the emulsion:

* Centrifugation
Homogenization
Dispersion
Condensation
Emulsification
83
In which solvent will micellar colloidal surfactant have the following
structure: polar groups face the solvent, and radicals face inside the micelle?
*Water
Toluene
Benzene
Tetrachloromethane
Carbon disulfides

The phenomenon of the matte glow of a colloidal solution when light passes
through it is called:
Sedimentation
Syneresis
Intramolecular diffraction
Coagulation
* Opalescence

Indicate which of the following pairs of substances can form an emulsion

when mixed:
urea and water
menthol and camphor
silicon dioxide and water
argentum nitrate and water;
*soybean oil and water

What color do colorless colloidal solutions turn in reflected light when

illuminated from the side?
Green
Red
Yellow
White
*Blue

What particles of a micelle, whose structure is represented by the formula {m

(AgCl) nAg + (n-x) NO3-} X + x NO3- are in the diffuse layer?
*NO3-;
AgCl;
Ag + and NO3-;
AgCl and Ag +;
84
Ag +.

Emulsions containing less than 0.1% (by volume) of the dispersed phase are
classified as:
*Diluted;
Oil-water type;
Highly concentrated;
Type water-oil;
Concentrated.

The pharmacist studied the properties of individual classes of dispersed

systems - aerosols. What optical phenomenon is characteristic for this class of
dispersed systems?
Refraction;
Reflection;
Light absorption;
*Light scattering;
Opalescence.

Optical methods of analyzing dispersed systems do not include:

light microscopy
electron microscopy
nephelometry
ultramicroscopy
*viscometry

What is the name of the process of converting freshly produced sediment into
sol?
*Peptization
Ultrafiltration
Coagulation
Cavitation
Dialysis

Which ion has the maximum coagulating effect when added to positively
charged sols?
*PO43-
K+;
Al3+;
85
Cl-
SO42-

Which of the electrolytes, under conditions of the same molar concentration,

has the greatest "coagulation threshold" value?
sodium iodide.
sodium nitrate;
sodium bromide;
sodium chloride;
* sodium fluoride;

The involuntary process of sol coagulation ("aging") can be accelerated:

temperature change
by the action of the electromagnetic field;
adding electrolyte;
changes in the pH of the medium;
* all answers are correct;

A device called:
viscometer
stagrometer;
crystallizer;
nephelometer;
* dialyzer;

Osmotic pressure is an important characteristic of biological fluids. Indicate

which of the given solutions has the lowest osmotic pressure under the
condition that the mass concentration of these solutions is equal to 1 g / l?
magnesium chloride solution.
sodium chloride solution;
glucose solution;
sucrose solution;
* colloidal solution of argentum chloride;

Some drugs are used in medicine in the form of colloidal solutions. Ash
particles comparable to real solutions diffuse:
do not diffuse at all.
with a relatively lower speed;
with greater speed;
86
at this speed;
* at a much lower speed;

Blood is a typical colloidal system. As a result of a complex enzymatic

process, twisting takes place, which leads to minimal blood loss. This is due
to the ability of colloidal particles to:
adsorption;
adhesions;
cohesion;
wetting
* coagulation;

In order to protect medicines from the environment, their microencapsulation

is carried out, which is based on the phenomenon:
* coacervation;
adsorption;
wetting;
adhesions;
cohesion

The structural unit of a colloidal solution of a medicinal substance is:

zwitter ion;
molecule;
atom;
ion;
* mycelium;

Different methods are used to clean colloidal solutions of some medicinal

products from impurities of extraneous substances. What is the name of the
process of involuntary release of soluble low molecular weight impurities
from a colloidal solution by their penetration through semipermeable
membranes?
* dialysis;
filtering;
ultrafiltration;
sedimentation;

The directional movement of the dispersion medium in a constant electric

field is:
87
electrophoresis;
* electroosmosis;
potential of sedimentation.
leakage potential;
adsorption;

The pharmacopoeial method of determining the degree of purity of

antibiotics, vitamins, etc., is the study of the movement of particles of the
dispersed phase in a stationary dispersion medium under the action of a
potential difference. This phenomenon:
Brownian motion.
flow potential;
sedimentation potential;
electroosmosis;
* electrophoresis;

