Pharmaceutical Industrial Training Report

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Pharmaceutical Industrial Training Report
Report On Industrial Training - (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I consider it a great privilege & honor to have had the opportunity to undergo the industrial
training work in Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd. Hence, I would like to offer my heartiest thanks to
Mr. Dilpreet Singh, (Managing Director, Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd).
I convey my heartiest thanks to Mr. Kulwinder Singh Gill (Plant Head), Mr. Balwinder
Singh (RM Store Manager), Mr. Rajveer Kaur (Production Manager), Mr. Rahul (Manager, QC),
Mr. Mukesh Kumar (Finished Product Manager) for their most valuable suggestions, constant
encouragement, and affectionate guidance during the period of this training.
I would like to thanks all trainees and staffs, who help me very much and without whom
support and guidance it was impossible for me to complete the project successfully.
I owe deep gratitude to the Mrs. Parul Dhanotia (HR Manager) and Ms. Himani Negi
(Sales Marketing) for their support and guide to carry out the tasks assigned to us while we are in the
training. At last, I am greatly thankful to all my seniors and colleagues in Elfin Drugs for extending
their constant cooperation which went a long way towards the completion of this Training and
Report.
I consider it my to convey me deep sense of gratitude and pay respectful regards towards
Dr. S. Sadish Kumar (Director) of I.T.S. College of Pharmacy for valuable guidance, consistence
encouragement and pleasant discussion throughout.
My special thanks to Ms. Nidhi Tyagi (Asst. Professor, I.T.S. College of Pharmacy), who
advised me to join this Pharmaceutical Industry for better experience and knowledge.
…NITIN CHAUDHARY
NITIN CHAUDHARY Page 1

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PREFACE
Pharmacy is a profession which is concerned with the art and science of preparing suitable
and convenient material for distribution and use in the treatment and prevention of disease, so it is a
fully technical profession where practical knowledge is much more important along with theoretical
knowledge.
According to curriculum of a four year integrated degree course of BACHELOR OF

PHARMACY each student has to undergo practical training for a period of one month in any of the
pharmaceutical industry in India.
I was directed to undergo at “Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd.” and this report contains a brief
description of the above pharmaceutical industry which was observed during the training program.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. Topic Page No.

1. Industrial Training Certificate 4
1. Profile of Organization 5
2. Sections in Elfin 6
2. Raw Material Store 7
3. Tablet Section 10
4. Capsule Section 18
5. Liquid Section 23
6. Ointment Section 28
7. Parenteral Section 31
8. Quality Control and Quality Assurance Section 34
9. Microbiology Section 40
10. Finished Good Section 44
11. Engineering Section 45
12. Conclusion 49

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING CERTIFICATE

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 Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd. is a company, established in 1999, that promises good health for all by
providing quality medicines at affordable prices and committed to care the people for keeping
good health.
 They have won many accolades in the domestic and international pharmaceutical domain.
 They are engaged in manufacturing of pharmaceutical products for acute care market, etc.
 They are a leading group of companies that is headed by an experienced management involved in
the diverse field of pharma industry and is situated at the excise free zone in Himachal Pradesh
which is conducive for a pharma industry to grow.
 Their commitment towards quality, rich industry experience together with ethical business values
have taken us a long way in gaining a global recognition.
 They possess an image of a widely recognized manufacturer of injectable, latest tunnel system
for dry and liquid injectable, liquid syrups, dry syrups, eye / ear / nasal drops, pre-filled syringes.
MISSION
 Honor our pledge to continuously improve and strive towards the highest quality standards in all
aspects of our business.
 Optimize the talents of our employees within a learning organization with an environment that
reward commitment, creativity, and performance.
 Value teamwork among our employees, business associates, and customers as an integral factor
in our continued business success.
 Innovate continuously to develop new cutting-edge pharmaceutical and healthcare technologies
and products.
 Dedicate ourselves to total customer satisfaction in order to consistently deliver outstanding
value to our customer and stakeholders.
VISION
 Our vision is to become a technology-based Indian pharmaceutical company & to emerge out
as a strong player in the domestic & international market.
 To keep improving the quality of life by offering value-added novel products that are
technologically innovative, cost-effective and of superior quality, surpassing expectations of
customers across the globe.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
At Elfin, we believe that contributing back to the society is not only a RESPONSIBILITY
but a COMMITMENT. Our little value added to the betterment of society is a part of our mission, in
line with our commitment to human health. Through the years, Elfin has strived to make the world
around it a better place. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not just an integral part of our
business but devotion; the promise of a brighter future for every life we touch.
We consider it our duty to contribute a share of our earnings towards health benefits to the less
privileged, rural welfare to make life easier for rural poor and several charitable activities to do our
part towards the welfare of society as a whole.
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 Blood Donation
With a second highest population in the world, there is the tremendous requirement of blood for
patient care. Unfortunately, there is an endemic shortfall of this precious item. Every year we
organize a blood donation drive at all our locations for our team members to contribute to this
noble cause.
 Rural Welfare
Apart from regular medical initiatives, we have also been working in the domain of rural
upliftment having built several Community halls in the vicinity of several hospitals. These
community halls are used by relatives of patients admitted in the hospitals especially
government-run hospitals. The patients’ relatives are provided with free accommodation and
subsidized meals while they are busy taking care of the patient. We have also developed waiting
areas in government hospitals to provide seating areas to patients and their families.
 Eye Camps
Our CSR efforts are focused on ‘how to not turn a blind eye’ to a common yet growing medical
concern in India. India is home to a quarter of world’s blind with cataract being the leading cause
of this problem. Our free eye camps have helped make a very simple yet vital procedure
accessible to needy patients, averting the need for them to face a bleak yet highly preventable
long-term reality – a life without sight.
We continue to conduct large eye care camps in various villages where we provide
underprivileged people with free cataract operations and eye checkups through the services of
eye specialists and surgeons. All patients undergoing eye operations are also provided with
adequate post-operative care. In 2012, our dedicated team was instrumental in achieving over
11,000 cataract surgeries successfully.
SECTIONS IN ELFIN
 Raw Material Store

 Tablet Manufacturing Section
 Capsule Manufacturing Section
 Liquid Manufacturing Section
 Ointment Manufacturing Section
 Injections Manufacturing Section
 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Section
 Microbiology Section
 Finished Goods Section
 Engineering Section

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RAW MATERIAL STORE
A raw material also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material, is a basic
material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy or intermediate materials which are
feedstock for future finished products. As feedstock, the term connotes these materials are bottleneck
assets and are highly important with regards to producing other products.
Pharmaceutical raw materials comprise substrates or elements that are used for
manufacturing different types of drugs e.g. endocrine disorder drugs, musculoskeletal system drugs,
anti-infective drugs viz. cephalexin, penicillin, ampicillin, cephradine, etc. Pharmaceutical excipients
and ingredients or raw materials used to manufacture drugs are extracted from different sources.
These sources could be natural or synthetic. Recently, many of the raw materials previously derived
from natural sources are being produced synthetically in part or even biotechnologically. This is so
because manufacturing them artificially is economical, safer and much quicker. Pharmaceutical raw
materials are manufactured using different types of acids, alcohols, esters, phenones, pyridines, etc.
Pharmaceutical raw materials are essential to producing pharmaceutical drugs and include
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) also known as bulk active are pharmaceutically active and
have desired pharmacological effects on the body e.g. alvimopan, sparfloxacin,
sapropterindihydrochloride, lanreotideacetate, nicotinic aicd, etc. In contrast pharmaceutical
excipients are the pharmaceutically inert substances which help in delivering the active ingredients
e.g. anti-adherents, binders, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, etc.
Fig.1 – Raw Material Store
STEPS INVOLVE IN RM STORE

 Receiving
 Sampling
 Storing
 Dispensing
Receiving
 Raw material is supplied by vendors by placing order.

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 After receiving the raw material check he “Observation on pack”.
 Segregate the raw material according to batch number.
 Pre entry cleaning of raw material by vacuum cleaner.
 Weighing of the raw material
Sampling
 Before sampling get line clearance by QA person.
 OC person test the sample of raw material under LAF by different tests and fill it in
“Observation on sampling are and pack” and “Certificate of analysis”.
 Warehouse operators will paste the labels of “Approved label” and “Sampled label”.
 Next sent raw material for storing.
Storing
 The raw material is stored at 3 different temperature zones –
o Ambient: Not more than 35 0C
o Controlled temperature room: 15 – 25 0C
o Cold room: 2 – 8 0C
Dispensing
 Raw material is picked for dispensing according to “Material pick list for process order” and
dispensed according to BMR prepared by QA personnel.
 Selection of raw material is done according to “First expiry first dispense”.
 Raw material is dispensed from dispensing booth under LAF to the production area.

