Prelims Ceat Ee 211b Javij M Pre

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, INC
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Module
in
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1
(BSEE – EE 211B)
BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1
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The purpose of this module is to expose you:

1) To the use of an action-oriented stakeholder and issues management approach for
understanding the ethical dimensions of business, organizational, and professional
complex issues, crises, and events that are happening now.
2) To an introduction on the relevance of ethical concepts, principles, and examples

through actual moral dilemmas that are occurring in your own lives, as well as with
known national and international people, companies, and groups.
3) To a simple, straightforward way of using stakeholder and issues management methods

with ethical reasoning in the marketplace and in workplace relationships.
4) To an engagement and expansion of your awareness on ethical and unethical practices

in business at the individual, group, organizational, and multinational levels through
real-time ethical dilemmas, stories, and cases.
5) To instill self-confidence and competence in your ability to think and act according to
moral principles. The classroom becomes a lab for real-life decisions.
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Unit 1: Electrical Quantities and Units

At the end of this unit topic, you will be able to:
a. Understand the different units use in electrical circuits

b. Know the basics about voltage, current and resistance
c. study the functions of resistance in terms of temperature, length, diameter etc.
Engage
The standard units of electrical measurement used for the expression of voltage, current and
resistance are the Volt [ V ], Ampere [ A ] and Ohm [ Ω ] respectively.
These electrical units of measurement are based on the International (metric) System, also
known as the SI System with other commonly used electrical units being derived from SI base
units.
Sometimes in electrical or electronic circuits and systems it is necessary to use multiples or
sub-multiples (fractions) of these standard electrical measuring units when the quantities being
measured are very large or very small.
The following table gives a list of some of the standard electrical units of measure used in
electrical formulas and component values.
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Standard Electrical Units of Measure
Multiples and Sub-multiples
There is a huge range of values encountered in electrical and electronic engineering between a
maximum value and a minimum value of a standard electrical unit. For example, resistance can
be lower than 0.01Ω or higher than 1,000,000Ω. By using multiples and submultiple’s of the
standard unit we can avoid having to write too many zero’s to define the position of the decimal
point. The table below gives their names and abbreviations.
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So to display the units or multiples of units for either Resistance, Current or Voltage we would
use as an example:
1kV = 1 kilo-volt – which is equal to 1,000 Volts.
1mA = 1 milli-amp – which is equal to one thousandths (1/1000) of an Ampere.
47kΩ = 47 kilo-ohms – which is equal to 47 thousand Ohms.
100uF = 100 micro-farads – which is equal to 100 millionths (100/1,000,000) of a Farad.
1kW = 1 kilo-watt – which is equal to 1,000 Watts.
1MHz = 1 mega-hertz – which is equal to one million Hertz.
To convert from one prefix to another it is necessary to either multiply or divide by the
difference between the two values. For example, convert 1MHz into kHz.
Well we know from above that 1MHz is equal to one million (1,000,000) hertz and that 1kHz
is equal to one thousand (1,000) hertz, so one 1MHz is one thousand times bigger than 1kHz.
Then to convert Mega-hertz into Kilo-hertz we need to multiply mega-hertz by one thousand,
as 1MHz is equal to 1000 kHz.
Likewise, if we needed to convert kilo-hertz into mega-hertz we would need to divide by one
thousand. A much simpler and quicker method would be to move the decimal point either left
or right depending upon whether you need to multiply or divide.
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As well as the “Standard” electrical units of measure shown above, other units are also used in
electrical engineering to denote other values and quantities such as:
• Wh – The Watt-Hour, The amount of electrical energy consumed by a circuit over a period
of time. Eg, a light bulb consumes one hundred watts of electrical power for one hour. It is
commonly used in the form of: Wh (watt-hours), kWh (Kilowatt-hour) which is 1,000 watt-
hours or MWh (Megawatt-hour) which is 1,000,000 watt-hours.
• dB – The Decibel, The decibel is a one tenth unit of the Bel (symbol B) and is used to
represent gain either in voltage, current or power. It is a logarithmic unit expressed in dB and
is commonly used to represent the ratio of input to output in amplifier, audio circuits or
loudspeaker systems.
For example, the dB ratio of an input voltage (VIN) to an output voltage (VOUT) is expressed
as 20log10 (Vout/Vin). The value in dB can be either positive (20dB) representing gain or
negative (-20dB) representing loss with unity, ie input = output expressed as 0dB.
• θ – Phase Angle, The Phase Angle is the difference in degrees between the voltage waveform
and the current waveform having the same periodic time. It is a time difference or time shift
and depending upon the circuit element can have a “leading” or “lagging” value. The phase
angle of a waveform is measured in degrees or radians.
• ω – Angular Frequency, Another unit which is mainly used in a.c. circuits to represent the
Phasor Relationship between two or more waveforms is called Angular Frequency, symbol ω.
This is a rotational unit of angular frequency 2πƒ with units in radians per second, rads/s. The
complete revolution of one cycle is 360 degrees or 2π, therefore, half a revolution is given as
180 degrees or π rad.
• τ – Time Constant, The Time Constant of an impedance circuit or linear first-order system is
the time it takes for the output to reach 63.7% of its maximum or minimum output value when
subjected to a Step Response input. It is a measure of reaction time.
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Explore
Atomic Structure - Discovery of Subatomic Particles
Atomic structure refers to the structure of atom comprising a nucleus (center) in which
the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively charged
particles called electrons revolve around the center of the nucleus.
The history of atomic structure and quantum mechanics dates back to the times of Democritus,
the man who first proposed that matter is composed of atoms.
• Electrons - negatively charged particles that revolves around the nucleus of an atom. Electron
is one of the lightest particles with a known mass. The mass of one electron is about 9.11x10^-
31 kg.
• Protons - positively charged particles that stays in the nucleus of an atom. Proton is very
small, but it is fairly massive compared to the other particles that ,make up matter. The mass
of one proton is 1.673x10^-27kg.
• Neutrons - particles having no charge. Neutrons are about the same size as protons but their
mass is slightly greater, 1.675x10^-27kg
• Nucleus - the central part of the atom where the protons and neutrons are located.
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• Atom - smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the chemical
properties of the element. It is the smallest building block of matter.
Classification of materials
• Conductors - materials having less that fur valence electrons