When the protective effect of proteins is weakened, cholesterol is deposited

on the walls of blood vessels as a result of its particles sticking together. This
phenomenon is called:
synergism;
thixotropy
sedimentation;
sensitization
* coagulation;

Emulsions, ointments, pastes can be prepared by crushing solid and liquid

substances in a suitable environment. This process is:
adhesion
coagulation;
sedimentation;
* dispersions;
condensation;

With the help of an "artificial kidney", it is possible to purify the blood, which
flows under pressure between two membranes, which are washed from the
outside with a saline solution. This process is based on:
adsorption.
sedimentation;
dispersions;
88
coagulation;
* dialysis and ultrafiltration;

What potential determines the stability of colloidal systems?

sedimentation potential;
diffuse.
flow potential;
thermodynamic;
* electrokinetic;

Medicinal preparations Tsimezol, Hypozol, Promezol consist of particles of

colloidal size and a gas dispersion medium. Such a dosage form is called:
suspension;
paste.
* aerosol;
foam;
emulsion;

The bioavailability of the powder is affected by the degree of fragmentation,

the measure of which is:
mass of particles
density of the solution
substance concentration
volume of particles
* dispersion of the system

What is the name of the process of spontaneous clumping of droplets in

emulsions?
Flotation
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation
* Coalescence

Syneresis is
The process of interaction of a polymer with a low molecular weight liquid is
limited by the swelling stage
One-way process of penetration of solvent molecules into the polymer phase

89
Isolation of a separate phase in the form of small drops from concentrated
solutions of the Navy
Destruction of jelly under the influence of mechanical action
* The formation of two macrophases (liquid and gelatinous) during long-term
standing of the jelly of the Navy

The coagulation process, according to Smolukhovsky's theory, is described by

the kinetic equation:
zero order;
* second order;
small order;
first order;
of the third order.

According to Smolukhovsky's theory of rapid coagulation, the coagulation

process is described by the kinetic equation ...
Small order
Third order
Zero order
First order
* Second order

Fulfillment of which of the following conditions increases the stability of the

colloidal system?
When the zeta potential is reduced below a certain limit;
*When the zeta potential increases above a certain limit;
When the thickness of the diffusion layer increases;
When the thickness of the adsorption layer is increased;
When increasing the thickness of the potential of the determining layer.

What is the name given to the enhancement of the coagulative action of one
electrolyte when another is added?
Phoretism
Rheopexy
Additivity
Antagonism
* Synergism

90
According to the Schulze-Hardy rule, the coagulation effect of the coagulant
ion is influenced by:
Ability to hydrate
Polarization
Adsorbability
Size
* Charge

Many drugs are dispersed systems. What type of dispersion systems are
emulsions?
S-L
G-L
L-S
S-S
* L-L

Iron (III) hydroxide sol is positively charged. Specify the ions that have the
lowest coagulation threshold in relation to it:
I-

Na +

Cu2+

Cl-

* SO4-2

Heparin (mucopolysaccharide) is a direct-acting anticoagulant that reduces

blood clotting and prevents thrombus formation. Its action is based on the
phenomenon.
syneresis
thixotropy
micelle formation
dialysis
* colloid protection

On the labels of some medicines there is an inscription: "Shake before use."

This warning is due to ...
not by the solubility of dispersed systems
91
none of the above
stability of dispersed systems
solubility of dispersed systems
* instability of dispersed systems

When taking the mixture, exact dosage is necessary. To increase the stability
of the suspension, add:
glucose
ethanol
none of the above
* gelatose
sodium chloride

In pharmacy, such dosage forms as suspensions are often used. To what type
does this dispersed system belong?
liquid / gas
liquid / liquid
* solid / liquid
gas / gas
gas / liquid

Hydrosols of sulfur and rosin are obtained by adding alcoholic solutions of

these substances to water. What method is used for this?
condensation from steam
chemical dispersion
mechanical dispersion
chemical condensation
* replacement of solvent

Colloidal protection is used in the manufacture of medicinal products. What

are colloidal preparations of silver protected by proteins called?
enzyme
argentum
collagen
festal
* protargol

What is the name of the phenomenon of reducing the coagulating effect of

electrolytes in the mixture?
92
synergism
thixotropy
syneresis
additivity
* antagonism

What method of analysis is based on the phenomenon of light refraction at the

boundary between two transparent media?
turbidimetry
polarimetry
* refractometry
conductometry
coulometry