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PRODUCTION SECTION
General Instructions and Precautions –
 Ensure area and equipment cleanliness before starting the manufacturing operations.
 Check and ensure that all manufacturing equipment and other required accessories are clean
ready for use.
 Wear gloves and nose mask during all manufacturing process.
 Counter check the weights of all ingredients before using in the batch.
 Get line clearance from QA for manufacturing.
 Air handling unit (AHU) system should be kept ON throughout the manufacturing process.
 Temperature should be kept between 25 0C + 2 0C and relative humidity should be kept between
50 + 10%.
 Ensure that QC approval purified water is being used for manufacturing purpose.
 Always transfer solution to the manufacturing vessels through 20 meshes.
 During the preparation of product, no other product processing should be done in the same area.
 Whenever sifting through SS mesh is involved; check the mesh integrity before and after use.
 All critical aspects during manufacturing like temperature, duration of mixing, weight, etc. must
be checked and recorded by the supervisor.
 Supervisor to ensure completion of all in-process records during various stages of manufacturing
operations till completion of the batch.
 Release from QA should be taken from all in-process tests mentioned in batch manufacturing
record.
 No over writing is allowed in batch manufacturing record. If initial data is wrong entered, cancel
the data by single stroke arrow and put initials. Record reasons for change as footnote on the
same page.
 All details whatever is necessary should be recorded in batch manufacturing record (BMR).
 Send a test request to QC after manufacturing is completed.
 Check all polyethylene bags before and after material loading for black particles and sealing.
 Check calibration of respective equipment/machine before use.

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TABLET MANUFACTURING SECTION
Tablet Components and Additives
A. Active Ingredients: ornidazole IP, Folic acid, pantoprazole sodium, tranexemic acid,
azithromycin, cefixime, metformin, vitamin B6,etc.
B. Non-active Ingredients: six major excipient categories
a. Diluents: lactose, starch, mannitol, Sorbitol
b. Binders: Acacia, Gelatin, Tragacanth, starch.
c. Lubricants: stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate. and talc
d. Disintegrants: Starches are the most common disintegrating agents
e. Colors: D&C and FD&C dyes and lakes, and
f. Flavors and Sweeteners: mannitol, lactose, sucrose, saccharin and dextrose.
Unit Operations
There are three methods of preparing tablet granulations. Such as:
(a) Wet granulation,
(b) Dry granulation (also called "slugging"), and
(c) Direct compression.
 Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages.

 Each individual operation of the process is known as a unit operation.
WET GRANULATION
1. Milling of drugs and excipients.
2. Mixing of milled powders.
3. Preparation of binder solution.
4. Mixing binder solution with powder mixture to form wet mass.
5. Coarse screening of wet mass using 6- to 12- mesh.
6. Drying moist granules.
7. Screening dry granules with lubricant and disintegrants.
8. Mixing screened granules with lubricant and disintegrants.
9. Tablet compression.
DRY GRANULATION
2. Mixing of milled powders.
3. Compression into large, hard tablets called slugs.
4. Screening of slugs.
5. Mixing with lubricant and disintegrating agent.
DIRECT COMPRESSION
2. Mixing of ingredients.

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EQUIPMENTS
1. SIFTER
An instrument used to sieve the ingredients of a tablet with a replaceable mess ware. In this
technique, particles of power mass are placed on a screen made of uniform aperture. The sifter is
attached with a vibrator that helps in sieving the materials through the meshwork. The mechanism of
action is to loosen the packing of the particle in contact with screen surface, permitting entrapped sub
sieve particles to the screen surface.
Fig 2. Sifter Fig 3. Planetary Mixer
2. Planetary Mixer
For wet granulation a planetary mixer is used. Solutions of the binding agent are added to the mixed
powders with stirring. The powder mass is wetted with the binding solution until the mass has the
consistency of damp snow. The planetary mixer can mix a material of 100kg. The beater of the
planetary mixer revolves 2-4 times for each revolution of the head, providing double mixing action.
3. Mass Mixer
This is also mixing equipment used to mix dry as well is wet ingredients. The mixer has blades that
are alternately arranged and is allows uniform mixing. The mass mixer is emptied by inverting it and
scrapping off its ingredients. The planetary mixer can mix a material of 100kg.
4. Multi-mill
This is a hammer mill that uses a high speed rotor to which a number of swinging hammers are fixed.
The unit is enclosed with chamber containing a grid or removable screen through which the material
can pass. The material is fed from the top and ground by impact of hammers or against the plates
around the periphery of the casing. The materials are enough pass through the screen that forms the
lower portion of the chamber. The fragments are swept downward against the screen where they
undergo additional hammering action until they are reduced to a size small enough to pass through
the openings and out. Oversize particles are hurled upwards into the chamber where they also
undergo further blows by the revolving hammers.

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5. Fluidized bed dryer
In a fluidized bed dryer, the fluidized air stream is introduced by a fan or blower mounted at the top
of the apparatus. The air is heated to the required temperature in an air heater and flows upwards
through the wet materials, which remains in a drying chamber fitted with a wire mesh supported at
the bottom. By this process, the material is suspended and agitated in a warm air stream while the
granulation is maintained in motion.
Fig 4. Fluidized Bed Dryer Fig 5. Tray Dryer
6. Tray dryer
It consists of a chamber, containing horizontal arrangements of trays on which granules are dried.
The drying process is accomplished by a gust of hot air driven by or blower through an electric
heater and heat exchange. In this method, the wet materials are placed over paper sheets and finally
placed over the trays and the drying operation is carried out. These dryers are mainly useful for
materials that contain alcoholic solutions and where slow drying for better granule characteristic is
necessary.
7. Compressor
For increased production, Rotary machines offer a great advantage. A head carrying a number of sets
of punches and dies revolves continuously while the tablet granulation runs from the hopper, through
a feed frame and into the dies placed in a large, steel plate revolving under it. This method promotes
a uniform fill of the die and therefore an accurate weight for the tablet. Compression takes place as
the upper and the lower punches passes between a pair of rollers. This action produce a slow
squeezing effect on the material in the die cavity from the top and bottom and so gives a chance for
the entrapped air to escape. The punches and dies can be removed for inspection, cleaning and
inserting different sets to produce a great variety of shapes and sizes.

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TABLET PRESSES
 The basic unit of any tablet press is a set of tooling consisting of two punches and a die which is
called a station.
 The die determines the diameter or shape of the tablet; the punches, upper and lower, come
together in the die that contains the tablet formulation to form a tablet.
 There are two types of presses: single-punch and rotary punch.
 The single-punch press has a single station of one die and two punches, and is capable of
producing from 40 to 120 tablets per minute depending on the size of the tablet. It is largely used
in the early stages of tablet formulation development.
 The rotary press has a multiplicity of stations arranged on a rotating table in which the dies are
fed the formulation producing tablets at production rates of' from a few to many thousands per
minute.
 There are numerous models of presses manufactured by a number of companies, ranging in size,
speed, and capacity.
Tablet presses consist of

1) Hoppers, usually one or two, for storing and feeding the formulation to be pressed
2) Feed frame(s) for distributing the formulation to the dies
3) Dies for controlling the size and shape of the tablet
4) Punches for compacting the formulation into tablets
5) Cams (on rotary presses) that act as tracks to guide the moving punches. All other parts of the
press are designed to control the operation of the above parts.
Fig 6. Rotary Tablet Press

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COATING
 Tablet coatings perform one or more of the following functions. They may: mask the taste of
unpalatable drugs, protect the drug from deterioration due to light, oxygen or moisture, separate
incompatible ingredients, control the release of medicament in the gastrointestinal tract, and
provide an elegant or distinctive finish to the tablet.
 The materials used for coating may largely comprise sucrose (sugar coating), water soluble film
forming polymers (film coating) or substances which are soluble in the intestinal secretions but
not in those of the stomach (enteric coating).
 These types of coating can all be applied by the pan or fluid-bed processes; the compression
coating technique is suitable for sugar and enteric coatings, but not for film coating.
TYPES OF COATING
1) SUGAR COATING
2) FILM COATING
3) MODIFIED RELEASE COATING
1) SUGAR COATING: This traditional coating imparts a smooth, rounded, elegant appearance to
the tablet. Stephenson and Smith (1951) have given a detailed discussion on the composition of
sugar coatings.
 The sugarcoating process involves building up layers of coating material on the tablet cores
as they are tumbled in a revolving pan by repetitively applying a coating solution or
suspension and drying off the solvent.
 Before sugarcoating, the core is coated with a sealing coat of shellac, PVP*-stabilized types
of shellac, or other polymeric materials, such as cellulose acetate phthalate and polyvinyl
acetate phthalate.
 The next stage is to build up a subcoat that will provide a good bridge between the main
coating and the sealed core, as well as round off any sharp corners. This step is followed by
smoothing or grossing.
 The finishing stage is accomplished by again applying one or two layers of clear syrup. The
tablets are then left for several hours before being transferred to the polishing pan.
 The polish is a dilute wax solution (e.g., carnauba or beeswax in petroleum spirit) applied
sparingly until a high luster is produced.
2) FILM COATING: Film coating has increased in popularity for various reasons.
 The film process is simpler and, therefore, easier to automate. It is also faster than
sugarcoating, since weight gains of only 2 to 6% are involved, as opposed to more than 50%
with sugarcoating.
 Two major groups of film coating materials may be distinguished:
(a) Those that are non-enteric and, for the most part, cellulose derivatives, and
(b) Those that can provide an enteric effect and are commonly esters of phthalic acid.
 Films may contain a plasticizer that prevents the film from becoming brittle with consequent
risk of chipping.
 Until recently, alcohols, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and ketones have been among the
most frequently used types of solvents. However, because of increasing regulatory pressures
against undesirable solvents, there has been a pronounced trend toward aqueous film coating.
3) Modified-Release Coatings: A coating may be applied to a tablet to modify the release pattern of
the active ingredient.
 Two general categories, enteric coating and controlled-release coating, are distinguished.

