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EVOLUTION OF NERVOUS
SYSTEMS
SECOND EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
EVOLUTION OF NERVOUS
SYSTEMS
SECOND EDITION
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Jon H Kaas
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
VOLUME 1
VOLUME EDITOR
Georg Striedter
University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
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to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the
Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in
research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers may always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods,
compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the
safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or
damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-804042-3
Jon H. Kaas is a distinguished professor of Psychology at Vanderbilt University. His major research
interests are in the evolution and functional organization of sensory–perceptual, cognitive, and
motor systems, especially in primates, in the development of these systems, and in how these
systems are plastic in response to injury and use in developing and adult brains. Special research
emphasis is placed on studying visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems, but current studies are
also concerned with multimodal and sensorimotor integration in parietal and frontal cortex.
Research questions are addressed with a range of electrophysiological, neuroanatomical,
biochemical, and behavioral techniques. His teaching interests are in neuroscience, biological
psychology, and animal behavior.
v
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VOLUME EDITORS
Georg Striedter has been a professor of neurobiology and behavior at the University of California,
Irvine (UCI) since 1995. For most of that time he has also been a fellow at UCI’s Center for the
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Since 2010 he has served as editor in chief of the journal
Brain, Behavior and Evolution. His research focused on fish brains during his graduate studies but
then shifted to birds. In particular, he has studied the neural basis and behavioral functions of vocal
imitation in parakeets. More recently, he has examined the connections between brain develop-
ment and brain evolution, asking how the brains of different avian species diverge during devel-
opment, and how one might experimentally perturb neural development to simulate some species
differences. Aside from research papers, Dr. Striedter has published an upper-level textbook entitled
Principles of Brain Evolution. Most of this book was written when Dr. Striedter was a fellow at the
Institute for Advanced Studies in Berlin, Germany. In 2009, Dr. Striedter received a John Simon
Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship to write an introductory, college-level textbook entitled
Neurobiology: A Functional Approach, which was published by Oxford University Press, Higher
Education Division, in October 2015.
vii
viii Volume Editors
Leah Krubitzer is currently a professor in the Department of Psychology and Center for Neuro-
science at the University of California, Davis. She received a BS at Penn State University in
Communication Disorders and a PhD in Psychology at Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tennessee.
Her graduate work, under the mentorship of Dr. Jon Kaas, focused on the evolution of visual cortex
in primates. Her interest in the evolution of the neocortex was extended in her postdoctoral work at
the University of Queensland, Australia, to include a variety of mammals such as monotremes and
marsupials. While in Australia she performed a comparative analysis on the neocortex of a variety of
different species and to date has worked on the brains of over 37 mammals. Her current research
focuses on the impact of early experience on the cortical phenotype, and she specifically examines
the effects of the sensory environment on the development of connections, functional organization,
and behavior in normal and visually impaired mammals. She also examines the evolution of
sensory motor networks involved in manual dexterity and reaching and grasping in mammals. She
received a MacArthur award for her work on evolution.
Volume 4 – The Evolution of the Human Brain: Apes and Other Ancestors
Todd M. Preuss, PhD, earned his doctorate in biological anthropology from Yale University and
completed his postdoctoral training at Vanderbilt University. Dr. Preuss investigates the evolu-
tionary specializations of the human brain; identifying these specializations is critical for under-
standing how the human brain supports our unique cognitive abilities and why humans are
particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. The Preuss lab addresses questions by
comparing human brains to those of chimpanzeesdthe animals to which humans are most closely
relateddand other nonhuman primates. Within this basic comparative framework, the Preuss lab
employs multiple investigative methodologies to identify human specializations at multiple levels
of organization: genomic and molecular biological techniques to identify evolutionary changes in
gene and protein expression, histological techniques to localize expression changes to specify cell
types and cell compartments, and neuroimaging techniques to identify evolutionary changes in
connectivity and cerebral morphology.