The electrokinetic potential of a dispersed system is always:

positive
negative
equal to the thermodynamic potential
greater than the thermodynamic potential
* smaller than the thermodynamic potential

Osmotic pressure of colloidal systems:

does not change with increasing temperature
changes greatly with lighting
does not change over time
extra large
* very small

In medical practice, as a bactericidal drug, colloidal silver preparations -

protargol and kolargol, which, in addition to the active substance, contain
compounds of a protein nature are widely used. What is the function of
proteins in these drugs:
weakening of the side effect
enhancing the bactericidal effect of silver
improvement of drug technology
increase in shelf life
* protection of the colloidal solution from coagulation

There are no condensation methods among the above methods

93
oxidation reactions
reduction reactions
double exchange reactions
hydrolysis reaction
* peptization

The pharmacist-analyst received fresh sediment during the preparation of the

solution, which he converted into a sol after treating it with an electrolyte
solution. What method of obtaining dispersed systems did the pharmacist use?
solvent replacement method
chemical condensation
physical condensation
condensation from steam
* peptization

Dosage forms that are coarsely dispersed systems with a liquid dispersion
medium and a solid dispersed phase are called:
powders
aerosols
emulsions
foam
* suspensions

Aerosol is a medicinal form. The process of aerosol deposition on cooled

surfaces as a result of thermophoresis is called
sedimentation
coagulation
peptization
photophoresis
* thermal precipitation

The phenomenon of sedimentation of dispersed cell structures leads to a

violation of the functioning of the body. Specify the value that is a measure of
the kinetic stability of sols:
Coagulation constant
Association constant
*Sedimentation constant
Dissociation constant
The value of the inverse coagulation constant
94
Aerosol is a medicinal form. The movement of aerosol particles in the
direction of the light beam is called
sedimentation
peptization
coagulation
thermophoresis
* photophoresis

Colloidal surfactants are auxiliary substances in many dosage forms. A

colloidal surfactant in the micellar structures of which water-insoluble
substances are dissolved is called
dispersant
coagulator
peptizers
* solubilizer

The world beam that has passed through the colloidal solution has the
appearance of a cone that glows. This phenomenon is called an effect
Debye-Falkenhagen
Quincke
Dorna
Fault
* Tyndall

When studying the fluidity of powders, different angles of natural slope were
obtained. Determine the powder that has the maximum fluidity by the value
of the bevel angles:
40°

*20°

60°

30°

50°

The dispersion of aerosols corresponds to the size of the particles:

10-7 - 10-9 m
95
<10-9 m
> 10-4 m
10-9 – 10-5 m
* 10-7 - 10-4 m

Aerosols that are more uniform in terms of dispersion are obtained:

by all the above methods
peptization
by spraying powders
dispersion method
* condensation method

The following method is used to break the emulsion:

emulsification
condensation
sparking
homogenization
* centrifugation

To obtain a stable direct emulsion, it is necessary to apply:

lead stearate
calcium oleate
any emulsifier
Hydrophobic emulsifier
* Hydrophilic emulsifier

What method can be used to determine the size of the particles of the
dispersed phase?
polarimetry
cryoscopy
viscometry
osmometry
* sedimentation analysis

What is the name of the process of converting freshly prepared sediment into
sol?
dialysis
cavitation
coagulation
96
stationary
* peptization

In which solvent will micelles of colloidal surfactants have the following

structure: polar groups face the solvent, and radicals - inside the micelle?
carbon disulfide
tetrachloromethane
benzene
toluene
* water

The electrokinetic potential of a colloidal particle is always:

is equal to zero
positive
negative
more thermodynamic potential
*less thermodynamic potential

Stable, elastic foams can be obtained by adding to water:

saccharides
carboxylic acids
alcohols
butter
* saponins

Indicate which of the following surfactants can form an emulsion when

mixed:
urea and water
menthol and camphor
silicon dioxide and water
argentum nitrate and water;
* soybean oil and water

What color are colorless colloidal solutions colored in reflected light when
illuminated from the side?
green
red
yellow
white
97
* blue

Coagulation of the sol obtained according to the reaction

AgNO3 (excess) + KI = AgI + KNO3 cause:
PAV
water
cations and anions
cations
* anions