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 The former are insoluble in the low pH environment of the stomach but dissolve readily in
the small intestine with its elevated pH.
 They are used to minimize irritation of the gastric mucosa by certain drugs and to protect
others that are degraded by gastric juices.
Fig 7. Tablet Coating Machine Fig 8. Automatic Coating Machine
PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF TABLETS

 Packaging and Labeling of tablets are done in Packaging and Labeling area.
 In this area concurrently three actions i.e. visual checking for contaminant or deformity, Labeling
and Packing are taking place.
 This room is fitted with air-conditioners and a temperature of about 27◦C is maintained.
 This area has an inspection table where deformity and contamination are checked against black
and white background.
 The minimum luminosity required in the inspection zone is 500lacs.
 The inspection table is fitted with stainless steel conveyors.
 The equipment is attached with a motor of 1 H.P. and a reduction gear box with adjustable
pulley.
 It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or functions –
1) Primary Packaging
2) Secondary Packaging
3) Tertiary Packaging
Primary Packaging – It is the material that first envelope the product and holds it. This usually is
the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the content.
Secondary Packaging – It is outside the primary packing and may be used to prevent pilferage or to
group primary packages together.

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Tertiary Packaging – These are used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping.
The most common form of palletized unit load that packs tightly into containers.
Fig 9. Blister Packaging Machine
TYPES OF PACKAGING
1) BLISTER PACKING
2) STRIP PACKING
1) Blister Packing: This is useful for packaging of unit dose of pharmaceuticals. This packing mode
has been used extensively for several good reasons. It is a packaging configuration capable of
providing excellent environmental protection, coupled with an aesthetically pleasing and
efficacious appearance. It also provides user functionally in terms of convenience, child
resistance and now temperature resistance.
Blister packing consists of two principals components:-
1) A formed base web creating the cavity inside which the product fit.
2) The lidding foil for dispensing the product out of the pack.
2) Strip packing: The blister package is formed by heat softening a sheet of thermoplastic resin and
vacuum drawing the softened sheets of plastic into a contoured mould. After coming, the sheet
is released from the mould and proceeds to the filling station of the packaging machine. The
semi-rigid blister previously formed, is filled with the product and lidded with a heat sealable
backing material. The backing material can be either a push through or peelable type. For a push
through type of blister, the backing material is usually heat seal coated aluminum foil. The
packaging of the final product is done in paper cartons, manually, and is finally sealed using an
automatic sealer. The machine can seal cartons.

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Fig 10. Blister Packaging
Fig 11. Strip Packaging

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CAPSULE MANUFACTURING SECTION
 Capsule is the most versatile of all dosage forms.
 Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are
enclosed in a small shell or container usually made of gelatin.
 The process of manufacture of capsules is known as Encapsulation.
Types of Capsules
1) Hard Gelatin Capsule
2) Soft Gelatin Capsule
 The hard capsule is also called “two piece” as it consists of two pieces in the form of small
cylinders closed at one end, the shorter piece is called the “cap” which fits over the open end of
the longer piece, called the “body”.
 The soft gelatin capsule is also called as “one piece”. Capsules are available in many sizes to
provide dosing flexibility.
 Unpleasant drug tastes and odors can be masked by the tasteless gelatin shell.
 The administration of liquid and solid drugs enclosed in hard gelatin capsules is one of the most
frequently utilized dosage forms.
INDUSTRIAL FILLING OF HARD GELATIN CAPSULES

a) Removal of caps
b) Filling of the bodies
c) Replacement of caps
d) Ejection of filled capsules
 Capsules are delivered into the perforated capsule filling ring.

 The ring is rotated on a turntable, and a vacuum pulls the bodies into the lower half of the ring,
leaving the caps in the upper half of the ring.
 The top & bottom halves of the filling ring are separated manually, and the cap half of the ring is
set aside.
 The body half of the ring is then moved to another turntable where it is rotated mechanically
under a powder hopper.
 The hopper contains an auger which feeds the powder into the bodies.
 When the capsule bodies are filled, the cap and body rings are rejoined.
FILLING OF POWDER IN CAPSULE SHELL

Filling of powder is generally done by the different machines. The equipments used for filling of
powder in capsule shell types –
1) Hand Operated Capsule Filling Machine.
2) Semi Automatic Capsule Filling Machine.
3) Automatic Capsule Filling Machine.
1) HAND OPERATED CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE

The machine is designed for filling a wide variety of formulation suitable for all classes of
pharmaceutical industry. The machine is simple to operate with no variation. The machine is fully
made out of stainless steel 304 quality except harden and lubricant parts.

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Fig 12. Hand Filling Capsule Machine
Features
 Low investment.
 Benefit ration simple to operate can be handled by UN skilled labor.
 All the loading plates are made of s.s.304 quality.
 Easily dismantle and reassembled even by unskilled labor.
Output
 8000 Capsule per/hour from 300 holes machine.
Working
 It consist of a bed having 200-300 hole, a loading tray having 200-300 holes, a power tray, a pin
plate having 200-300 pins, a sealing plate having a rubber top, a lever, a cam handle.
 The empty capsules are filled in the loading tray and it is placed over the bed.
 The cam handle is operated to separate the capsule caps form their bodies.
 The power tray is placed in a proper position and filled with an accurate quantity of power with
scraper.
 The excess of the powder is collected on the platform of the powder tray.
 The pin plate is lowered and the filled powder is pressed by moving the pin downwards.
 After pressing the pin plate is raised and the remaining powder is filled into the bodies of the
capsules.
 The powered tray is removed after its complete filling.
 The cap holding tray is again placed in position.
 The plate with the rubber top is lowered and the lever is operated to lock the caps and bodies.
 The loading tray is then removed and filled capsules are collected.
2) SEMI AUTOMATIC CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE

The Semi-Automatic Capsule filling machine is a user-friendly machine available with advanced
features.

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Fig 13. Semi Automatic Filling Capsule Machine
Features
 Fill weight accuracy
 Formulation yields
 Maintenance free operation
 Operator ease and safety
Innovative features
 Automation of loading station - This eliminates the need for continuous operator attention as
solid state control circuitry provides automatic stoppage of the loading table after completion of
one cycle, each of 60 strokes.
 Automation of filling station - This, again, is a revolutionary feature that eliminates the need for
continuous operator attention. Motorized. swing-in and swing-back of the drug hopper after one
filling cycle results in reduced operator fatigue.
 Pneumatic closing station - This utilizes an electronic sensor which activates a pneumatic
cylinder to carry out the closing operation resulting in ease of operation and reduced operator
fatigue.
 Vertical Closing - Vertical closing of filled capsules reduces reject rates and powder spillage.
This is critical for pellet filling. This is achieved by having two speeds for auger and nine speeds
for filling table operation.
 Modular type hopper provides easy and fast dismantling for cleaning. Change-over times
between batches are reduced.
 Filled capsule output capacity can be increased using our ring loading station. This allows
existing SA-9 installations to be upgraded for extra production.
Output
Capsule Size 00 0 1 to 5
No. of Holes/ Loading Ring 360 420 480
Output Per hour 21,600 25,200 48,960
With ring loading system 36,700 42,840 48,960
Output per hour

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3) AUTOMATIC CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE
 High Speed Automatic Capsule Filling machines are suitable for filling powders and pellets.
These are versatile machines with several outstanding features both functional and mechanical.
 The machines have capabilities to give an output of 40,000 capsules and 90,000 capsules per
hour with high filling accuracy and can accommodate capsule sizes.
 Capsule fillers are used to fill hard gelatin and non gelatin capsules with pre determined quantity
of liquids, powders, pellets, tablets.
 Most machines conform to the GMP guidelines with various safety features for maximum
operator protection.
 Capsules are normally fed into the machine, the filler then align, opens and accurately fills each
capsule and recloses.
 Fillers generate minimum dust with lowest level of product loss. Non-separated, double loaded
capsules and improperly inserted capsules are automatically rejected by machines to maintain the
consistency in the quality of product.
 Most capsule fillers are characterized with fast changeover time to accommodate a variety of
capsules in terms of shapes and size.
 High Quality Capsule Filling Machine requires minimal maintenance and easy to clean.
 Another important feature is the installation of speed adjusting equipment and automatic counters
ensuring the right quantity of capsules being filled and packed.
Fig 14. Automatic Filling Capsule Machine
Output
 Model - A 40 40,000 capsules per hour for powder & 30,000 capsules per hour for pellets.
 Model - A 90 90,000 capsules per hour for powder & 70,000 capsules per hour for pellets.