• Semi-conductors - materials having four valence electrons
• Insulators - materials having more than four valence electrons
Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when
placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric
charge: positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like
charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with an absence of
net charge is referred to as neutral. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now
called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require
consideration of quantum effects.
Electric field of a positive and a negative point charge
Charge is quantized; it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called

the elementary charge, e, about 1.602×10^−19 coulombs
Electrification by friction
When a piece of glass and a piece of resinneither of which exhibit any electrical propertiesare
rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact, they still exhibit no electrical
properties. When separated, they attract each other.
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A second piece of glass rubbed with a second piece of resin, then separated and suspended near
the former pieces of glass and resin causes these phenomena:
The two pieces of glass repel each other.

Each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
The two pieces of resin repel each other.
This attraction and repulsion is an electrical phenomenon, and the bodies that exhibit them are
said to be electrified, or electrically charged. Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as
well as by friction. The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other
but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: The glass attracts what the resin repels and
repels what the resin attracts.
Current, Voltage and Resistance
Current, Voltage and Resistance

The flow of electricity through an object, such as a wire, is known as the current (I). It is
measured in amps (A); if the current is very small then it is described in milli-amps (mA), 1000
mA = 1A. The driving force (electrical pressure) behind the flow of a current is known as the
voltage and is measured in volts (V) (Voltage may also be referred to as the potential difference,
or electromotive force). The property of a material that limits current flow is known as its
resistance (R), the unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω). Resistance to alternating current is more
properly called impedance but, in this application, resistance and impedance can be considered
to be equivalent.
The relationship between current, voltage and resistance is expressed by Ohm’s Law. This
states that the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit, provided the temperature remains
constant.
Ohm’s Law: Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance ®
To increase the current flowing in a circuit, the voltage must be increased, or the resistance
decreased.
A simple electrical circuit is depicted in Figure 1a. The flow of electricity through this circuit
is further illustrated by analogy to the pressurized water system in Figure 1b.
In the electrical circuit the power supply generates electrical pressure (voltage), equivalent to
the pump creating water pressure in the pipe; the current is equivalent to the rate of flow of
water; and the light bulb provides the resistance in the same way as the restriction in the water
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system. The ammeter is equivalent to the flow meter and the voltmeter measures the difference
in electrical pressure each side of the restriction in the water system. There will be a drop in
voltage due to the energy used up in driving the current through the light bulb, which has a
higher resistance than the wire in the circuit. Similarly, the water pressure at (A) will be less
than at (B).
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Elaborate
In this topic we gain knowledge about electrical quantities and units. The relative units use
in electrical circuits in direct current. It is also use in alternating current. We also knew that the protons
and electrons have masses. There is also the classification of materials according to the number of
valence electrons. Conductors are materials that a current can flow, an example is metals. Semi
conductors are materials that are used in electronics circuits, such as diode, transistors etc. Insulators
are materials that current cannot flow, examples are plastics, dry wood and clothes.
It is also discuss the computation of electric charge and its unit. The equation is used when
