MODULE 1:-

Evolution of WebX.0: WebX.0 represents the transition from static web pages to
dynamic, interactive platforms incorporating technologies like AJAX, Web 2.0, and
beyond, enabling richer user experiences and real-time interactions.
1. Web Analytics 2.0: Web Analytics 2.0 emphasizes deeper analysis of user
behavior and engagement metrics beyond basic traffic data, providing
insights crucial for optimizing digital marketing strategies.
2. Choosing Web Analytics Tool: Selecting a web analytics tool involves
considering factors such as the website's objectives, audience demographics,
data requirements, budget constraints, and compatibility with existing
platforms.
3. Web3.0 and Semantic Web: Web3.0 and Semantic Web aim to enhance web
data by adding context and meaning through structured data, ontologies, and
intelligent information retrieval, improving data interoperability and user
experience.
4. N-Triples and Turtle: N-Triples and Turtle are serialization formats used in
Semantic Web applications to represent RDF data as triples, enabling efficient
data storage and exchange.
5. Importance of RDF and SPARQL: RDF (Resource Description Framework) and
SPARQL are fundamental technologies in the Semantic Web for representing
and querying structured data, facilitating semantic data integration and
interoperability.
6. Web3.0 User Experience: Web3.0 enhances user experience by providing
personalized content, intelligent recommendations, and seamless interactions
tailored to individual preferences and behaviors.
7. Role of Ontology: Ontology defines relationships between concepts and
entities in the Semantic Web, enabling machines to understand and interpret
web content intelligently.
8. Clickstream Analysis: Clickstream analysis involves tracking and analyzing
user navigation patterns on websites, offering insights into user behavior,
preferences, and interaction with online content for optimizing website
performance and usability.

MODULE 2:-

1. TypeScript vs. JavaScript: TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds

static typing, classes, interfaces, and other features for enhanced scalability
and maintainability of large applications compared to plain JavaScript.
2. TypeScript's Internal Architecture: TypeScript is transpiled into JavaScript by
the TypeScript compiler (tsc), which checks types during compilation, leading
to fewer runtime errors and improved code quality for large-scale projects.
 3. Setting up TypeScript Environment: To set up a TypeScript environment,
you need to install Node.js and TypeScript globally, initialize a project with tsc
--init to create a tsconfig.json file, and use a code editor with TypeScript
support (e.g., Visual Studio Code).
4. TypeScript Types: TypeScript supports various types such as number, string,
boolean, arrays, objects, and custom types (interfaces, enums) to define the
shape of data and catch type-related errors during development.
5. TypeScript Functions: Functions in TypeScript allow developers to define
reusable blocks of code, specify parameter types and return types, and
improve code organization and readability.
6. TypeScript Classes and Objects: TypeScript supports object-oriented
programming with classes, constructors, properties, and methods. Inheritance
in TypeScript allows one class to inherit properties and methods from another
using the extends keyword.
7. TypeScript Modules: TypeScript supports modules to encapsulate code,
manage dependencies, and promote code reuse. Modules help in organizing
and structuring large projects by keeping related code together.
8. JavaScript vs. TypeScript: TypeScript offers features like static typing,
interfaces, classes, and enhanced tooling (e.g., IntelliSense) compared to
JavaScript, leading to better code maintainability and developer productivity.
9. TypeScript's Type System: TypeScript's strong type system reduces runtime
errors by catching type-related issues during compilation, leading to more
predictable and reliable code.
10. Developer Productivity with TypeScript: TypeScript enhances developer
productivity by providing features like code navigation, type inference, code
refactoring, and better tooling support compared to plain JavaScript, resulting
in cleaner and more maintainable codebases.

