Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies- TC

Vivekananda School of Law and Legal Studies

PSDA ASSIGNMENT

Research Paper on the Topic

“Air Pollution in Delhi”

Course Code:
LLB- 301

Course Name:
Environmental Studies and Environmental Laws

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Ms. Amita Mallika Ahuja

Assistant Professor, 19817703521
VSLLS V- N
Abstract
Air pollution is a pressing environmental and public health issue, and it has reached alarming levels in
Delhi, the capital city of India. It is responsible for many health problems in the urban areas. Of late, the
air pollution status in Delhi has undergone many changes in terms of the levels of pollutants and the
control measures taken to reduce them. This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the causes,
consequences and potential solutions to the air pollution crisis in Delhi. The paper explores the various
sources of pollution, its impact on public health, the environment, and the economy, and suggests
strategies to mitigate this going concern. The urban air database released by the World Health
Organization in September 2011 reported that Delhi has exceeded the maximum PM 110 limit by almost
10-times and it has been worse ever since. Vehicular emissions and industrial activities were found to be
associated with indoor as well as outdoor air pollution in Delhi. Studies on air pollution and mortality from
Delhi found that all-natural-cause mortality and morbidity increased with increased air pollution. Delhi
has taken several steps to reduce the level of air pollution in the city during the last 10 years. However,
more still needs to be done to further reduce the levels of air pollution.

Introduction
Pollution refers to the contamination of earth’s environment with materials that interfere with human
health, quality of life or the natural functioning of the ecosystems. The major forms of pollution include
water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and soil contamination. Other less recognized forms include
thermal pollution, space pollution and radio-active hazards. It is difficult to hold any one particular form
responsible for maximum risk to health, however, air pollution is a global problem with severe
consequences for human health and the environment. In densely populated cities like Delhi, it has become
a critical issue, resulting in adverse health effects and environmental degradation.

Status of Air Pollution in Delhi

The National Capital Territory of Delhi is jointly administered by the central and state governments. It
accommodates nearly 329.4 lakh people2. Metros across the world bear the major brunt of environmental
pollution, likewise, Delhi is at the receiving end in India.

A study funded by the World Bank Development Research Group was carried out in 1991-1994 to study
the effects of air pollution3. During the study period, the average total suspended particulate (TSP) level
in Delhi was approximately five-times the World Health Organization’s annual average standard.
Furthermore, the total suspended particulate levels in Delhi during this period time exceeded the World
Health Organization’s 24-h standard on 97% of all days on which readings were taken. The study
concluded that the impact of particulate matter on total non-trauma deaths in Delhi was smaller than the

1
Refer to the official website of National Institutes of Health
2
Refer to www.censusindia.gov.in
3
Refer to www.airimpacts.org
effects found in the United States of America, but found that a death associated with air pollution in Delhi
caused more life-years to be lost because these deaths were occurring at a younger age.

A report by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India, in 1997 reviewed the environmental situation
in Delhi over concerns of deteriorating conditions4. Air pollution was one of the areas of concern identified
in this study. It was estimated that about 3000 metric tons of air pollutants were emitted everyday in
Delhi, with a major contribution from vehicular pollution (67%), followed by coal-based thermal power
plants (12%). There was a rising trend from 1989 to 1997 as monitored by the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB). The concentrations of carbon monoxide from vehicular emissions in 1996 showed an
increase of 92% over the values observed in 1989, consequent upon the increase in vehicular population.
The particulate lead concentrations appeared to be in control, this was attributable to the de-leading of
petrol and restrictions on lead-handling industrial units. Delhi has the highest cluster of small-scale
industries in India that contribute to 12% of air pollutants along with other industrial units.

Vehicular pollution is an important contributor to air pollution in Delhi. According to the Department of
Transport, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, vehicular population is estimated at more
than 4 million, reaching here at a growth rate of 7% per annum. Although this segment contributes to
two-thirds of the air pollution, there has been a palpable decline compared to the 1995-1996 levels.

The PM 10 standard is generally used to measure air quality. The PM 10 standard includes particles with
a diameter of 10 um or less (0.0004 inches or one-seventh the width of a human hair). These small
particles are likely to be responsible for adverse health effects because of their ability to reach the lower
regions of the respiratory tract. According to the Air Quality Guideline by the World Health Organization,
the annual mean concentration recommended for PM 10 was 20 ug/m3, beyond which the risk for
cardiopulmonary health effects are seen to increase 5. Major concerns for human health from exposure to
PM 10 includes effects on breathing and respiratory systems, damage to lung tissue, cancer and
premature death. Elderly persons, children and people with chronic lung disease, influenza or asthma are
especially sensitive to the effects of particulate matter. The urban air database released by the World
Health Organization in September 2011 reported that Delhi has exceeded the maximum PM 10 limit by
almost 10-times at 198 ug/m3, trailing in the third position after Ludhiana and Kanpur 6. Vehicular
emissions and industrial activities were found to be associated with indoor as well as outdoor air pollution
in Delhi.

Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi

Air pollution in Delhi is a significant environmental issue that affects the health and well-being of its
residents. Several factors contribute to the causes of air pollution in Delhi:

1. Vehicular Emissions
The high number of vehicles on Delhi’s roads, especially diesel vehicles and older, poorly
maintained ones, is a major source of air pollution. The emissions from these vehicles release

4
Refer to www.envforc.nic.in
5
Refer to whqlibdoc.who.int
6
Refer to www.who.int
 pollutants like nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic
compounds into the air.

2. Industrial Pollution
Industrial emissions from factories and power plants in and around Delhi contribute to air
pollution. These sources release various pollutants including sulfur dioxide and hazardous
chemicals.

3. Construction and Dust

The construction activities, especially during the dry and windy seasons, generate dust and
particulate matter, which become suspended in the air and worsen air quality.

4. Agriculture Residue Burning

The practice of crop residue burning in neighboring states like Punjab and Haryana during certain
times of the year releases large amounts of pollutants, including particulate matter and gases,
into the atmosphere. These pollutants can drift into Delhi and exacerbate air pollution.

5. Waste Burning
The burning of waste materials in open areas and landfills adds to air pollution, releasing harmful
chemicals and particulates into the air.

6. Diwali Firecrackers
The use of firecrackers during festivals like Diwali significantly contributes to air pollution. The
chemicals and particles released during firework displays can deteriorate air quality.

7. Thermal Inversions
Delhi experiences thermal inversions during the winter months, which trap pollutants close to the
surface, preventing them from dispersing into the upper atmosphere. This phenomenon can lead
to severe smog and worsening air quality.

8. Geographic Factors
Delhi’s geographic location makes it susceptible to dust and pollutants blowing in from
neighboring regions, and its limited wind dispersion exacerbates the accumulation of pollutants.

9. Heating and Cooking Practices

The use of solid fuels like wood, dung, and crop residues for heating and cooking in some
households releases indoor air pollutants. When not properly vented, these pollutants can escape
into the outdoor air, contributing to air pollution.

10. Urban Planning and Traffic Management

Inadequate public transportation infrastructure, poor urban planning, and traffic congestion can
lead to increased fuel consumption and emissions, exacerbating air pollution.
 11. Climate Change and Meteorological Factors
Changes in weather patterns and increasing temperatures can influence the concentration of air
pollutants in the atmosphere, making air pollution episodes more frequent and severe.

Consequences of Air Pollution

Air pollution can have a wide range of harmful consequences on human health, the environment, and
society as a whole. These consequences can vary in severity depending on the type and concentration of
pollutants, the duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Here are some of the key consequences
of air pollution:

1. Respiratory Problems
Exposure to air pollutants such as particulate matter, ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides can lead to various respiratory issues, including asthma, bronchitis, and reduced
lung function. Long-term exposure can even cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

2. Cardiovascular Effects
Air pollution has been linked to heart problems, including increased risk of heart attacks, strokes
and hypertension. Particulate matter and pollutants like carbon monoxide can enter the
bloodstream and affect the cardiovascular system.

3. Cancer
Certain air pollutants, such as benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are
carcinogenic and can increase the risk of developing cancer, particularly lung cancer.

4. Neurological Effects
Emerging research suggest that air pollution may have adverse effects on the central nervous
system, potentially leading to cognitive decline, developmental issues in children, and an
increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

5. Pregnancy Complications
Air pollution can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth, low
birth weight, and developmental problems in infants.

6. Reduced Life Expectancy

Prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollution can reduce life expectancy, especially in regions
with severe air quality issues.

7. Environmental Damage
Air pollution can harm ecosystems and wildlife. It can lead to acid rain, which damages forests,
lakes and aquatic ecosystems. Ground-level ozone can harm crops and reduce agricultural yields.
 Pollutants can also contribute to global climate change, which has far-reaching environmental
consequences.

8. Visibility and Aesthetic Impacts

Air pollution can reduce visibility, especially in urban areas, which can be hazardous for
transportation and diminish the aesthetic quality of the environment.

