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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Hands-On Microsoft®
Windows® Server 2016
Michael Palmer
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Hands-On Microsoft® Windows® © 2018, 2009 Cengage Learning
Server 2016
WCN: 01-100-101
Michael Palmer
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Dedication
I dedicate this book to Maria.
Brief Contents
INTRODUCTION xv
chapter 1
Introduction to Windows Server 2016 1
chapter 2
Installing Windows Server 2016 49
chapter 3
Configuring the Windows Server 2016 Environment 101
chapter 4
Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management 145
chapter 5
Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access 195
chapter 6
Configuring Windows Server 2016 Printing 243
chapter 7
Configuring and Managing Data Storage 285
chapter 8
Managing Windows Server 2016 Network Services 327
chapter 9
Configuring Remote Access Services 377
chapter 10
Securing Windows Server 2016 421
chapter 11
Server and Network Monitoring 471
chapter 12
Managing System Reliability and Availability 515
appendix A
Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V 555
appendix B
Sample Windows PowerShell Cmdlets 571
Glossary 575
INDEX589
v
Contents
INTRODUCTION xv
chapter 1
Introduction to Windows Server 2016 1
Windows Server 2016 Editions 2
Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition 2
Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition 4
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition 6
Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server 7
Windows Storage Server 2016 7
Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016 7
Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2016 7
Virtual Activity 8
Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems 10
Windows Server 2016 Features 12
Server Manager 12
Security 13
Clustering and Clustering Tools 13
Enhanced Web Services 13
Windows Server Core and Nano Server 14
Windows PowerShell 15
Virtualization 16
Reliability 17
Multitasking and Multithreading 17
Physical and Logical Processors 19
Containers 19
Planning a Windows Server 2016 Networking Model 20
Peer-to-Peer Networking 21
Server-Based Networking 23
Protocols for the Windows Server 2016 Networking Model 24
Transmission Control Protocol 25
Internet Protocol 25
Physical Addresses and the Address Resolution Protocol 33
Implementing TCP/IP in Windows Server 2016 35
Enabling TCP/IP 35
Configuring TCP/IP 37
Automated Address Configuration 39
Chapter Summary 40
Key Terms 41
Review Questions 45
Case Projects 47
chapter 2
Installing Windows Server 2016 49
Preparing for Installation 50
Identifying Hardware Requirements and Determining Compatibility 50
Determining Disk Partitioning Options 52
Understanding NTFS and ReFS 54
Upgrading to Windows Server 2016 56
Planning User and Device Licensing 57
Determining Domain or Workgroup Membership 57
Choosing a Computer Name 58
Determining Whether to Install Nano Server, Server Core, or the Full GUI Version 58
Identifying Server Roles 60
Making Immediate Preparations 69
vii
viii Contents
Overview of Windows Server 2016 Installation Methods 69

DVD or USB Thumb Drive Installation 69
Upgrading from Windows Server 2012/R2 70
Installation for a Virtual Server Using Hyper-V 70
Windows Deployment Services 72
Performing a DVD-Based Installation 72
Using Server Manager for the Initial Setup 78
Server Activation 81
Using Windows Deployment Services 82
Installing and Configuring Windows Deployment Services 82
Elements for an Unattended Installation 88
Installing Windows Server Core 89
Installing and Managing Service Packs 91
Troubleshooting Installation Problems 92
Removing Windows Server 2016 94
Chapter Summary 94
Key Terms 95
Review Questions 96
Case Projects 99
chapter 3
Configuring the Windows Server 2016 Environment 101
Using Server Manager 102
Installing and Removing Server Roles 107
Using the Best Practices Analyzer (BPA) for Server Roles 110
Configuring Server Hardware Devices 111
Plug and Play 112
Using Control Panel and the Devices and Printers Utility 112
Using the System File Checker 117
Using Sigverif to Verify System and Critical Files 118
Configuring the Operating System 120
Configuring Performance Options 120
Configuring Environment Variables 126
Configuring Startup and Recovery 126
Configuring Power Options 128
Installing a Protocol 130
Understanding the Windows Server 2016 Registry 132
Registry Contents 133
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE 134
HKEY_CURRENT_USER 135
HKEY_USERS 135
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT 135
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG 135
Backing Up the Registry 136
Windows PowerShell 137
Chapter Summary 139
Key Terms 139
Review Questions 140
Case Projects 143
chapter 4
Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management 145
Active Directory Basics 146
Schema 151
Global Catalog 153
Namespace 154
Contents ix
Containers in Active Directory 154