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POLISHING OF CAPSULE
CAPSULE POLISHING MACHINE

 This polishing machine is used after capsules were filled for cleaning the powder attached on the
capsules surface, through mechanically rotating brush and attraction of vacuum to take out the
external powder.
 As the chamber is made out of stainless steel is installing with filter cloth and nylon brush as an
the capsule are subjected to roll travel from one end of the brush to other end between nylon
bristles and filter cloth and the capsule get polish an get glossy finish.
 This part of the machine compatible with two stainless Steel chambers installed with filter cloth,
a revolving variable speed spiral nylon brush stainless Steel powder collector and a vacuum dust
collector.
 The capsules travel from one end to other end. During this travel they are subjected to roll in
between the nylon bristles and filter cloth.
 In this course the powder on the capsules and at the edge are removed and sucked by the dust
collector.
 In this process capsules are polished twice i.e. in two chambers the powder settled on the edge of
the capsules are also removed.
 The capsules coming out of the chute are thoroughly polished, shiny and clean.
Features
 Fill weight accuracy
 Formulation yields
 Maintenance free operation
 Operator ease and safety
Innovative features
 Feeding Machine - This section consists of a stainless steel hopper and a vibrator with powder
collector. As the capsules pass through the vibrator, some amount of powder gets collected in the
stainless steel collector.
 Inspection Machine - This part of the machine with a conveyor belt and vary speed drive.
Above this machine there is a lighting source to inspect the capsules minutely. The capsules
move on the conveyor belt and while moving they revolve around their axis due to angular
guides. This total visual inspection can be undertaken by an operator to sort out defective
capsules. The defective capsules are sorted manually by hand.

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LIQUID MANUFACTURING SECTION
 The Liquid Manufacturing Plants are ideal tools for the pharmaceutical industry for the
production of Oral Liquids.
 It is specially designed to take care of two critical factors which directly affect the quality of the
Liquids.
 Minimum manual handling of Liquid.
 Effective cleanness during manufacturing.
 It also provides the benefits of the effective manpower utilization.
LIQUID MANUFACTURING PLANT CONSIST THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENTS AND

ACCESSORIES
 Sugar Syrup Vessel
 Manufacturing Vessel
 Storage Vessel
 Control Panel
 Product Piping
 Working Platform
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE LIQUID MANUFACTURING PLANT ARE AS FOLLOWS

 The Plant is designed to be operated only by one operator and one helper.
 All material transfers are done by vacuum or by transfer pumps.
 All the vessels are CGMP (paint free construction)
 The gaskets used are of silicon (food grade).
 All contact parts are of S.S. 304 quality material (SS316 provided on demand) & finished to class
4B (Mirror) finish and are crevice free.
 The entry of stirrer & high speed emulsifier are from top. In-line Emulsifier (as per customer
choice) provided on demand. (Optional)
 All vessels are suitable for internal pressure of 1 Kg. / Sq. cm. and hence can be sterilized.
 All pipes, pipe fittings and valves are of SS304 / SS316 (as per customer requirement) seamless
quality, internally electro polished, with triclover ended joints.
 The entire plant is equipped with CIP & SIP connections, so that customer can use this facility, if
have CIP & SIP equipment.
 All values of temperature & time of the plant are indicated digitally on the control panel.
Ampere indicates on Ampere meters.
 A micro processor based automatic operating plant can be designed as per requirement.
(Optional)
 All the inlet & outlet connections are provided with tri clover joints, which are very easy for
cleaning & replacement.
PROCESS CONTROL
 This system consists of a closed circuit manufacturing facility from feeding of Sugar / Water
Phase to loading the Volumetric Liquid Filling Machine.
 The Sugar and Water, are load with vacuum system or by mechanical system or manually.
 The Sugar Syrup Vessel is supplied with high speed stirrer & electrical heating (In small model) /
steam heating facility (In bigger size model).
 The sugar syrup is prepared at required temperature & is transferred to Manufacturing Vessel by
vacuum or by transfer pump.
 The product during emulsion formation is re-circulated through In-Line Homogenizer or Liquid
Transfer Pump.

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 The Pump also discharges the product in the Storage Vessel.
 The Storage Vessel is then taken to the filling area (if it is small capacity) and is connected to
again Liquid Transfer Pump or Storage Vessel remains fixed (In bigger size) & pump transfer the
Liquids in the float tank which is connected with filling machine.
 The entire Plant can be operated by centralized operating panel by one operator.
 The plant is equipped with an electrical control panel with digital temperature indicators /
controllers and digital timers.
 Minimum two batches per shift of the same product can be assured in this plant.
 This plant conforms to CGMP standards (Paint Free Construction).
LIQUID FILLING MACHINES
1. AUTOMATIC LIQUID FILLING MACHINE

 Automatic anti-pressure liquid filling machine adopting the ways of vacuum filling to fill all
several of overflow products with high accuracy and versatility ensure filling without leakage, no
foam and damaged bottle is no incorporated.
 Automatic speed variation adjustment makes operation more convenient and reliable.
2. SEMI AUTOMATIC VOLUMETRIC LIQUID FILLING MACHINES

 Semi automatic volumetric liquid filling machines is two head, table top, fully GMP model used
to fill variety of liquids.
 Semi automatic volumetric liquid filling machine can be used for different types of glass, Plastic,
Metal containers.
 Semi automatic volumetric liquid filling machine works on volumetric principle and is fitted with
two syringes on the sides.
 The motor and gear box are covered in a SS cabinet. The desired volume can be adjusted by
increasing or decreasing the eccentricity. Bottles are kept bellow the nozzles manually.
 Output bottles per minute depending on type of liquid and fill size with the help of three speed
pulley arrangement.
Fig 15. Semi Automatic Liquid Filling Machine

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3. HIGH SPEED AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FILLING & CAP SEALING MACHINE
 High Speed Automatic Bottle Filling & Cap Sealing Machine can be adapted to a wide variety of
bottle shapes and liquids properties and can be used in various Industries such as
Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, Agrochemicals, Chemicals, Etc.
 This unit is fully automatic unit and can be coupled with a un-scrambler to feed the bottles to the
in feed conveyor of this machine.
 This machine achieves the complete operation of filling the bottles automatically and accurately.
 The complete filling sequence for different fill sizes is programmable for the speed with the
movement of a switch, achieves complete synchronization automatically.
 The fill range of this machine can be adjusted from 30 ml to 1000 ml with the change of
syringes. Higher fill volumes can be achieved by taking multiple strokes of the syringes.
 The number of filling head can be either 4, 6 or 8 depending upon the output required from this
unit. Usually we get an output of 80-160 bottles per minute. This also depends on the fill volume
of the bottle & number of filling heads.
 The filling machine is further attached to a manual capping machine which is to be operated by
an operator who would carry the bottle from the filling section, place the cap on the bottles neck
and seal it with the help of the rotating head.
 This operation is also done automatically by connecting an online automatic bottle capping
machine.
 The sealed bottles are then carried towards the inspection table by means of a slat conveyor,
where the bottles are visually inspected by the operator for any particles in the filled liquid.
 This process is simultaneously carried out in a white & black background and thereafter the
bottles are further transferred for next operation, i.e. labeling and packaging.
4. ROTARY BOTTLE WASHING MACHINE

 The washing machines are ideal for washing injection bottles, infusion bottles, ampoules,
cartridges and syringes. It is designed to clean various types of glass bottles or plastic, metal
containers either round or odd shaped, subjecting it to a series of distinct processing operations.
 On washing machines, containers are fed individually and considerately through several stations:
flooding, washing (with or without ultrasonic support), blowing out and transfer to a downstream
sterilizing tunnel.
 The bottles are loaded on rotating platform where bottles are getting cleaned in a series of
operations. The bottles are placed in an inverted position in cups.
 The external cleaning of the bottles is done by spraying showers. Solenoid valves are provided to
enable the regulation of timings and sequence of various washing media to suit specific
requirement.
 Washing Sequences and positioning of washing stations can be interchanged as required for
liquid oral & injectable.
 Washing Machines are available with S.S. body, S.S stand and S.S. control panel as per the GMP
requirement.
 A vary speed drive pulley is provided for different output between 64 to 100 bottles per minute.
 Simple change over to different container sizes.
 Rotary Bottle washing machines are used for Bottle washing for pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic,
chemical etc.
 Bottle washing machines are suitable for different type and shape of bottle such as glass, plastic
and aluminum bottles.
5. ROPP CAP SEALING MACHINE

 ROPP CAP Sealing machine is ideal for continuous heavy duty operations.
 The machines are suitable to apply ROPP cap on round as well as flat, rectangular shaped bottles.