it is in terms of charges, it is used mostly on capacitors.
Potential difference is other term for voltage. In the equation, it is useful in electronics,
because it is base on charges.
Electric current is the flow of charges past in a given time. Ampere is the unit of current.
The equation is useful in terms of charges.
Resistance it resist current to flow or it insist some current to flow, which means it
minimize the current that passes through a given time. The equations are can use in different situation.
You can use the equation in terms of length, volume in terms of area. The unit of resistance is named
as ohms. The area is also determined what equation you will use. Use area is equal to diameter square
if the diameter is in mills, but if it is in meters or centimeters use the equation of area in terms of
diameter in a circle. There are also the conversions of mills into inches.
Conductors undergoing a drawing process. This topic is use as a reference if an object that
is long or big in diameter affects the resistance of an object.
Effect of temperature in resistance. Temperature also affect resistance. There are the
equations used in resistance. There are the constant temperature coefficient of resistance of a materials.
Insulation resistance of cables. This is used to compute the resistance of an insulation of

cables. It is use to compute how much insulation resistance can it handle so that it cannot be burn from
the big current flow.
Common types of resistors. There are two types of resistor, the wire wound resistor is for
small amount of power rather than carbon composition that is more powerful. The color coding is
indicated on the resistors.
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Conductance. We also compute the conductivity of a material. To know how much it can
conduct electricity, for good efficiency of current flow.
Evaluate
Solving Problem
1. A positively charged dielectric has a charge of 2 coulombs. If 12.5x10^18 free electrons
are added to it, what will be the net charge on the said dielectric?
2. A cloud can 2.5x10^19 electrons move past a given point every 2 seconds. How much is
the intensity of the electron flow?
3. The substation bus bar is made up of 2 inches round copper bars 20ft long. What is the
resistance of each bar if resistivity is 1.724x10^-6 ohm-cm.
4. Determine the resistance of a bus bar made of copper if the length is 10 meters long and
the cross section is a 4x4 cm^2. use 1.7241 micro ohm-cm as the resistivity.
5. A one meter rod 2cm diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100 times the initial
resistance. Its length afterwards is?
6. A 500 MCM ACSR cable has 37 strands. Determine the diameter in mils of each strands.
7. The resistance of a copper wire at 30 degrees Celsius is 50 ohms. If the temperature
coefficient of copper at 0 degree Celsius is 0.00427, what is the resistance at 100 degree
Celsius?
8. The resistance of a wire is 126.48 ohms at 100 degree Celsius and 100 ohms at 30 degree
Celsius. Determine the temperature coefficient of copper at 0 degree Celsius.
9. A cylindrical rubber insulated cable has a diameter of 0.18 inch and an insulation thickness
of 0.25 inch. If the specific resistance of rubber is 10^14 ohm-cm, determine the insulation
resistance per 1000ft length of the cable.
10. The resistance of 120 meters of wire is 12 ohms. What is its conductance?
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Questions Problems:
I. Identification
1. Unit of conductance.
2. Measure of the materials ability to conduct electric current.
3. Special type of wire called resistance wire is wrapped around an insulating core, cement
or pressed paper.
4. This resistor is made from finely divided carbon or graphite mixed with powdered
insulating material as a binder and joined to the two ends are two metal caps with tinned lead
for soldering to connections to the circuit.
5. Ohmic change per degree at some specified temperature.
6. The amount of change of resistance in a material per unit change in temperature.
7. Practical unit of resistance.
8. Unit of charged flow.
9. Unit of potential difference.
10. Unit of electric charge.
References:
Student Handbook, 2010/ CHAMPS Manual, 2015
A Textbook of Electrical Technology Volume I – Basic Electrical Engineering, B.L. Theraja
Complete Electrical Engineering Formulas and Principles - Romeo A. Roxas jr.
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Module
in
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1
(BSEE – EE 211B)
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The purpose of this module is to expose you:

6) To the use of an action-oriented stakeholder and issues management approach for
understanding the ethical dimensions of business, organizational, and professional
complex issues, crises, and events that are happening now.
7) To an introduction on the relevance of ethical concepts, principles, and examples

through actual moral dilemmas that are occurring in your own lives, as well as with
known national and international people, companies, and groups.
8) To a simple, straightforward way of using stakeholder and issues management methods

with ethical reasoning in the marketplace and in workplace relationships.
9) To an engagement and expansion of your awareness on ethical and unethical practices

in business at the individual, group, organizational, and multinational levels through
real-time ethical dilemmas, stories, and cases.
10) To instill self-confidence and competence in your ability to think and act according to
moral principles. The classroom becomes a lab for real-life decisions.
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Unit 2: DC Electric Circuits

At the end of this unit topic, you will be able to:
a. Understand the DC Electric Circuits.

b. Know the basics about series and parallel resistance
c. Know the ohms law equation
d. Know the conversion of delta to wye connected resistor.
Engage
A direct current (DC) electric circuit consists of a source of DC electricity—such as a
batterywith a conducting wire going from one of the source terminals to a set of electric devices
and then back to the other terminal, in a complete circuit.
A DC circuit is necessary for DC electricity to exist. DC circuits may be in series, parallel or a
combination. Understanding DC circuits is important for learning about the more complex AC
circuits, like those used in the home.
Questions you may have include:
What does an electric circuit consist of?
What is a series circuit?
What is a parallel circuit?
Simple circuit
If you take a continuous source of DC electricity, such as a battery, and connect conducting
wires from the positive and negative poles of the battery to an electric device such as a light
bulb, you have formed an electric circuit.
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The battery, bulb and switch inside a flashlight form a DC circuit
In other words, the electricity flows in a loop from one end of the battery (or source of
electricity) to the other end in a circuit. The concept of electric circuits is the basis for our use
of electricity.
One nice feature of an electric circuit is that you can install a switch in the circuit to turn the
power on or off when you want.
Note: Although DC electric current is designated as going from positive (+) to

the negative (−) area, this convention for the motion of electricity was
established before the negatively charged electrons were discovered.
The actual movement of electrons is from a negative (−) area toward the
positive (+) pole, Obviously, this convention can be confusing.
Remember that DC electric currect is designated as moving from (+) to (−),

while the electrons actually move in the opposite direction.
Power source
A DC circuit requires a source of power. Typically, a battery is used to provide continuous

DC electricity. A DC generator is another source of energy. Alternating current (AC)
electricity can be modified through a rectifier or adapter to create DC electricity. The
common adapter used for some of your small DC-powered devices will transform 110V AC
house current into 12V DC current for your device.
Voltage, current and resistance
The electricity moving through a wire or other conductor consists of its voltage (V), current
(I) and resistance (R). The voltage or potential energy of a source of electricity is measured
in Volts. The current of amount of electrons flowing through the wire is measured in
Amperes or Amps. The resistance or electric friction is measured in Ohms.
Conductors
The wire and electric devices must be able to conduct electricity. Metal such as copper is a
good conductor of electricity and has a low resistance. The tungsten filament in a light bulb
conducts electricity, but it has high resistance that causes it to heat up and glow.
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Series DC circuit
In an electric circuit, several electric devices such as light bulbs can be placed in a line or in
series in the circuit between the positive and negative poles of the battery. This is called a
series circuit.
Two light bulbs in a series circuit with a battery
One problem with such an arrangement is if one light bulb burns out, then it acts like a switch
and turns off the whole circuit.
Schematic
Every device in a DC circuit--whether a light bulb or electric motor--can be represented by an