Forest 154
Tree 157
Domain 158
Organizational Unit 161
Site 163
Active Directory Guidelines 165
Azure Active Directory 165
User Account Management 167
Creating Accounts When Active Directory Is Not Installed 167
Creating Accounts When Active Directory Is Installed 169
Disabling, Enabling, and Renaming Accounts 173
Moving an Account 174
Resetting a Password 175
Deleting an Account 176
Security Group Management 177
Implementing Local Groups 177
Implementing Domain Local Groups 177
Implementing Global Groups 178
Implementing Universal Groups 181
Properties of Groups 182
Implementing User Profiles 183
Important Features in Windows Server 2016 Active Directory 184
Restart Capability 184
Read-Only Domain Controller 185
Cloning Domain Controllers 186
Fine-Grained Password Policy Enhancements 186
Protected Users Global Group 187
Chapter Summary 187
Key Terms 188
Case Projects 192
chapter 5
Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access 195
Managing Folder and File Security 196
Configuring Folder and File Attributes 196
Configuring Folder and File Permissions 203
Configuring Folder and File Auditing 209
Configuring Folder and File Ownership 213
Configuring Shared Folders and Shared Folder Permissions 214
Enabling Sharing 214
Configuring Folder/File Sharing Through the Folder/File Properties 216
Configuring Sharing Through Server Manager 219
Publishing a Shared Folder in Active Directory 223
Troubleshooting a Security Conflict 224
Using Work Folders 226
Implementing a Distributed File System 228
DFS Replication 228
DFS Models 229
DFS Topology 229
Installing DFS 229
Managing a Domain-Based Namespace Root System 231
Configuring Disk Quotas 234
Chapter Summary 236
Key Terms 236
Case Projects 240
x Contents
chapter 6
Configuring Windows Server 2016 Printing 243
An Overview of Windows Server 2016 Printing 244
How Network Printing Works 244
How Internet Printing Works 246
The Print and Document Services Role 248
Using the XPS Print Path 250
The Devices and Printers Utility 251
Using the Print Management Tool 252
Configuring the Print Server Properties 252
Installing Local and Shared Printers 254
Configuring Printer Properties 257
General Printer Specifications 257
Sharing Printers 258
Port Specifications 262
Printer Scheduling and Advanced Options 265
Configuring Security 268
Configuring Device Settings 271
Configuring a Nonlocal Printer or an Internet Printer 271
Managing Print Jobs 272
Controlling the Status of Printing 273
Controlling Specific Print Jobs 274
Troubleshooting Common Printing Problems 276
Chapter Summary 278
Key Terms 279
Case Projects 283
chapter 7
Configuring and Managing Data Storage 285
Windows Server 2016 Storage Options 286
Basic Disks 286
Dynamic Disks 289
Disk Management 293
Creating a Partition and Simple Volume 294
Managing Disks 299
Introduction to Fault Tolerance 303
RAID Volumes 303
Using a Striped Volume (RAID-0) 305
Using a Mirrored Volume (RAID-1) 305
Using a RAID-5 Volume 306
Software RAID vs. Hardware RAID 307
Storage Spaces 307
Storage Spaces Direct 309
Multipath Input/Output 310
Disk Backup 311
Windows Server Backup 311
Backup Options 313
Scheduling Backups 316
Configuring Backup Performance 317
Performing a Recovery 318
Chapter Summary 319
Key Terms 320
Case Projects 325
Contents xi
chapter 8
Managing Windows Server 2016 Network Services 327
Implementing Microsoft DNS 328
Installing DNS Services 329
DNS Zones 330
Using the DNS Dynamic Update Protocol 335
DNS Replication 337
Stub Zone 338
Additional DNS Server Roles 338
Using DNS to Balance Application Access 342
Creating a DNS Implementation Plan 344
DNS Enhancements in Windows Server 2016 345
Troubleshooting DNS 345
Implementing Microsoft DHCP 348
Configuring a DHCP Server 350
Lease Times 354
DHCPv6 Support 355
Troubleshooting DHCP 356
IP Address Management 357
Redundancy Through NIC Teaming 358
Implementing Microsoft Internet Information Services 360
Installing a Web Server 360
Web Server Best Practices 363
Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager 363
Creating a Virtual Directory 364
Managing and Configuring an IIS Web Server 367
Troubleshooting a Web Server 370
Chapter Summary 370
Key Terms 371
Case Projects 375
chapter 9
Configuring Remote Access Services 377
Introduction to Remote Access 378
Implementing a Virtual Private Network 378
Using Remote Access Protocols 379
Configuring a VPN Server 381
Configuring the Server’s Firewall 385
Configuring a DHCP Relay Agent 387
Configuring VPN Properties 390
Configuring VPN Security 391
Monitoring VPN Users 396
Implementing DirectAccess 397
Troubleshooting VPN and DirectAccess Installations 402
Hardware Solutions 402
Software Solutions 402
Connecting Through Remote Desktop Services 403
Installing Remote Desktop Services 405
Configuring Remote Desktop Services 409
Accessing an RDS Server from a Client 411
Publishing Applications for RemoteApp on an RDS Server 412
Chapter Summary 414
Key Terms 414
Case Projects 419
xii Contents
chapter 10
Securing Windows Server 2016 421
An Overview of Security Features in Windows Server 2016 422
Introduction to Group Policy 423
Securing Windows Server 2016 Using Security Policies 425
Establishing Account Policies 427
Establishing Audit Policies 433
Configuring User Rights 435
