Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDF Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular Electrochemistry An Electrochemical Approach To Electron Transfer Chemistry Costentin Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular Electrochemistry An Electrochemical Approach To Electron Transfer Chemistry Costentin Ebook Full Chapter
biomolecular electrochemistry : an
electrochemical approach to electron
transfer chemistry Costentin
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/elements-of-molecular-and-biomolecular-electrochem
istry-an-electrochemical-approach-to-electron-transfer-chemistry-costentin/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
https://textbookfull.com/product/molecular-chemistry-and-
biomolecular-engineering-integrating-theory-and-research-with-
practice-1st-edition-lionello-pogliani/
https://textbookfull.com/product/principles-of-chemistry-a-
molecular-approach-nivaldo-j-tro/
https://textbookfull.com/product/arrow-pushing-in-inorganic-
chemistry-a-logical-approach-to-the-chemistry-of-the-main-group-
elements-1st-edition-ghosh-abhik/
https://textbookfull.com/product/bioinorganic-chemistry-
inorganic-elements-in-the-chemistry-of-life-an-introduction-and-
guide-2nd-edition-wolfgang-kaim/
An introduction to the physics and electrochemistry of
semiconductors: fundamentals and applications 1st
Edition Sharon
https://textbookfull.com/product/an-introduction-to-the-physics-
and-electrochemistry-of-semiconductors-fundamentals-and-
applications-1st-edition-sharon/
https://textbookfull.com/product/a-mole-of-chemistry-an-
historical-and-conceptual-approach-to-fundamental-ideas-in-
chemistry-1st-edition-caroline-desgranges-author/
https://textbookfull.com/product/selberg-zeta-functions-and-
transfer-operators-an-experimental-approach-to-singular-
perturbations-1st-edition-markus-szymon-fraczek-auth/
https://textbookfull.com/product/selected-solutions-manual-for-
chemistry-a-molecular-approach-4th-edition-nivaldo-j-tro/
https://textbookfull.com/product/chemistry-an-atoms-focused-
approach-thomas-r-gilbert/
Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular Electrochemistry
Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular
Electrochemistry
Second Edition
Contents
Preface xv
7 Appendices 439
7.1 Single-Electron Transfer at an Electrode 439
7.1.1 Laplace Transformation: Useful Definitions and
Relationships 439
7.1.2 Cyclic Voltammetry of Nernstian Systems:
Current– and Charge–Potential Curves 439
7.1.3 Double-Layer Charging in Cyclic Voltammetry:
Oscillating and Nonoscillating Behaviors 446
7.1.4 Effect of Ohmic Drop and Double-Layer
Charging on Nernstian Cyclic Voltammograms 448
7.1.5 Potential Step and Double Potential Step
Chronoamperometry of Nernstian Systems 451
7.1.6 Overlapping of Double-Layer Charging and
Faradaic Currents in Potential Step and Double
Potential Step Chronoamperometry. Oscillating
and Nonoscillating Behaviors 453
7.1.7 Solvent Reorganization in Marcus–Hush–Levich
Model 455
7.1.8 Effect of the Multiplicity of Electronic States in
the Electrode 460
7.1.9 Cyclic Voltammetry of Two-Electron Nernstian
Systems. Disproportionation 463
7.2 Coupling of Homogeneous Chemical Reactions with
Electron Transfer 465
7.2.1 The EC Mechanism 465
7.2.2 The CE Mechanism 471
7.2.3 Double Potential Step Responses for Processes
Involving First- or Second-Order Follow-Up
Reactions 474
7.2.4 The ECE and DISP Mechanisms 475
7.2.5 Electrodimerization 483
7.2.6 Competition Between Dimerization of and
Electron Transfer to Intermediates 490
7.2.7 Homogeneous Catalysis 495
7.2.7.1 Homogeneous Electron Transfer as the
Rate-Determining Step 495
xii Contents
7.5.7.4Resolution in Fast-conducting
Conditions with Possible Substrate
Consumption 577
7.6 Enzymatic Catalysis Responses 580
7.6.1 The “Ping-Pong” Mechanism in Homogeneous
Enzymatic Catalysis 580
7.6.2 Catalysis and Inhibition in Homogeneous
Systems 585
7.6.2.1 Derivation of Eq. (6.10) 585
7.6.2.2 Control by Substrate Diffusion 589
7.6.3 Catalysis at Multilayered Electrode Coatings 591
References 597
Index 611
xv
Preface
This is the second edition of a book, that originates in the Baker Lec-
tures that one of us (JMS) gave at Cornell in the fall of 2002. Besides
corrections and updates of the content of the first edition, substantial
additions have been introduced. They mostly concern proton-coupled
electron transfer reactions and molecular catalysis of electrochemical
reactions. Proton-coupled electron transfers have attracted consider-
able attention since a long time, but recent conceptual breakthroughs
amply justify the dedication of a whole chapter to this subject. A chapter
was already devoted to molecular catalysis in the first edition, but atten-
tion to this domain has been considerably boosted by its connection
with modern energy challenges, resulting in the necessity of reporting
new conceptual perspectives backed by illustrating experiments.
