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Computer Communications and Networks

Zaigham Mahmood Editor

Guide to Ambient
Intelligence in the
IoT Environment
Principles, Technologies and
Applications
Computer Communications and Networks

Series editors
A. J. Sammes, Cyber Security Centre, Faculty of Technology,
De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Jacek Rak, Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics,
Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology,
Gdansk, Poland
The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks,
monographs and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers, and
non-specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with
comprehensible access to the latest developments in computer communications and
networking.
Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial
approach, so that even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and
intelligible manner.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4198

Zaigham Mahmood
Editor

Guide to Ambient
Intelligence in the IoT
Environment
Principles, Technologies and Applications

123
Editor
Zaigham Mahmood
Debesis Education
Derby, UK

and

Shijiazhuang Tiedao University

Hebei, China

ISSN 1617-7975 ISSN 2197-8433 (electronic)

Computer Communications and Networks
ISBN 978-3-030-04172-4 ISBN 978-3-030-04173-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04173-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961204

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
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To Imran, Zoya, Arif, Hanya and Ozair
For their Love and Support
Preface

Overview

Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is an element of pervasive computing that brings

smartness to living and business environments to make them more sensitive,
adaptive, autonomous, and personalized to human needs. It refers to intelligent
interfaces that recognize human presence and preferences and adjust smart envi-
ronments to suite their immediate needs and requirements. The key factor is the
presence of intelligence and decision-making capabilities in the IoT environments.
The underlying technologies include pervasive computing, ubiquitous communi-
cation, seamless connectivity of smart devices, sensor networks, artificial intelli-
gence (AI), machine learning (ML), and context-aware human–computer
interaction (HCI). AmI applications and scenarios include smart homes, autono-
mous self-drive vehicles, healthcare systems, smart roads, industry sector, smart
facilities management, education sector, emergency services, and many more.
The AmI process comprises three main stages: Sensing, Reasoning, and Acting.
Sensing relies on real-world data collected by interconnected smart sensors present
in the IoT environment. During the Reasoning process, the data is processed by
intelligent algorithms embedded within the networked devices that perceive the
environment and apply reasoned approaches based on AI and ML. This, in turn,
provides responsiveness and adaptability, for the Acting stage of the process, to
react to the ambient conditions and modify the environment as per the human
requirements that are already built within the ambient systems.
Core benefits of AmI include customisation and automation of IoT-based living
and industrial environments to meet user needs, however, because of automation,
often control in taken away from the users when environments perform incorrect
actions. This is generally due to the newness of the approaches that embed intel-
ligence in smart devices, and the diversity, and sometimes unreliability, of such
devices. There are therefore real issues of operability, reliability, consistency,
connectivity, security, and trust. Other challenges refer to device communication
protocols, sensor battery life, sensor robustness, self-testing and self-repairing of

vii
viii Preface

smart devices, as well as the heterogeneity of devices from diverse vendors. It is

also important that relevant devices’ costs are low, network bandwidth is high,
device connectivity is seamless, and software systems are platform independent.
Besides, much work still needs to be done at all levels on topics such as infras-
tructure, unobtrusive hardware, semantic web, algorithms, network capabilities,
machine-to-machine (M2M) interactions, and device communication standards to
effectively support the cyber-physical interconnections. All this is necessarily
required for reliable, autonomic, and self-governing systems and networks.
As mentioned above, the advantages of AmI in the IoT environment are obvi-
ously huge, however, like any new technological paradigm, issues, and limitations
are also many. This is the context within which the present book has been
developed.
The focus of the book is on the AmI element of the IoT, in particular the relevant
principles, frameworks, and technologies, as well as on benefits and inherent lim-
itations. With this background, the present volume, Guide to Ambient Intelligence
in the IoT Environment: Principles, Technologies and Applications, aims to capture
the state of the art on current developments of smart spaces and AmI-based IoT
environments. Majority of the contributions in the book focus on device connec-
tivity, pervasive computing, and context modeling including communication,
security, interoperability, scalability, and adaptability. Forty-Four researchers and
practitioners of international repute have presented latest research, current trends,
and case studies, as well as suggestions for further understanding, development, and
enhancement of the AmI-IoT vision.

Objectives

The aim of this volume is to present and discuss AmI-based IoT in terms of
frameworks and methodologies for connected smart environments. The objectives
include
• Capturing the state-of-the-art research and practice with respect to the principles,
frameworks, and methodologies of AmI-based IoT environments
• Presenting case studies illustrating challenges of AmI-enabled IoT, best prac-
tices, and practical solutions
• Developing a complete reference for students, researchers, and practitioners of
pervasive computing and smart context-aware environments
• Identifying further research directions and technologies with respect to
Ami-based IoT and distributed computing vision.
Preface ix

Organization

There are 12 chapters in Guide to Ambient Intelligence in the IoT Environment:

Principles, Technologies and Applications. These are organized in three parts, as
follows:
Part I: Principles and Technologies
This part has a focus on concepts, principles, and underlying technologies. There
are four chapters. The first contribution explores the AmI research linked to the
realization of smart city environments from the topology and architecture point of
view. The second chapter extends the Internet of Things (IoT) vision to Industrial
IoT to present the state of the art and the future of AmI in such environments. The
next chapter discusses AmI implementation suitable for applications in business
settings and suggests guidelines and strategies for IT business managers. The final
contribution of this part has a focus on adaptability of Ambient Intelligence
mechanism based on the well-known component-based approach and presents a
relevant AmI system.

Part II: Frameworks and Methodologies

This part of the book comprises four chapters that focus on frameworks and latest
approaches. The first chapter presents a WLAN-based intelligent positioning sys-
tem for the presence detection and conducts performance analysis through simu-
lation. The second contribution looks into the need for AmI for connected
autonomous vehicles in a VANET and smart city scenario. A use-case involving
augmented reality is also presented. The third contribution in this part aims to
develop a mathematical model for embedded intelligent controllers for the detection
of carbon monoxide in smart living environments. The last chapter provides an
assessment of the AmI microcontrollers and proposes the design and architecture of
a low-powered high-performance microcontroller.

Part III: Applications and Use Scenarios

There are four chapters in this part that focus on AmI-embedded applications and
use cases. The first chapter examines the tax services provision of revenue
administration in the IoT environment and discusses the changing role of tax
providers. The next contribution suggests mechanisms to support vehicle drivers
and proposes a low-cost IoT-enabled wearable device to improve the wellbeing of
drivers in the context of Bangladesh. The third chapter proposes a vision-based
posture monitoring system for the elderly using intelligent fall detection technique.
The results of the study are also presented. The fourth chapter and the last in the
book discusses new approaches to modern smart facilities management that
employs AmI for developing smart office and living spaces.
x Preface

Target Audiences

The current volume is a reference text aimed at supporting a number of potential

audiences, including the following:
• Network Specialists, Hardware Engineers and Software Developers who wish
to adopt the newer approaches to develop smart living and working environ-
ments and smart intelligent software applications.
• Students and Academics who have an interest in further enhancing the knowl-
edge of technologies, mechanisms, and frameworks relevant to AmI in the IoT
environment from a distributed computing perspective.
• Researchers and Practitioners in this field who require up-to-date knowledge
of the current methodologies and technologies relevant to the AmI-enabled IoT
vision, to further enhance the connectivity of smart devices.