electric resistance or resistor Usually, when drawing a circuit diagram or schematic, you use
certain symbols for the battery and resistors.
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Schematic of a DC circuit with three resistor in series
Parallel DC circuit
Devices can also arranged in a parallel configuration, such that if any bulbs go out, the circuit
is still intact. Not only is a parallel circuit useful for holiday lighting, the electric wiring in
homes is also in parallel. In this way lights and appliances can be turned on and off at will.
Otherwise if you turned one light off--or one burned out--all the other lights in the house
would go off too.
Two light bulbs in a parallel circuit
If either light bulb would go out, the other would still shine. You could add other bulbs or
even appliances such as electric motors in parallel to this circuit, and they would remain
independent of each other.
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Schematic of parallel DC circuit
You could also replace a bulb with a series circuit of bulbs or add bulbs or devices in series
between parallel items. There are many combinations possible.
Summary
DC electric circuits consist of a source of DC electricity with a conducting wire going from
one of the terminals to a set of electric devices and then back to the other terminal, in a
complete circuit. DC circuits may be in series, parallel or some complex combination.
Applications
Domestic and commercial buildings

DC is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-
voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries or solar power systems
(since both can produce only DC).
Most electronic circuits require a DC power supply.
Domestic DC installations usually have different types of sockets, connectors, switches,
and fixtures from those suitable for alternating current. This is mostly due to the lower voltages
used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of power.
It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a diode
bridge to correct for this.
Emerge Alliance is the open industry association developing standards of DC power
distribution in hybrid houses and commercial buildings.
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Automotive
Most automotive applications use DC. An automotive battery provides power for engine
starting, lighting, and ignition system. The alternator is an AC device which uses a rectifier to
produce DC for battery charging. Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally
12 V systems. Many heavy trucks, farm equipment, or earth moving equipment with Diesel
engines use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the
original classic Volkswagen Beetle. At one point a 42 V electrical system was considered for
automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often the metal frame of the
vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit.
Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used in
some wheeled or marine vehicles.
Telecommunication
Telephone exchange communication equipment uses standard −48 V DC power supply. The
negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and
the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have
a battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions.
Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a DC-DC
converter to provide any convenient voltage.
Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the
AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from the DC component
of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone).
High-voltage power transmission

Main article: High-voltage direct current
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk
transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems.
For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower
electrical losses.
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Explore
Ohm's law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of
proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes
this relationship.
Circuit analysis
Resistive circuits
Resistors are circuit elements that impede the passage of electric charge in agreement with
Ohm's law, and are designed to have a specific resistance value R. In schematic diagrams, a
resistor is shown as a long rectangle or zig-zag symbol. An element (resistor or conductor) that
behaves according to Ohm's law over some operating range is referred to as an ohmic
device (or an ohmic resistor) because Ohm's law and a single value for the resistance suffice to
describe the behavior of the device over that range.
Ohm's law holds for circuits containing only resistive elements (no capacitances or
inductances) for all forms of driving voltage or current, regardless of whether the driving
voltage or current is constant (DC) or time-varying such as AC. At any instant of time Ohm's
law is valid for such circuits.
Resistors which are in series or in parallel may be grouped together into a single "equivalent
resistance" in order to apply Ohm's law in analyzing the circuit.
Reactive circuits with time-varying signals
When reactive elements such as capacitors, inductors, or transmission lines are involved in a
circuit to which AC or time-varying voltage or current is applied, the relationship between
voltage and current becomes the solution to a differential equation, so Ohm's law (as defined
above) does not directly apply since that form contains only resistances having value R, not
complex impedances which may contain capacitance (C) or inductance (L).
Temperature effects
Ohm's law has sometimes been stated as, "for a conductor in a given state, the electromotive
force is proportional to the current produced." That is, that the resistance, the ratio of the
applied electromotive force (or voltage) to the current, "does not vary with the current strength
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." The qualifier "in a given state" is usually interpreted as meaning "at a constant temperature,"
since the resistivity of materials is usually temperature dependent. Because the conduction of
current is related to Joule heating of the conducting body, according to Joule's first law, the
temperature of a conducting body may change when it carries a current. The dependence of
resistance on temperature therefore makes resistance depend upon the current in a typical
experimental setup, making the law in this form difficult to directly verify. Maxwell and others
worked out several methods to test the law experimentally in 1876, controlling for heating
effects.
Relation to heat conductions