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 The capping machines are ideal for application in pharmaceutical, liquor, food, agrochemical,
edible oil, lube oil and other packaging applications.
 Cap Sealing machines are equipped with hopper feeder for standard height of caps to feed the
cap on to the bottle neck for online capping.
 This machine is fully automatic and is complete with Rotary Cap Feeding Hopper and built-in
Slat Conveyor.
 The bottles are fed in a vertical position. As soon as the bottle strikes the end-chute, a cap from
the shoe of the automatic cap feeder is placed on the bottle and passed to the sealing head for
sealing.
 The sealing head seals the bottles and later conveys them to the slat conveyor for onward transfer
to inspection machine.
 The guide rails and stainless steel slat conveyor can be adjusted to accommodate various shapes
and diameter of bottles.
 A limit switch with actuator mechanism is provided for sensing bottle-topple.
 The machine is provided with variable speed mechanism for speed adjustment.
6. SINGLE HEAD AUGER TYPE DRY SYRUP POWDER FILLING MACHINE

 Automatic Single Head Auger Type Dry Syrup Powder Filling Machine is a compact model used
for filling of Dry Syrup Powder into bottle.
 The incoming dry bottle (sterilized and siliconized) are fed through the infeed Turn Table with
suitably guided on the moving delrin flat conveyor belt at the required speed for feeding.
 Filling head is mounted on machine top plate.
 When bottle reaches to the filling station, it will be hold by the pneumatic bottle holder.
 Immediately it will be sensed by the bottle sensor as soon as it gets the signals from sensor
magnetic clutch starts to rotate which is mounted on auger shaft.
 It will fill the desire amount of powder to the bottle through auger, where rotation time is
previously saved in PLC control.
 After filling of bottle pneumatic piston goes back and releases the bottle to move on conveyor.
 The main advantage of this machine is Pneumatic bottle holding system is directly connected
with Auger rotation, so till bottle get filled with powder as per set value, pneumatic system will
not going to release the bottle.
7. DRY SYRUP POWDER FILLING MACHINE

 Automatic Monoblock Dry Syrup Powder Filling with Eight Head ROPP Cap Sealing Machine
is a Compact machine used for filling and sealing of Dry Syrup in bottles.
 The incoming dry container (sterilized and siliconised) are fed through the infeed Turn Table
with suitably guided on the moving delrin flat conveyor belt at the required speed for feeding to
the feed worm for correct spacing be two bottles and get enter into the infeed starwheel, which
will be transferred below funnel, 16 nos. of funnel is mounted on round plate and powder filling
head is mounted from centre pipe, which gives the flexibility to adjust power of wheel as per
requirement and consumes less space on machine.
 Machine will be having a lifter assembly on base of bottom plate, when bottle come below
funnel, bottom platform will lift the bottle and insert the bottle inside funnel.
 The sterilized powder is stored in to powder hopper is agitated by pair of mechanical agitators for
maintaining consistency and uniform bulk density, powder wheel rotates at the pre determined
speed below the powder hopper practically no clearance.
 Powder wheel consist of Piston in each port and behind the powder wheel vacuum plate is
provided there is no clearance between powder wheel and vacuum plate due to back spring
pressure.

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 Volume of powder is sucked in to the port of powder wheel during vacuum according to the
piston length different fill size can be achieved.
 The excess powder is doctored off by a doctor blade, now doctor blades can be add from outside
also without removing powder hopper.
 When powder wheel indexes further and remain in the port due to the vacuum till it reaches just
vertical position.
 The time dose of Compressed air, sterilized low pressure Nitrogen Gas sequentially flushes out
powder from the port of powder wheel in to the funnel.
 Funnel will be equipped with square rod to break the solid slug of powder and powder will start
to fill inside bottle, which is moving with funnel.
 In this model Bottle is getting around 5 to 6 second filling time.
 Bottles further move with funnel and reaches to exit star wheel, which is infeed star wheel for
eight head ROPP cap sealing machine, while rotating star wheel bottle picks up the cap from exit
end of chute, ROPP caps kept in orientation unit, automatically orient caps in right direction
before entering into delivery chute.
 And Bottle is entering below the sealing head, consist of four rollers. Two rollers properly Skirts,
Spins and Seals the cap and simultaneously another two roller performs perfect threading
according to bottle neck diameter.
 After sealing operation, sealing head moves upward with cam and bottle enters into exit star
wheel. Move further on conveyor belt for next operation.

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OINTMENT MANUFACTURING SECTION
 Ointment Section required to handle various formulations for e.g. transdermal drug delivery
system in the form of gel and other external preparations.
 It is provided with fully automatic lami tube filling line inbuilt with tube cleaning, filling, sealing
and embossing stations integrated with online cartonator, online batch coding and check
weighing system.
OINTMENT MANUFACTURING PLANT

 Ointment Manufacturing Plants are ideal for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for the
production of ointment, creams, tooth paste, lotions and other emulsions and homogenizations.
 To ease cleaning, efficiency of agitators, ease of maintenance
 The combined action of horizontal blade and specially designed anchor ensures most efficient
mixing with shearing action of homogenizer, important when working with viscous products.
 Ointment plant comprises components such as manufacturing vessel and agitators with flush
bottom valve, wax/water phase vessel with side mounted fast speed stirrer, flush bottom valve
and conical filter, manufacturing vessel with double speed anchor and fast speed emulsifier fitted
with mechanical seal, lifting pneumatically for manufacturing vessel, spray ball on top cover for
cleaning main vessel, monitoring of the product temperature with digital indicator on panel,
electric control panel board with all necessary controls.
 Ointment Manufacturing Plant is very useful for creams, lotions, gels, shampoos, tooth pastes
and such preparations.
PROCESS CONTROL
 All waxes and oils are dissolved in the wax phase vessel separately
 All aqueous phase materials are added in the water phase vessel and processed separately.
 Both phase vessels are jacketed and are provided with motor driven propeller type of agitators
which facilitate thorough mixing.
 Once the phases are ready, they are transferred to the main Ointment manufacturing vessel by
opening respective valves.
 This transfer takes place through filters and pipelines due to the vacuum created within the main
vessel with the aid of a pump.
 The Ointment Manufacturing vessel is provided with anchor type of stirrer along with Teflon
scrapper at the ends, the agitator is driven by dual speed motor.
 A built-in high speed emulsifier ensures proper emulsification of the ointment, The MIMIC
feature in the control panel controls the time of emulsification with the aid of timers.
 The finished product is transferred to storage vessels by means of the bump pump.
 Transfer from storage vessel to the filling hoppers is achieved by means of reciprocating
metering pumps at the required rate.
 Special scrappers are provided for transfer of the complete product and to avoid wastage.
MACHINES USED IN OINTMENT
1. PLANETARY MIXER
 Planetary Mixer is used in various applications such as Ointments, Pharmaceutical Creams,
Cosmetic Creams, Ceramics, Ink Pastes, Color Pigments, Rubber, Compounds etc.
 Planetary Mixer is useful for thorough mixing of ointments, creams, lotions, toothpastes etc. in
sterile or non-sterile conditions.
 Intimate and homogeneous mixing of products is employed by planetary motion of beaters and
centrally located homogenizer.

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 Product container provided with jacket to heat and cool for circulation of steam / cold water.
Mixer is also designed to operate under vacuum to remove air entrapment in product during
mixing.
 High speed dispenser suitable for homogenizing the product with independent drive at the center
of top dish
 Product bowl mounted on castor wheels for easy portability, washing & transporting mixed
materials.
 Jacketted bowls available for heating or cooling of products during mixing.
 Provision to mix materials under vacuum for de-aeration purpose.
 Double beaters open type to cover full cross section of products in bowl.
 For ointments / paste / cream / lotions etc. high speed emulsifier provided for homogeneous
mixing and to produce lustrous product.
 Motorized drive assembly for lifting and lowering.
 Needs comparatively smaller area for installation.
 Electrical control panel with back up fuses and indicator lamps for easy process control.
2. TUBE FILLING MACHINE

 Automatic Tube Filling Machines fill ointment/cream in cylindrical aluminum collapsible/ lami/
coextruded plastic tubes and close it absolutely safely and symmetrically.
 No tube - No fill device which makes sure that filling does not take place if tube is not present at
the filling station.
 At the orientation station, when the tube is lifted, its presence is checked by a sensor and this
signal is relayed to the filling station. Hence if a tube is not there, the dosing action does not take
place and hence there is no fill.
 If the tube is not ejected out by the ejector, the machine stops in order to avoid damages.
 In case of any jamming on the indexing system, to avoid breakages, the load is sensed by the
variable drive through the PLC & the machine stops automatically.
 Blow off device and tail cutting arrangements to avoid the paste / cream touching the sealing
portion of the tube.
 Over load clutch to protect the indexer and all the related shafts rods etc.
 Solid state no tubes no fill device mechanism.
 Tube holders are of spring loaded type to take care of any tube diameter variation.
 Over load clutch to protect the indexer and all the related shafts rods etc.
 Audiovisual Alarm Annunciation System for any abnormal conditions of the machine.
 Comprehensive control panel with all protection features.
Tube Filling Process

 The empty tubes are first loaded in the cassette, which then travels through the guides to be held
in the feeder by vacuum.
 The tube is then fed into the tube holder by the feeder.
 The tube holders are fitted on the circular turret which intermittently takes the tube to all the
stations.
 The tube then passes through the centering station which presses the tube from top and lodges it
into the tube holder.
 It then travels to the orientation station for positioning the ‘I’ mark. Here the tube is lifted and
revolved. The moment the ‘I’ mark comes in front of the scanner, the tube stops revolving and
comes down.
 It is then carried to the filling station where the dosing action of the piston in the cylinder forces
out the required volume of material through the hose pipe onto the suck back device and then
from the nozzle into the tube.