A key idea of the whole book is that electrochemistry might be one of
the best approaches to electron transfer chemistry, as illustrated by the
work of many researchers all over the world.
One important facet of electron transfer chemistry concerns reactions
in which the injection or removal of one electron into or from a molecule
leaves the nuclear skeleton intact. Such “outersphere” electron transfers
leading to a stable species are well documented in inorganic chemistry
and also in organic chemistry, albeit to a somewhat lesser extent. They
are quite important in natural processes. In many instances however,
injection or removal of one electron into or from a molecule trigger
drastic changes in the nuclear framework, as drastic as bond cleavage
and bond formation. The interest in this area of electron transfer chem-
istry is twofold. One is that a wealth of reactions can be triggered in
this way, which associates radical and acid–base (in the general sense)
reactions to electron transfer. Besides photolysis and thermolysis, this
is a conspicuous route to radical chemistry, with, in many cases, the
xvi Preface
The stage is set in the first chapter with the depiction of a typical
electrochemical experiment, and application to the determination of
the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of outersphere electron
transfer reaction with no further chemical steps in the reaction mech-
anism. In this chapter as well as in the others, we describe both the
experimental data and the methods by which they can be gathered.
In this respect, rather than providing a survey of all electrochemical
techniques, we choose to focus on the most popular of them, namely
cyclic voltammetry. This option is based on the notion that all tech-
niques are essentially equivalent in the sense that their limit are caused
by the same phenomena. This equivalence becomes even more evident
after convoluting the current responses with a diffusion characteristic
function. It may, nevertheless, happen that one technique is more con-
venient than cyclic voltammetry for a particular purpose. This is the rea-
son that we briefly address the use of techniques such as potential-step
chronoamperometry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry in these
circumstances.
The experimental data we discuss in this first chapter pertain to
two problems. One concerns the relationships that exist, for a simple
outersphere electron transfer between activation and driving force, or
in other words between kinetics and thermodynamics. The models on
which these relationships are based are described, and the experiments
we report are selected so as to illustrate the main predictions of these
models. The second problem deals with the factors that make the
injection (or removal) of a second electron more difficult or easier than
the first.
The second chapter is devoted to the association between electrode
electron transfers and chemical reactions. This is the heart of molecular
electrochemistry since the way in which these reactions are triggered
by the electrode electron transfers govern the fate of the molecules that
are reduced or oxidized. These accompanying reactions and the way
in which they are coupled with the electrode electron transfers may be
categorized according to two points of view. One relates to the type of
chemistry that is being initiated by the electrode electron transfer. The
other concerns the way in which they can be identified and kinetically
characterized experimentally. For the same reasons as before, we
privilege the use of cyclic voltammetry, giving however examples where
the complementary use of other techniques may be helpful. The first
part of the chapter is thus dedicated to establishing mechanism diag-
nostic criteria and procedures for kinetic characterization for the main
xviii Preface
transfer theory are then discussed in the electrochemical case and also
for homogeneous reactions of the same type. The association between
electron transfer and bond-breaking opens an opportunity to analyze
in depth the factors that control the respective occurrence of stepwise
or concerted processes. Molecular structure, solvent, and energy of
the incoming (or outgoing) electron are the main controlling factors as
established theoretically and illustrated experimentally. The effect of
the last factor allows one to visualize the passage from one mechanism
to the other upon changing the scan rate in cyclic voltammetry. It is also
interesting to extend the analysis of the concerted/stepwise dichotomy
to the case of thermal homogeneous reaction and also to photoinduced
reactions. In the latter case, use of quantum yields as a diagnostic tool
requires a carefully cautious analysis of the experimental conditions.
Comparison of the electrochemical and photoinduced experiments
carried out on the same cleaving substrate is also enlightening.
In the stepwise case, the intermediate ion radical cleaves in a second
step. Adaptation of the Morse curve model to the dynamics of ion rad-
ical cleavages, viewed as intramolecular dissociative electron transfers,
is then described. Besides the prediction of the cleavage rate constants,
this adaptation opens the possibility of predicting the rate constants for
the reverse reaction, i.e. the reaction of radicals with nucleophiles. The
latter is the key step of SRN 1 chemistry, in which electrons, e.g. electrons
from an electrode, may be used as catalysts of a chemical reaction.
A final section of the chapter deals with the long-debated issue of
the dichotomy and connections between dissociative electron transfers
associated with radical coupling, and SN 2 reactions, which can be
viewed as a further step in concertedness.