Derby, UK/Hebei, China Zaigham Mahmood

Acknowledgements

The editor acknowledges the help and support of the following colleagues during
the review, development and editing phases of this text:
• Prof. Zhengxu Zhao, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Hebei, China
• Dr. Alfredo Cuzzocrea, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
• Dr. Emre Erturk, Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand
• Prof. Jing He, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
• Josip Lorincz, FESB-Split, University of Split, Croatia
• Aleksandar Milić, University of Belgrade, Serbia,
• Prof. Sulata Mitra, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology,
Shibpur, India
• Dr. S. Parthasarathy, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India
• Daniel Pop, Institute e-Austria Timisoara, West University of Timisoara,
Romania
• Dr. Pethuru Raj, IBM Cloud Center of Excellence, Bangalore, India
• Dr. Muthu Ramachandran, Leeds Becket University, Leeds, UK
• Dr. Lucio Agostinho Rocha, State University of Campinas, Brazil
• Dr. Saqib Saeed, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia
• Prof. Claudio Sartori, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
• Dr. Mahmood Shah, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
• Dr. Fareeha Zafar, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
I would also like to thank the contributors to this book: 44 authors and co-authors,
from academia as well as industry from around the world, who collectively submitted
12 chapters. Without their efforts in developing quality contributions, conforming
to the guidelines and meeting often the strict deadlines, this text would not have
been possible.

xi
xii Acknowledgements

Grateful thanks are also due to the members of my family—Rehana, Zoya,

Imran, Hanya, Arif, and Ozair—for their continued support and encouragement.
Every good wish, also, for the youngest in our family: Eyaad Imran Rashid Khan
and Zayb-un-Nisa Khan.

Derby, UK/Hebei, China Zaigham Mahmood

November 2018
Other Springer Books by Zaigham Mahmood

Fog Computing: Concepts, Frameworks and Technologies

This reference text describes the state of the art of Fog and Edge computing with a
particular focus on development approaches, architectural mechanisms, related
technologies, and measurement metrics for building smart adaptable environments.
The coverage also includes topics such as device connectivity, security, interop-
erability, and communication methods. ISBN: 978-3-319-94889-8.

Smart Cities: Development and Governance Frameworks

This text/reference investigates the state of the art in approaches to building,

monitoring, managing, and governing smart city environments. A particular focus is
placed on the distributed computing environments within the infrastructure of smart
cities and smarter living, including issues of device connectivity, communication,
security, and interoperability. ISBN: 978-3-319-76668-3.

Data Science and Big Data Computing: Frameworks

and Methodologies

This reference text has a focus on data science, and provides practical guidance on
big data analytics. Expert perspectives are provided by an authoritative collection of
36 researchers and practitioners, discussing latest developments and emerging
trends; presenting frameworks and innovative methodologies; and suggesting best
practices for efficient and effective data analytics. ISBN: 978-3-319-31859-2.

xiii
xiv Other Springer Books by Zaigham Mahmood

Connected Environments for the Internet of Things:

Challenges and Solutions

This comprehensive reference presents a broad-ranging overview of device con-

nectivity in distributed computing environments, supporting the vision of IoT.
Expert perspectives are provided, covering issues of communication, security,
privacy, interoperability, networking, access control, and authentication. Corporate
analysis is also offered via several case studies. ISBN: 978-3-319-70101-1.

Connectivity Frameworks for Smart Devices: The Internet

of Things from a Distributed Computing Perspective

This is an authoritative reference that focuses on the latest developments on the

Internet of Things. It presents state of the art on the current advances in the con-
nectivity of diverse devices; and focuses on the communication, security, privacy,
access control, and authentication aspects of the device connectivity in distributed
environments. ISBN: 978-3-319-33122-5.

Cloud Computing: Methods and Practical Approaches

The benefits associated with cloud computing are enormous; yet the dynamic,
virtualized, and multi-tenant nature of the cloud environment presents many chal-
lenges. To help tackle these, this volume provides illuminating viewpoints and case
studies to present current research and best practices on approaches and tech-
nologies for the emerging cloud paradigm. ISBN: 978-1-4471-5106-7.

Cloud Computing: Challenges, Limitations

and R&D Solutions

This reference text reviews the challenging issues that present barriers to greater
implementation of the Cloud Computing paradigm, together with the latest research
into developing potential solutions. This book presents case studies, and analysis
of the implications of the cloud paradigm, from a diverse selection of researchers
and practitioners of international repute. ISBN: 978-3-319-10529-1.
Other Springer Books by Zaigham Mahmood xv

Continued Rise of the Cloud: Advances and Trends

in Cloud Computing

This reference volume presents latest research and trends in cloud-related tech-
nologies, infrastructure, and architecture. Contributed by expert researchers and
practitioners in the field, this book presents discussions on current advances and
practical approaches including guidance and case studies on the provision of
cloud-based services and frameworks. ISBN: 978-1-4471-6451-7.

Software Engineering Frameworks for the Cloud

Computing Paradigm

This is an authoritative reference that presents the latest research on software

development approaches suitable for distributed computing environments.
Contributed by researchers and practitioners of international repute, the book offers
practical guidance on enterprise-wide software deployment in the cloud environ-
ment. Case studies are also presented. ISBN: 978-1-4471-5030-5.

Cloud Computing for Enterprise Architectures

This reference text, aimed at system architects and business managers, examines the
cloud paradigm from the perspective of enterprise architectures. It introduces
fundamental concepts, discusses principles, and explores frameworks for the
adoption of cloud computing. The book explores the inherent challenges and pre-
sents future directions for further research. ISBN: 978-1-4471-2235-7.

Software Project Management for Distributed Computing:

Life-Cycle Methods for Developing Scalable and Reliable
Tools

This unique volume explores cutting-edge management approaches to developing

complex software that is efficient, scalable, sustainable, and suitable for distributed
environments. Emphasis is on the use of the latest software technologies and
frameworks for life-cycle methods, including design, implementation, and testing
stages of software development. ISBN: 978-3-319-54324-6.
xvi Other Springer Books by Zaigham Mahmood

Requirements Engineering for Service and Cloud

Computing

This text aims to present and discuss the state of the art in terms of methodologies,
trends, and future directions for requirements engineering for the service and cloud
computing paradigm. Majority of the contributions in the book focus on require-
ments elicitation; requirements specifications; requirements classification, and
requirements validation and evaluation. ISBN: 978-3-319-51309-6.