What is the name of the process of precipitation of solutions of the Navy

when they are affected by concentrated solutions of electrolytes?
peptization
syneresis
coacervation
coagulation
* salting out

The optical method of analyzing dispersed systems does not include:

light microscopy
electron microscopy
nephelometry
ultramicroscopy
* viscometry

Coagulation is...
the process of merging (gluing) particles of the dispersed phase when the
system loses its aggregative stability.
the process of floating particles of the dispersion medium when the system
loses its kinetic stability;
the ability to resist particle aggregation in colloidal systems;
the process of merging (gluing) particles of the dispersed phase when the
system loses its kinetic stability;
* the process of merging particles of a dispersed medium when the system
loses its aggregative stability;

Wells are systems that are formed as a result of:

transition of solutions to non-flowing polymers of elastic form.
separation of the dispersed phase from the dispersed medium;
98
effects of electrolyte solutions on the IMS solution;
*transition of polymer solutions to an elastic state;
transition of lyophobic sols into a viscous dispersion state;

What is Donnan membrane equilibrium?

this equilibrium, which is established in a system of solutions separated by a
membrane permeable only to solvent molecules.
this is the equilibrium that is established in the system of solutions separated
by an impermeable membrane for molecules present in the system of non-
electrolytes;
this is the equilibrium that is established in a system of solutions separated by
an impermeable membrane for solvent molecules;
this is the equilibrium that is established in the system of solutions separated
by an impermeable membrane for the ions present in the system;
* this equilibrium, which is established in a system of solutions separated by
an impermeable membrane for at least one type of ions present in the system;

What causes the Brownian motion of dispersed systems?

movement of particles of the dispersed phase under the influence of the
gravitational field;
life processes of natural dispersed systems;
non-equilibrium thermal movement of molecules that make up the particles of
dispersed systems;
thermal movement of dispersed phase particles;
* collision of medium molecules in thermal motion with dispersed phase
particles

When adding a mixture of electrolytes to the sol, the action of one of them
reduces the action of the other. This phenomenon is called:
phoreticism
reopexy;
additivity;
synergism;
* antagonism;

What is the critical value of zeta potential?

the value of the zeta potential at which the formation of the diffusion layer
begins.

99
the largest value of the zeta potential, at which the thickness of the adsorption
layer exceeds the thickness of the diffusion layer;
the smallest value of the zeta potential, at which the thickness of the diffusion
layer exceeds the thickness of the adsorption layer;
the largest value of the zeta potential, at which the rate of coagulation flow is
practically not noticeable;
* the largest value of the zeta potential, at which coagulation proceeds with a
noticeable speed;

For most sols, the value of the critical value of the zeta potential is:
45-50 mV

35-40 mV;

30-35 mV;

20-25 mV;

* 25-30 mV;

Fulfillment of which of the following conditions increases the stability of the

colloidal system?
with increasing thickness, the potential of the signifying layer.
when the thickness of the adsorption layer increases;
when the thickness of the diffusion layer increases;
when the zeta potential drops below a certain limit;
*when increasing the zeta potential of a more certain limit;

The process of spontaneous agglomeration of droplets in emulsions is called:

coagulation;
flotation;
sedimentation;
flocculation;
* coalescence;

Among the above methods, the following are not condensation methods:
oxidation reaction.
recovery reaction;
double exchange reaction;
hydrolysis reaction;
100
* peptization;

The ultramicroscopy method is used to determine the radius of the particles of

the dispersed phase. To carry out calculations in this method, measure:
Intensity of scattered light
Time of passage of marked particles of a certain distance
*The number of particles in a certain volume
The length of the run of the labeled particles
The intensity of the light passing through

When adding a mixture of lithium and calcium to the sols of the drug, there is
an increase in the coagulating action of the mixture, which is called:
colloidal protection;
Antagonism;
*Synergism;
Solubilization;
Peptization.

A pharmacist added electrolyte by small amounts to the sol of silver chloride,

while coagulation occurred with a higher concentration of electrolyte than
with its single addition. It is called:
Additivity;
Desensitization;
Synergism;
Antagonism.
*Sol addicting;

Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable substances. The process of

merging drops of the dispersed phase, which causes the separation of the
emulsion, occurs in them spontaneously. Such phenomenon is called:
*Coalescence;
Deformation;
Solubilization;
Contraction;
Wetting.