Configuring Security Options 438
Using IP Security Policies 439
Active Directory Rights Management Services 442
Managing Security Using the Security Templates and Security and Configuration Analysis Snap-Ins 443
Configuring Client Security Using Policies in Windows Server 2016 447
Manually Configuring Policies for Clients 447
Publishing and Assigning Software 450
Resultant Set of Policy 452
Using the cipher Command 454
Using BitLocker Drive Encryption 455
Configuring NAT 457
Windows Firewall 459
Windows Defender 462
Chapter Summary 463
Key Terms 464
Case Projects 468
chapter 11
Server and Network Monitoring 471
Introduction to Server Monitoring 472
Using Resource Monitor 472
Monitoring Server Services 475
Accessing Server Services 476
Solving a Problem with a Service 476
Using Task Manager 479
Monitoring Applications 479
Monitoring Processes 482
Setting Priorities 484
Monitoring Services 486
Monitoring Real-Time Performance 487
Monitoring Users 490
Using Performance Monitor 491
Capturing Data Using Performance Monitor 491
Monitoring System Components 494
Using Data Collector Sets 499
Using a Wizard and a Template to Create a Data Collector Set 500
Returning to a Report and the Importance of Network Data 504
Using a Predefined Data Collector Set 505
Implementing the SNMP Service 507
Chapter Summary 509
Key Terms 510
Case Projects 513
Contents xiii
chapter 12
Managing System Reliability and Availability 515
General Problem-Solving Strategies 516
Understanding How Servers and the Network Interact 516
Training Users to Help 517
Solving Problems Step-by-Step 517
Tracking Problems and Solutions 518
Resolving Boot Problems 519
Troubleshooting by Using Safe Mode 519
Troubleshooting by Using the Repair Your Computer Option or Installation DVD 522
General Tips for Fixing Boot Problems 527
Using and Configuring Event Viewer 529
Viewing Log Events 530
Using the Event Viewer Filter Option 532
Maintaining Event Logs 532
Troubleshooting Connectivity 535
Graphical Tools 539
Using the System Configuration Tool 540
Remotely Administering a Server 541
Remote Server Administration Tools 543
Chapter Summary 548
Key Terms 549
Case Projects 552
appendix A
Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V 555
appendix B
Sample Windows PowerShell Cmdlets 571
Glossary 575
INDEX589
Introduction
Hands-On Microsoft® Windows® Server 2016 is the perfect resource for learning
indows Server 2016 from the ground up. Designed to build a foundation in basic server admin-
W
istration, this book requires no previous server experience. It covers all of the critical Windows
Server 2016 features, including the features unique to this new server operating system. You learn
how to choose the right server edition for your needs, and you learn to install, configure, custom-
ize, manage, and troubleshoot your server. If you are new to server administration, this book gives
you the knowledge you need to manage servers on small to large networks. If you are an experi-
enced server administrator, the book provides a fast way to get up to speed on Windows Server
2016 administration.
The book offers you administrator skills to install and configure Windows Server 2016, use
Active Directory, set up server resources for clients, configure and manage printing services, man-
age data storage, manage network services, configure remote access for clients, create a virtual
server, establish strong security, monitor a server, and create a reliable server environment.
Each chapter is written for easy understanding and the book contains over 135 hands-on activ-
ities to make what you learn come alive. These activities give you the experience you need to truly
learn Windows Server 2016 and retain what you have learned.
In addition to the hands-on activities, the book is filled with many learning aids to help you
maximize what you learn. The objectives at the start of each chapter give you an overview of what
you will be able to accomplish and can be used for a fast review of the chapter contents. At the
end of each chapter, there are chapter summaries for more in-depth point-by-point review. There
also are review questions and realistic case studies to enable you to stretch your learning. The case
studies put you in the shoes of a Windows Server 2016 consultant who works in all kinds of situ-
ations fulfilling the needs of clients. Other learning tools include a list of key terms that you have
encountered in the chapter and application examples provided throughout to help you understand
different ways to use Windows Server 2016.
The goal when you complete this book is to give you the knowledge and confidence to be a capa-
ble server administrator. The book also provides a foundation for pursuing a Microsoft certification in
Windows Server 2016 server administration.
xv
xvi Introduction
Intended Audience
Hands-On Microsoft Windows Server 2016 is intended for anyone who wants to learn and
practice using Windows Server 2016. It also can be used as a starting block in preparing for the
Microsoft Server administrator certification exam track. No prior server operating system expe-
rience is required, but some basic experience with client systems, such as Windows 7, 8/8.1, or
10, is helpful.
New to this Edition

