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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Life and
times of Frederick Douglass
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Life and times of Frederick Douglass

His early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and
his complete history

Author: Frederick Douglass

Author of introduction, etc.: George L. Ruffin

Release date: October 16, 2023 [eBook #71893]

Most recently updated: December 22, 2023

Language: English

Original publication: United States: Park Publishing Co, 1881

Credits: Emmanuel Ackerman, Charlie Howard, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE AND

TIMES OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS ***
 Transcriber’s Note
Larger versions of most illustrations may be seen by right-
clicking them and selecting an option to view them separately,
or by double-tapping and/or stretching them.
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted
to the public domain. It includes an illustration taken from the
original book.
Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook.
Engd. by Augustus Robin. N.Y.
Fred k. Douglass.
 LIFE AND TIMES
OF

FREDERICK DOUGLASS,

Written by Himself.
HIS EARLY LIFE AS A SLAVE, HIS ESCAPE FROM BONDAGE,
AND HIS COMPLETE HISTORY
TO THE
PRESENT TIME
INCLUDING HIS CONNECTION WITH THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT; HIS LABORS IN GREAT
BRITAIN AS WELL AS IN HIS OWN COUNTRY; HIS EXPERIENCE IN THE CONDUCT OF
AN INFLUENTIAL NEWSPAPER; HIS CONNECTION WITH THE UNDERGROUND
RAILROAD; HIS RELATIONS WITH JOHN BROWN AND THE HARPER’S
FERRY RAID; HIS RECRUITING THE 54th AND 55th MASS.
COLORED REGIMENTS; HIS INTERVIEWS WITH
PRESIDENTS LINCOLN AND JOHNSON;
HIS APPOINTMENT BY GEN. GRANT TO ACCOMPANY THE SANTO DOMINGO COMMISSION; ALSO
TO A SEAT IN THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; HIS APPOINTMENT AS
UNITED STATES MARSHAL BY PRESIDENT R. B. HAYES; ALSO HIS APPOINTMENT
BY PRESIDENT J. A. GARFIELD TO BE RECORDER OF DEEDS IN
WASHINGTON; WITH MANY OTHER INTERESTING AND
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF HIS MOST
EVENTFUL LIFE;

WITH AN INTRODUCTION,
By Mr. GEORGE L. RUFFIN,
OF BOSTON.
 HARTFORD, CONN.:
PARK PUBLISHING CO.
GEO. M. REWELL & CO., Cleveland, Ohio; J. S. GOODMAN & CO., Chicago, Ill.;
SUN PUBLISHING CO., St. Louis, Mo.; PHILLIPS & HUNT,
San Francisco, Cal.

1882
 COPYRIGHTED BY
Park Publishing Co.,
1881.
 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
AUTHOR’S BIRTH.

Author’s place of birth—​Description of country—​Its

inhabitants—​Genealogical trees—​Method of counting time
in slave districts—​Date of author’s birth—​Names of
grandparents—​Their cabin—​Home with them—​Slave
practice of separating mothers from their children—​
Author’s recollections of his mother—​Who was his father? 25

CHAPTER II.
REMOVAL FROM GRANDMOTHER’S.

Author’s early home—​Its charms—​Author’s ignorance of “old

master”—​His gradual perception of the truth concerning
him—​His relations to Col. Edward Lloyd—​Author’s
removal to “old master’s” home—​His journey thence—​His
separation from his grandmother—​His grief 28

CHAPTER III.
TROUBLES OF CHILDHOOD.

Col. Lloyd’s plantation—​Aunt Katy—​Her cruelty and ill-nature 33

—​Capt. Anthony’s partiality to Aunt Katy—​Allowance of
food—​Author’s hunger—​Unexpected rescue by his mother
 —​The reproof of Aunt Katy—​Sleep—​A slave-mother’s
love—​Author’s inheritance—​His mother’s acquirements—​
Her death

CHAPTER IV.
A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SLAVE PLANTATION.