9. Economic Costs
Air pollution has severe economic consequences, including increased healthcare costs, decreased
worker productivity, and damage to property and infrastructure. It can also affect tourism and
outdoor recreational activities in polluted areas.

10. Social and Environmental Injustice

Air pollution disproportionately affects vulnerable and marginalized communities, often leading
to environmental injustice. Low-income neighborhoods and communities of color tend to be
exposed to higher levels of air pollution and suffer more severe health consequences.

Monitoring and Data Analysis

Air quality monitoring and data analysis of air pollution in Delhi are critical due to the city’s ongoing air
quality challenges. Delhi has frequently been ranked as one of the most polluted cities in the world, with
air pollution being a major public health concern 7. To address this issue, a comprehensive approach
involving monitoring, data analysis, and interventions is essential. Here’s an overview of the process:

 Monitoring Stations
Establish a network of air quality monitoring stations across Delhi. These stations should be
strategically located to represent different areas of the city, including industrial, residential, and
traffic-prone zones.

 Parameters Monitored
Measure various air quality parameters, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and volatile organic compounds.

 Data Collection
Collect real-time data from monitoring stations, and ensure that the data is accurate, reliable, and
accessible to the public.

 Data Analysis
Utilize advance data analysis techniques including statistical analysis, machine learning and data
visualization, to process and interpret the data.

7
Refer to air quality and respiratory health regulations
  Air Quality Index (AQI)
Calculate an Air Quality Index based on the collected data. The AQI provides a standardized way
to communicate air quality to the public.

 Public Awareness
Share air quality information through various channels such as websites, mobile apps and social
media, to increase public awareness. This helps residents make informed decisions about outdoor
activities.

 Early Warning Systems

Develop early warning systems that can predict air quality deterioration, allowing residents to
take precautionary measures.

 Source Identification
Use data analysis to identify major sources of pollution in different areas of Delhi. This information
can guide targeted interventions.

 Policy and Regulation

Collaborate with government agencies to implement and enforce air quality regulations and
policies. Use data to assess the effectiveness of these measures.

 Interventions
Implement pollution control measures, such as regulating industrial emissions, promoting cleaner
transport options, and enforcing restrictions on construction activities during high pollution
periods.

 Research and Innovation

Invest in research and innovation to find long-term solutions to the city’s air quality problems,
such as clean energy sources, green infrastructure and sustainable urban planning.

 International cooperation
Collaborate with International organizations and neighboring regions to address transboundary
air pollution issues.

Control Measures Instituted by the Government of Delhi

The nodal ministry for protecting the environment is the Ministry of Environment and Forests at the
Centre and the Department of Environment of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. The
Central Pollution Control Board set up in 1974 under the Water Act is the principal watchdog for carrying
out the functions stated in the environmental acts, implementation of National Air Quality Monitoring
Program and other activities. The Delhi Pollution Control Board is the body responsible at the state level.
From time to time, the judiciary has taken strong note of the deteriorating environmental conditions in
Delhi in response to public litigations. One of the earliest such instances was the judgement passed by the
Supreme Court of India to deal with the acute problem of vehicular pollution in Delhi in response to a writ
petition filed in 1985. Subsequently, it ordered the shutdown of hazardous, noxious industries and hot-
mix plants and brick kilns operating in Delhi. There are several other policies adopted by the Government
of Delhi which are:

 Vehicular Policy
Control measures so far instituted include introduction of unleaded petrol (1998), catalytic
converter in passenger cars (1995), reduction of sulfur content in diesel (2000) and reduction of
benzene content in fuels (2000). Others include construction of flyovers and subways for smooth
traffic flow, introduction of Metro rail and CNG for commercial transport vehicles (buses, taxis,
auto rickshaws), phasing out of very old commercial vehicles, introduction of mandatory
“Pollution Under Control” certificate with 3-month validity and stringent enforcement of emission
norms complying with Bharat Stage II/ Euro-II or higher emission norms. Introduction of The Air
Ambience Fund levied from diesel sales and setting up of stringent emission norms for industries
and thermal power stations are the other measures. Environmental awareness campaigns are
also carried out at regular intervals. The Delhi Pollution Control Board conducts monthly Ambient
Air Quality Monitoring at 40 locations in Delhi, and takes corrective action wherever necessary.

 Industrial Policy
The first Industrial Policy for Delhi was introduced in 1982. Subsequently, a second Industrial
policy (2010-2021) was issued by the Department of Industries, Government of Delhi. It is a
comprehensive document envisioning higher industrial development in Delhi, with one of its
mandates being to develop clean and non-polluting industries and details of steps to be
undertaken in this direction have been described.