• Step-by-step hands-on activities for learning nearly every phase of Windows Server 2016,
with all activities tested by a technical editor, reviewers, and validation experts
• Broad training in planning, installation, configuration, security, networking, monitoring,
and troubleshooting of Windows Server 2016
• Coverage of features critical or new to Windows Server 2016, including using the graphical user
interface, Windows Server Core, Nano Server, Windows PowerShell, Hyper-V, Server Manager,
security features, network services, role services, monitoring tools, and much more
• An appendix to cover using Windows Server 2016 with Hyper-V virtualization
• An appendix showing Windows PowerShell command examples for managing and trouble-
shooting a server
Chapter Descriptions
The chapters are balanced to provide a similar amount of coverage. There are twelve chapters
and two appendices. The beginning chapters introduce the Windows Server 2016 operating sys-
tem, and show how to plan for, install, and configure Windows Server 2016. Because it can be
vital to a server installation, you also learn about Active Directory in the early portion of the
book. The middle chapters address how to configure key services, such as file and folder services,
printing, data storage, network services, and remote access. The chapters at the end of the book
focus on configuring security, server and network monitoring, and ensuring server reliability.
The appendices provide supplementary information about using virtualization through Hyper-V
and a full range of Windows PowerShell command examples you can use in your work.
• Chapter 1, Introduction to Windows Server 2016, explains and compares each of the
Windows Server 2016 editions. The chapter discusses client systems that can be used with
Windows Server 2016, identifies important features, reviews introductory networking con-
cepts, and shows how to plan a network model to use.
• Chapter 2, Installing Windows Server 2016, discusses how to prepare for an installation,
describes different installation methods (including using virtualization), and steps through
an actual installation. The chapter additionally discusses how to implement Windows
Server Core, how to implement Windows Deployment Services, how to install service packs,
how to troubleshoot installation problems, and how to uninstall the operating system.
• Chapter 3, Configuring the Windows Server 2016 Environment, starts by familiarizing you
with the Server Manager management tool. You also learn how to install and uninstall
server roles, how to use the Best Practices Analyzer, configure hardware, and configure and
tune the operating system. Other topics include using the System File Checker, understand-
ing the Registry, and using Windows PowerShell.
• Chapter 4, Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management, presents an exten-
sive introduction to Active Directory, including how to install and configure it. You addi-
tionally learn how to create Active Directory containers, and how to create and manage
user accounts and security groups. The chapter additionally provides an introduction to
Azure Active Directory for cloud services.
• Chapter 5, Configuring, Managing, and Troubleshooting Resource Access, teaches you
how to manage folders and files, particularly in relation to setting up security. You learn
how to create shared objects, such as folders, and how to publish them in Active Directory.
Introduction xvii
You additionally learn how to troubleshoot security issues, how to use work folders, how
to implement the Distributed File System, and how to establish disk quotas.
• Chapter 6, Configuring Windows Server 2016 Printing, provides information about the
inner workings of Windows Server 2016 printing, including how to install local, network,
and Internet printers. You implement the Print and Document Services role and learn about
the XPS Print Path. You discover how to manage print jobs and how to troubleshoot print-
ing problems. You also learn to use the Print Management tool.
• Chapter 7, Configuring and Managing Data Storage, shows you how to use the Disk Man-
agement tool to configure basic and dynamic disks. You learn about RAID, Storage Spaces,
and other disk storage and fault tolerance options. You also learn to perform backups and
restores and how to troubleshoot storage problems.
• Chapter 8, Managing Windows Server 2016 Network Services, focuses on how to config-
ure the essential services needed for a smooth functioning Windows Server 2016 network,
including DNS, DHCP, and Internet Information Services (Web Server). You also learn
about network interface card teaming and about the IP Address Management tool.
• Chapter 9, Configuring Remote Access Services, enables you to learn how to set up and
troubleshoot Windows Server 2016 as a virtual private network (VPN) for remote access,
such as from the Internet. You additionally learn how to set up and use a DirectAccess