2020
In medical practice for the treatment of skin diseases use ointments and
pastes based on calcium, magnesium, zinc drugs, which are:
Aggregatively stable suspensions
101
Lyophobic suspensions
* Highly concentrated suspensions
Lyophilic suspensions
Sedimentation-resistant suspensions

2020
Sedimentation is:
* The process of deposition of particles of the dispersed phase in a liquid or
gaseous medium under the action of gravity
The process of adhesion of particles of the dispersed phase in a liquid medium
with the formation of aggregates
Arbitrary process of crushing particles of the dispersed phase in a liquid or
gaseous medium under the action of an electric current
Enlargement of particles in a liquid medium
The process of adhesion of particles of the dispersed phase under the action of
electrolyte solutions

2020
When coagulating with mixtures of electrolytes, it is observed that they
seem to oppose each other. What is this effect called?
Additivity
*Antagonism
Mutual coagulation
Sedimentation
Synergism

2020
Among the dosage forms are many dispersed systems. Specify the freely
dispersed system:
* emulsion
membrane
gems
gel
diaphragm

2021
In a concentrated aqueous solution of soap (sodium stearate) is solubilized:
Calcium chloride
Glucose
* Neutral fat
Water
Ethanol

102
2021
Colloidal protection is of great importance in biology and pharmacy. What
substance protects the sol from coagulation?
Saccharose
Urea
*Gelatin

2021
Cholesterol hydrosol is obtained by adding small portions of its alcohol
solution to water. This method of obtaining dispersed systems is called:
Chemical condensation
Condensation from steam
Dispersion
Peptization
* Solvent replacement

2021
Coagulation of hydrophobic sols occurs in the case of adding a certain
amount of electrolyte. What is the minimum concentration of electrolyte that
causes coagulation of a colloidal solution called?
Coagulation ability
Neutralization concentration
* Coagulation threshold
Concentration concentration
Condensation concentration

2023
To improve the effect of a biologically active substance on the lesion,
emulsions are used as dosage forms, which can be produced by grinding liquid
substances in a liquid medium. What is the name of this process?
a) Peptization
b) *Dispersion
c) Sedimentation
d) Condensation
e) Coagulation

2023
To introduce drugs into the body through the respiratory tract, use:
a) *Aerosols
b) Emulsions
c) Ointments
d) Foams
e) Suspensions

103
2023
Colloidal systems are widely used in medical practice. In emulsions:
a) The dispersed phase is a gas, the dispersion medium is a liquid
b) The dispersed phase is a liquid, the dispersion medium is a gas
c) The dispersed phase is gas, the dispersion medium is solid
d) The dispersed phase is liquid, the dispersion medium is solid
e) *Dispersed phase - liquid, dispersion medium – liquid

2023
Which dispersed system is classified as a liquid-liquid type according to
its state of aggregation?:
a) Activated carbon
b) Fog
c) Smoke
d) Soap foam
e) *Milk

2023
Dragles and the process of drag formation are of great importance in
medicine and biology. What is the name of the process of slag destruction and
re-slag formation?:
a) Syneresis
b) Coacervation
c) Salting out
d) Coagulation
e) * Thixotropy

2023
Which of the following mixtures are highly concentrated suspensions?:
a) Ointments
b) Creams
c) Powders
d) * Pastes
e) Foams

2023
Sulfur ash was obtained by adding 5 ml of an alcoholic solution of sulfur
to 20 ml of distilled water. What method was used to get the sol?:
a) *Replace the solvent
b) Hydrolysis reaction
c) Chemical condensation
d) Double exchange reaction
e) The reaction is restored

104
2023
What has an effect on the coagulating action of the coagulant ion, according
to the Schulze-Hardy rule?
a) Polarization
b) Hydration ability
c) *Ionic charge
d) Adsorbability
e) Ionic size

2023
How does the value of the critical concentration of micelles in homologous
series change with an increase in the molecular weight of the surfactant?
It is growing sharply
It is increasing
*Decreases
It reaches a maximum and falls
Does not change

2023
Aerosols are one of the medicinal forms. What is the name of the
phenomenon of movement of aerosol particles in the direction of decreasing
temperature?
Electrophoresis
Peptization
*Thermophoresis
Photophoresis
Sedimentation