User Centric E-Government: Challenges and Opportunities

This text presents a citizens-focused approach to the development and implemen-

tation of electronic government. The focus is twofold: discussion on challenges of
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opportunities for the provision of open, responsive, and transparent functioning of
world governments. ISBN: 978-3-319-59441-5.
Contents

Part I Principles and Technologies

1 Ambient Intelligence in Smart City Environments: Topologies
and Information Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Kelvin Joseph Bwalya
2 The State and Future of Ambient Intelligence in Industrial
IoT Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Wesley Doorsamy and Babu Sena Paul
3 Ambient Intelligence in Business Environments and Internet
of Things Transformation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Kadir Alpaslan Demir, Bugra Turan, Tolga Onel, Tufan Ekin
and Seda Demir
4 Runtime Adaptability of Ambient Intelligence Systems Based
on Component-Oriented Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Muhammed Cagri Kaya, Alperen Eroglu, Alper Karamanlioglu,
Ertan Onur, Bedir Tekinerdogan and Ali H. Dogru

Part II Frameworks and Methodologies

5 Developing WLAN-Based Intelligent Positioning System
for Presence Detection with Limited Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ivan Nikitin, Vitaly Romanov and Giancarlo Succi
6 Need of Ambient Intelligence for Next-Generation Connected
and Autonomous Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Adnan Mahmood, Bernard Butler, Quan Z. Sheng, Wei Emma Zhang
and Brendan Jennings
7 Intelligent Control Systems for Carbon Monoxide Detection
in IoT Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Champa Nandi, Richa Debnath and Pragnaleena Debroy

xvii
xviii Contents

8 IoT-Based Ambient Intelligence Microcontroller for Remote

Temperature Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Balwinder Raj, Jeetendra Singh, Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma
and Shailesh Singh Chouhan

Part III Applications and Use Scenarios

9 Tax Services and Tax Service Providers’ Changing Role
in the IoT and AmI Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Güneş Çetin Gerger
10 Ambient Intelligence in Systems to Support Wellbeing
of Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Nova Ahmed, Rahat Jahangir Rony, Md. Tanvir Mushfique,
Md. Majedur Rahman, Nur E. Saba Tahsin, Sarika Azad,
Sheikh Raiyan, Shahed Al Hasan, Syeda Shabnam Khan,
Partho Anthony D’Costa and Saad Azmeen Ur Rahman
11 A Vision-Based Posture Monitoring System for the Elderly
Using Intelligent Fall Detection Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
E. Ramanujam and S. Padmavathi
12 Twenty-First-Century Smart Facilities Management:
Ambient Networking in Intelligent Office Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Alea Fairchild
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Contributors

Nova Ahmed Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South

University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Shahed Al Hasan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North
South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sarika Azad Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bernard Butler Telecommunications Software and Systems Group (Science
Foundation Ireland—CONNECT), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford,
Republic of Ireland
Güneş Çetin Gerger Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
Shailesh Singh Chouhan Embedded Internet Systems Lab, Department of
Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of
Technology, Luleå, Sweden
Partho Anthony D’Costa Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Richa Debnath Department of Electrical Engineering, Tripura University,
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
Pragnaleena Debroy Department of Electrical Engineering, Tripura University,
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
Kadir Alpaslan Demir Department of Software Development, Turkish Naval
Research Center Command, Istanbul, Turkey
Seda Demir Institute of Social Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli,
Turkey

xix
xx Contributors

Ali H. Dogru Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical

University, Ankara, Turkey
Wesley Doorsamy Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Tufan Ekin Department of Software Development, Turkish Naval Research
Center Command, Istanbul, Turkey
Alperen Eroglu Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
Alea Fairchild Constantia Institute sprl and Faculty of Economics and Business,
KU Leuven, Brussels, Belgium
Brendan Jennings Telecommunications Software and Systems Group (Science
Foundation Ireland—CONNECT), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford,
Republic of Ireland
Bwalya Kelvin Joseph Information and Knowledge Management, School of
Consumer and Information Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
South Africa
Alper Karamanlioglu Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Muhammed Cagri Kaya Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Syeda Shabnam Khan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Adnan Mahmood Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney,
NSW, Australia; Telecommunications Software and Systems Group (Science
Foundation Ireland—CONNECT), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford,
Republic of Ireland
Md. Tanvir Mushfique Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Champa Nandi Department of Electrical Engineering, Tripura University,
Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India
Ivan Nikitin Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia
Tolga Onel Department of Computer Engineering, Turkish Naval Academy,
Istanbul, Turkey
Ertan Onur Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
Contributors xxi

S. Padmavathi Department of Information Technology, Thiagarajar College of

Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Babu Sena Paul Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Md. Majedur Rahman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Saad Azmeen Ur Rahman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Sheikh Raiyan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Balwinder Raj Nanoelectronics Research Lab, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Jalandhar,
Punjab, India
E. Ramanujam Department of Information Technology, Thiagarajar College of
Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Vitaly Romanov Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia
Rahat Jahangir Rony Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North
South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Quan Z. Sheng Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Jeetendra Singh Nanoelectronics Research Lab, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Jalandhar,
Punjab, India
Giancarlo Succi Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia
Nur E. Saba Tahsin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North
South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bedir Tekinerdogan Information Technology Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Bugra Turan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc
University, Istanbul, Turkey
Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma VLSI Circuit and System Design Lab, Discipline
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, Madhya
Pradesh, India
Wei Emma Zhang Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
About the Editor

Prof. Dr. Zaigham Mahmood is a published author/editor of 25 books on subjects

including Electronic Government, Cloud Computing, Data Science, Big Data, Fog
Computing, Internet of Things, Smart Cities, Project Management, and Software
Engineering, including: Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
which is also published in Korean and Chinese languages. Additionally, he is devel-
oping two new books to appear later in 2019. He has also published more than 100
articles and book chapters and organized numerous conference tracks and workshops.
Professor Mahmood is the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of E-Government Studies and
Best Practices as well as the Series Editor-in-Chief of the IGI book series on
E-Government and Digital Divide. He is a Senior Technology Consultant at Debesis
Education UK and Professor at the Shijiazhuang Tiedao University in Hebei, China. He
further holds positions as Foreign Professor at NUST and IIU in Islamabad Pakistan.
He has served as a Reader (Associated Professor) at the University of Derby UK, and
Professor Extraordinaire at the North West University Potchefstroom South Africa.
Professor Mahmood is also a certified cloud computing instructor and a regular speaker
at international conferences devoted to Cloud Computing and E-Government. His
specialized areas of research include distributed computing, emerging technologies,
project management, and e-government.

xxiii
 Part I
Principles and Technologies
Chapter 1
Ambient Intelligence in Smart City
Environments: Topologies
and Information Architectures

Kelvin Joseph Bwalya

Abstract Many cities around the world have embarked on ambitious programmes
towards creating Smart Cities where information, diverse digital opportunities, and
collective intelligence can be harnessed ubiquitously. Smart Cities are conceptualized
using citywide smart and intelligent architectures informed by the context in which
they are implemented. These architectures make it possible to access information
and intelligence anywhere and at any time. Information processing and computing is
embedded within the urban infrastructures to a point where immovable city entities
such as traffic lights are more intelligent to make real-time decisions based on the
happenings in the environment in which they are deployed. Advanced development
of ambient computing within the realm of Smart Cities will further culminate into
possibilities such as vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) and mobile-to-mobile
(M2M) communication. Using extensive and critical literature review, this chapter
specifically focusses on the design of information architectures that will ultimately
support the enshrining of spatial intelligence within Smart City environments hinged
on the internet of things (IoT) and cloud/fog computing. The chapter presents lat-
est trends in the research and practice of ambient intelligence (AmI) linked to the
realization of the key principles of Smart Cities from the information topology and
architecture point of view. A conceptual ambient intelligence architecture that high-
lights the building blocks of any ambient intelligence architecture as deployed in
Smart City environments is also proposed. The proposed conceptual architecture
can be used as a blueprint in the design of ambient intelligence topologies and archi-
tectures in different contextual settings.

