ASSESSING THE IMPACT: CLIMATE CHANGE (2019 AND 2023) CORRELATION

WITH HDI IN THE PHILIPPINES

A RESEARCH PAPER PRESENTED TO

Ms. Danica L. Arcena

E. Rodriguez Vocational High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Subject

Requirements for

Edukasyon sa Pagpapakato

(Quantitative Research)

By

Zape, Kenneth S.

May 2024
 II

ABSTRACT

Climate change between 2019 and 2023 may have had an impact on the Philippines' HDI.

As a result, this study used a statistical analysis design to investigate the association between

climate change between 2019 and 2023 and the HDI in the Philippines. The use of a T-test and

comparison analysis results revealed that there is not a significant relationship between climate

change in 2019 and 2023 and the HDI in the Philippines.

Keywords – Impact, Climate Change, HDI, Temperature, Weather, Precipitation, Life Expectancy,

Educational Rate, Per capita income, Components.

 III

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, I am grateful to Ms. Danica L. Arcena, my EsP teacher, for granting me

another chance to finish the asynchronous task that I wish to amend. I am really and deeply

thankful for her dynamism, insight, sincerity, hospitality, and deep understanding in granting my

request to change an asynchronous task that I had previously completed. Having her as my subject

teacher is a great privilege and honor. This would not have been possible if not for her.

To Mr. Rainsir F. Rosa, my TVE teacher, who provided me with help and advice throughout

the process of conducting this study. He also inspired me to conduct research because he is

pursuing his master's degree and is currently working on a thesis.

To my English teacher, Mr. Marvin B. Herrera, who provided several references and

research-related learning resources. Because of him, I learned more about research. Working was

a great benefit and an honor under his guidance. He is also my inspiration, as he has a published

research paper.

And to those who have helped me accomplish this research, whether directly or indirectly.

.
 IV

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... II

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... III

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... IV

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... VI

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ VII

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1

The Problem and Its Background ............................................................................................... 1

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................... 5

Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 7

Purpose Statement ....................................................................................................................... 7

Null Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................... 7

Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................ 7

Scope and Delimitation ............................................................................................................... 8

Definition of Terms ..................................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................... 17

A. Climate Change .................................................................................................................... 17

B. Human Development Index (HDI) ....................................................................................... 18

C. Climate Change to HDI ........................................................................................................ 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 13

 V

Research Design........................................................................................................................ 13

Data Collection ......................................................................................................................... 13

Instruments ................................................................................................................................ 13

Data Analyzation ....................................................................................................................... 14

Ethical Considerations .............................................................................................................. 14

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................... 15

Section I – Climate Change 2019 and 2023 Elements and HDI Components.......................... 15

Section II – Test of Hypothesis (T-Test) ................................................................................... 17

Section III – Climate Change Elements on HDI Components ................................................. 18

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 27

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 28
 VI

List of Figures

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study ................................................................................. 5

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm for Multivariate Analysis of the Study ........................................ 6

Figure 3. Comparing Climate Change and HDI both in 2019 and 2023 in the Philippines ........ 17

Figure 4. Climate Change Elements in Comparison with HDI Components in 2019 .................. 18

Figure 5. Climate Change Elements in Comparison with HDI Components in 2023 .................. 19
 VII

List of Tables

Table 1. Illustrating the Elements of Climate Change in 2019 ..................................................... 15

Table 2. Illustrating the Elements of Climate Change in 2023 ..................................................... 15

Table 3. Illustrating the HDI Components in 2019 ....................................................................... 16

Table 4. Illustrating the HDI Components in 2023 ....................................................................... 16

 1

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

The Problem and Its Background

Climate change throughout the world has significantly impacted humans and the

environment. According to Mikhaylov et al. (2020), climate change raises global average

temperatures and increases atmospheric CO2 concentrations, affecting human health and causing

both infectious and non-infectious diseases. To emphasize, climate change raising temperature and

atmospheric concentrations has an undeniable and significant impact on both the environment and

humans. Additionally, climate change has a tremendous impact on the weather. Heatwaves,

droughts, and dust storms are becoming more severe and prolonged, as are torrential rain events

that can result in flash floods (Zittis et al., 2022). Climate change, however, affects more than just

temperatures, atmospheric concentrations, and weather conditions. Climate change increases plant

disease risks by altering pathogen evolution and host-pathogen interactions, resulting in decreased

plant productivity (Singh et al., 2023). Recognizing that climate change affects plants by increasing

the incidence of plant illnesses caused by changes in pathogen evolution and host-pathogen

interactions leads to reduced plant productivity. Moreover, climate change affects temperatures,

precipitation, extreme weather, and sea levels. These effects endanger our health by influencing

the food we consume, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the weather we encounter (US

EPA, n.d.).