MODULE 3:-

1. Asynchronous Nature of Node.js: Node.js is asynchronous, meaning it

utilizes non-blocking I/O operations. This allows it to handle multiple requests
efficiently without waiting for one operation to complete before starting
another, making it essential for building scalable applications.
2. Role of NPM (Node Package Manager): NPM is a package manager for
Node.js that helps developers discover, install, and manage third-party
libraries (packages) and tools. It simplifies dependency management and
enhances code reuse in Node.js development.
3. Asynchronous File System Operations: Node.js uses asynchronous file
system methods (e.g., fs.readFile, fs.writeFile) that do not block the event loop,
allowing other operations to continue while waiting for file I/O operations to
complete.
 4. Event Loops in Node.js: Node.js uses an event-driven, single-threaded
architecture with an event loop that continuously listens for events and
executes associated callback functions. This asynchronous model maximizes
throughput and efficiency by handling multiple requests concurrently.
5. Buffers and Streams: Buffers and streams are used in Node.js for efficient
handling of binary data and large data sets. Buffers provide a fixed-size chunk
of memory, while streams allow data to be read or written in chunks, reducing
memory overhead and improving performance.
6. Networking in Node.js: Node.js provides a built-in net module for
implementing networking applications such as TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) servers and clients.
7. Callback Functions in Node.js: Callback functions are fundamental in Node.js
for handling asynchronous operations. They are passed as arguments to
asynchronous functions and executed when the operation completes,
ensuring non-blocking behavior and error handling.
8. Core Features of Express.js: Express.js is a minimalist web framework for
Node.js that simplifies the development of web applications. Its core features
include routing, middleware support, template engines, and HTTP utility
methods.
9. Real-Time Communication with WebSocket: Node.js supports real-time
communication using WebSocket, a protocol that provides full-duplex
communication channels over a single TCP connection. WebSocket enables
real-time updates and interactive features in web applications.
10. Middleware in Express.js: Middleware functions in Express.js process
incoming HTTP requests before reaching route handlers. Common
middleware examples include logging, error handling, authentication, and
request parsing, allowing developers to modularize and customize request
processing.

MODULE 4:-

1. Installing and Initializing Express.js: To install Express.js, use npm

(Node Package Manager) by running npm install express. Express is initialized in
a Node.js project by requiring it ( const express = require('express') ) and creating an
instance of the Express application ( const app = express()).
2. Role of Routing in Express.js: Routing in Express.js maps HTTP requests to
specific handler functions based on URL patterns and HTTP methods ( GET,
POST, etc.). Routes are defined using app.get, app.post, etc., specifying the route
path and callback function to handle the request.
3. Purpose of Middleware in Express.js: Middleware functions in Express.js
execute tasks such as logging, authentication, error handling, and request
processing. They enhance the functionality of the application by intercepting
and modifying request and response objects.
 4. Advantages of Express.js: Express.js simplifies the development of web
applications with features like robust routing, middleware support, template
engine integration, and HTTP utility methods. It provides a lightweight, flexible
framework for building scalable and maintainable web applications.
5. Handling HTTP Requests and Responses: Express.js handles HTTP requests
using middleware and route handlers. Request and response objects ( req, res)
are used to process incoming requests, generate responses, and send data
back to clients.
6. Template Engines in Express: Template engines like EJS, Pug (formerly Jade),
and Handlebars are integrated with Express to generate dynamic HTML
content. They allow embedding dynamic data and logic into HTML templates
for rendering on the server.
7. Cookies vs. Sessions in Web Development: Cookies are small pieces of data
stored on the client-side, while sessions are server-side data stores linked to a
specific user. Cookies are often used for client-side state management, while
sessions are used to maintain user sessions and store session-specific data.
8. Authentication Middleware in Express: Authentication middleware in
Express verifies user identity, validates credentials, and manages user sessions
using techniques like JWT (JSON Web Tokens), session cookies, or OAuth.
9. CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing): CORS is a security feature that
controls access to resources on a different origin (domain) in web browsers. It
is implemented in Express using middleware ( cors package) to enable or
restrict cross-origin requests based on configured policies.
10. Error Handling in Express.js: Error handling in Express.js involves using
middleware functions to catch and process errors during request processing.
Error middleware ( app.use((err, req, res, next) => {...}) ) is used to handle and
respond to errors gracefully, preventing server crashes and improving error
reporting.