Home plantation of Colonel Lloyd—​Its isolation—​Its industries

—​The slave rule—​Power of overseers—​Author finds
some enjoyment—​Natural scenery—​Sloop “Sally Lloyd”—​
Wind mill—​Slave quarter—​“Old master’s” house—​Stables,
store houses, etc., etc.—​The great house—​Its
surroundings—​Lloyd Burial-place—​Superstition of slaves
—​Colonel Lloyd’s wealth—​Negro politeness—​Doctor
Copper—​Captain Anthony—​His family—​Master Daniel
Lloyd—​His brothers—​Social etiquette 39

CHAPTER V.
A SLAVEHOLDER’S CHARACTER.

Increasing acquaintance with old master—​Evils of unresisted

passion—​Apparent tenderness—​A man of trouble—​
Custom of muttering to himself—​Brutal outrage—​A
drunken overseer—​Slaveholder’s impatience—​Wisdom of
appeal—​A base and selfish attempt to break up a
courtship 48

CHAPTER VI.
A CHILD’S REASONING.

The author’s early reflections on slavery—​Aunt Jennie and 53

Uncle Noah—​Presentiment of one day becoming a
freeman—​Conflict between an overseer and a slave
 woman—​Advantage of resistance—​Death of an overseer
—​Col. Lloyd’s plantation home—​Monthly distribution of
food—​Singing of slaves—​An explanation—​The slaves’
food and clothing—​Naked children—​Life in the quarter—​
Sleeping places—​not beds—​Deprivation of sleep—​Care
of nursing babies—​Ash cake—​Contrast

CHAPTER VII.
LUXURIES AT THE GREAT HOUSE.

Contrasts—​Great House luxuries—​Its hospitality—​

Entertainments—​Fault-finding—​Shameful humiliation of
an old and faithful coachman—​William Wilks—​Curious
incident—​Expressed satisfaction not always genuine—​
Reasons for suppressing the truth 61

CHAPTER VIII.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERSEERS.

Austin Gore—​Sketch of his character—​Overseers as a class

—​Their peculiar characteristics—​The marked individuality
of Austin Gore—​His sense of duty—​Murder of poor Denby
—​Sensation—​How Gore made his peace with Col. Lloyd
—​Other horrible murders—​No laws for the protection of
slaves possible of being enforced 71

CHAPTER IX.
CHANGE OF LOCATION.

Miss Lucretia—​Her kindness—​How it was manifested—​ 78

“Ike”—​A battle with him—​Miss Lucretia’s balsam—​Bread
—​How it was obtained—​Gleams of sunset amidst the
general darkness—​Suffering from cold—​How we took our
 meal mush—​Preparations for going to Baltimore—​Delight
at the change—​Cousin Tom’s opinion of Baltimore—​
Arrival there—​Kind reception—​Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Auld—​
Their son Tommy—​My relations to them—​My duties—​A
turning-point in my life

CHAPTER X.
LEARNING TO READ.

City annoyances—​Plantation regrets—​My mistress—​Her

history—​Her kindness—​My master—​His sourness—​My
comforts—​Increased sensitiveness—​My occupation—​
Learning to read—​Baneful effects of slaveholding on my
dear, good mistress—​Mr. Hugh forbids Mrs. Sophia to
teach me further—​Clouds gather on my bright prospects—​
Master Auld’s exposition of the Philosophy of Slavery—​
City slaves—​Country slaves—​Contrasts—​Exceptions—​
Mr. Hamilton’s two slaves—​Mrs. Hamilton’s cruel
treatment of them—​Piteous aspect presented by them—​
No power to come between the slave and slaveholder 85

CHAPTER XI.
GROWING IN KNOWLEDGE.