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
A Abellán E Desfilis
Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRB Lleida), Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRB Lleida),
University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
A Alonso N J Dominy
University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
A Ayad P Edds-Walton
University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
United States
A M Balanoff
Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, E Fernández-Juricic
NY, United States Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
G S Bever J L Ferran
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
MD, United States
J C Glover
V P Bingman Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology,
Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and University of
United States Oslo, Oslo, Norway
C B Braun A González
Hunter College (CUNY), New York, NY, United States University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
E Candal S Grillner
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Compostela, Spain
E Große-Wilde
C E Carr Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Germany
United States
O Güntürkün
B Castro-Robles Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRB Lleida),
M I Hall
University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
J Christensen-Dalsgaard
C P Heesy
University of Southern Denmark, Odense M,
Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
Denmark
H A Hofmann
S P Collin
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX,
The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA,
United States
Australia
L Z Holland
R del Corral
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA,
University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
United States
ix
x Contributors to Volume 1
A N Iwaniuk J M P Pakan
University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
J M Kamilar M A Pombal
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
United States
S Pose-Méndez
E I Knudsen Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, Compostela, Spain
United States
L Puelles
C Köppl University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg,
I Quintana-Urzainqui
Germany
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de
G Laurent Compostela, Spain
Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt,
B Robertson
Hessen, Germany
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
T J Lisney
I Rodríguez-Moldes
Université de Montpellier e Université Paul-Valéry
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de
Montpellier e EPHE, Montpellier, France
Compostela, Spain
E R Loew
F Rodríguez
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
University of Seville, Seville, Spain
J M López
C Salas
University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
University of Seville, Seville, Spain
G A Manley
J E Sandoval
Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg,
University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Germany
G N Santos-Durán
M Martínez-de-la-Torre
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de
University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
Compostela, Spain
L Medina
G Schlosser
Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRB Lleida),
National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
J S Schwarz
M Megías
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
United States
B A Moore
M Stacho
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
N Moreno
F Ströckens
University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
G L Moritz
Y Tang
Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
R Morona
L P Tyrrell
University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
Spain
P Vernier
R K Naumann
Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université
Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt,
Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hessen, Germany
A Vicario
S S Nava
Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida (IRB Lleida),
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
Contributors to Volume 1 xi
E Warrant D Wylie
University of Lund, Lund, Sweden University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
C A Weitekamp K E Yopak
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA,
United States Australia
D Wicher B A Young
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO, United States
Germany
G K H Zupanc
K L Willis Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
M Wilson
University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
Editor-in-Chief v
Volume Editors vii
Contributors to Volume 1 ix
Preface xxi
Introduction to Volume 1 xxiii
Taxa
1.01 Invertebrate Origins of Vertebrate Nervous Systems 3
L Z Holland
1.02 Evolution of Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes 25
G Schlosser
1.03 The Nervous Systems of Jawless Vertebrates 37
M A Pombal and M Megías
1.04 The Brains of Teleost Fishes 59
P Vernier
1.05 The Brains of Cartilaginous Fishes 77
I Rodríguez-Moldes, G N Santos-Durán, S Pose-Méndez, I Quintana-Urzainqui, and E Candal
1.06 Adult Neurogenesis in the Teleost Fish Brain: Developmental Principles and Evolutionary
Implications 99
G K H Zupanc
1.07 The Organization of the Central Nervous System of Lungfishes: An Immunohistochemical
Approach 121
J M López, R Morona, N Moreno, and A González
1.08 The Organization of the Central Nervous System of Amphibians 141
A González, J M López, R Morona, and N Moreno
1.09 The Brains of Reptiles and Birds 171
O Güntürkün, M Stacho, and F Ströckens
xiii
xiv Contents of All Volumes
Systems