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 The tube then travels through the individual pressing, crimping and coding stations after which it
is ejected out at the ejecting station.
 In case of lami/plastic tubes, after the filling station, the tube travels to the hot air blowing station
where hot air is blown onto the inside of the end of the tube by a nozzle having holes on its
periphery.
 The tube then goes to the sealing station where the tube is pressed and sealed. It then travels to
the dual coding & trimming station where the tube is first coded with metal stereos on the seal
and the irregular shape at the tube end is trimmed by a set of blades.
 It is then ejected out at the next station.
Fig 16. Tube Filling Machine
Fig 17. Tube Labeling Machine

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PARENTERAL SECTION
 Parenteral preparations are sterile products those are administrated by injection into the body.
They may be directly administrated or they may be diluted before administration.
 Parenteral preparations are prepared by the methods that maintain their sterility, avoid the
introduction contaminants and microbial growth.
 The Parenteral preparations those are in the form of liquids require the base to dissolve them.
Water for Injection is commonly used in Parenteral preparations.
 Other auxiliary substances may be added to increase the stability and usefulness of the
preparation. Those substances at the added concentration they should not have any adverse effect
or cause toxicity. No coloring agent may be added to the Parenteral preparation for the purpose
of coloring.
 Parenteral preparations which are packaged in multiple-dose containers may contain suitable
antimicrobial preservatives in the appropriate concentration to inhibit the microbial growth in the
containers. The preservative effectiveness should be demonstrated before the production of
Parenteral preparation.
 When the active ingredients have the chances of oxidative degradation, a suitable antioxidant
may be added and/or the air in the container may be evacuated or displaced by nitrogen or other
suitable inert gas.
Containers
 Containers for Parenteral preparations should be made from materials that are transparent to
permit visual inspection of the contents of the containers and should not adversely affect the
quality of the preparation under the storage conditions, handling and use. These may be packed
in glass ampoules vials or bottles or in other containers such as plastic bottles.
Fig 18. Vials Filling with Rubber Stoppering, Capping & Labeling Machine
Closures
 Vials or bottles are closed with closures that are having a good seal to prevent the access of
micro-organisms and other contaminants and a part or the whole of the contents of the container
can be withdrawn without removal of the closure. The material of which the closure is composed
must be compatible with the preparation and must allow the passage of a needle with the minimal
shedding of particles and to ensure that the hole is resealed when the needle is removed.

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Fig 19. Ampoule Filling & Sealing Machine
Fig 20. Dry Injectable Powder Filling & Rubber Stoppering Machine
Inspection
 According to Good Manufacturing Practices, each final container of a Parenteral preparation
must be individually inspected for visible foreign material.
 If any foreign material is found, the container should be rejected.
Labeling
 The labeling of the containers of Parenteral preparations should be done in a manner that the area
should be uncovered to inspect the content of the container. The label of any Parenteral
preparation should contain the name of preparation, amount of active ingredient, storage
conditions and the amount of diluents to be used to get the specified concentration of the active
ingredient.

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Types of Parenteral Preparations
There are main following five types of Parenteral preparations:
1. Injections
2. Powders for Injection
3. Infusions
4. Concentrated Solutions for Injection
5. Implants
1. Injections
 Injections are sterile solutions those are prepared by dissolving the active ingredients and any
added substances in Water for Injection or in a suitable non-aqueous base, or in a mixture of
both if they are miscible.
 Injections that are suspensions may show sediment but should be readily dispersible on
shaking. The suspension should remain stable to deliver a homogenous dose of each
withdrawal from the container.
2. Infusions
 Infusions are sterile aqueous solutions with water as the continuous phase. They are free from
pyrogens or bacterial endotoxins, are usually made isotonic with blood and do not contain
any added antimicrobial preservatives.
3. Powders for injection
 Powders for injection are sterile solid substances those are distributed in their final volume
when shaken with the appropriate volume of sterile WFI to form a clear particle-free
solution.
4. Concentrated Solutions for injection
 Concentrated Solutions for injection are sterile solutions that are administered by injection or
by intravenous infusion only after dilution with water for injection.
5. Implants
 Implants are sterile solid preparations of size and shape suitable for implantation into tissues
to release the active ingredient for a long time period. They are filled individually in sterile
containers.
Equipment Required
The following equipment's is recommended:
a) Manufacturing area
 Storage equipment for ampoules, vials bottles and closures.
 Washing and drying equipment.
 Dust proof storage cabinet
 Water still.
 Mixing and preparation tanks or other containers.
 Mixing equipment where necessary.
 Filtering equipment.
 Hot air sterilizer.
b) Aseptic filling and sealing rooms
 Benches for filling and sealing.
 Bacteriological filters.
 Filling and sealing unit under laminar flow work station.
c) General Room
 Inspection table.
 Leak testing table.
 Labeling and packing benches.
 Storage of equipment including cold storage and refrigerators if necessary.

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QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE SECTION
Quality control is the part of GMP concerned with sampling, specification and testing and
with organization; documentation and release procedures which ensure that necessary and relevant
tests are carried out and that materials are not released for sale or supply, until their quality has been
judged satisfactory.
Quality Control (QC) laboratory ensures that the products are pure, safe and effective and are
released only after thorough analysis as per stringent specifications, methods and procedures
developed according to international guidelines viz. EU cGMP, MHRA, WHO, TGA, etc.
One of the most important elements in QC laboratory program is the quality and assurance of
the standard which are used. The standard can be broadly defined into two categories –
 Reference standard or primary standard
 Working standard or secondary standard
The working standard are those obtained from reliable source and whose purity and strength have
been optimized through test, generally compared with the reference standard. The quality control
section performs different control measure and test procedures to verify the product and material
quality. The tests are performed by the QC personnel and the results are matched with a reference
standard.
Different types of test are performed for different material. The types of test performed for each
material are as follows –
1. Size and Shape test
2. Color test
3. Hardness test
4. Friability test
5. Weight Variation test
6. Content uniformity test
7. Disintegration test
8. Dissolution test
9. HPLC
10. IR Spectroscopy
11. UV Spectrophotometer
1. Size and Shape – Thickness is + 5% of standard value control to facilitate packaging. Shaped
tablet requires slotted punches because of the non-uniformity force during compression.
2. Organoleptic Property – Color of product must be uniform. Non-uniformity of color on the

tablet is called Mottling.
3. Hardness
 Tablet requires a certain amount of strength or hardness and resistance to friability to withstand
mechanical shakes of handling in manufacture, packaging and shipping.
 Hardness generally measures the tablet crushing strength. The strength of a tablet was determined
by following ways;
(a) By cracking the tablet between 2nd and 3rd fingers with the thumb acting as a fulcrum. If there
is a sharp snap, the tablet is an acceptable strength.

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(b) Tablet hardness can be defined as the force required breaking a tablet in a diametric
compression. In this test the tablet is placed between two anvils, force is applied to the
anvils, and the crushing strength that just causes the tablet to break is recorded.
 Generally used Hardness testers are:
a) Monsanto Tester
b) Strong-Cobb Tester
c) Pfizer Tester
d) Erweka Tester
e) Schleuniger Tester
 Hardness for compressed tablet is 5 to 8 kg.
Fig 21. Monsanto Tester Fig 22. Pfizer Tester
4. Friability
 Friability of a tablet can determine in laboratory by Roche friabilator.
 This consist of a plastic chamber that revolves at 25 rpm, dropping the tablets through a Distance
of six inches in the friabilator, which is then operate for 100 revolutions.
 The tablets are reweighed. Compress tablet that lose less than 0.5 to 1.0 % of the Tablet weigh
are consider acceptable.
Fig 23. Roche Friabilator

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5. Weight Variation test (U.S.P.)
 Take 20 tablets and weighed individually.
 Calculate average weight and compare the individual tablet weight to the average.
 The tablet pass the U.S.P. test if no more that 2 tablets are outside the percentage limit and if no
tablet differs by more than 2 times the percentage limit.
6. Content Uniformity Test

 Randomly select 30 tablets. 10 of these assayed individually.
 The Tablet pass the test if 9 of the 10 tablets must contain not less than 85% and not more than
115% of the labeled drug content and the 10th tablet may not contain less than 75% and more than
125% of the labeled content.
 If these conditions are not met, remaining 20 tablets assayed individually and none may fall
outside of the 85 to 115% range.
7. Disintegration Test (U.S.P.)