Keywords Ambient intelligence · Architecture · Topology · Smart City

Information architecture · AmI basic architecture · Sensing · V2V · M2M
Context awareness

K. J. Bwalya (B)
Information and Knowledge Management, School of Consumer and Information Systems,
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
e-mail: kbwalya@uj.ac.za

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 3

Z. Mahmood (ed.), Guide to Ambient Intelligence in the IoT Environment, Computer
Communications and Networks, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04173-1_1
4 K. J. Joseph

1.1 Introduction

Smart Cities encompass recent innovative applications and orientations that are
geared towards improving the quality of life of human beings in the different living
spaces of the city. The conceptualization of Smart Cities hinges on the possibility
of pervasive information access to a variable of information culminating into intelli-
gence of the city enabling citizens to make decisions in any given context which they
find themselves in. Of late, there has been a delve towards incorporation of hybrid
disciplines and ensuring that there is an absolute chance for building intelligent liv-
ing spaces in the city. In this regard, there is a push for encouraging the embedding
of topologies and architectures of ambient intelligence (AmI) into the core design
aspects of Smart Cities. The embedding of ambient intelligence into Smart City
design will culminate into the achieving the desired true dynamism, intelligence,
and ubiquity in Smart City environments.
The need for intelligence in cities and the desire for cities to be smart and intelligent
cannot be overemphasized given the ever-growing number of people desiring to live
in the vicinity of cities, and the growing economic activities and industrialization.
As estimated by the United Nations, over 60% of the world’s population lives in the
cities. This brings a lot of pressure on the existing city resources that are already
evident in cities. The negative impact of the anticipated pressure can only be averted
when cities become smart and intelligent to the effect that the available resources
and opportunities can be efficiently and effectively shared by everyone. For example,
smart electricity grid can culminate into efficient and optimal use of electric energy.
One of the applications, in which AmI has been used consistently, is healthcare
setups. Ambient technologies thrive where they are built on scalable network and
backbone architectures supporting a diverse range of applications such as machine-
to-machine (M2M) communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, etc.,
where sensors are made to be as responsive as possible. Such kind of networks is
able to support a wide range of LTE devices. Although it is apparent that AmI has
many potential applications in everyday situations, these are not realized owing to the
many glaring challenges attributed to its implementation. Some of the key challenges
acting as roadblocks to the advancement of AmI include energy, context awareness,
natural interfaces, power, etc. Another pronounced impediment to realizing the full
benefits of AmI has been the use of inappropriate network topologies and information
architectures [1]. Basing on the foreword to “Pervasive Information Architectures”
by [2], authors in [3] raise the question with regards to how digital, physical and
cognitive spaces can be bridged. The paths that can bridge the digital spaces are
the different desired information architectures that can be designed and be used in a
multitude of contextual settings.
This chapter intends to bring out the key building blocks of context-aware ambient
intelligence and propose conceptual models that can be used in the design of the dif-
ferent topologies and architecture for contemporary Smart City designs. The models
proposed can be used as blueprints and reference points in the design of actual Smart
City architectures. The design considerations of ambient intelligence posit that AmI
1 Ambient Intelligence in Smart City Environments … 5

systems need to be developed in such a way that they are able to recognize and utilize
spatial, temporal and contextual data for behavioral recognition.
The chapter is arranged as follows: The next three sections present the formulaic
definitions and aspects of ambient intelligence. Next, the chapter explores the differ-
ent network topologies and information architectures used to design Smart Cities in
the realm of ambient computing. Then, the different issues encountered in the design
and implementation of dynamic AmI topologies and architecture will be explored.
The last part will give a recap of the concepts discussed and articulate the future
works in this area.

1.2 Ambient Intelligence

Smart Cities designs aim to incorporate, as much as possible, different technolo-

gies that bring about dynamism, intelligence and multiple capabilities to city living.
The pivot of Smart Cities in the realm of ambient intelligence is the capability of
employing requisite technologies that are able to scan the environment to sense the
movements and opportunities available in different living spaces of the city. These
technologies are preferably smart and intelligent with powerful dynamic sensory
capabilities [1]. Ambient intelligence ushers in an environment that is sensitive to
the happenings in the environment (e.g. human presence) and is therefore adap-
tive and responsive to any changes. Considering the different formulaic definitions
of ambient intelligence is important owing to the need to understand the different
nuances and opportunities brought about by AmI.
In a bid to understand AmI, the first point of call is the understanding of what
intelligence is. Intelligence in this context entails the ability of entities (people, tech-
nology, etc.) to harness the different capabilities and informational opportunities
embedded into the environment in which they live. Intelligence involves recognizing
these opportunities, computing them in a given context and making them avail-
able through actionable processes to different entities that may be in need of them.
Contemporary intelligence posits that recognition, computation, and action are pro-
cessed in a parallel mode towards one outcome.
In order to obtain a clear understanding of what AmI is and what it entails, there
is a need to comprehend the different principles upon which it is hinged and the
understanding of the scenario and environment in which AmI can be realized. The
ambient intelligence environment presents a scenario where a number of hetero-
geneous devices (known as agents) are deployed in a given environment and are
expected to share network resources so that each of them is able to access the avail-
able opportunities. In such a scenario, it is expected that as mobile agents (gadgets
such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs)) traverse a given envi-
ronment, they are able to access the different opportunities available in the different
environments. In order for such a scenario to be realized, a high-level mobility trans-
parency and system integration is desired so that systems act as “whole”—single
integrated information spaces. In order to achieve true pervasiveness, one of the key
6 K. J. Joseph