My mistress—​Her slaveholding duties—​Their effects on her 92

originally noble nature—​The conflict in her mind—​She
opposes my learning to read—​Too late—​She had given
me the “inch,” I was resolved to take the “ell”—​How I
pursued my study to read—​My tutors—​What progress I
made—​Slavery—​What I heard said about it—​Thirteen
years old—​Columbian orator—​Dialogue—​Speeches—​
Sheridan—​Pitt—​Lords Chatham and Fox—​Knowledge
increasing—​Liberty—​Singing—​Sadness—​Unhappiness of
 Mrs. Sophia—​My hatred of slavery—​One Upas tree
overshadows us all

CHAPTER XII.
RELIGIOUS NATURE AWAKENED.

Abolitionists spoken of—​Eagerness to know the meaning of

the word—​Consults the dictionary—​Incendiary information
—​The enigma solved—​“Nat Turner” insurrection—​Cholera
—​Religion—​Methodist Minister—​Religious impressions—​
Father Lawson—​His character and occupation—​His
influence over me—​Our mutual attachment—​New hopes
and aspirations—​Heavenly light—​Two Irishmen on wharf
—​Conversation with them—​Learning to write—​My aims 100

CHAPTER XIII.
THE VICISSITUDES OF SLAVE LIFE.

Death of old Master’s son Richard, speedily followed by that

of old Master—​Valuation and division of all the property,
including the slaves—​Sent for to come to Hillsborough to
be valued and divided—​Sad prospects and grief—​Parting
—​Slaves have no voice in deciding their own destinies—​
General dread of falling into Master Andrew’s hands—​His
drunkenness—​Good fortune in falling to Miss Lucretia—​
She allows my return to Baltimore—​Joy at Master Hugh’s
—​Death of Miss Lucretia—​Master Thomas Auld’s second
marriage—​The new wife unlike the old—​Again removed
from Master Hugh’s—​Reasons for regret—​Plan of escape 107

CHAPTER XIV.
EXPERIENCE IN ST. MICHAELS.
St. Michaels and its inhabitants—​Capt. Auld—​His new wife—​ 116
Sufferings from hunger—​Forced to steal—​Argument in
vindication thereof—​Southern camp-meeting—​What Capt.
Auld did there—​Hopes—​Suspicions—​The result—​Faith
and works at variance—​Position in the church—​Poor
Cousin Henny—​Methodist preachers—​Their disregard of
the slaves—​One exception—​Sabbath-school—​How and
by whom broken up—​Sad change in my prospects—​
Covey, the negro-breaker

CHAPTER XV.
COVEY, THE NEGRO BREAKER.

Journey to Covey’s—​Meditations by the way—​Covey’s house

—​Family—​Awkwardness as a field hand—​A cruel beating
—​Why given—​Description of Covey—​First attempt at
driving oxen—​Hair-breadth escape—​Ox and man alike
property—​Hard labor more effective than the whip for
breaking down the spirit—​Cunning and trickery of Covey
—​Family worship—​Shocking and indecent contempt for
chastity—​Great mental agitation—​Anguish beyond
description 129

CHAPTER XVI.
ANOTHER PRESSURE OF THE TYRANT’S VICE.

Experience at Covey’s summed up—​First six months severer

than the remaining six—​Preliminaries to the change—​
Reasons for narrating the circumstances—​Scene in the
treading-yard—​Author taken ill—​Escapes to St. Michaels
—​The pursuit—​Suffering in the woods—​Talk with Master
Thomas—​His beating—​Driven back to Covey’s—​The
slaves never sick—​Natural to expect them to feign
sickness—​Laziness of slaveholders 142
 CHAPTER XVII.
THE LAST FLOGGING.

A sleepless night—​Return to Covey’s—​Punished by him—​

The chase defeated—​Vengeance postponed—​Musings in
the woods—​The alternative—​Deplorable spectacle—​Night
in the woods—​Expected attack—​Arrested by Sandy—​A
friend, not a master—​Sandy’s hospitality—​The ash-cake
supper—​Interview with Sandy—​His advice—​Sandy a
conjuror as well as a Christian—​The magic root—​Strange
meeting with Covey—​His manner—​Covey’s Sunday face
—​Author’s defensive resolve—​The fight—​The victory, and
its results 150

CHAPTER XVIII.
NEW RELATIONS AND DUTIES.