1.11 Chemoreceptors in Evolution 245
D Wicher and E Große-Wilde
1.12 Lateral Line Systems (Including Electroreception) 257
C B Braun
1.13 Evolutionary Trends in Land Vertebrate Hearing Organs 277
G A Manley, C Köppl, J Christensen-Dalsgaard, and M Wilson
1.14 Evolutionary Trends in Hearing in Nonmammalian Vertebrates 291
C E Carr, J Christensen-Dalsgaard, P Edds-Walton, C Köppl, Y Tang, B A Young, and K L Willis
1.15 A Comparative Overview of Locomotion and Its Neural Basis in Aquatic, Nonmammalian
Chordates and Protochordates 309
J C Glover
1.16 Conserved Features of the Basal Ganglia and Related Forebrain CircuitsdFrom Lampreys to
Mammals 321
S Grillner and B Robertson
1.17 Brain Systems Underlying Social Behavior 327
C A Weitekamp and H A Hofmann
1.18 Functional Correlates of Brain and Brain Region Sizes in Nonmammalian Vertebrates 335
A N Iwaniuk
Brain Regions
1.19 Structure and Function of Regional Specializations in the Vertebrate Retina 351
B A Moore, L P Tyrrell, J M Kamilar, S P Collin, N J Dominy, M I Hall, C P Heesy, T J Lisney,
E R Loew, G L Moritz, S S Nava, E Warrant, K E Yopak, and E Fernández-Juricic
1.20 The Cerebellum of Nonmammalian Vertebrates 373
K E Yopak, J M P Pakan, and D Wylie
1.21 The Optic Tectum: A Structure Evolved for Stimulus Selection 387
E I Knudsen and J S Schwarz
1.22 The Diencephalon and Hypothalamus of Nonmammalian Vertebrates: Evolutionary and
Developmental Traits 409
N Moreno, R Morona, J M López, and A González
1.23 The Amygdala 427
L Medina, A Abellán, A Vicario, B Castro-Robles, and E Desfilis
1.24 The Hippocampus of Nonmammalian Vertebrates 479
V P Bingman, F Rodríguez, and C Salas
1.25 Function and Evolution of the Reptilian Cerebral Cortex 491
R K Naumann and G Laurent
1.26 The Pallium in Reptiles and Birds in the Light of the Updated Tetrapartite Pallium Model 519
L Puelles, J E Sandoval, A Ayad, R del Corral, A Alonso, J L Ferran, and M Martínez-de-la-Torre
Contents of All Volumes xv
Cellular Composition, Developmental Mechanisms that Give Rise to a Larger Cortical Sheet, Brain Scaling,
and Evolution of Brain Body Relationships
3.02 What Primate Brains Are Made of 37
S Herculano-Houzel
3.03 The Expansion of the Cortical Sheet in Primates 59
S Mayer and A R Kriegstein
3.04 Neocortex Expansion in Development and Evolution: The Cell Biology of Neural Stem and
Progenitor Cells and the Impact of Human-Specific Gene Expression 73
N Kalebic, K Long, and W B Huttner
3.05 Developmental Programs and Gene Expression Patterns Yield Insis Into the Evolution
of Primate Cortical Circuitry 91
C J Charvet and F M Krienen
3.06 Scaling Up the Simian Primate Cortex: A Conserved Pattern of Expansion Across Brain Sizes 99
T A Chaplin, M G P Rosa, and H-H Yu
3.07 Evolutionary-Developmental Aspects of Cortical Connectivity 113
G M Innocenti
3.08 The Timing of Brain Maturation, Early Experience, and the Human Social Niche 123
B L Finlay and R Uchiyama
3.09 The Developmental Basis of Evolutionary Trends in Primate Encephalization 149
A C Halley and T W Deacon
Evolution of Parietal Cortex and the Emergence of Manual Dexterity and Tool Use
3.14 Evolution of Parietal Cortex in Mammals: From Manipulation to Tool Use 259
A B Goldring and L A Krubitzer
3.15 Evolution of Parietal-Frontal Networks in Primates 287
J H Kaas, H-X Qi, and I Stepniewska
3.16 Hands, Brains, and Precision Grips: Origins of Tool Use Behaviors 299
S Almécija and C C Sherwood
3.17 Tool Use in Nonhuman Primates: Natural History, Ontogenetic Development and Social
Supports for Learning 317
D M Fragaszy and Y Eshchar
The Evolution of Cultural Capacity and Innovation in Primates: Epigentic Mechanisms that Give Rise to
Phenotypic Diversity within a Population
3.24 Modern Epigenetics: Potential Mechanisms for Cultural Transmission and Social Learning
in Primates 441
D S Stolzenberg
xviii Contents of All Volumes
VOLUME 4: THE EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: APES AND OTHER ANCESTORS
Index 367
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PREFACE
The first version of this series in 2007 included 4 volumes and 125 chapters on a range of topics. The goal was to
have chapters by experts in the field that would be both informative to and readable by interested nonexperts, as
well as those that worked in the field. I was greatly impressed with the results, and I have returned to these
chapters many times myself. A portion of the chapters were later reprinted in a single volume that could be used
as readings in a neuroscience class. While these articles will long be valuable, researchers have been very
productive and the field of comparative neuroscience has grown and advanced. Thus, when the acquisition
editor for Elsevier, Ginny Mills, approached me to see if I was interested in producing another series of new
articles, the time seemed right to me. After some discussion, we agreed to proceed with a new four-volume
series, with two significant changes. First, Volume 1 of the previous series covered invertebrates as well as
development and theoretical background. An emphasis on invertebrate nervous systems seemed redundant to
me due to the recent publication of major volumes on invertebrate nervous systems elsewhere. Thus, we
incorporated development and theory in all volumes as needed and started the series with a volume on non-
mammalian vertebrates. Second, due to the great interest in the evolution of human brains, and the compar-
ative studies and many new results from brain imaging in both monkey and human, it was clear that a single
volume on primates was not enough. Thus, we have Volume 2 on mammals, Volume 3 on primate brains, and
Volume 4 on ape and human brains.