Fig. 1.1 Sensing and

intelligence in Smart Cities Smart City environment

Multi-Sensory Nodes and Systems

Sensing and
AmI applications
Actuating
and services

requirements is the need for integrated or distributed information architectures. For

this to be achieved, AmI demands that it uses distributed file systems and databases
which make it possible for multimedia to be shared among agents [4]. Appropri-
ate mobility and migration can be achieved by the continuation of processing of an
application that already started on a machine and moved to another machine. The
application continues from where it was left off on the new machine taking with it
its interface and application context on the new machine. This is an aspect of load
balancing in distributed ambient environments which is so desired in Smart Cities.
Since AmI emphasizes the need for ubiquity so that it can be deployed in any part of
Smart Cities, the UltraWideBand (UWB) technology makes it possible to have high-
speed wireless Internet connection that is able to handle transmission of audio–video
and other data streams which needs high bandwidth. The UWB can work so well in
Smart City environments.
Another principle that AmI is hinged on is ephemeralization which is a concept
meaning “doing more for less.” Ephemeralization enables users in the AmI environ-
ment to access opportunities unconsciously and automatically using their gadgets
even with limited computing power. Although the conceptual nuances of AmI sound
similar to ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp) , it is clear that AmI is an extension of
Ubicomp to give it more meaning in context and stature. Ambient computing stems
from the convergence of three key technologies, i.e., ubicomp, ubiquitous commu-
nication, and intelligent user-friendly interfaces, implying a seamless and integrated
environment of computing enabled by advanced computing and interfaces informed
by the local context. Because of these characteristics, AmI is heavily relied upon by
Smart Cities [5, 6]. The basic setup of AmI as applied in Smart Cities environment
is shown in Fig. 1.1.
The anticipated guaranteed access to distributed resources in a purely dynamic
and ubiquitous environment in ambient intelligence Smart Cities is shown in Fig. 1.2.
1 Ambient Intelligence in Smart City Environments … 7

Scenarios

Context Analysis
Classification

Requirements

Middleware, Communication
Gateway, Console (inter-
Network, Node, layer optimal
Open Interface communication
Distributed
Console (system
Architecture
specifications)
Distributed data Service
processing, discovery,
Context Synchronization,
Scenarios

Fig. 1.2 Ambient intelligence in distributed Smart City environments

A clear understanding of ambient intelligence in the realm of Smart Cities in a

real-world setup can be achieved by considering the case presented below:
Jac(k) has a chronic disease which needs palliative care and monitoring of his/her condition
throughout the day and triggers on his/her watch which remind him when it is time to take
medication. On the body, he/she has wearable sensors which monitor his/her heart rate,
blood pressure, blood sugar, etc., and if the levels of any one of the measurements vital signs
exceed the defined normal, a signal is sent to the doctor or next-of -kin for an intervention
who receive the notification through their portal devices (mobile phone, personal digital
assistant (PDA) or through e-mail). The wearable sensors are also able to detect the nearby
doctors by displaying on Jac(k)’s display unit, on his/her mobile phone the distance to the
nearby doctor. Jac(k) can then make a decision on which ones to consult. It happens that
as Jac(k) navigates through a given environment, his/her display unit in the area detects
that there is a nearby network from the next vehicle which can be accessed for sharing
public photos, music, network, etc. The two vehicular networks are now able to share so
many network resources such as traffic information, etc., using the open interoperable V2V
consoles.

The interactions articulated in the case presented above are made possible by all
these interactions between heterogeneous gadgets, made possible by distributed file
systems and open user interfaces [7]. The case above has also shown that Smart
8 K. J. Joseph

City living spaces demand a lot of automation so that there is unhindered sharing of
network and information among the different entities deployed in a given environ-
ment. Therefore, the gamut of AmI is that it needs to promote unhindered interaction
between devices, humans, and smart objects. Therefore, AmI strives towards the
transformation of working environments into intelligent spaces which are able to
adapt according to the changing user’s desires and needs instantaneously [10].
Designing relevant Smart City applications embedded with appreciable degree
of ambient intelligence entails incorporating the different principles espoused above
[8]. There are a lot of design approaches that have been used to design contextually
relevant Smart City applications. Incorporating AmI into Smart City design culmi-
nates into change in the design paradigm from that of human-in-the-loop design
orientation to a novel design paradigm where the center of design is not the end-user
of the technology but the ability of the technology to adapt to the environment in
which it is deployed. One of the key challenges in such a scenario refers to the design
of interfaces of heterogeneous gadgets so as to optimize on access to the shareable
network and the different information resources [9]. Optimization of access to dif-
ferent resources entails that carefully chosen network topologies and information
architectures need to be considered. Measuring and modeling the different aspects
of spatiotemporal aspects of ambient intelligence requires different mathematical
representations (vectors) which is out of the scope of this chapter.

1.3 Ambient Intelligence and Smart Cities

Because of many technological innovations that are being showcased nowadays, it

is important to take advantage of the different technology combinations in order
to optimally benefits. The design of Smart Cities continuously relies on the differ-
ent possibilities brought about by ambient intelligence (AmI) and other emerging
technological innovations. As a consequence, the ability to integrate two different
technologies depends on the level of understanding and interoperability of each of
these technologies. Interoperability of different nodes and systems within the wider
communication network of Smart Cities will be one of the key issues that need to
be addressed in AmI. Ambient intelligence delves well onto the Smart City agenda
because its scope is the same as that of Smart Cities which includes the home, hos-
pital, airport, and in general the environment and everything contained therein. AmI
enables human beings to take advantage of most of the city environment by unlock-
ing opportunities that were not known or let alone perceived just a few years ago
[7].
Lee [11] has proposed that the definition of Smart Cities is dependent upon the
context in which it is implemented and the anticipated scope of the Smart City appli-
cations. Therefore, the conceptualization of Smart Cities goes towards accomplishing
a complex ecosystem geared to improving different aspects of individual citizens and
city authorities. A Smart City is a multidimensional and multifaceted conceptual-
ization which can manifest in many aspects of the socioeconomic establishment.
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Ainoa säälinilmaus, minkä tämä surullinen näytelmä aiheutti, tuli
erään kreikkalaisen taholta, joka vuoteella loikoen huudahti:

»Ah, ukkelini! Sinunko on poika? Käypää tavaraa tällaisessa

paikassa!
Oikea makupala! Sinä vain olet kuorinut kerman!»

Valkeana kuin vaha, Barba Yani painoi minua rintaansa vasten ja

sanoi väräjävällä ja tukahtuneella äänellä:

»Rohkeutta! Rohkeutta!… Huomenna pääset täältä ja saat

karkoituskäskyn!»

»Karkoituskäskyn!» huudahdin minä. »Minun on siis erottava

sinusta?»

»Se on lievin rangaistus, minkä olen voinut sinulle saada.

Rikoksesi on raskas: tahdoit yölliseen aikaan tunkeutua haaremiin.
Mutta lohduttaudu, minä tulen kanssasi. Maailma on suuri, olemme
vapaita, ja jos vain tottelet minua vast'edes, elät onnellisena Turkin
kamaralla… Siis näkemiin. Ole valmiina huomenna
aamunkoitteessa».

En voinut nukkua koko yönä. Päivän sarastaessa minut noudettiin

vankilasta. Portilla odottivat rattaat ja kaksi pyssyillä ja turkkilaisilla
miekoilla varustettua ratsusantarmia. Silloin näin, että meitä oli
kolme karkoitettavaksi tuomittua. Barba Yani oli siinä myöskin
tavaroinemme. Kaikki sälytettiin rattaille ja seurue lähti Diarbekiria
kohti.

*****
 Ihmisen elämä ei ole kerrottavissa eikä kirjoitettavissa. Sitäkin
vähemmän soveltuu kerrottavaksi sellaisen ihmisen elämä, joka on
rakastanut maata ja samoillut sen ristiin rastiin. Mutta on melkein
mahdotonta antaa elävää kuvaa hänen elämästään, jos hän on ollut
tulisielu, joka on taipaleellaan tuntenut onnen ja kurjuuden kaikki
asteet. Mahdotonta ensiksikin hänelle itselleen, ja mahdotonta niille,
jotka häntä kuuntelevat.