Ohm's principle predicts the flow of electrical charge (i.e. current) in electrical conductors
when subjected to the influence of voltage differences; Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier's principle
predicts the flow of heat in heat conductors when subjected to the influence of temperature
differences.
The same equation describes both phenomena, the equation's variables taking on different
meanings in the two cases. Specifically, solving a heat conduction (Fourier) problem
with temperature (the driving "force") and flux of heat (the rate of flow of the driven
"quantity", i.e. heat energy) variables also solves an analogous electrical conduction (Ohm)
problem having electric potential (the driving "force") and electric current (the rate of flow of
the driven "quantity", i.e. charge) variables.
The basis of Fourier's work was his clear conception and definition of thermal conductivity.
He assumed that, all else being the same, the flux of heat is strictly proportional to the gradient
of temperature. Although undoubtedly true for small temperature gradients, strictly
proportional behavior will be lost when real materials (e.g. ones having a thermal conductivity
that is a function of temperature) are subjected to large temperature gradients.
A similar assumption is made in the statement of Ohm's law: other things being alike, the
strength of the current at each point is proportional to the gradient of electric potential. The
accuracy of the assumption that flow is proportional to the gradient is more readily tested, using
modern measurement methods, for the electrical case than for the heat case.
Electric power
Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric
circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources
such as electric batteries. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains
electricity) by the electric power industry through an electric power grid.
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Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is a form of energy resulting from the flow of electric charge. Energy is the
ability to do work or apply force to move an object. In the case of electrical energy, the force
is electrical attraction or repulsion between charged particles.
Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together in one of two ways
to form a three-terminal network: the “Delta,” or Δ (also known as the “Pi,” or π) configuration,
and the “Y” (also known as the “T”) configuration.
It is possible to calculate the proper values of resistors necessary to form one kind of network
(Δ or Y) that behaves identically to the other kind, as analyzed from the terminal connections
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alone. That is, if we had two separate resistor networks, one Δ and one Y, each with its resistors
hidden from view, with nothing but the three terminals (A, B, and C) exposed for testing, the
resistors could be sized for the two networks so that there would be no way to electrically
determine one network apart from the other. In other words, equivalent Δ and Y networks
behave identically.
Δ and Y Conversion Equations