In 2019, climate change has significantly influenced the Philippines' temperature and

weather. The Philippines' warming trend continues, with 2019 being among the country's top 10

warmest years on record. The average temperature in 2019 was 28 °C, making it the fourth warmest

year, topping the 27.8 °C recorded in 2018. This is also 0.5 °C warmer than the 1981–2000 baseline

temperature of 27.5 °C. Hotter-than-normal weather was observed throughout 2019, with May and
 2

June being the warmest months. While January remained the coolest month, the average

temperature was 0.4 °C above normal. Temperatures were above normal both during the day and

at night, with Filipinos seeing hotter-than-normal overnight temperatures since 1996. In 2019, the

country experienced below-average rainfall in ten out of twelve months, possibly due to a minor

El Niño early in the year. Meanwhile, the lowest recorded rainfall occurred in October, while

August and December had above-normal rainfall quantities. Tropical cyclones that passed through

the PAR during these months contributed to above-average rainfall levels. In total, 21 tropical

cyclones entered PAR, above the long-term average of 19 to 20 every year. Seven made landfall,

with Typhoon Ursula in December affecting the most people, around 3.2 million. Typhoon Tisoy,

which preceded Typhoon Ursula, inflicted the most damage, totaling PHP 5.9 billion. Tropical

cyclones harmed almost six million people last year, causing PHP 9.6 billion in agricultural and

infrastructure damage (State of the 2019 Philippine Climate: Fourth Warmest Year on Record,

Below-average Rainfall Amid More Tropical Cyclones, 2021). In particular, climate change in

2019 had a significant impact on the Philippines' temperature and weather throughout the year,

making it one of the top ten warmest years on record. The average temperature was 28 °C.

Furthermore, several typhoons have gone through the PAR, which has caused significant damage

to the country's agriculture and infrastructure.

Meanwhile, the first clues of how uncommon 2023 would become appeared in early June,

when temperature anomalies relative to the 1850–1900 pre-industrial baseline hit 1.5°C for several

days in a row. Although daily abnormalities had reached this level before, they had never occurred

at this time of year. Global daily temperature anomalies above 1.5°C grew more common

throughout 2023, with nearly half of the days above 1.5°C above the 1850–1900 level (Copernicus:

2023 Is the Hottest Year on Record, With Global Temperatures Close to the 1.5°C Limit, n.d.).
 3

Meanwhile, these findings are consistent with the estimations that the Philippines will endure high

heat for an extended period of time (DOST-PAGASA, Manila Observatory and Ateneo de Manila

University, 2021, Philippine Climate Extremes Report 2020). Furthermore, PAGASA warns of

expected record temperatures this year, particularly if El Niño intensifies. Additionally, the PAR

will experience fewer tropical cyclones, high heat in March and April, and a reduction in rainfall

of 21–60% in Metro Manila during the next 3 to 4 months. It was even further stated by Calalo

(2024) that we should also expect consequences in health, agriculture, and energy as our systems

are stressed by these forces. As further stated by Ana Liza Solis (2023), the peak of El Niño is

expected between November 2023 and January 2024, which may cause dry spells and droughts in

specific areas of the Philippines. Furthermore, the weather phenomenon is projected to become

"strong" by the end of 2023, culminating in below-normal rainfall conditions for the following

year. 28 provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, and Quezon, may have dry spells, while 45

provinces, including Cavite, may confront drought conditions by March of next year. Furthermore,

it was stated that the country might expect four to seven tropical cyclones before the end of the

year. The southwest monsoon (Habagat) season is also expected to provide above-average rainfall

to the country's western regions, as stated by PAGASA 2023 (NEWS, 2023). In particular, the

condition of climate change in 2023 had a significant impact on various sectors of the Philippines,

especially in terms of temperature and weather.