Se mikä on viehättävää, maalauksellisen kaunista ja

mielenkiintoista sielultaan voimakkaan, myrskyävän ja samalla
seikkailunhaluisen miehen elämässä, ei aina ilmene tämän elämän
huomattavissa tapauksissa. Kauneus piilee usein pikkuseikoissa.
Mutta kukapa kuuntelisi pikkuseikkoja? Kukapa nauttisi niistä? Ja
ennenkaikkea, kuka niitä ymmärtäisi?…

Siksipä olenkin aina suhtautunut ynseästi huudahdukseen:

Kertokaa meille jotakin elämästänne!…

Ja sitten vielä eräs vaikeus: ken rakastaa, hän ei ole yksin. Hän ei
ole yksin silloinkaan, kun hän ei enää halaja rakkautta, kuten on
minun laitani nyt. Tämä pitää paikkansa niihinkin ihmisiin nähden,
jotka elävät muistoista, sillä nykyhetkellä on osansa näihin
muistoihin. Ei hyödytä toivoa kuolemaa. Minä olen usein elämässäni
vilpittömästi toivonut sitä. Mutta silloin ovat menneisyyden kauniit
kuvat nousseet ilmielävinä eteeni, ne ovat hellyttäneet sydämeni,
vaihtaneet katkeruuden iloksi ja pakoittaneet minut yhä uudelleen ja
uudelleen etsimään ikuista lohtua ihmisten kasvoista. Yksi näistä
kauniista kuvista oli Barba Yani.

En voi kertoa hänestä mitään, tuskinpa mitään: kahdeksan vuotta

elämästäni kasvoi kiinni hänen elämäänsä… Diarbekir, Alep,
Angora, Sivas, Erzerum ja sadat muut pikku kaupungit ja kylät
näkivät vaeltavat haamumme. Emme myyneet vain yksinomaan
salepia. Kättemme kautta kulki mattoja, liinoja, ihovoiteita, hajuvesiä,
hevosia, koiria ja kissoja, mutta oiva salep auttoi meidät aina
hädästä. Milloin epäonnistunut yritys heitti meidät oljille, etsittiin
kiireesti esille ibrikit, nuo ruostuneet ibrik-pahaset. Ja taas huudeltiin:
»Salepia! Salepia! Kas tässä ovat salepinmyyjät!» Katsoimme
toisiimme ja nauroimme…

Niin, nauroimme, sillä Barba Yani oli verraton ystävä.

Onnettomuuden aiheuttaja olin aina minä, minä parantumaton
hutilus. Muistan eräänkin tapahtuman, joka oli kaikkein tuhoisimpia.

Olimme juuri panneet kaikki rahamme likoon ja ostaneet kaksi

kaunista hevosta suurilta markkinoilta noin viidentoista kilometrin
päässä Angorasta. Olimme tyytyväisiä, sillä kauppa oli ollut hyvä.
Tyytyväisyyskö vai väsymys lienee minussa kotimatkalla herättänyt
halun poiketa hetkiseksi yksinäiseen kapakkaan. Oli pimeä. Barba
Yani vastusti tuumaani.

»Annahan olla, Stavraki! Jatkakaamme kotiin saakka. Siellä

suomme itsellemme lasin».

»Ei, Barba Yani, vaan juuri nyt!… Vain hetkinen. Hyvän kaupan
kunniaksi».

Mies-poloinen suostui. Sidoimme hevoset pylvääseen kapakan

ulkopuolelle. Ja ikkunaan päin kääntyneinä me joimme
kunniaksemme lasin. Sitten toisen. Nälkä nipisteli vatsaa. Söimme
seisovilla jaloin. Sitten tuli taas juoman vuoro, sillä Barba Yanikaan ei
halveksinut elämän antimia. Sydämet alkoivat liikehtiä. Me
lauloimme:
 De nouveau tu t'es saoûlé!…
De nouveau tu casses les verres!…
O, vilaine bête que tu fais!…

[Taasen olet hankkinut itsellesi humalan;

taasen rikot lasisi.
Voi sinua narria!]

Mutta Barba Yanilta katkesi laulu kesken. Katsellen pimeisiin

ruutuihin hän sanoi rauhallisesti:

»Niin, Stavraki, olen totisesti sitä mieltä, että olet 'kurja narri', sillä
kauniit eläimet, jotka jäivät tuonne ulos, ovat nyt poissa, tai on
näköni huono!»

Yhdellä hyppäyksellä olin ulkona, mutta en erottanut muuta kuin

kavioiden kiivaan kapseen pimeässä yössä.

Hapuillessamme tuntia myöhemmin eteenpäin pimeässä ja

kompastellessamme joka kuoppaan, Barba Yani huusi minulle kuin
varoitukseksi ikään:

»Sinä tahdoit 'kunnioittaa hyvää onneamme'! No niin, kulje nyt

jalkaisin, sinä siunattu aasi! Ja laula lohdutukseksesi: 'Taasen olet
hankkinut itsellesi humalan!'»

Mikä onni onkaan tuntea sydämensä sykkivän hyvässä

inhimillisessä maaperässä, tässä mainiossa mullassa, joka välittää
meihin elävöittävää nestettään!

Onneton se, joka ei tästä mitään tiedä!

 Niinä vuosina, jolloin minun ja Barba Yanin elämä oli yhtä, oli itse
luontokin hellivä, veljellinen, runollinen. Kaikki oli mielestäni kaunista
ja elämisen arvoista. Rumuus kadotti vastenmielisyytensä, typeryys
kilpistyi pilantekoomme, kavaluus paljastui, suurten väkivaltakin
tuntui minusta siedettävältä. Kun kosketus karheaan ulkomaailmaan
oli tukehduttaa meidät, pakenimme äänettömään maailmaamme,
tuohon maailmaan, missä luonto yksin haastaa silmille ja sydämelle.

Barba Yani saattoi kulkea päiväkauden sanaa sanomatta.

Katseellaan hän vain osoitti minulle, mikä oli huomion arvoista. Tätä
hän sanoi »terveyskylvyn ottamiseksi». Sitä se todella olikin.
Äänetön luonto puhdistaa ja antaa mielenrauhan elämän
alhaisuuden nöyryyttämälle ihmiselle, sillä voimakkainkaan ei voi
liikkua roskaväen keskellä tuntematta itseään saastutetuksi.

Mutta tämä nuoruusvuosieni suuri seuralainen oli lisäksi

muinaisajan ja sen viisaustieteen tuntija. Keskustelujaan elämästä —
mikä oli hänen joutohetkiensä lempihuvia — hän valaisi
viisaustieteestä ottamillaan esimerkeillä. Itse hän ei aina osannut
elää viisaasti, mutta hän rakasti sydämen hiljaista rauhaa.