Chapter 4 is an entirely new chapter, devoted to the coupling of
electron transfers with proton transfers. This is a particularly important
topic in view of its ample experimental and theoretical history in
chemistry and biochemistry. These reactions play a critical role in
a wide range of biological processes, including enzyme reactions,
photosynthesis, and respiration.
As in the preceding chapter, a central question is the dichotomy
between stepwise and concerted pathways. The main difference in
modeling concerted reactions is that, in the preceding case, application
of Born–Oppenheimer approximation treated electrons as a fast
subsystem with respect to heavy atoms, the electrons are now treated
as a fast subsystem with respect to protons and to heavy atoms, and the
protons as a fast subsystem toward heavy atoms.
xx Preface
1.1 Introduction
This chapter is devoted to single outer-sphere electron transfers
taking place between an electrode and a molecule. The electrode is
an electronic conductor, often a metal, although graphite and glassy
carbon are also frequently used. The molecule may be attached (or
adsorbed) onto the electrode surface or free to move in the bathing
solution. The latter contains a strong electrolyte – the supporting
electrolyte – which ensures the conduction of electricity through this
section of the circuit. The presence of the supporting electrolyte also
minimizes migration of charged reactants in solution. Diffusion (and in
special cases, forced convection) is thus the sole mode of transport to
and from the electrode. The supporting electrolyte is usually chosen so
as to offer a maximally extended electroactivity window. To this end, it
contains a hard-to-oxidize anion and a hard-to-reduce cation, allowing
the investigation of the largest possible number of electron donor and
electron acceptor reactants.
Single-electron transfers may be categorized as outersphere and
innersphere processes according to whether they are not or whether
they are accompanied in a concerted manner with breaking or forma-
tion of bonds. The classification originates from the electron transfer
chemistry of metallic complexes [1], making a distinction between the
reactions where one electron but no ligand are transferred, and those
where a ligand is transferred concertedly with one electron, which
amounts to the transfer of an atom (or of a group of atoms). The notion
was extended afterward [2] according to the definition above so as to
include all kinds of molecules, including organic molecules.
Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular Electrochemistry: An Electrochemical Approach to Electron Transfer Chemistry,
Second Edition. Jean-Michel Savéant and Cyrille Costentin.
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 Elements of Molecular and Biomolecular Electrochemistry
Time
dependence
E (a)
Ei
v v
Potential
Ef dependence
(b) (bʹ)
Γ Γ
Γ0 Γ0
0 0
i (c) i (cʹ)
0 0
tR t −E 0 −E
Perdas de credito
Fundo de 5 p. 100: 19:361 c. contos 4:646
de 74 a 50.
» 4 » 13:335 » 60 » 2:671
a 40.
Acções do Banco, 10:000 de » 5:400
820 a 230:000.
Depositos, um terço de 700 » 233
c.
Acções da Confiança » 3:248
Promissorias idem, » 412
reembolso em notas.
Acções da União, de 112 a » 570
55.
40 p. c. do valor das notas » 1:600
Depreciação do credito » ? 18:780
externo
Perdas do thesouro
Despezas do exercito e marinha contos 1:500
Descontos de notas » 700
Tres quartos da receita de nove mezes » 7:500 9:700
Perdas geraes
Roubos, contribuições » 900
forçadas, etc.
23 a 30 mil braços
sem trabalho
productivo:
9 mezes e 20 dias a 1:620
200 rs.
Incendios, ruinas, etc. » ?
Capital humano: » ? 2:520
mortos e feridos
Total determinado » 31:000
As verbas indeterminadas calcule-as quem puder, e achará que a
revolução e a guerra deram uma ultima sangria não inferior a 50 mil
contos ao corpo já quasi exangue da nação. Que admira pois a
cachexia universal? «Recordei-me com amargura e desconsolação
dos tremendos sacrificios a que foi condemnada esta geração, Deus
sabe para quê,—Deus sabe se para expiar as faltas dos nossos
passados, se para comprar a felicidade dos nossos vindouros.»
(Garrett, Viagens) Assim, poeticamente, se exprimia Garrett,
memorando casos transactos; e o que succedia depois não
authorisava a crer que se tivesse comprado então a felicidade dos
vindouros. Expiar-se-hiam as faltas passadas? Expiavam-se,
expiavam-se de certo as consequencias de uma deploravel
educação historica; mas tambem se soffria o resultado natural de
uma illusão ephemera creada por uma philosophia erronea. Como
nós, a Hespanha saía das mãos do illuminismo jesuita para caír nas
mãos do espiritualismo liberal, e a historia da Hespanha era o
mesmo que a nossa. Mas a França, que toda a Europa seguia, sem
ter tido essa educação mortifera, soffria como nós as consequencias
do romantismo politico, do doutrinarismo individualista, e da
anarchia positiva: do governo immoral, além de tyranno, da
burguezia rica, imperio formado espontaneamente sobre as ruinas
do velho Estado monarchico.