Meanwhile, the HDI is a summary measure of average accomplishment in three fundamental

elements of human development: longevity and health, knowledge, and a reasonable quality of

living. It is the geometric mean of the normalized indices in each of the three dimensions. The

health dimension is measured by life expectancy at birth, while the education dimension is

measured by the average number of years of schooling for individuals aged 25 and up, as well as
 4

the predicted number of years of schooling for school-age children. The standard of living is

evaluated by GNI per capita. Additionally, it employs the logarithm of income to illustrate the

decreasing relevance of income as GNI increases. The scores from the three HDI dimension

indices are then combined into a composite index using the geometric mean. Furthermore, the HDI

can be used to examine national policy choices, such as how two countries with the same GNP per

capita can have differing human development outcomes. These discrepancies can spark

controversy regarding the government's policy priorities. The HDI simplifies and captures only a

portion of what human growth includes. It does not address issues such as inequities, poverty,

human security, and empowerment. Moreover, other composite indices provided by the HDRO

serve as a larger proxy for some of the fundamental challenges of human development, including

inequality, gender disparities, and poverty (Human Development Index, n.d.).

This study, therefore, aims to assess the impact of climate change from 2019 to 2023 on how

it affects the Philippines by analyzing its correlation with the HDI, revealing potential gaps in

existing research. Firstly, earlier research may have focused on either climate change or HDI in

the Philippines, assessing how climate change has impacted the country or the status of HDI in the

Philippines. However, the lack of study may hinder the comprehensive understanding of

environmental changes caused by climate change between 2019 and 2023, as well as their

implications for overall development. Secondly, many studies have already been produced to

determine the areas that are related to HDI in the Philippines. These variables include the

Philippines' development in terms of economic and human development (Hill et al., 2022; Lio

Rosvold, 2020; Tripathi, 2021; Kaukab and Surwandon, 2021; Diaz, 2021; Dizon et al., 2021;

Elizar, 2022; Triatmanto et al., 2023; Sugui et al., 2023; Acido and Caballes, 2024). Nevertheless,

little progress has been made in investigating the link between climate change and HDI in the
 5

Philippines. Finally, relevant research may potentially have investigated climate change in the

Philippines across several years, but only without delving deeper into the precise link between

climate change and HDI. As a result, there may be a gap in understanding how the Philippines'

HDI contrasts or aligns with the climatic change occurring in the country throughout specific years,

altering the depth of analysis about the country's HDI standing on a global scale. This, therefore,

prompted the researcher to perform a study evaluating climate change in the Philippines from 2019

to 2023 in relation to the country's HDI.

Conceptual Framework

IV DV

Climate Change in HDI in the Philippines in

2019 and 2023 2019 and 2023

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

This study employs the Independent Variable (IV) and Dependent Variable (DV) Model.

The IV focuses on climate change in 2019 and 2023, specifically. These serve as potential

predictors of the result under the DV.

The DV is made up of HDI in the Philippines in 2019 and 2023. This outcome variable is

subject to climate change in 2019 and 2023. A possible relationship between the IV and DV is

investigated.
 IV1 6

Climate Change in 2019

DV
- Temperature

- Precipitation
HDI in the Philippines in

2019 and 2023

IV2
- Life Expectancy

- Education
Climate Change in 2023
- Per capita income
- Temperature

- Precipitation

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm for Multivariate Analysis of the Study

This conceptual paradigm represents the Multiple Linear Regression Model, with the two

leadership variables (IV1 and IV2) constituting separate data (climate change in 2019: temperature

and precipitation) and (climate change in 2023: temperature and precipitation) indices assessed

against the (DV: HDI in the Philippines in 2019 and 2023 with elements: life expectancy;

education; per capita income).

This Conceptual Paradigm depicts the relationship between X1, X2, and Y or (IV1, IV2, and

DV). The framework depicts the overall influence of IVs on the DV

 7

Problem Statement
The problem is that climate change from 2019 and 2023 might, in some way, have impacted

the HDI in the Philippines.