»Ennemmin tai myöhemmin älykäs mies ymmärtää, kuinka turhaa

on tunteitten myllerrys, joka turmelee rauhan ja polttaa poroksi
elämän», hän sanoi minulle. »Onnellinen se, ken ymmärtää tämän
varhain, sillä sitä enemmän hän nauttii olemassaolosta».

Eräänä kylmänä syyspäivänä olimme manööverikentällä lähellä

Alepia. Sotilaat vakasivat lämpimän juoman väkirynnäköllä (kuten
sotilaallinen sanontatapa kuuluu). Upseeritkin tulivat maistelemaan
sitä, ja kun meillä oli hehkuvia kivihiiliä ibrikiemme alla, jäivät he
lämmittelemään käsiään ja juttelemaan. Eräs korkea-arvoinen
upseeri kertoi alaiselleen kaskua, jonka mukaan muuan kenraali,
Aleksanteri Suuren ystävä, kehoitti tätä suostumaan Dariuksen
tarjoamaan rauhaan, sanoen:

»Jos olisin Aleksanteri, suostuisin minä rauhaan». Mihin suuri

valloittaja oli vastannut:

»Niin tekisin minäkin, jos olisin… jos olisin…»

Turkkilainen upseeri hämmentyi ja huudahti:

»Ah, mikä olikaan tuon Aleksanterin ystävän nimi?»

»Parmenion!» vastasi Barba Yani, joka kuunteli heidän

keskusteluaan.

»Hyvä, ukkoseni!» huudahti upseeri. »Kuinka sen tiedät?

Salepinmyyjä tuskin tapaa Aleksanteri Suurta!»

»Tapaapa niinkin!» vastasi ystäväni. Kaikkihan tarvitsevat

lämmintä, kuten näette!»

Vastauksen kaksimielisyys huvitti upseeria. Hän alentui

puhelemaan kanssamme, ja nyt sattuivat katseemme yhteen.

»Olen nähnyt sinut jossakin, kasvosi ovat minulle tutut», hän

sanoi.

»Niin», vastasin minä punastuen. »Ajoimme viisi vuotta sitten

Konstantinopolissa samoissa vaunuissa Mustafa-beyn kanssa».

»Kautta Allahin, se on totta? Sinä olet siis tuo poika, joka etsi
silmäpuolta äitiään. Sait varmaankin kokea monta kovaa tuon
satyyrin luona!»
 »Niin… En tuntenut häntä!»

»Kuinka saatoit luottaa ensimäiseen vastaantulijaan, joka silitteli

hyväillen lapsekkaita kasvojasi?» Upseeri puheli kauan kanssamme,
kertoillen Mustafa beyn suurista konnantöistä. Sitten hän alkoi
keskustella innokkaasti Barba Yanin kanssa, jonka tiedot
hämmästyttivät häntä. Ja lähtiessään hän puristi sydämellisesti
käsiämme, ja antoi meille kummallekin turkkilaisen kultarahan.

»Se ei ole juomarahaa», sanoi hän. »Tahdon vain osoittaa pitäväni

arvossa vanhuksen viisautta ja nuorukaisen kärsimystä».

Kotimatkalla Barba Yani päätteli:

»Näetkös, Stavro? Erhettä on paljon, mutta älykkäisyys poistaa

raja-aidat, vaikkapa asianomainen olisi puettu
sotilasunivormuunkin!»

Tällävälin Barba Yani vanheni. Sydäntauti teki hänet vuosi

vuodelta yhä kykenemättömämmäksi ansaitsemaan leipäänsä.
Väsymys valtasi hänet usein. Hän vaipui tuon tuostakin
raskasmielisyyteen. Minä olin kaksikolmattavuotias, vahva, rohkea ja
neuvokas. Meillä oli hiukan säästöjä ja päätin kehoittaa häntä
lepäämään. Jotta tämä lepo olisi ollut hänelle mieluisa, valitsin
oleskelupaikaksemme meille vielä oudon maan: Libanonin vuoriston.

Oi sinä kaunis ja suruisa Libanon! Jo ajatellessanikin siellä

vietettyä vuotta päihtyy sydämeni riemusta ja vuotaa samalla
verta!… Ghazir!… Ghazir!… Ghazir!… Ja sinä Dlepta!… Ja sinä
Hermon!… Ja sinä Malmetein!… Ja te setrit pitkine ystävällisine
oksinenne, jotka näyttävät tahtovan syleillä koko maata!… Ja te
granaattiomenapuut, joille riittää pari kahmaloa multaa
kallionhalkeamassa, tarjotaksenne kulkijalle mehukkaita
hedelmiänne!… Ja sinä Välimeri, joka antaudut hekumallisena
jumalasi polttaville hyväilyille ja levität tahrattoman ja
mittaamattoman ulappasi Libanonin majojen vähäisten ikkunain
eteen, jotka rinteiltä katselevat kasvoihin äärettömyyttä!… Kaikille ja
kaikelle sanon jäähyväiset!… En enää koskaan näe teitä, mutta
ainutlaatuinen ja lempeä hohteenne säilyy iäti silmissäni!… Tuo
hohde on himmennyt muistissani… Elämä ei ole sallinut, että iloni
olisi jakamaton… Mutta, Jumalani, milloin suo elämä meille
täydellistä iloa?…

Asetuimme asumaan Ghazirin kylään, joka on maalauksellisen

kaunis, kuten melkein koko Libanon, ja sijaitsee suojaisella
kukkulalla. Olimme vanhan nivelsärkyä potevan, Set Amra-nimisen
vaimon ainoat vuokralaiset. Hän eli yksinäisyydessä ja oli kristitty
arabialainen niinkuin kaikki libanonilaiset. Kristittynä hän otti meidät
ystävällisesti vastaan, vaikka olimmekin oikeauskoisia ja hän itse
katolilainen. Ja nyt saatte jälleen kuulla tarinan, sillä elämäni taival
on rikas tarinoista.

Sillävälin kun minä kuljin ansioilla ja Barba Yani retkeili keppineen

granaattiomenoita etsiskellen ja käärmeitä tappaen, saimme kuulla,
että Set Amralla, jonka kanssa pakinoimme vesipiippua
poltellessamme, saimme kuulla, sanon minä, että hänelläkin oli
surunsa. Hän oli liian yksin, ja tämä yksinäisyys jäyti hänen
sydäntään. Hänen ainoa lapsensa, kaksikymmenvuotias tyttö, oli
Venezuelassa, mihin oli matkustanut isänsä kanssa rahaa
ansaitsemaan, kuten Libanonin asukkaitten on tapana. Mutta isä oli
kuollut vuosi sitten, ja senjälkeen olivat kirjeet Amerikasta
harvenneet. Selina-tyttönen ei ollut köyhä. Hän johti sievoista
korukauppaa. Mutta äidille hänen sydämensä ei paljoakaan säteillyt
hellyyttä. Hän unohti hänet, ja Set Amran täytyi usein elää pelkällä
leivällä päivät pääksytysten.