The most important decision came next. We needed four outstanding researchers as editors, one for each
volume. Such scientists are obviously busy with their research and related projects, but I was able to engage the
four scientists I wanted. Given the amount of work involved, it was likely that each of the editors had mixed
feelings, but all agreed to participate. Without them I would not have taken on this project because decisions on
the topics and potential authors depended on the knowledge and contacts that each volume editor had.
Georg Striedter coedited Volume 1 of the first series, and he agreed to edit Volume 1 on the changed topic of
nonmammalian vertebrates for the present series. Georg is well known for his comparative studies of brain
organization and development in birds and fish, and his books on brain evolution and general neurobiology.
He has a deep understanding of the issues, and as editor of Brain Behavior and Evolution, he knows what nearly
everyone in the field of brain evolution is doing.
Suzana Herculano-Houzel, new to this series, edited Volume 2 on the nervous system of mammals. Suzana is
known for her many comparative studies on the number of neurons and other cells in brains and parts of brains,
and the scaling rules and other insights that have come from these studies. She has traveled the world to obtain
the brains she studies and thereby knows many other investigators. Her recent book, The Human Advantage,
covers much of her recent work.
Leah Krubitzer edited Volume 3 on primate brains in this present series. She coedited Volume 3 on mammals
in the previous series. Leah has an extensive publication record including many studies on monkeys, but also on
other mammals including a range of rodent species, various marsupials, monotremes, bats, and tenrecs. Her
unique contributions have been recognized with a MacArthur “genius” award.
Finally, Todd Preuss edited the new Volume 4 on the nervous system of apes and humans. His position at the
Yerkes Primate Center has put him in contact with other researchers who are concerned with the evolution of the
human brain. He is known for his theoretical manuscripts on comparative studies and the evolution of human
brains, as well as his research on the organizations of monkey, ape, and human brains.
These editors are responsible for the success of this effort. They got the leaders in the field to write on the
many topics that are covered in each volume. As the articles came in, these editors provided useful feedback that
often helped the authors in producing the final text.
xxi
xxii Preface
The effort also depended from early on to the finish on Mark Harper, Marise Willis, and later Gemma
Tomalin as they took over at Elsevier and made everything happen. They both helped and pushed us, and
together we got through the stress of deadlines and late chapters. Finally, I thank the authors, as they produced
excellent chapters for the four volumes. Overall, I am extremely pleased with the results.
Jon H. Kaas
Editor-in-Chief
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 1
As a field, evolutionary neurobiology always seems under threat, and this perception has increased with recent
financial crises and shifts toward translational research. Yet one cannot long ignore the diversity of brains that
surrounds us, and questions about how those brains relate to one another will never go away. Moreover, the
dawning realization that even among humans, brains are far more variable than commonly assumed, is likely to
revive some interest in comparative neurobiology. On a more practical level, recent advances, notably the
sequencing of ever more genomes and the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, promise to make molecular research on
nonmodel species increasingly feasible. Still, experts on nonmammalian vertebrate brains will always be few
and far between, scattered across the globe. Therefore, it is imperative that those experts summarize their hard-
won knowledge for young scholars and for those who have entered the field from other arenas. Fortunately,
some major treatises on comparative neurobiology have been published in recent years, including the first
edition of the present reference work. However, the books that deal with nonmammalian vertebrate brains were
all published more than 10 years ago and, thus, fail to cover recent research. This is the hole the chapters in the
present book are meant to fill. The coverage is not intended to be comprehensive but, instead, to highlight
recent advances in data, methods, and ideas.