Purpose Statement

The objective of this quantitative analysis is to determine which aspects of the HDI in the

Philippines have been affected. Consequently, this study aims to assess the impact of climate

change from 2019 and 2023 on the HDI of the Philippines.

Null Hypothesis

H01: There was no significant relationship between climate change in 2019 and 2023 in the

HDI in the Philippines.

Significance of the Study

This study aims on finding whether or not climate change in 2019 and 2023 somehow

impacted the HDI in the Philippines. The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

• To the future researchers. This study will serve as a guide to help future researchers write

their research, theses, or dissertations related to the topic of this research paper.

Furthermore, this would increase knowledge of the relationship between climate change

and HDI in the Philippines.

 8

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on investigating whether or not climate change in 2019 and 2023 have

impacted HDI in the Philippines.

This study included analyzing descriptive and inferential statistics to determine the impact

of climate change in year 2019 and 2023 in HDI in the Philippines.

This study is delimited to the relationship between climate change in 2019 and 2023 in the

HDI in the Philippines. Furthermore, graphical representations of trends and significant differences

between climate change in 2019 and 2023 means are generated using statistical tools such as Excel

and T-test software for unequal variances, and correlational analyses are used to investigate the

relationship between climate change in 2019 and 2023 and HDI components.

Definition of Terms

This part of the study conveys the terms used by the researcher in the study to have a parallel

understanding with the readers.

The following terms are defined operationally:

Climate change is the one that affects the global average temperature and weather patterns.

Climate change in 2019 and 2023 is the independent variable that impacts HDI in the

Philippines.

Correlation is the relationship between climate change in 2019 and 2023 and the HDI in

the Philippines.

CO2 is the atmospheric concentration affecting human health and causing both infectious

and non-infectious diseases.

 9

°C (degree Celsius) is the average temperature in 2019, which was 28 °C; the topping

temperature recorded in 2018, which was 27. 8 °C; the baseline temperature of 27.5 °C, which was

the warmer temperature than the 1981–2000; the hotter-than-normal temperature; the 0.4 °C above

normal temperature during January which was the coolest month; the temperature relative to the

1850-1900 pre-industrial baseline temperature of 1.5 °C which continued for several days in a row.

GNI (gross national income) is the thing that evaluates the standard of living. Furthermore,

as it rises, the logarithm of income is employed to demonstrate the declining relevance of money.

GNP (gross national product) is the per capita with varying human development outcomes

when the HDI is used to assess national policy options.

HDI (Human Development Index) is the dependent variable impacted by climate change

in 2019 and 2023.

Impact refers to the effect of climate change on temperature and weather in 2019 and 2023.

Moreover, the variable that affected the HDI in the Philippines.

PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services

Administration) is the one who warns of expected record temperatures this year, particularly if

El Niño intensifies. Also, who stated that the southwest monsoon (Habagat) season is also expected

to provide above-average rainfall to the country's western regions.

PAR (Philippine Area of Responsibility) is the area where several typhoons have gone

through.

Temperature is the measure of hotness in the global and Philippine climates in 2019 and

2023.

Weather is the status or condition of the atmosphere of the world and the Philippines in 2019
and 2023.
 10

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researchers considered in

strengthening the importance of the present study.

The reviewed literature and studies were divided into three parts, which are as follows: (A)

Climate Change; (B) Human Development Index (HDI); (C) Climate Change to HDI

A. Climate Change

Climate change refers to long-term variations in temperature and weather patterns. In his

book 'Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know', Romm (2022) argues that climate change

has become a serious threat to humanity. Furthermore, major climatic impacts have already been

documented on all continents. As a result, climate change is already having an effect on every

corner of the globe. Abbass et al. (2022) highlighted that climate change is a global threat that is

putting pressure on a variety of industries. In particular, climate change is a global issue with far-

reaching implications.

Meanwhile, according to the Annual 2019 Global Climate Report | National Centers for

Environmental Information (NCEI), (n.d.), 2019 was the second warmest year in the 140-year

record, with worldwide land and ocean surface temperatures +0.95°C (+1.71°F) above average.

This figure was only 0.04°C (0.07°F) lower than the record high of +0.99°C (+1.78°F) established

in 2016, and 0.02°C (0.04°F) higher than the now-third highest mark set in 2015

(+0.93°C/+1.67°F). Undeniably, 2019 was indeed one of the warmest years ever on record.