 The U.S.P. device to test disintegration uses 6 glass tubes that are 3” long; open at the top and 10
mesh screens at the bottom end.
 To test for disintegration time, one tablet is placed in each tube and the basket rack is positioned
in a 1-L beaker of water, simulated gastric fluid or simulated intestinal fluid at 37 ± 2 0C such
that the tablet remain 2.5 cm below the surface of liquid on their upward movement and not
closer than 2.5 cm from the bottom of the beaker in their downward movement.
 Move the basket containing the tablets up and down through a distance of 5-6 cm at a frequency
of 28 to 32 cycles per minute.
 Floating of the tablets can be prevented by placing perforated plastic discs on each tablet.
 According to the test the tablet must disintegrate and all particles must pass through the 10 mesh
screen in the time specified. If any residue remains, it must have a soft mass.
 Disintegration time: Uncoated tablet: 5-30 minutes

 Coated tablet: 1-2 hours
Fig 24. Disintegration Test Apparatus Fig 25. Dissolution Test Apparatus

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8. Dissolution Test (U.S.P.)
 A single tablet is placed in a small wire mesh basket attached to the bottom of the shaft
connected to a variable speed motor.
 The basket is immersed in a dissolution medium (as specified in monograph) contained in a 100
ml flask.
 The flask is cylindrical with a hemispherical bottom.
 The flask is maintained at 37±0.5 0C by a constant temperature bath.
 The motor is adjusted to turn at the specified speed and sample of the fluid are withdrawn at
intervals to determine the amount of drug in solutions.
9. HPLC
 Most widely used separation technique
 Broad applicability – organic & inorganic
 Can be very sensitive, accurate & precise
 Suitable for separation of nonvolatile species
Chromatography can be described as a mass transfer process involving adsorption using a non-
polar stationary phase and a mobile polar phase titrating through the column. The active component
of the column, the sorbent or the stationary phase, is typically a granular material made of solid
particles (e.g. silica, polymers, etc.), 2-50 μm in size. High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) is a chromatographic technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in analytical
chemistry and biochemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying or purifying the individual
components of the mixture. Before the invention of HPLC, chemists had column chromatography at
their disposal, and column chromatography was time consuming. To speed up a classic column
chromatography, chemists would have to use a short column for separation, however this lead to
poor separation of molecular components held within solution. The basic setup of a classic column
chromatography would include the column that varied in I.D. from 10 to 50nm and column lengths
of 50-500cm. The column was then packed with the stationary phase ranging in particle size from
150 to 200 μm thick. Chemists realized that with the development of pressurized systems, reducing
the particle size would increase the efficiency. It was not until the late 60’s that chemists and
industrial engineering process acquired adequate technology and manufacturing techniques to
develop a smaller grained stationary phase that would be cohesive with a pressurized system.
Fig 26. HPLC

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10. FT-Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
 It uses a beam of infrared light to analyze the structure of organic compounds. Whereas NMR
analyzes the atoms present, IR instead analyzes the bonds present. NMR produces a set of sharp
signals where every atom’s signal may be discerned, but IR only produces broad absorptions
which may frequently overlap. You are unlikely to be able to completely deduce a structure using
only IR. Nevertheless, IR provides a valuable tool for probing the structure of organic molecules.
 The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-mid-
and far-infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The far-infrared, approximately
400-10cm-1(1000–30μm), lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be
used for rotational spectroscopy. The mid-infrared, approximately 4000-400cm-1(30–1.4μm)
may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational vibrational structure.
The higher energy near-IR, approximately 14000-4000cm-1(1.4–0.8μm) can excite over tone or
harmonic vibrations. The names and classifications of these sub-regions are merely conventions.
They are neither strict division nor based on exact molecular or electromagnetic properties.
Fig 27. FT-IR
11. UV Spectrophotometer
 In Pharmaceutical Industry, A spectrophotometer is commonly used for the measurement of
transmittance or reflectance of solutions, transparent or opaque solids, such as polished glass.
 However they can also be designed to measure the diffusion any of the listed light ranges that
usually cover around 200nm-2500nm using different controls and calibrations. Within these
ranges of light, calibrations are needed on the machine using standards that very in type
depending on the wavelength of the photometric determination.
 The basic function of a spectrometer is to take in light, break it into its spectral components,
digitize the signal as a function of wavelength, and read it out and display it through a computer.
 The first step in this process is to direct light through a fiber optic cable into the spectrometer
through a narrow aperture known as an entrance slit. The slit vignettes the light assist enters the
spectrometer. In most spectrometers, the divergent light is then collimated by a concave mirror
and directed onto a grating.
 The grating then disperses the spectral components of the light at slightly varying angles, which
is then focused by a second concave mirror and imaged onto the detector. Alternatively, a

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concave holographic grating can be used to perform all three of these functions simultaneously.
This alternative has various advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed in more detail
later on.
 Once the light is imaged onto the detectors the photons are then converted into electrons which
are digitized and read out through a USB (or serial port) to a computer.
 The software then interpolates the signal based on the number of pixels in the detector and the
linear dispersion of the diffraction grating to create a calibration that enables the data to be
plotted as a function of wavelength over the given spectral range.
Fig 28. UV Spectrophotometer

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MICROBIOLOGY SECTION
 The Guide to the Inspection of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories provided very
limited guidance on the matter of inspection of microbiological laboratories.
 While that guide addresses many of the issues associated with the chemical aspect of laboratory
analysis of pharmaceuticals, this document will serve as a guide to the inspection of the
microbiology analytical process.
 As with any laboratory inspection, it is recommended that an analyst (microbiologist) who is
familiar with the tests being inspected participate in these inspections.
Following processes are carried out in microbiology laboratory:

 Sterility Testing
 Antimicrobial Efficacy Testing (AFT)
 Microbial Limits Testing
 Bioburden Determination
 Endotoxin (LAL) Testing
 Environmental Monitoring and Identification
 Water Analysis
Microbiological Testing of Non-sterile Products

 For a variety of reasons, we have seen a number of problems associated with microbiological
contamination of topical drug products, nasal solutions and inhalation products.
 The USP Microbiological Attributes Chapter provides little specific guidance other than “The
significance of microorganisms in non-sterile pharmaceutical products should be evaluated in
terms of the use of the product, the nature of the product and the potential hazard to the user.”
 The USP recommends that certain categories be routinely tested for total counts and specified
indicator microbial contaminants. For example, natural plants, animals and some mineral
products for Salmonella, oral liquids for E.coli, topical for P.aeruginosa and S. aureus and
articles intended for rectal, urethral or vaginal administration for yeasts and molds. A number of
specific monographs also nclude definitive microbial limits.
 Microbiological testing may include an identification of colonies found during the Total Aerobic
Plate Count test. Again, the identification should not merely be limited to the USP indicator
organisms.
 The importance of identifying all isolates from either or both Total Plate Count testing and
enrichment testing will depend upon the product and its intended use.
 Obviously, if an oral solid dosage form such as a tablet is tested, it may be acceptable to identify
isolates when testing shows high levels. However, for other products such as topical, inhalants or
nasal solutions where there is a major concern for microbiological contamination, isolates from
plate counts as well as enrichment testing should be identified.
Sterility Testing
 One of the most important aspects of the inspection of a sterility analytical program is to review
records of initial positive sterility test results. Request list of test failures to facilitate review of
production and control records and investigation reports.
 Particularly for the high risk aseptically filled product, initial positive sterility test results and
investigations should be reviewed.
 It is difficult for the manufacturer to justify the release of a product filled aseptically that fails an
initial sterility test without identifying specific problems associated with the controls used for the
sterility test.

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 Examine the use of negative controls. They are particularly important to a high quality sterility
test. Good practice for such testing includes the use of known terminally sterilized or irradiated
samples as a system control.
 Alternatively, vials or ampoules filled during media fills have also been used. Be especially
concerned about the case where a manufacturer of aseptically filled products has never found an
initial positive sterility test. While such situations may occur, they are rare.
 In one case, a manufacturer’s records showed that they had never found positive results; their
records had been falsified. Also, the absence of initial positives may indicate that the test has not
been validated to demonstrate that there is no carryover of inhibition from the product or
preservative.
Validation
 Confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific
intended use or application have been fulfilled.
 Validation is one of the important steps in achieving and maintaining the quality of the final
product. If each step of production process is validated we can assure that the final product is of
the best quality.
 Validation of the individual steps of the processes is called the process validation. Different
dosage forms have different validation protocols.
Process Validation – It is establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of

assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined
specifications and quality characteristics.
Types of Process Validation

 Prospective validation
 Retrospective validation
 Concurrent validation
 Revalidation
Instruments and Devices used in microbiology laboratory

 Analytical balance
 Incubator
 Refrigerator
 Laminar Air Flow/ Biosafety cabinet
 Magnetic stirrer
 Deep freezer
 Light microscope
 pH meter
 Autoclave
 Hot air oven
 Analytical Balance – They are used in precise weighting of small amounts of samples and
chemicals used for preparing media and stock solutions.
 Incubator – In the microbiology laboratories it is among the leading devices which are work at
different temperatures according to the purpose and the work load of the laboratory. It is used in
cultivating, multiplying and in the characterization tests of microorganisms. This device provides
the heat necessary for the growth of microorganisms.

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Fig 29. Incubator
 Biosafety Cabinet – It is used in microbial inoculation and isolation studies as well as sterile
storage of materials. In addition, it is utilized for protection of user, samples and the environment
from hazardous contamination.
 Refrigerator – The device is used for the storage of the stock solutions, chemicals, kits and
nutrient media that should be maintained at certain temperatures.
 Magnetic Stirrer – It is a device which provides mixing and keeping the chemical solutions and
mixtures at a certain time and temperature by the help of a magnetic bar. Vortex agitates the
solutions in the tube, flask and so on in certain speed and duration.
 Deep Freezer – It is used to store stock cultures in microbiology. It is a device used to store
materials which should be kept at low temperatures.
 Autoclave – The main purpose of this device is to sterilize materials and media under pressure
and steam.
Fig 30. Autoclave

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 Inverted Phase Contrast Light Microscope – By the help of different refractive properties of
the light, Phase Contrast Light Microscope provides visibility to sub-cellular structures of
microorganisms that are examined in a liquid medium without any staining. Fluorescence
attachment is used to display objects stained with special fluorescent dyes (DAPI, FITC, Texas
Red, etc.) and that cannot be displayed with normal light microscopy techniques. It operates
according to the principle of reflective light.
Fig 31. Light Microscope Fig 32. pH Meter
 pH Meter- It is used to determine the pH of the media prior to experiments and to monitor pH
value during experiments. The device is used especially in the preparation of stock solutions and
the culture media used for the growth of microorganisms.