2023
Which of the following phenomena is not characteristic of aerosols?
Coagulation
Thermophoresis
*Dissociation
Photophoresis
Thermoprecipitation

2023
Which emulsions are stabilized by emulsifiers, if the solubility of
emulsifiers is greater in water than in oil?
Concentrated emulsions
*Direct emulsions
Emulsions of the second kind
Diluted emulsions
Reverse emulsions
105
2023
What is the name of the phenomenon of a decrease in the coagulability of
a mixture of electrolytes when they are added to the sol of a medicinal
substance?
*Antagonism
Sensitization
Additivity
Solubilization
Synergism

2023
For which dispersion systems are the phenomena of thermophoresis,
photophoresis, and thermoprecipitation most characteristic?
Organosols
Suspensions
Hydrosols
*Aerosols
Emulsions

106
 HMC
The isoelectric point of the protein is 5.7. At what pH value does the protein
macroion move to the anode?
4,7
*7,0
4,0
5,7
5,0

The isoelectric state of protein molecules depends on:

the method of preparation of the solution
the protein molecule form
the mass of dissolved substance
*pH of the medium
the solvent concentration

The solution contains a mixture of proteins: globulin, albumin and collagen,

whose isoelectric points are respectively equal to 7.0; 4.9 and 4.0. At what pH
value can albumin be distinguished?
*4.9
4.2
7.0
4.0
4.4

To what electrode will a protein particle move during electrophoresis, if its

isoelectric point is 4.0 and the pH of the solution is 5.0?
First to the cathode and then to the anode
First to the anode and then to the cathode
*To the anode
To the cathode
Will not move anywhere

If the amount of HMC added to the sol is small, then it is possible stability not
increase but decrease. This phenomenon was named:
colloidal protection
mutual coagulation
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 *sensitization
solubilization

Indicate the protective properties of an organism HMC, which help to keep

calcium phosphate and carbonate in blood plasma:
*Protective number
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
critical concentration of mycelial formation
the coagulation threshold

High molecular compounds (HMC) are widely used in pharmacy. What

property of true solutions is also a characteristic the HMC?
high structural viscosity
light scattering
presence of the interface of the section
Brownian movement
*Thermodynamic stability

Name a phenomenon that is accompanied by a decrease in the volume of a

structured system without changing the form of its initial state:
None of the listed.
sensitization;
*syneresis;
coacervation;
thyzotropy;

The change of what conditions may lead to the coacervation process?

*all answers are correct;
change in pH of the medium;
change in the concentration of the HMC;
change in the concentration of electrolyte;

Protective protein macromolecules are adsorbed on the surface of bacterial

cells and form aggregates of a large number of particles. As a result of the
aggregation of particles, they pass:
Swelling
Peptization
*Sedimentation
Diffusion
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 Dispersion

In what conditions, the limited swelling become unlimited (formation of a

solution)?
at pH in the media corresponding to the isoelectric point.
when cooled;
in the presence of ions (SO4) 2-;
in the presence of Cl- ions;
*when heated;

Separation of biopolymer solutions by gel chromatography occurs as follows:

Physical separation of substances between two phases.
interaction of determinants with ionogenic sorbent groups;
hydration of molecules;
*the size of the molecule;
adsorption on the surface of the sorbent;

The isoelectric point of muscle myosin is 5. At what pH value is the

electrophoretic mobility of macroions is equal to 0?
*5.0;
2.0;
3.0;
4.0;
7.0.

Synergy is:
*Formation of two macrophases (liquid and fluted) with prolonged standing
of the HMC gel
The destruction of the gel under the influence of mechanical action and the
formation of them again in a state of rest
Selection of a separate phase in the form of small droplets from concentrated
solutions of the HMC
One-way process of penetration of solvent molecules into polymer phase
The process of interaction of a polymer with a low molecular weight liquid
limited by the swelling stage

Proteins are very important in the processes of vital activity. At what pH

value is the gelatine electrophoretic mobility equal to zero (the isoelectric point of
gelatin is 4.7):
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 7.0
9.4
14.0
5.5
*4.7

What method is pharmacopeia for determining the molecular weight of the

HMC:
Ebullioscopy
Potentiometry
*Viscosimetry
Osmometry
Cryometry

Synthetic high-molecular compounds of contact lenses are infused in a humid

medium of the eyes. The swollen lens material has a certain amount of water. This
is an example:
synthetic swelling
kinetic swelling
adhesive swelling
*limited swelling
unlimited swelling