Moreover, Climate Change Indicators Reached Record Levels in 2023: WMO (2024), the World

Meteorological Organization, declared that 2023 was the warmest year on record, with the global
 11

average near-surface temperature reaching 1.45 °C (with a margin of error of ± 0.12 °C) over the

pre-industrial baseline. It was the warmest decade on record.

Furthermore, the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal (n.d.) indicated that the

Philippines' annual average surface air temperature in 2019 was 26.62 °C. In 2019, the Philippines

witnessed one of its warmest years on record. Meanwhile, Sarao (2023) said that the majority of

Filipinos noticed the impact of climate change in 2023. In particular, Filipinos in 2023 witnessed

the effects of climate change in the Philippines.

B. Human Development Index (HDI)

According to Team (2024), the HDI seeks to prioritize people's opportunities for successful

careers and lives. In addition to traditional economic growth metrics like GDP, assessing a

country's capability for individual human development is another criterion for determining its level

of development. The HDI can determine why two countries with comparable GNP per capita have

such disparate human development outcomes. It may also be used to evaluate national policy

options. Proponents of the HDI believe it will promote such constructive public policy

conversations.

Meanwhile, the Human Development Report (2021-22, 2022) states that the HDI is

determined in phases using a variety of approaches. It begins by determining the index values for

life expectancy (LEI), education (EI), and income (II). Particularly, the HDI is the geometric mean

of three normalized indicators. Furthermore, the report demonstrated the formula for calculating

HDI: Original HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy) + 1/3 (education) + 1/3 (per capita income).

In the Philippines, HDI is frequently calculated at the national level rather than the regional

level. The HDI is a composite index that measures a country's overall level of human development
 12

by including factors such as life expectancy, education (including enrollment rates and literacy),

and GDP, said Acido and Caballes (2024).

C. Climate Change to HDI

Climate change refers to major, long-term changes in the global climate. Furthermore,

human activities contribute to the global climate. Simultaneously, the HDI is a composite index

that assesses all aspects of human development, including life expectancy, education, and per

capita income.

Many studies have investigated the relationship between climate change's influence on a

country and human development indicators, such as the HDI, which measures a country's social,

economic, and human development levels. However, climate change and HDI are two different

variables used to analyze many elements of human status and advancement. According to the

article Five Ways the Climate Crisis Impacts Human Security (United Nations, n.d.), climate

change disproportionately affects the poor and vulnerable people. Climate change has a direct

influence on many poor countries, especially in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. People with

lower earnings are more likely to use natural resources. This means that it influences human

growth.

Meanwhile, Opoku et al. (2022) stated that environmental degradation has a significant

impact on people's health and given that health is a key component of HDI, it is expected that as

HDI improves, people will seek cleaner settings in order to improve their health and extend their

lives. This statement shows that climate change really does affect human development.
 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed a statistical analysis design to comprehensively analyze the

relationship between climate change (2019 and 2023) and the HDI in the Philippines. The

combination of quantitative analysis of climate change data and correlational assessment with HDI

components serves a much broader understanding of the relationship between climate change and

HDI in the Philippines.

Data Collection

The researcher obtained the data by submitting a request form to PAGASA for climatological

raw data. It took 18 days to approve the data request. Furthermore, the researcher purchased

climatological and HDI data from several websites in order to evaluate the relationship between

climate change (2019 and 2023) and HDI in the Philippines. The resources received included

statistical data in Excel format, JPEG, PNG images, and SVG vector graphics, as well as data sets

in PDF, CSV, and XLS document format of climate change components in the Philippines for 2019

and 2023, which contained average minimum, mean, and maximum surface air temperatures and

precipitation, HDI summary measures of life expectancy, education, and per capita income in the

Philippines.

Instruments

Descriptive and inferential statistics are the tools used in this quantitative analysis to analyze

the relationship between climate change (2019 and 2023) and HDI in the Philippines.
 14

Data Analyzation

Shapiro-Wilk was used first to determine the normality of the data. Furthermore, a

significance level of 0.05 was used to assess the data's normality. Meanwhile, graphical

representations of trends and major differences in climate change (2019–2023) are created using

statistical tools such as Excel and T-test software for unequal variances. Correlational analyses are

utilized to investigate the association between climatic change (2019–2023) and HDI components.