Module 5:-

1. Why AngularJS is Used in Web Development: AngularJS is used for web

development due to its ability to create dynamic, single-page applications
(SPAs) and its features like data binding, dependency injection, and modular
architecture, which streamline development and enhance user experience.
2. AngularJS Architecture with MVC: AngularJS follows the MVC (Model-View-
Controller) architecture. Models represent data, views display the data to
users, and controllers handle user interactions and business logic, promoting
separation of concerns and maintainability.
3. Data Binding in AngularJS: Data binding in AngularJS synchronizes data
between the model (JavaScript objects) and the view (HTML). It enables
automatic updates to the UI when data changes and simplifies DOM
manipulation, improving developer productivity.
 4. Role of Controllers and Services: Controllers in AngularJS manage
application logic and interact with the view. Services encapsulate reusable
business logic and data operations, promoting code reusability and
modularity.
5. Built-in Directives in AngularJS: AngularJS provides built-in directives (e.g.,
ngModel, ngIf, ngFor) that extend HTML with dynamic behavior. Directives are
used to manipulate the DOM, handle events, and interact with data in
AngularJS applications.
6. Significance of Dependency Injection: Dependency injection in AngularJS
manages object dependencies and promotes loose coupling between
components. It improves code maintainability, testability, and modularity by
enabling easy swapping of dependencies.
7. Form Validation in AngularJS: AngularJS facilitates form validation using
built-in directives and services ( ngModel, ngForm, ngMessages). It allows
developers to define validation rules, display error messages, and ensure data
integrity in web forms.
8. AngularJS Routing for SPAs: AngularJS routing enables navigation between
views without full page reloads, enhancing user experience and performance
in single-page applications. It uses ngRoute or UI-Router to manage application
states and URLs.
9. Modularization in AngularJS: AngularJS uses modules ( ngModule) to
encapsulate components, services, and directives into reusable and
independent units. Modularization improves code organization, scalability,
and maintainability in large applications.
10. Comparison with Other JavaScript Frameworks: AngularJS differs from
React and Vue.js in its use of two-way data binding, dependency injection, and
opinionated structure. React focuses on virtual DOM and component-based
architecture, while Vue.js emphasizes simplicity and flexibility.

MODULE 6:-

1. Key Features of MongoDB for Web Applications: MongoDB is suitable for

web applications due to its flexible schema design, scalability, high availability,
and support for sharding and replication. It stores data in JSON-like
documents, making it easy to work with web technologies.
2. Connecting Node.js to MongoDB with Native Driver: To connect a Node.js
application to MongoDB using the native driver ( mongodb), install the driver via
npm (npm install mongodb). Then, use the MongoClient to establish a connection
to MongoDB and perform database operations.
3. Role of Mongoose in MongoDB Schemas and Models: Mongoose is an
ODM (Object Data Modeling) library for MongoDB in Node.js. It simplifies
schema definition, validation, and querying by providing a structured way to
define models and interact with MongoDB collections.
 4. Principles of RESTful APIs and CRUD Operations: RESTful APIs adhere to
principles such as stateless communication, uniform interfaces (HTTP
methods), resource-based URLs, and self-descriptive messages (JSON/XML).
CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) are used to manipulate
resources via RESTful endpoints.
5. Express.js for RESTful APIs with MongoDB: Express.js simplifies the creation
of RESTful APIs with MongoDB integration by providing a robust framework
for routing, middleware support, and request handling. Using Express
alongside MongoDB (with Mongoose) allows developers to define CRUD
endpoints efficiently and handle data interactions seamlessly.

LAB SYLLABUS:-
Web Analytics:

Compare and contrast open-source web analytics tools (Matomo, Open

Web Analytics, AWStats, Countly, Plausible): These tools vary in features
and focus. For instance, Matomo emphasizes privacy, while Open Web
Analytics offers real-time tracking. AWStats is server-based, and Plausible
provides simple, privacy-focused analytics.
1. Explain the importance of web analytics in modern web development:
Web analytics helps developers understand user needs, optimize content, and
track marketing efforts, leading to improved user experience and business
outcomes.

Semantic Web: 4. What is the Semantic Web? How does it enhance traditional
web technologies? The Semantic Web extends the current web by enabling
machines to understand and process information, leading to more intelligent data
integration and automation of tasks.

5. Describe functionalities of Semantic Web tools (Apache TinkerPop,

RDFLib, Apache Jena, Protégé, Sesame): These tools facilitate tasks like
graph database querying (TinkerPop), RDF data manipulation (RDFLib),
ontology management (Protégé), and RDF storage and querying (Apache
Jena, Sesame).
6. How can Semantic Web technologies improve data integration and
interoperability on the web? Semantic Web technologies provide
standardized ways to represent and link data, enabling automated reasoning
and enhanced data sharing across diverse applications and platforms.
**TypeScript:**
1. **Hello World in TypeScript:**
```typescript
// Hello World program in TypeScript
console.log("Hello, world!");
```
TypeScript code is transpiled to JavaScript using the TypeScript compiler
(`tsc`). This process converts TypeScript code into JavaScript code that can
be executed by browsers or Node.js.