When taking the medicine, the accurate dosage is necessary. To increase

resistance of the suspension, they add:
None of the listed
glucose
еthanol
sodium chloride
*gelatosis

Which of the following factors does not affect the degree of swelling?
Presence of electrolytes
pH level
*Solvent volume
Temperature
The nature of the solvent

110
 What is the one-way process of solvent molecules penetration into the
polymer phase, which leads to the dissolution of the polymer:
adhesive swelling
limited swelling
synthetic swelling
kinetic swelling
*unlimited swelling

Solutions of high molecular compounds are used in medicine and pharmacy.

At the first stage of polymer dissolution, the total volume of the system decreases.
This phenomenon is called:
Sedimentation
Coagulation
Dissolution
*Contraction
Solubilization

The jellies and the gelation process are of great importance in medicine and
biology. What is the name of the process of destruction of jellies and their
restoration?
Coacervation
Coagulation
salting out
Syneresis
*Thixotropy

The isoelectric point (IEP) of proteins depends on the ratio of the residues of
the corresponding acids in their molecules:
*Monoaminocarboxylic and diaminomonocarboxylic
Diaminodicarbonic and dichloridecarboxylic
Aminocarboxylic and dicarboxylic Carbonic and dicarboxylic
Monochlorocarbonic and dichlorocarbonic

In the isoelectric state (IEP), the protein molecule coagulates and:

In the electric field moves to the anode
*Is electrically neutral
Is in anionic form
In the electric field moves to the cathode
Is in cationic form.
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 The process of the HMC swelling is accompanied by:
*diffusion of solvent inside the polymer
coagulation of chain macromolecules
chemical interaction of the polymer with the solvent
evaporation of the solvent from the polymer
dehydration of macromolecules

The action of electrolytes on the HMC solution leads to the process:

solvation
coacervation
*salting out
syneresis
thixotropy

When separating the mixture of proteins by electrophoresis, a buffer solution

with pH = 4.9 was used. Specify the protein that moved to the cathode:
gelatin with IEP = 4.7
beta casein with IEP = 4.6
*gamma globulin with IEP = 6.4
albumin with IEP = 4.64
pepsin with IEP = 3.1

It is possible to isolate the HMC from the solution with the help of
electrolytes. This process is called:
coagulation.
aggregation;
sedimentation;
swelling;
*salting out;

How does the protein molecule move in the HMC:

moves from cathode to anode.
moves to the cathode;
moves from the anode to the cathode;
*does not move in a constant electric field;
moves to the anode;

112
 Solutions of high molecular compounds are used in medicine and pharmacy.
At the first stage of polymer dissolution, the total volume of the system decreases.
This phenomenon is called:
Sedimentation
Coagulation
Dissolution
Solubilization
*Contraction

The method of removing low molecular weight impurities from colloidal

systems and HMC agents by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane is
called:
Electrodialysis;
Ultrafiltration;
*Dialysis;
Decantation;
Compensation dialysis.

2020
To determine the viscosity of sputum containing IUD, it is sufficient to
measure the relative viscosity of the fluid, which is characterized by:
The ratio of the relative viscosity of the solution to the mass concentration of
the solution
The ratio of the relative viscosity of the solution to the mass fraction of the
solution
The difference between the viscosities of the solution and the solvent
* The ratio of the absolute viscosity of the solution to the viscosity of the
solvent
The limit value of the reduced viscosity of the solution at a concentration
approaching zero

2021
An important characteristic of the protein, on the basis of which you can
choose the optimal conditions for its isolation and purification in order to obtain
certain dosage forms, are:
Eutectic point
Singular point
Triple point
Equivalence point
* Isoelectric point

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 2021
Swelling is the first stage of dissolution:
Low molecular weight compounds
Inorganic compounds
None of the above
Organic compounds
* Macromolecular compounds

2023
What ability of high-molecular compounds prevents precipitation of
lyophobic sols and deposition of cholesterol plaques on the vessel walls?
Sedimentation
Coagulation
Coacervation
Thixotropy
*Colloidal protection

2023
What is formed during the dissolution of gelatin in water at elevated
temperature?
*Molecular solution
Emulsion
Fragile xerogel
Suspension
Elastic xerogel

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