Meidän kävi häntä sääli. Täst'edes aterioimme yhdessä. Set Amra

oli meille sisar ja äiti. Hän sai parhaat palat lampaanpaistista ja
hänen vesipiippunsa täytettiin tumbakilla. Enempää ei tarvittu. Hän
kiitti Jumalaa siitä, että hän oli lähettänyt meidät, ja kirjoitti
tyttärelleen liikuttavan kiitollisia kirjeitä. Selina kiitti vastauksessaan
molempia tuntemattomia, joilla oli niin veljellinen sydän.

Ja aika kului autuudessa.

Mutta kun ansiot olivat vähäiset, hupenivat säästömme

silminnähden. Tuli syksy, ja Barba Yani vilustui. Noudin lääkärin
Beirutista ja sitten lääkkeitä. Rakkaan ystävän tila parani hyvässä
hoidossa, mutta rahat luistivat käsistä. Tuo talvi oli ankara
Libanonissa. Sain vaivoin ansaituksi sen verran, ettemme aivan
nääntyneet nälkään. Luovuimme lihan syönnistä ja elimme kolmena
viikon päivänä kuivalla leivällä. Olimme niin säästäväisiä, että
poltimme vain yhtä vesipiippua kerrallaan, antaen tshibukin kulkea
kädestä käteen, suusta suuhun. Tämä oli kovaa, mutta näin päästiin
kuitenkin maaliskuuhun, jolloin saimme iloisen uutisen: Selina ilmoitti
lähtevänsä Venezuelasta ja saapuvansa kotiin kolmen tai neljän
viikon kuluttua.

Mitä huudahduksia!… Mitä ylitsevuotavaa riemua!…

»Tiedättekös?» sanoi Set Amra eräänä päivänä salaperäisesti.

»Stavro on kaunis poika. Aivan varmaan Selina rakastuu häneen, ja
silloin tulee anteliaisuutenne minua kohtaan runsaasti palkituksi. Mitä
siitä sanot, Stavro?»
 Mitäkö Stavro sanoi? No niin, hänen päänsä meni pyörälle, kuten
tavallista. Se meni pyörälle siinä määrin, että hän alkoi pyörittää
ympäri Barba Yaniakin, ja lopulta me kaikki, leinin vaivaama vanha
nainen mukaanluettuna, aloimme tanssia piirissä minun ja Selinan
pikaisen avioliiton julkaisemiseksi, josta viimemainitulla ei ollut
pienintäkään aavistusta.

Kuljin suoraan eteenpäin kuin kuuro hevonen. Aloin katsella taloa

kuin ainakin tulevaa omaisuuttani, ja nyt huomasin sadeveden
tunkeutuvan huoneisiin kattoa peittävän soran läpi. Noudattaen
libanonilaisten esimerkkiä minä kiipesin katolle jyrä mukanani ja
aloin asukkaitten ylitsevuotavaksi riemuksi juoksennella pitkin ja
poikin katolla vetäen perässäni raskasta jyrää, joka kävi
kantapäihin!, niin että kaaduin suulleni.

Ah, sydän poloinen, kuinka paljon murhetta oletkaan minulle

tuottanut!

Menin vieläkin pitemmälle. Eräänä päivänä osoitin Barba Yanille

Set Amran vielä punaisia ja täyteläisiä huulia, hänen siinä kiihkeästi
imiessään tshibukia, ja sanoin:

»Barba Yani, katsohan noita huulia! Kenties ne osaavat vielä

suudella muutakin kuin vesipiipun ambraa! Ja ehkäpä saamme
kahdet häät yht'aikaa».

»Niin, kahdet häät, tiedättekös! Sillä minun ja Selinan avioliitto oli

yhtä varma ja tosi kuin köyhyytemme…

»Voi sinua, Stavraki!» huudahti ystävä-parkani. »Saat ottaa vielä

monta askelta, ennenkuin opit tuntemaan elämää!»
 Hän oli hyvä ennustaja. Selina saapui. Hän oli tumma, komea,
tuuheatukkainen kaunotar, jonka silmänurkassa piili paholainen. Hän
oli vilkas kuin elohopea, mutta sielultaan kauppasaksa ja älyltään
vain naikkonen. Ensi päivästä alkaen hän herätti meissä pelkoa.
Hänen kiitoksensa kuivuivat lyhyeen. Meidän elämämme oli hänen
mielestään inhoittavaa, ja hän melkein moitti meitä äitinsä
kurjuudesta. Ylenkatseensa hän toi ilmi vuokraamalla asunnon
itselleen, vieraili päivittäin neljännestunnin luonamme ja antoi Set
Amralle naurettavan pienen rahasumman, joka oli tarkoitettu meille
»korvaukseksi». Puettuna vierasmaalaisiin pukuihin ja jalokiviin hän
levittäytyi kuin kauppatavara kateellisten kyläläisten katseltavaksi.

Eräänä päivänä eräs naapurivaimo riensi kertomaan meille, että

komea herra oli tullut vaunuilla Beirutista Selinaa tervehtimään.
Selinaa, minun luvattuani, minun morsiantani!…

»Ah, Barba Yani, kuinka elämä onkaan täynnä pettymyksiä!»

vaikeroin minä painaen pääni ainoan vilpittömän ystäväni olkaa
vasten.

»Etkö tietänyt sitä, Stavraki?… No niin, opi se uudelleen. Ja ota

sillävälin ibrikisi, hae esille minun kojeeni ja lähtekäämme!
Lähtekäämme: onhan maa vielä kaunis!»

Me lähdimme, jättäen Set Amra-paran kyyneliin. Ja kolme

kuukautta pääksytysten me kiertelimme Libanonin mainioita seutuja,
juoden sen kirkkaista lähteistä ja juottaen libanonilaisille ikuista
salepiamme.

»Salepia! Salepia! Kas tässä ovat salepinmyyjät!» »Stavraki, eikö

maa ole kaunis?»
 »Voi, Barba Yani! Olet oikeassa!…»

*****

Maako kaunis?… Ei, se on valhetta!… Kaikki kauneus tulee

sydämestämme, mikäli ilo siellä asustaa. Sinä päivänä, jolloin ilo
katoaa, on maa vain kalmisto. Ja Libanonin kauniista maasta tuli
kalmisto minun sydämelleni ja Barba Yanin ruumiille. Eräänä
päivänä lähellä Dleptaa kaatoi äkkinäinen ja odottamaton
sydänkohtaus hänet kasvoilleen maahan. Hän löi päänsä kallioon ja
haavoittui.

»Barba Yani! Ystäväni! Mikä sinun on? Oletko sairas?»

Ei, Barba Yani ei enää ollut sairas. Nyt oli minun vuoroni
sairastaa…

Siitä lähtien on mato jäytänyt elämääni. Kadotetun ystävän kaipuu

ja halu etsiä kaikesta huolimatta rakkautta, sai minut muutamia
vuosia myöhemmin palaamaan kotimaahani, lähestymään
inhimillistä olentoa, rakastamaan häntä, niinkuin olin rakastanut
Kiraa ja äitiäni — niin kuin olin rakastanut Barba Yania.

Tällainen on Markkina-Stavron tarina…

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KIRA KIRALINA
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