As anyone who has taught comparative neurobiology will know, structuring a course like that is difficult;
Should one proceed taxon by taxon, structure by structure, or system by system? I confronted the same challenge
in soliciting and arranging the chapters in this book. Each approach to topic sequencing comes with some
benefits and serious drawbacks. To minimize these problems I have adopted an eclectic approach. The first nine
chapters focus on specific groups of animals. Invertebrates are not covered, as doing so would have exploded the
book, and recent book-length summaries are already available. However, this set of chapters does include two
essays that discuss the origin of vertebrate brains and sense organs from invertebrate ancestors. Most of the
chapters in this section emphasize the modern segmental (neuromeric) paradigm for comparing both
embryonic and adult brains, which has taken comparative neuroanatomy by storm during the last 10 years. Also
included are a chapter on adult neurogenesis, which is more prominent in teleosts than any other group of
vertebrates, and a chapter on cranial endocasts, which help reveal gross brain anatomy in extinct vertebrates. The
middle set of chapters (10e17) deals with sensory and motor systems, as well as neural circuits that regulate
social behavior. This section also includes a chapter on the functional correlates of brain and brain region size,
as those correlations often highlight functional systems. The third and final section of this volume focuses on
specific brain regions, ranging from retina to dorsal cortex and pallium. Again, the coverage is far from
comprehensive but highlights brain regions that have received close scrutiny in recent years.
I thank Jon Kaas for inviting me to edit this volume and the staff at Elsevier for putting it together. Most
importantly, I thank all the authors for putting so much effort into writing their chapters and for putting up with
all my editorial feedback. I think their contributions will have lasting impact. Most importantly, I hope that the
facts, debates, and theories disseminated through these pages will spark some more research. Comparative
neurobiology is not an easy field in which to work, not just because funding is scarce, but also because the
mountain of relevant data is vast, unfamiliar, and still barely surveyed. Hopefully the writings in this book will
offer guidance to a few intrepid explorers.
Georg Striedter
Volume Editor
xxiii
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PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following material is reproduced with kind permission of Nature Publishing Group
Figure 9 The Role of Endocasts in the Study of Brain Evolution
Figure 4 Evolution of Large Brain and Body Size in Mammals
Figure 13A Comparative Anatomy of Glial Cells in Mammals
Figure 1 Evolution of Human Language Circuits Revealed With Comparative Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Figure 8 Invertebrate Origins of Vertebrate Nervous Systems
Figure 9 Invertebrate Origins of Vertebrate Nervous Systems
Figure 5A Lungfish Nervous Systems
Figure 10 The Optic Tectum
Figure 11 The Optic Tectum
Figure 7 Explaining Human Neurocognitive Specializations-the Untethering Hypothesis
Figure 1 The Brains of Reptiles and Birds
Figure 2A Evolved Mechanisms of High Level Visual Perception in Primates
Figure 6A Evolved Mechanisms of High Level Visual Perception in Primates
Figure 3 Evolution of Visual Attention in Primates
Figure 4 The Evolution of Auditory Cortex in Humans
Figure 6 The Amygdala
http://www.nature.com
The following material is reproduced with kind permission of Oxford University Press
Figure 1 Comparative Anatomy of Glial Cells in Mammals
Figure 6 Comparative Anatomy of Glial Cells in Mammals
Figure 11B,C Comparative Anatomy of Glial Cells in Mammals
Figure 11D,E Comparative Anatomy of Glial Cells in Mammals
Figure 7A A Conserved Pattern of Cortical Expansion in Primates
Figure 7D A Conserved Pattern of Cortical Expansion in Primates
Figure 5 Evolutionary-Developmental Aspects of Cortical Connectivity
Figure 6 Evolutionary Specializations of the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Figure 5A Evolved Mechanisms of High Level Visual Perception in Primates
Figure 1 Evolutionary Specializations of Human Brain Microstructure
Figure 4 Evolutionary Specializations of Human Brain Microstructure
www.oup.com
i
TAXA
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sein. Und, fürwahr, er ist stattlich genug; wohl 600, ja 800 Meter breit
fließt der Strom ruhig und majestätisch zwischen den grünen
Uferwänden dahin, und fast unabsehbar tief dringt er ins Land
hinein. Das Schiff muß, um an seinen vorgeschriebenen Liegeplatz
zu kommen, noch etwa eine Stunde stromaufwärts dampfen.