Change of masters—​Benefits derived by change—​Fame of

the fight with Covey—​Reckless unconcern—​Author’s
abhorence of slavery—​Ability to read a cause of prejudice
—​The holidays—​How spent—​Sharp hit at slavery—​
Effects of holidays—​Difference between Covey and
Freeland—​An irreligious master preferred to a religious
one—​Hard life at Covey’s useful to the author—​Improved
condition does not bring contentment—​Congenial society
at Freeland’s—​Author’s Sabbath-school—​Secresy
necessary—​Affectionate relations of tutor and pupils—​
Confidence and friendship among slaves—​Slavery the
inviter of vengeance 164

CHAPTER XIX.
THE RUNAWAY PLOT.
New Year’s thoughts and meditations—​Again hired by 174
Freeland—​Kindness no compensation for slavery—​
Incipient steps toward escape—​Considerations leading
thereto—​Hostility to slavery—​Solemn vow taken—​Plan
divulged to slaves—​Columbian Orator again—​Scheme
gains favor—​Danger of discovery—​Skill of slaveholders—​
Suspicion and coercion—​Hymns with double meaning—​
Consultation—​Password—​Hope and fear—​Ignorance of
Geography—​Imaginary difficulties—​Patrick Henry—​Sandy
a dreamer—​Route to the north mapped out—​Objections—​
Frauds—​Passes—​Anxieties—​Fear of failure—​Strange
presentiment—​Coincidence—​Betrayal—​Arrests—​
Resistance—​Mrs. Freeland—​Prison—​Brutal jests—​
Passes eaten—​Denial—​Sandy—​Dragged behind horses
—​Slave traders—​Alone in prison—​Sent to Baltimore

CHAPTER XX.
APPRENTICESHIP LIFE.

Nothing lost in my attempt to run away—​Comrades at home

—​Reasons for sending me away—​Return to Baltimore—​
Tommy changed—​Caulking in Gardiner’s ship yard—​
Desperate fight—​Its causes—​Conflict between white and
black labor—​Outrage—​Testimony—​Master Hugh—​
Slavery in Baltimore—​My condition improves—​New
associations—​Slaveholder’s right to the slave’s wages—​
How to make a discontented slave 200

CHAPTER XXI.
ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY.

Closing incidents in my “Life as a Slave”—​Discontent—​ 212

Suspicions—​Master’s generosity—​Difficulties in the way
of escape—​Plan to obtain money—​Allowed to hire my
 time—​A gleam of hope—​Attend camp-meeting—​Anger of
Master Hugh—​The result—​Plans of escape—​Day for
departure fixed—​Harassing doubts and fears—​Painful
thoughts of separation from friends

SECOND PART.

CHAPTER I.
ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY.

Reasons for not having revealed the manner of escape—​

Nothing of romance in the method—​Danger—​Free Papers
—​Unjust tax—​Protection papers—​“Free trade and sailors’
rights”—​American eagle—​Railroad train—​Unobserving
conductor—​Capt. McGowan—​Honest German—​Fears—​
Safe arrival in Philadelphia—​Ditto in New York 220

CHAPTER II.
LIFE AS A FREEMAN.

Loneliness and insecurity—​“Allender’s Jake”—​Succored by a

sailor—​David Ruggles—​Marriage—​Steamer J. W.
Richmond—​Stage to New Bedford—​Arrival there—​
Driver’s detention of baggage—​Nathan Johnson—​Change
of Name—​Why called “Douglass”—​Obtaining Work—​The
Liberator and its Editor 228

CHAPTER III.
INTRODUCED TO THE ABOLITIONISTS.

Anti-Slavery Convention at Nantucket—​First Speech—​Much 244

Sensation—​Extraordinary Speech of Mr. Garrison—​Anti-