server and how to configure and manage Remote Desktop Services for running applications
directly on the server.
• Chapter 10, Securing Windows Server 2016, shows you a wealth of new and time-tested
security features. You learn how to configure security policies, set up Active Directory
rights, manage security on clients, create security templates, encrypt files and folders, use
the powerful BitLocker Drive Encryption, implement Network Address Translation, config-
ure Windows Firewall, and implement the Windows Defender virus checking software.
• Chapter 11, Server and Network Monitoring, teaches you how to monitor a server and a
network for troubleshooting and to prevent problems. You learn how to use monitoring
tools such as Resource Monitor, the Services tool, Task Manager, Performance Monitor,
Data Collector Sets, and the SNMP service. Many of these tools have been enhanced in
Windows Server 2016 to offer more functionality.
• Chapter 12, Managing System Reliability and Availability, enables you to develop problem-
solving strategies for handling server difficulties. You learn how to resolve boot problems,
use the Advanced Boot Options, use repair tools on the installation DVD, protect critical
systems, use and configure Event Viewer, troubleshoot network problems, and how to
remotely administer one or more servers.
• Appendix A, Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V, provides a foundation for
understanding virtualization and virtual machines. After you learn about virtualization, you
learn the ins and outs of Hyper-V, which is virtualization software included with Windows
Server 2016. You also learn about using Hyper-V with Windows 8.1 Professional and
above and Windows 10 and above.
• Appendix B, Sample Windows PowerShell Cmdlets, gives you 60 sample Windows Power-
Shell cmdlet examples to help you learn how to use this powerful tool. The cmdlets are pre-
sented by topical areas: file processing, system-related, network, and security.
Features
To help you better understand how Microsoft Windows Server 2016 and network management
concepts and techniques are applied in real-world organizations, this book includes the follow-
ing learning features:
• Chapter Objectives—Each chapter begins with a detailed list of the concepts to be mas-
tered. This list provides you with a quick reference to the chapter’s contents and is a useful
study aid.
xviii Introduction
• Hands-On Activities—Over 135 hands-on activities are incorporated throughout the text,
giving you practice in setting up, managing, and troubleshooting a server. The activities
give you a strong foundation for carrying out server administration tasks in the real world.
Many of the activities present questions for you to investigate and answer, such as by
recording your answers in a Microsoft Word file. This is intended to help retention and to
provide a study aid that you can go back to.
For the activities in this book, you can obtain the free Windows Server 2016 evaluation
installation DVD from Microsoft or make an installation DVD (or thumb drive) from an .iso
file downloaded from Microsoft’s download center website. Go to www.microsoft.com and
search for downloads or click a link for downloads. Also, on a home or lab computer run-
ning Windows 8.1 Professional or above or Windows 10 Professional or above, you can use
Hyper-V to create a Windows Server 2016 virtual machine running Windows Server 2016.
You learn how to do this in Chapter 2, Installing Windows Server 2016, and in Appendix A,
Windows Server 2016 Virtualization and Hyper-V.
• Screen Captures, Illustrations, and Tables—Numerous reproductions of screens and illus-
trations of concepts aid you in the visualization of theories, concepts, and how to use tools
and desktop features. In addition, many tables provide details and comparisons of both
practical and theoretical information and can be used for a quick review of topics. Some
screen captures are cropped to emphasize the concept you are learning.
• Chapter Summary—Each chapter’s text is followed by a summary of the concepts intro-
duced in the chapter. These summaries provide a helpful way to recap and revisit the ideas
covered in each chapter.
• Key Terms—All of the terms within the chapter that were introduced with boldfaced text
are gathered together in the Key Terms list at the end of the chapter. This provides you with
a method of checking your understanding of the terms introduced.
• Review Questions—The end-of-chapter assessment begins with a set of review questions
that reinforce the ideas introduced in each chapter. Answering these questions will ensure
that you have mastered the important concepts.
• Case Projects—Each chapter closes with a multipart case project. In this realistic case
example, as a consultant at Aspen Consulting, you implement the skills and knowledge
gained in the chapter through real-world setup and administration scenarios.
Text and Graphic Conventions