There are several equations used to convert one network to the other:
Δ and Y networks are seen frequently in 3-phase AC power systems (a topic covered in volume
II of this book series), but even then they’re usually balanced networks (all resistors equal in
value) and conversion from one to the other need not involve such complex calculations. When
would the average technician ever need to use these equations?
Application of Δ and Y Conversion
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Elaborate
In this topic we gain knowledge about DC Circuits, dc circuits uses the equation of ohms
law. We can compute for the voltage, resistance and current of the given circuit using ohms law. We
also can compute the power of a given load, using your power equation.
There are two circuits discuss the parallel and series, so the series is voltage added and
current are equal while the parallel is voltage equal, current are additive. We also discuss the connection
of series parallel connection.
Electrical and heat energy usually use in steam or any gas related in electrical computation.
Voltage divider theorem and current divider theorem applicable only if the connection is a
series parallel connection.
Delta to wye conversion that discuss is use only in resistors, but in the higher subject is is
use in computing transformers and other.
This chapter 2 is focus on DC Circuits only.
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Evaluate
Solving Problem
1. A load of 10 ohms was connected to a 12 volt battery. The current drawn was 1.18
amperes. What is the internal resistance of the battery?
2. The electromotive force of a standard cell is measured with a potentiometer that gives a
reading of 1.3562v. when a 1 mega ohm resistor is connected across the standard cell terminals,
the potentiometer reading drops to 1.3560v. what is the internal resistance of the standard cell?
3. A battery is formed of five cells joined in series. When the external resistance is 4 ohms,
the current is 1.5a and when the external resistance is 9 ohms, the current falls to 0.75a. find
the internal resistance of each cell.
4. A resistive coil draws 2a at 110v after operating for a long time. If the temperature rise 55
degree Celsius above the ambient temperature of 20 degree Celsius, calculate the external
resistance which must be initially connected in series with the coil to limit the current to 2a.
the temperature coefficient of the material of the coil is 0.0043 per degree Celsius at 20 degree
Celsius.
5. A carbon resistor dissipates 60w of power from a 120v source at 20 degree Celsius. How
much power will be dissipated in the resistor at 120 degree Celsius if connected across the
same source? Assume the temperature coefficient of carbon at 20 degree Celsius is -0.0005 per
degree Celsius.
6. When two resistors A and B are connected in series, the total resistance is 36 ohms. When
connected in parallel, the total resistance is 8 ohms. What is the ratio of the resistance Ra to
resistance Rb. Assume Ra<Rb.
7. Two resistances of 10 and 15 ohms, each respectively are connected in parallel. The two
are then connected in series with a 5 ohm resistance. It is then connected across a 12v battery,
what are the current and power?
8. A process equipment contains 100 gallons of water at 25 degree Celsius. It is required to
bring it to boiling in 10 minutes. The heat loss is estimated to be 5%. what is the kW rating of
the heater?
Page 60 of 61
9. A total of 0.8kg of water at 20 degree Celsius is placed in a 1kW electric kettle. How long
a time in minute is needed to raise the temperature of the water to 100 degree Celsius?
10. A circuit consisting of three resistors rated: 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms are connected
in delta. What would be the resistances of the equivalent wye connected load?
Questions Problems:
II. Identification
11. Current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the impressed emf applied
to the circuit and inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit.
12. Rate of using or consuming the electrical energy.
13. Unit of electrical energy.
14. The capacity of doing work.
15. Unit in hwich electrical energy is sold to a consumer.
16. The resistance are connected end to end.
17. The resistance are connected across each other.
18. A combinational circuit which when simplified will result into a series circuit.
19. A combinational circuit which when simplified will result into parallel circuit.
20. In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together in one of two
ways to form a three-terminal network
References:
Student Handbook, 2010/ CHAMPS Manual, 2015
A Textbook of Electrical Technology Volume I – Basic Electrical Engineering, B.L. Theraja
Complete Electrical Engineering Formulas and Principles - Romeo A. Roxas jr.
Page 61 of 61

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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, INC

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

The purpose of this module is to expose you:

2) To an introduction on the relevance of ethical concepts, principles, and examples

3) To a simple, straightforward way of using stakeholder and issues management methods

4) To an engagement and expansion of your awareness on ethical and unethical practices

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

Unit 1: Electrical Quantities and Units

a. Understand the different units use in electrical circuits

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

Standard Electrical Units of Measure

Multiples and Sub-multiples

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

• Conductors - materials having less that fur valence electrons

Electric field of a positive and a negative point charge

Charge is quantized; it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

The two pieces of glass repel each other.

Current, Voltage and Resistance

Current, Voltage and Resistance

Ohm’s Law: Current (I) = Voltage (V) / Resistance ®

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

Insulation resistance of cables. This is used to compute the resistance of an insulation of

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

The purpose of this module is to expose you:

7) To an introduction on the relevance of ethical concepts, principles, and examples

8) To a simple, straightforward way of using stakeholder and issues management methods

9) To an engagement and expansion of your awareness on ethical and unethical practices

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

Unit 2: DC Electric Circuits

a. Understand the DC Electric Circuits.

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

The battery, bulb and switch inside a flashlight form a DC circuit

Note: Although DC electric current is designated as going from positive (+) to

Remember that DC electric currect is designated as moving from (+) to (−),

A DC circuit requires a source of power. Typically, a battery is used to provide continuous

Voltage, current and resistance

BSEE EE 211B: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1

Two light bulbs in a series circuit with a battery