The Pearson correlation coefficient was employed to describe the normal distribution.

Ethical Considerations

The proper use of publicly available data without infringing on someone's privacy or

confidentiality was guaranteed.

 15

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Section I – Climate Change 2019 and 2023 Elements and HDI Components

Table 1. Illustrating the Elements of Climate Change in 2019

Climate Change 2019 Elements

Temperature Precipitation

26.6 °C 2,348 mm

Table 1 presents the climate change elements in 2019, which are temperature and weather.

The average temperature in 2019 was 26.6 °C, and the average precipitation was 2,348 mm.

Table 2. Illustrating the Elements of Climate Change in 2023

Climate Change 2023 Elements

Temperature Precipitation

27.8 °C 2,653 mm

Table 2 presents the climate change elements in 2023, which are temperature and weather.

The average temperature in 2023 was 27.8 °C, while the average precipitation was 2,653 mm.
 16

Table 3. Illustrating the HDI Components in 2019

HDI 2019 Components

Life Expectancy Education Rate Per capita income

71.86 years 82.4% 6.86%

Table 3 presents the HDI components in 2019, which are life expectancy, education rate, and

per capita income. The average life expectancy in 2019 was 71.86 years, the education rate was

82.4%, and the per capita income was 6.86%.

Table 4. Illustrating the HDI Components in 2023

HDI 2023 Components

Life Expectancy Education Rate Per capita income

71.66 years 86.4% 7.22%

Table 4 presents the HDI components in 2023, which are life expectancy, education rate, and

per capita income. The average life expectancy in 2019 was 71.66 years, the education rate was

86.4%, and the per capita income was 7.22%.

 17

Section II – Test of Hypothesis (T-Test)

This part of the study presents the null hypothesis, which tested the association between

climate and HDI both in 2019 and 2023 in the Philippines with unequal variances using the T-test

software at the 0.05 level of significance. This section presents, analyzes, and interprets the results

of the hypothesis test.

Figure 3. Comparing Climate Change and HDI both in 2019 and 2023 in the Philippines

20
18 17.8
16.6
16
14
12.78
12 11.71
10
8
6
4
2
0 0.05

Climate Change (2019) in the Philippines HDI (2019) in the Philippines

Climate Change (2023) in the Philippines HDI (2023) in the Philippines

Figure 3 presents the T-test results for climate change in 2019 and 2023, as well as the HDI

in the Philippines during those years. Climate change (2019) in the Philippines has an overall risk

factor of 26.6, and climate change (2023) in the Philippines has an overall risk factor of 27.8.

Furthermore, the Philippines' average HDI (2019) is 11.71, and the average HDI (2023) is 12.78.

It shows that climate change increased the overall risk factor from 2019 to 2023; however, the HDI

in the Philippines increased as well. Meanwhile, it is clear that climate change in 2019 and 2023

had no influence on the Philippines' HDI, lowering it.

 18

Section III – Climate Change Elements on HDI Components

Figure 4. Climate Change Elements in Comparison with HDI Components in 2019

90 82.4
80
71.86
66.86
70

60

50

40
26.6
30 23.48

20

10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.06
0

Temperature in 2019 Precipitation in 2019 Life Expectancy in 2019

Education Rate in 2019 Per capita income in 2019

Figure 4 compares the statistical percentage of climate change variables, namely

temperature and precipitation, to the HDI components of life expectancy, education, and per capita

income. With an average temperature of 26.6 °C and precipitation of 2,348 mm, a life expectancy

of 71.86 years, an education rate of 82.4%, and a per capita income of 6.86%, it is undeniable that

climate change's temperature and precipitation had no effect on HDI components in the Philippines

in 2019.
 19

Figure 5. Climate Change Elements in Comparison with HDI Components in 2023

100
86.4
90

80 72.24
71.66
70

60

50

40
27.8
26.53
30

20

10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0

Temperature in 2023 Precipitation in 2023 Life Expectancy in 2023

Education Rate in 2023 Per capita income in 2023

Figure 5 correlates the statistical percentages of climate change factors, specifically

temperature and precipitation, to HDI components such as life expectancy, education, and per

capita income. With an average temperature of 27.8 °C and precipitation of 2,653 mm, a life

expectancy of 71.66 years, an education rate of 86.4%, and a per capita income of 7.22%, climate

change increased temperature by about 1.2 °C, precipitation by about 305 mm, life decreased by

about 0.20 years, education rate increased by about 4%, and per capita income increased by about