Additional information and exercises have been added to this book to help you better understand
what’s being discussed in the chapter. Icons throughout the text alert you to these additional
materials. The icons used in this book are described below:
Tips offer extra information on resources, how to attack problems, and

time-saving shortcuts.
Notes present additional helpful material related to the subject being

discussed.
The Caution icon identifies important information about potential

mistakes or hazards.
Introduction xix
Each Hands-On Activity in this book is preceded by the Activity icon.
Case project icons mark the end-of-chapter case projects, which are sce-
nario-based assignments that ask you to independently apply what you
have learned in the chapter.
Instructor Resources
Everything you need for your course in one place! This collection of book-specific lecture and
class tools is available online via www.cengage.com/login. Access and download PowerPoint
presentations, the Instructor’s Manual, and more.
• Electronic Instructor’s Manual—The Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this book
includes additional instructional material to assist in class preparation, including sugges-
tions for classroom activities, discussion topics, and additional quiz questions.
• Solutions—The instructor’s resources include solutions to all end-of-chapter material,
including review questions and case projects.
• Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero—This flexible, online system allows you to do the
following:
ŊŊ Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage solutions.
ŊŊ Create multiple test versions in an instant.
ŊŊ Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want.
• PowerPoint presentations—This book comes with Microsoft PowerPoint slides for each
chapter. They’re included as a teaching aid for classroom presentation, to make available
to students on the network for chapter review, or to be printed for classroom distribution.
Instructors, please feel free to add your own slides for additional topics you introduce to
the class.
System Requirements
Hardware Listed in the Windows Server Catalog or has the Windows Server 2016 Certified
sticker on the hardware, including:
• 1.4 GHz CPU or faster 64-bit processor
• 512 MB RAM or more (more is better)
• 36 GB or more disk space (more is better)
• Optical drive or USB drive or both
• Super VGA or higher resolution monitor
• Mouse or pointing device
• Keyboard
• Network interface card connected to the classroom, lab, or school network for on-ground
students—or Internet access (plus a network interface card installed) for online students
• Printer (optional, but helps to practice setting up a network printer)
xx Introduction
Software Windows Server 2016 Standard or Datacenter Edition
Virtualization Windows Server 2016 can be loaded into a virtual server environment,
such as Microsoft Hyper-V orVMware. You can download from Microsoft’s download center a
free copy of Hyper-V for your Windows 8.1 Professional or above personal computer. Hyper-V
is included with Windows 10 Professional or above. Using Hyper-V, you can create a virtual
machine in which to run Windows Server 2016. See Chapter 2 and Appendix B for details.
About the Author

Michael Palmer is an industry consultant and teacher who has written numerous network-
ing and operating systems books, including best-selling books about Windows Server systems
and UNIX/Linux. He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder and has
worked over 30 years in higher education and in the industry as a teacher/professor, systems and
networking specialist, technical manager, and consultant. He is president of CertQuick, which
provides computer and network consulting services, technical authoring services, and computer
science curriculum development for schools. Dr. Palmer is the author of many other books in the
industry.
Acknowledgments
Cengage always puts together an outstanding team of people for its publications and I’ve been
fortunate to work with this kind of team. I am especially indebted to Deb Kaufmann, the Devel-
opment Editor for this book, who is always there to provide guidance, ideas, encouragement,
and sound advice. An author couldn’t ask for a better Development Editor and true friend on
the journey. Natalie Pashoukos has also been vital to this book as the Senior Content Developer,
who puts together all the pieces to move it to completion. I also want to thank Kristin McNary,
Product Team Manager, for her support from the beginning to make this book happen.
Serge Palladino and Danielle Shaw, the Technical Editors for this book, have also played a
key role in reviewing every chapter and appendix for technical and conceptual content. Several
Associate Program Managers for Lumina Datamatics Ltd. have also worked diligently on the
production aspects of this book. I am also grateful to the peer reviewers who have throughout
provided all kinds of essential advice, ideas, insights, and help. They have been important to
helping ensure that the book is technically accurate and that it is tailored to the needs of students
and teachers as well as general readers. Reviewers include:
Dave Braunschweig, MIS/M

Professor
Harper College
Palatine, IL
Todd Koonts, MSIT, CCE

Program Chair
CTI/Information Assurance and Digital Forensics
Central Piedmont Community College
Charlotte, NC
Dr. Zarreen Farooqi, Ph.D.

Professor, Computer Information Systems
University of Akron
Akron, OH
chapter 1
Introduction to Windows
Server 2016
After reading this chapter and completing

the exercises, you will be able to:
• Identify the key features of each Windows Server 2016 edition
• Understand the hardware requirements for Windows Server 2016
• Identify client systems that can be used with Windows Server 2016
• Understand important general features of Windows Server 2016
• Plan a Windows Server 2016 networking model
• Explore introductory concepts for the networking protocols, IPv4 and
IPv6, used by Windows Server 2016
• Configure and enable TCP/IP in Windows Server 2016
1
2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Windows Server 2016
Microsoft Windows Server systems are at the core of information access,

productivity, and entertainment all over the world. Chances are that you access a Windows
server when you store and access data in the cloud, purchase music on the Internet, stream
a movie, open a spreadsheet at work, watch a movie on a plane, or send an email. Windows
Server 2016 is Microsoft’s newest server platform that offers even more roles for servers, bet-
ter security, easier server management, new desktop features, and more reliable computing
than its predecessors.
This book is intended to give you a solid grounding in how to install, administer, and use
Windows Server 2016 for all types of computing situations. In this chapter, you begin your jour-
ney by learning about the different Windows Server 2016 editions, from the industrial-strength
Datacenter Edition to the more basic Essentials Edition. You also learn how Windows Server
2016 works in tandem with client desktop systems such as Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows
8.1, and Windows 10.
Windows Server 2016 incorporates many new features, which you learn about in this
chapter and go on to master in later chapters. After exploring the features, you review the
networking models used by Windows Server 2016, from peer-to-peer to server-based network-
ing. Finally, you learn basic networking protocol concepts and configuration techniques for
effective Windows Server 2016 networking.
Windows Server 2016 Editions