There are many other organizations that work synergistically with the government efforts to
reduce air pollution. These include the Centre for Science and Environment and The Energy and
Resources Institute, and the Indian Association for Air Pollution Control. Representatives of the
industries include Confederation of Indian Industry and Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers. Government agencies like Factories Inspectorate are also involved in the control
of pollution. Research and academic institutions include National Environment Engineering
Research Institute, Indian Institute of Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
institutions, Indian Agricultural Research Institute and various other academic institutions in and
around Delhi. Professional organizations like the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian
Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Indian Institute of Engineers are also involved in pollution
control.

 Benefits Accrued as a Result of Control Measures

Since the first act on pollution was instituted, huge progress has been made in terms of human
resource, infrastructure development and research capability. Some studies try to gather
evidence for the effectiveness of control measures by comparing pre and post intervention health
 status. The study conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board demonstrated that spending
8-10 hours in clean indoor environment can reduce health effects of exposure to chronic air
pollution8. A recent study found significant improvement in the respiratory health following large-
scale government initiatives to control air pollution9. It was reported that use of low-emission
motor vehicles resulted in a significant gain in disability adjusted life years in Delhi. Another study
found significant evidence for reduction in respiratory illness following introduction of control
measures.

Most of the studies were ecological correlation studies, which are severely limited in their ability
to draw casual inferences. But, considering the context that demanded the research, these were
probably the best available designs to produce preliminary and sometimes, policy influencing
evidences, as any other methodology would be unethical or operationally impossible.

Proposed Solutions
Since the problem of air pollution in Delhi is not being reduced by all the existing reforms of the
Government of Delhi, here are some other solutions that may help the ever-growing air pollution in Delhi
to reduce:

1. Transportation Solutions
 Promote the use of electric and hybrid vehicles through incentives and subsidies.
 Improve public transportation and encourage carpooling to reduce the number of private
vehicles on the road.

2. Industrial Reforms
 Strengthen and enforce stricter emission standards for industries.
 Encourage industries to adopt cleaner technologies and invest in emission reduction
measures.

3. Construction Regulations
 Enforce stringent regulations for dust control at construction sites.
 Promote the use of eco-friendly construction materials and methods.

4. Agricultural Alternatives
 Support farmers in adopting alternative methods to manage crop residues, such as
mulching and biogas production.
 Invest in research and development for sustainable farming practices.

8
Refer to cpcb.nic.in
9
Refer to the Health effects of Air quality regulations in Delhi
Conclusion
Air pollution in Delhi is a complex issue with far reaching consequences. The causes are multifaceted,
including vehicular emissions, industrial pollutants, construction dust and agricultural burning. The
consequences encompass severe health impacts, environmental degradation and economic losses. To
combat this crisis, a multi-pronged approach is essential, involving transportation reforms, industrial
regulations, construction controls and agricultural alternatives. Effective governance, data analysis and
interstate cooperation are crucial to address the problem comprehensively. It is imperative that Delhi
takes decisive steps to reduce air pollution for the well-being of its citizens and the sustainability of the
city.

The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi has taken several steps to reduce the level of air
pollution in the city during the last 10 years. The benefits of air pollution control measures are showing in
the readings. However, more still needs to be done to further reduce the levels of air pollution. The
already existing measures need to be strengthened and magnified to a larger scale. The governmental
efforts alone are not enough. Participation of the community is crucial in order to make a palpable effect
in the reduction of pollution. The use of public transport needs to be promoted. The use of Metro rail can
be encouraged by provision of an adequate number of feeder buses at Metro stations that ply with the
desired frequency. More frequent checking of Pollution Under Control Certificates needs to be
undertaken by the civic authorities to ensure that vehicles are emitting gases within permissible norms.
People need to be educated to switch off their vehicles when waiting at traffic intersections. Moreover,
the “upstream” factors responsible for pollution also need to be addressed. The ever-increasing influx of
migrants can be reduced by developing and creating job opportunities in the peripheral and sub-urban
areas, and thus prevent further congestion of the already choked capital city of Delhi.

Health, as we all know, is an all-pervasive subject, lying not only within the domains of the health
department but with all those involved in human development. Many great scholars from Charaka to
Hippocrates have stressed the importance of environment in the health of the individual. Therefore, all
those who play a role in modifying the environment in any way, for whatever reason, need to contribute
to safeguard people’s health by controlling all those factors which affect it.