Melancholisch grüßt von rechts eine aufgelassene Sägemühle
herüber; die stattlichen Gebäude liegen verwaist, die Maschinen
rosten; das Ganze ist ein stimmungsvoller Beleg für das Trügerische
so mancher mit frohen Hoffnungen begonnenen kolonialen
Unternehmung. Im Moment des Sonnenunterganges hört die
Schiffsschraube auf zu arbeiten; der Anker rasselt hernieder, der
„Rufidyi“ macht dicht am linken Ufer fest. Er wird mit Holz geheizt,
und zwar mit Mangroveknüppeln, die hier in den Waldungen des
Deltas geschlagen und an dieser Stelle für die Übernahme an Bord
aufgestapelt werden. Das geschieht unter der Aufsicht eines
Försters, den ich leider nicht zu Gesicht bekomme, da er gerade
über Land ist. Beschaulich mag sein Dasein freilich sein, aber
beneidenswert wohl kaum; auch mitten auf dem breiten Strom
umschwirren uns bald dichte Schwärme von Moskitos. An Land,
denke ich, werden sie nicht seltener sein. Da wird der Grünrock es
wohl machen müssen wie ich in Daressalam, wo ich mich in meinem
Anopheles-Dorado, d. h. meinem zwar von herrlichen Kokospalmen
und Mangobäumen überschatteten, dafür aber wenig luftigen und
von Moskitos überreich bewohnten Zimmer, vor diesen
Mitbewohnern nur dadurch retten konnte, daß ich nach
Sonnenuntergang mitsamt meinem Arbeitstisch und meiner Lampe
stets unter einem Moskitonetz saß, das von einem Rahmen herab
an der Decke hing. Der auf diese Weise geschaffene Arbeitsraum
war zwar ungeheuer eng, aber er gab dem Insassen doch das
Gefühl der reinsten Freude, nämlich der Schadenfreude. Mochten
sich die braven Anopheles draußen auch noch so blutgierig und in
noch so dichten Schwärmen an die dichten Maschen des Netzes
heften, der intelligente Msungu, der Europäer, war vor ihnen absolut
sicher.
Viertes Kapitel.
Lehrzeit an der Küste.
Lindi, 9. Juli 1906.
Seliman Mamba.
Besonders schwere oder gesellschaftlich hervorragende
Übeltäter scheinen übrigens den Vorzug der Einzelhaft zu genießen.
In den Gesprächen der wenigen Europäer, die augenblicklich in Lindi
leben, kehrt am häufigsten der Name Seliman Mamba wieder; er hat
im Aufstande des Südbezirks so lange die Führung innegehabt, bis
man ihn schließlich erwischt hat, und nun harrt er im Lazarett von
Lindi der Vollstreckung des jüngst über ihn gesprochenen Urteils. Da
er eine ganze Reihe von Menschenleben, auch das von Europäern,
auf dem Gewissen hat, so hat er sein Schicksal wohl verdient. Als
historische Persönlichkeit, die in den Annalen unserer Kolonie
zweifellos lange weiterleben wird, war Seliman Mamba wohl der
Verewigung seiner Züge würdig, und darum habe ich ihn eines
schönen Tags im Hofe des Lazaretts photographiert. Der Mann war
sichtlich leidend und konnte die schwere Kette nur mit größter
Anstrengung mit sich tragen. Seine unmittelbar bevorstehende
Hinrichtung wird für ihn in jeder Beziehung eine Erlösung sein.
Weitaus erfreulicher als alle diese Einblicke in die Folgen des
Aufstandes sind die Ergebnisse meiner wissenschaftlichen
Beschäftigung mit meinen eigenen Leuten und den Suaheli
gewesen. Meine Wanyamwesiträger scheinen das tatenlose
Stillsitzen nicht vertragen zu können; vom zweiten Tage unseres
Aufenthalts in Lindi an belagern sie mich von morgens früh bis
abends spät mit der stummen oder auch lauten Bitte, ihnen
Beschäftigung zu geben. Das habe ich auch mit vielem Vergnügen
getan; die Leute haben zeichnen müssen, soviel sie nur wollten, und
haben auch in meinen Phonographentrichter singen dürfen, sooft
sich dazu die Gelegenheit bot. Schon jetzt zeigt sich, daß unsere
etwas abenteuerliche und vom Meergott durchaus nicht freundlich
behandelte Fahrt auf dem „Rufidyi“ wenigstens e i n versöhnendes
Ergebnis gezeitigt hat: bei meinen Leuten haben sich ihre Leiden
und die daraus entsprungene Behandlung seitens der
Schiffsmannschaft zu einem Liede verdichtet, das sie jetzt gern und
oft, mit viel Ausdauer und auch mit durchaus ansprechender
Vortragsart singen. Hier ist es:
Lied anhören
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