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FINISHED GOODS SECTION
 Finished goods are goods that have completed the manufacturing process but have not yet been
sold or distributed to the end user.
 A good purchased as a “Raw material” goes into the manufacture of a product.
 A good only partially completed during the manufacturing process is called “work in process”.
 When the good is completed as to manufacturing but not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it
is called a “finished good”. This is the last stage for the processing of goods.
 The goods are ready to be consumed or distributed.
 There is no processing required in term of the goods after this stage by the seller.
Procedure
 Receive the finished good transfer ticket from production duly authorized by production
supervisor and checked by QA.
 Following are to be made in finished good transfer ticket after received from production –
o Name of product
o Batch No.
o Manufacturing Date
o Expiry Date
o Quantity
o Date of transfer tickets
 Verify the received goods against transfer with above details.
 Ensure the all details are complete as per our requirements.
 In case of any observation, intimate to production department and get it corrected.
 Enter the physically verified quantity in SAP system.

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ENGINEERING SECTION
 Electricity Unit
 Water Treatment System
 Water softening unit
 Chilling unit
 Steam unit
 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
 Effluent Treatment Plant
Electricity Unit
 Generation of electricity in Elfin is from three sub-stations red, yellow and blue (RYB) -
Light arrester – A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power system and systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical lightning arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal.
Transformer – Step down unit, this transformer converts high voltage, low current power into
low voltage, high current power. The larger gauge wire used in the secondary winding is
necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding, which doesn’t have to conduct as
much current, may be made of smaller gauge wire.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker – It is an automatically operated electrical switched designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by over current or overload or short circuit. Its
basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault.
Water Treatment System

 Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating,
cooling, processing, cleaning and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced.
 Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it.
 Steam boilers can scale up or corrode and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat
the same amount of water.
 Also, water treatment is used to improve the quality of water contacting the manufactured
product e.g. semiconductors and/or can be part of the product e.g. beverages, pharmaceuticals,
etc.
 In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products.
 Domestic water can become unsafe to drink if proper hygiene measures are neglected.
Fig 33. Water Treatment System

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Water Softening Unit
 It is the removal of calcium, magnesium and certain other metal cations in hard water.
 The resulting soft water is more compatible with soap and extends the lifetime of plumbing.
 Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins.
Fig 34. Water Softening System
Chilling Unit
 A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor compression or absorption
refrigeration cycle.
 This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process
stream.
 As a necessary byproduct, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to ambient or
for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes.
 Concerns in design and selection of chillers include performance, efficiency, maintenance and
product life cycle environmental impact.
 In industrial application, chilled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process
or laboratory equipment.
 Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling or products, mechanisms and factory machinery
in a wide range of industries.
Steam Unit
 A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water.
 A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required.
 The form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam locomotives,
portable engines and steam powered road vehicles typically use a smaller boiler that forms an
integral part of the vehicle; stationary steam engines, industrial installations and power stations
will usually have a larger separate steam generating facility connected to the point-of-use by
piping.
Air Handling Unit (AHU)

 It is a central air conditioner station that handles the air that usually will be supplied into the
buildings by the ventilation ductwork (connected to the AHU).
 Handling the air means that the air will be delivered into the building spaces with thermo-
hygrometric and IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) treatment.

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 The accuracy of the treatment will depend from the specificity of each project. This means, the
AHU treat the air by filtering, cooling and/or heating, humidifying and/or dehumidifying.
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

 Industries use water that obtained from the water treatment system for a variety of purposes such
as for manufacturing goods, heating, cooling, carrier of raw material, carrier of waste matter, as a
solvent etc.
 The resulting water is then classified as waste water.
 The indiscriminate discharge of these waste water streams into the environment can
o Render soils “sick”
o Pollute the receiving bodies of water
o Cause air pollution by generating obnoxious gases.
 To prevent any health hazards caused by discharging waste water into the environment and
protect domestic sewage, the waste water must be treated before discharge.
Fig 35. Effluent Treatment Plant
Screening
 The first unit operation encountered in waste water treatment plants is screening. A screen is a
device with openings, generally of uniform size that is used to retain the coarse solids found in
waste water. According to the size of openings, screens are designated as coarse or fine. Coarse
screens have openings of ¼ inch or more and fine screens have openings of less than ¼ inch.
Oil Separation
 It is a process in which Floatables, namely non-emulsified oil and organics separates from
wastewater. The design of the separator is based on the specific gravity difference between the
oil and the waste water and between the suspended solids and waste water. In general, this
separator can handle very large flow. However, its disadvantage is the long retention time
required for efficient oil separation.
Flow Equalization
 It is used to overcome the operational problems caused by flow variations, to improve the
performance of the downstream processes and is also used as an emergency tank to equalize

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waste water effluent in case of any process failure in the treatment process. The design must
provide for sufficient mixing to prevent solids deposition and concentration variations and also to
provide aeration to prevent odor problems.
Sedimentation
 It is the separation from water, by gravitational settling of suspended particles that are heavier
than water. Sedimentation is used for separation of grit and particulate matter in the primary
settling basin, separation of biological floc in the activating sludge settling basin and separation
of chemical floc when the chemical coagulation process is used. It is also used for solids
concentration in sludge thickeners.
Neutralization
 Industrial wastes often contain acidic or alkaline components which require neutralization before
discharge or treatment. For wastes that are discharged to receiving waters, a pH between 6 and 9
is frequently specified by regulatory agencies. For wastes entering biological treatment
processes, the pH should be maintained between 6.5 and 9 for optimum growth of the
microorganisms.
 Acidic wastes are commonly neutralized with waste alkaline streams, lime, dolomite, ammonia,
caustic soda or soda ash. Lime is the most widely used alkaline material for neutralization acid
wastes because of is low cost. Lime may be slow to react and may form insoluble precipitates.
Alkaline wastes usually require treatment with a waste acidic stream, sulfuric acid or
hydrochloric acid.
Activated Sludge
 The conventional activated sludge system contains a tank for waste water aeration followed by a
settler and solids recycle line. The waste water flows through under constant aeration in the
presence of activated sludge and exits at the end of the tank after 4-8 hours of residence time.
The oxygen concentration in the reactor should be 0.5-2 mg/L throughout, where values over 2
mg/L are considered lost energy.
 Extended Aeration is the modified form of a conventional activated sludge process in which the
production of excess sludge is minimized by oxidation and an increase in residence time i.e.
through the larger size of the aeration tank. The retention time is extended to 1-2 days, which
results in a very low net yield of sludge due to its consumption of endogenous respiration

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CONCLUSION
Industrial training is very much essential for Pharmacy Students. It is also a great opportunity
to acquire practical knowledge. During my training period, in the industry I acquired lots of
experiences in Pharmaceutical Production and Production management. This will help me to clarify
my theory knowledge. I hope and pray that it will help me much in my future profession.
During our training period, we had seen the various instruments and apparatus in the
industry. The highly sophisticated instruments that work precisely must be operated with intense care
for optimum use. We could acquire a lot of information regarding the latest instruments and their
working procedures.
It was taught to us that, the CGMP guidelines are to be strictly followed in the industries in
each and every section. And the similar guideline was seen followed in Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd.,
Nalagarh, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. It helped us to acquire knowledge on punctuality, regularity
and working environments in industries.
The friendly working environment in Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd. will remain in our mind in near
future. Hence, we can say that our goal of attending the industrial tour is fulfilled. We acknowledge
the great help “Elfin Drugs Pvt. Ltd”.
...NITIN CHAUDHARY

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Pharmaceutical Industrial Training Report

Report On Industrial Training - (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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According to curriculum of a four year integrated degree course of BACHELOR OF

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S.No. Topic Page No.

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING CERTIFICATE

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 Raw Material Store

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Fig.1 – Raw Material Store

STEPS INVOLVE IN RM STORE

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 Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages.

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Fig 2. Sifter Fig 3. Planetary Mixer

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Fig 4. Fluidized Bed Dryer Fig 5. Tray Dryer

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Tablet presses consist of

Fig 6. Rotary Tablet Press

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Fig 7. Tablet Coating Machine Fig 8. Automatic Coating Machine

PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF TABLETS

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Fig 9. Blister Packaging Machine

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Fig 10. Blister Packaging

Fig 11. Strip Packaging

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INDUSTRIAL FILLING OF HARD GELATIN CAPSULES

 Capsules are delivered into the perforated capsule filling ring.

FILLING OF POWDER IN CAPSULE SHELL

1) HAND OPERATED CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE

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Fig 12. Hand Filling Capsule Machine

2) SEMI AUTOMATIC CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE

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Fig 13. Semi Automatic Filling Capsule Machine