0.36%.
 20

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

To summarize the findings, the assessment of the relationship between climate change and

HDI in the Philippines from 2019 to 2023, as well as both of their components, reveals minor

changes in temperature, precipitation, life expectancy, education rate, and per capita income.

Meanwhile, there was no major influence from climate change in 2019 or 2023 on the Philippines'

HDI drop that year. Climate change had no significant impact on the Philippines' HDI from 2019

to 2023.

Since there is no significant association between climate change in 2019 and 2023 and the

HDI in the Philippines, the Philippine government sector should not wait for climate change to

have an impact on the HDI. As a result, it is advised to develop a solution to the climate crisis.

In terms of climate change and HDI, the Philippine government must allocate more funds to

ensure that climate change has no significant impact on HDI in the Philippines. To develop a

framework to combat climate change, we must involve every citizen in the country. In that manner,

no negative consequences would exist.

 21

REFERENCES

[1] Abbass, K., Qasim, M. Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Younis, I. (2022, April
4). A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable
mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(28), 42539–
42559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6
[2] Annual 2019 Global Climate Report | National Centers for Environmental Information
(NCEI). (n.d.). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-
report/global/201913#:~:text=The%20year%202019%20was%20the,C%20(%2B1.71
%C2%B0F).
[3] Calalo, A. O. (2024, January 9). Brace for record hot year – Pagasa. The Manila Times.
https://www.manilatimes.net/2024/01/10/news/national/brace-for-record-hot-year-
pagasa/1927479
[4] Climate change indicators reached record levels in 2023: WMO. (2024, March 18). World
Meteorological Organization. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-
indicators-reached-record-levels-2023-
wmo#:~:text=The%20WMO%20report%20confirmed%20that,ten%2Dyear%20period
%20on%20record.
[5] Climate Impacts on Human Health | Climate Change Impacts | US EPA. (n.d.).
https://climatechange.chicago.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-human-
health#:~:text=The%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change,and%20the%20weather
%20we%20experience.
[6] Copernicus: 2023 is the hottest year on record, with global temperatures close to the 1.5°C
limit. (n.d.). Copernicus. https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-2023-hottest-year-
record
[7] Diaz, R. (2021, March 30). Effects of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and other
Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programs of Low and Middle – Income Countries
on Human Development. Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies,
2(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v2i1.16
[8] Dietz, T., Shwom, R. L., & Whitley, C. T. (2020, July 30). Climate Change and Society.
Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-
121919-054614
[9] Dizon, D. M., Gulapa, A. L., & Palas, V. C. (2021, December 31). Analysis on the Impact of
Economic Globalization on Human Development and Economic Growth in the
ASEAN-4. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies, 3(2), 249–268.
https://doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2021.3.2.24
[10] DOST-PAGASA, Manila Observatory and Ateneo de Manila University. 2021. Philippine
Climate Extremes Report 2020: Observed and Projected Climate Extremes in the
Philippines to Support Informed Decisions on Climate Change Adaptation and Risk
Management. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
 Administration, Quezon City, Philippines. 145pp.
Philippine_Climate_Extremes_Report_2020_Full_Report
[11] Elizar, G. E. (2022, August 27). Welfare Index for Western Visayas, Philippines. American
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 1(4), 18–25.
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v1i4.330
[12] Five ways the climate crisis impacts human security | United Nations. (n.d.). United
Nations. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/human-
security#:~:text=Climate%20change%20increases%20poverty%20and,agriculture%2
C%20forestry%2C%20and%20fishery.
[13] Hill, H., Ravago, M. L. V., & Roumasset, J. A. (2022, October 3). Pro-poor Development
Policies. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
http://books.google.ie/books?id=fo6tEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pro-
poor+Development+Policies:+Lessons+from+the+Philippines+and+East+Asia&hl=&
cd=1&source=gbs_api
[14] Human Development Index. (n.d.). Human Development Reports. https://hdr.undp.org/data-
center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