2. **Inheritance in TypeScript:**
Inheritance in TypeScript allows a class to inherit properties and
methods from another class. For example:
```typescript
class Animal {
constructor(public name: string) {}
speak() {
console.log(`${this.name} makes a sound.`);
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

constructor(name: string) {
super(name);
 }
}

const myDog = new Dog("Buddy");

myDog.speak(); // Output: Buddy makes a sound.
```

3. **Access Modifiers in TypeScript:**

TypeScript supports access modifiers (`public`, `private`, `protected`) to
control the visibility of class members. For example:
```typescript
class Person {
private name: string;

constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
}

greet() {
console.log(`Hello, ${this.name}!`);
}
}

const person = new Person("Alice");

person.greet(); // Output: Hello, Alice!
 // person.name; // Error: Property 'name' is private and only accessible
within class 'Person'.
```

4. **Building a Simple Website with TypeScript:**

To build a basic website with TypeScript, you can create HTML and
TypeScript files, then compile TypeScript to JavaScript. TypeScript offers
type-checking and modern language features for frontend development.

**Node.js:**
1. **Hello World App in Node.js:**
```javascript
// Hello World Node.js application
console.log("Hello, world!");
```
Save this code in a file (e.g., `app.js`) and run it using `node app.js` in the
terminal to see the output.

2. **Stream and Buffer in Node.js:**

Streams and buffers are used for handling data efficiently in Node.js. For
example, reading from a file using streams:
```javascript
const fs = require('fs');
const readStream = fs.createReadStream('input.txt');
readStream.pipe(process.stdout); // Output data from input.txt to the
console
```
3. **Modules in Node.js:**
Node.js modules encapsulate reusable code. Common types include
core modules (e.g., `fs`, `http`), built-in modules (e.g., `path`, `util`), and
third-party modules (e.g., `express`, `mongoose`).

**Express:**
1. **Configuring Express Settings:**
Configure Express settings like port number and middleware using
`app.set()` and create routes using `app.get()` or `app.post()`.
```javascript
const express = require('express');
const app = express();

app.set('port', process.env.PORT || 3000);

app.get('/', (req, res) => {

res.send('Hello, Express!');
});

app.listen(app.get('port'), () => {
console.log(`Server is running on port ${app.get('port')}`);
});
```

2. **Sending and Receiving Cookies in Express:**

 Use `res.cookie()` to set cookies and `req.cookies` to access cookies in
Express.
```javascript
app.get('/set-cookie', (req, res) => {
res.cookie('username', 'John Doe');
res.send('Cookie set!');
});

app.get('/get-cookie', (req, res) => {

const username = req.cookies.username;
res.send(`Hello, ${username}!`);
});
```

3. **Implementing Sessions in Express:**

Use session middleware like `express-session` to manage user sessions
and store session data.
```javascript
const session = require('express-session');
app.use(session({
secret: 'secret-key',
resave: false,
saveUninitialized: true
}));

app.get('/login', (req, res) => {

 req.session.user = { id: 1, name: 'Alice' };
res.send('Logged in!');
});

app.get('/profile', (req, res) => {

const user = req.session.user;
res.send(`Welcome, ${user.name}!`);
});
```

**AngularJS:**
1. **Creating a Simple AngularJS Project:**
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello AngularJS</title>
<script
src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js"
></script>
</head>
<body ng-app="myApp">
<div ng-controller="myCtrl">
<input type="text" ng-model="name">
<p>Hello, {{ name }}!</p>
</div>
 <script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) {
$scope.name = 'World';
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
```

2. **Implementing a Single Page Web Application:**

AngularJS facilitates single-page application development with its two-
way data binding, dependency injection, and event handling capabilities.

3. **Students Record Application with AngularJS:**

AngularJS's data binding and directives simplify UI development for
managing student records, enhancing interactivity and responsiveness of
the application.