[15] Human Development Report 2021-22. (2022, September 8). Human Development Reports.
https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22
[16] Josephine V. Acido, & Dennis G. Caballes. (2024, January 30). Assessing educational
progress: A comparative analysis of PISA results (2018 vs. 2022) and HDI correlation
in the Philippines. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(1), 462–474.
https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0020
[17] Kaukab, M. E., & Surwandon, S. (2021, January 13). CONVERGENCE OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT INDEX: CASE STUDY OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
IN ASEAN. Business: Theory and Practice, 22(1), 12–17.
https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.12153
[18] Lio Rosvold, E. (2020, July 2). Disaggregated determinants of aid: Development aid
projects in the Philippines. Development Policy Review, 38(6), 783–803.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12465
[19] Mikhaylov, A., Moiseev, N., Aleshin, K., & Burkhardt, T. (2020, June 1). Global climate
change and greenhouse effect. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(4), 2897–
2913. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.7.4(21)
[20] News. (2023, September 29). PIA. https://mirror.pia.gov.ph/news/2023/09/29/strong-el-
nino-looms-in-ph-from-late-2023-to-first-half-of-
2024#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Philippine%20Atmospheric,conditions%20
persisting%20until%20next%20year.
[21] Opoku, E. E. O., Dogah, K. E., & Aluko, O. A. (2022, February). The contribution of human
development towards environmental sustainability. Energy Economics, 106, 105782.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105782
[22] Romm, J. (2022, January 1). Climate Change. Oxford University Press.
http://books.google.ie/books?id=d-
l5EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Romm,+J.+J.+(2022).+Climate+change:+
What+everyone+needs+to+know.+Oxford+University+Press.&hl=&cd=1&source=gb
s_api
[23] Sarao, Z. (2023, October 10). Majority of Filipinos noticed climate change impacts in 2023.
INQUIRER.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1843308/majority-of-filipinos-noticed-
climate-change-impacts-in-2023-survey-shows-2
[24] Singh, B. K., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Egidi, E., Guirado, E., Leach, J. E., Liu, H., &
Trivedi, P. (2023, May 2). Climate change impacts on plant pathogens, food security
and paths forward. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 21(10), 640–656.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00900-7
[25] State of the 2019 Philippine Climate: Fourth warmest year on record, below-average rainfall
amid more tropical cyclones. (2021, August 10).
https://www.preventionweb.net/news/state-2019-philippine-climate-fourth-warmest-
year-record-below-average-rainfall-amid-more
[26] Sugui, J. A. M., Montojo, P. M. N., & Bermudez, A. C. P. (2023, May 15). Impact of
Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation, Labor Force, and Population on Improving
Living Standards in the Philippines. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting
Studies, 5(3), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2023.5.3.6
[27] Team, I. (2024, February 21). What Is the Human Development Index (HDI)? Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/human-development-index-
hdi.asp#:~:text=The%20Human%20Development%20Index%20(HDI)%20measures
%20each%20country’s%20social%20and,income%20(GNI)%20per%20capita.
[28] Triatmanto, B., Bawono, S., & Wahyuni, N. (2023, December). The contribution and
influence of total external debt, FDI, and HCI on economic growth in Indonesia,
Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines. Research in Globalization, 7, 100163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100163
[29] Tripathi, S. (2021, September 3). How does urbanization affect the human development
index? A cross-country analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 5(3), 1053–
1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-021-00211-w
[30] What Is Climate Change? | United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations.
https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change
[31] World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. (n.d.).
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/philippines/climate-data-
historical
[32] Zittis, G., Almazroui, M., Alpert, P., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Dahdal, Y., Fnais, M., Francis,
D., Hadjinicolaou, P., Howari, F., Jrrar, A., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Kulmala, M., Lazoglou,
G., Mihalopoulos, N., Lin, X., Rudich, Y., Sciare, J., Stenchikov, G., . . . Lelieveld, J.
(2022, July 11). Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean
and Middle East. Reviews of Geophysics, 60(3).
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021rg000762