Servers have a wide variety of uses designed to match the needs of users from small busi-
nesses to international corporations. They are also finding their way into homes and home
offices. Because one size does not fit all needs, it is important to offer different types of server
operating systems. Windows Server 2016 comes in several versions. All versions are built on
the same foundation but offer unique capabilities to suit a home office or a business with
branches all over the world.
The main Windows Server 2016 platforms are as follows:
• Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition
• Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition
• Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition
Additional Windows Server 2016 platforms that are targeted for specific-purpose niches at
this writing include:
• Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server
• Windows Storage Server 2016
• Windows Hyper-V Server 2016
These platforms are discussed in the next sections.
Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition

For a business or organization with up to 25 users, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition
is a good option. Another reason to consider Essentials Edition is when your business is rela-
tively small now, but you expect it to grow up to 25 users and you want a system that can
grow in the future.
At this writing, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition supports a maximum of:
• 25 users
• 16.8 million connections for file sharing through Server Message Block (SMB) services
• 2 central processor sockets
• 50 Remote Desktop connections
• 50 Routing and Remote Access connections
Maximum capabilities are provided at this point to help you understand

the differences between editions and how to select the right edition for a 1
specific use.
Besides the limitations of 25 users and 50 devices, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition
cannot join a domain, other than to migrate files and data from one server to another. A domain
is used to centrally manage a large number of users, server applications, and multiple servers
(you learn more about domains later in this chapter as well as in Chapter 4, Introduction to
Active Directory and Account Management).
Further, Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition provides most but not all server roles. For
example, it does not provide a role for hosting virtual machines, which is the Hyper-V role
(you learn about virtual machines in the Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition section of this
chapter). This also means that the Essentials Edition cannot provide cloud services to an orga-
nization. Even though Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition cannot host virtual machines, it
can be installed in Hyper-V as one of many virtual machines.
Microsoft has implemented features to Server 2016 Essentials Edition (also available on
higher editions) to make it particularly attractive to small businesses and organizations. These
features include:
• User groups can be created to manage clients and client access to Microsoft Office 365.
• Backups and restores can use file history information for each user instead of only for each
device.
• Size and growth of a server folder can be managed through a space quota.
• Installation can be on a standalone physical server or as a virtual machine (guest server)
on a virtual server, which means it can be a guest operating system on another server that
houses multiple guest operating systems.
• Server Health Reports are automatically installed to be available at the time Essentials
Edition is installed.
• Mobile devices can be managed using Dashboard, which is a tool within Server Manager
for simplified management of the server.
• BranchCache is available so that data can be accessed quickly on a server running Essen-
tials Edition at an offsite location.
See Table 1-1 to compare Essentials Edition to the other main Windows Server 2016 editions.
Table 1-1 Maximums for the main Windows Server 2016 editions
Limitations Essentials Edition Standard Edition Datacenter Edition
Maximum users 25 Limited only by the number Limited only by the number
of user licenses and processor of user licenses and processor
cores cores
Maximum server RAM 64 GB 4 TB 4 TB
Maximum CPU sockets 2 64 64
Can join a domain Only to enable migration Yes Yes
Maximum SMB connections 16.8 million 16.8 million 16.8 million
Maximum Routing and Remote 50 No limit No limit
Access connections
Support for Hyper-V No support Yes Yes
Windows Server containers No support No limit No limit
Hyper-V containers No support Up to 2 No limit
Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition

Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition is designed to meet the everyday needs of small to large
businesses and organizations. Standard Edition provides file and print services, secure Internet
connectivity, centralized management of users, and centralized management of applications and
network resources. This platform is built on technology from previous Windows Server systems,
such as Windows Server 2003 through Windows Server 2012 R2—but includes many new fea-
tures. Also, the program coding of old features is constantly enhanced for security and efficiency.
A small company or a department in a larger company might use Windows Server 2016
Standard Edition to manage its accounting and payroll software, for example. A medium-sized
or large company might use it to manage email or network resources. Small to large companies
might use Standard Edition to manage users’ access to application software, such as Office 365.
New features in Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition include:
These new features also apply to the Essentials Edition that is derived
from the Standard Edition. Some of these features were introduced with
Windows Server 2012 R2 but merit listing here as well.
• The Start button and Start menu are back in the desktop interface after being removed in
Windows Server 2012 (the Start button returned in Windows Server 2012 R2 and the Start
menu in Server 2016).
• Active Directory, which is the cornerstone database for managing users, applications, and
networking, is easier to set up and has improved file security.
• A domain controller, which houses Active Directory, can be cloned to quickly create addi-
tional domain controllers.
• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunneling to enable virtual private networks to go
over external networks, including wide area networks (a private communications tunnel
over a cable- or public telephone-based network, for example)
• Desired State Configuration is used to monitor specific server states and roles so that
desired states don’t change as other elements are changed on one or many servers in the
same server pool.
• Windows Defender is automatically included as an antivirus and antimalware program.
• Storage tiering allows selected blocks of data to be moved to different storage locations,
such as moving data from hard drive storage to solid state storage.
• Storage pinning works with storage tiering to enable you to move (and ensure they stay)
specific files to a desired type of storage, such as ensuring that customer service files that
require fast access are always kept in solid state storage.
• A new network controller role that provides information about the network structure, such
as about protocol services, virtual private networks, and the physical structure of a network.
• Parallel rebuild that enables a failed disk in RAID (a set of disks for redundant storage) to
be rebuilt significantly faster.
• Virtual desktops—which is a capability that is also a part of Windows 10—enables you to
run different desktops side-by-side, such as having one desktop working with programming
tools and another desktop using server administration tools.
Included with Standard Edition is Hyper-V. Hyper-V enables Windows Server 2016 to offer
a virtualization environment, which is a way to run more than one operating system on a single
computer at the same time. Historically, organizations have used multiple servers for different
operating systems, such as one server for Windows Server 2016 and one for Linux. The disad-
vantage of this approach is the cost of multiple computers. In organizations that require tens or
hundreds of servers, the hardware costs rise fast. Also, additional costs are associated with hous-
ing the computers in temperature-controlled computer rooms, including the cost of security and
cooling the machines. Virtualization offers a way to cut costs by using fewer computers.
As you learn about virtualization, it is useful to make a distinction between virtual server
and virtual machine. A computer running virtual server software, such as Hyper-V, is typically 1
referred to as a virtual server, while each instance of an operating system running within the
software is a virtual machine. A virtual server is considered the host and each virtual machine
is a guest. For example, a host computer running Hyper-V might be home to two operating
systems, Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition and Linux, both running as guests in a virtual
server host. Each operating system is running in its own virtual machine, for a total of two vir-
tual machines.
In Windows Server 2016, Hyper-V is improved on many fronts including faster cloning and
migration of individual virtual machines. Also, Hyper-V virtual machine information is stored in
a new file format that protects virtual machine information from being directly edited (such as
by an attacker or inexperienced administrator).
New to Windows Server 2016 is the option to use containers. Containers enable applications
to run in an isolated fashion with the ability to execute multiple applications on one computer
system. There are two types of containers: Windows Server containers and Hyper-V containers.
Windows Server containers use isolation through domain namespace capabilities and by isolat-
ing running processes. In Hyper-V, isolation is achieved because each container runs within a
“lightweight” virtual machine. Standard Edition supports unlimited Windows Server containers
and up to two Hyper-V containers. You learn more about containers later in the chapter.
In addition to containers, Standard Edition provides basic server elements that enable file
and printer sharing, essential network services, application sharing, user authentication, and
many other server services. Historically, Standard Edition has paved the way for Windows Server
operating systems to use symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) computers, which are computers that
use more than one processor.
For companies that develop their own software, all editions of Windows Server 2016 are
compatible with the common language runtime used in Microsoft .NET Framework and Micro-
soft Visual Studio .NET, and Windows Server 2016 enables computer programmers to develop
and use program code in several programming languages.
Another feature of Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition is clustering. Clustering is the
ability to increase the access to server resources and provide fail-safe services by linking two or
more discrete computer systems so they appear to function as one (see Figure 1-1). An immediate
advantage of server clustering is the increase in computer speed or capacity to complete server
tasks faster. Also, server clustering provides more computing power for handling resource-hungry
applications. With clustering, as an organization adds more users and requires more demanding
applications, one or more computers can be added to the cluster to handle the growth. This is a
faster, less-expensive approach than having to purchase a larger computer and transfer users and
applications to a new system because the old one is overwhelmed. Standard Edition supports
clusters of up to 16 computers.
Windows Server 2016 clustering enhancements include Cloud Witness,

which enables more integration with Microsoft Azure for cloud com-
puting and the ability to migrate Windows Server 2012 R2 to Windows
Server 2016 without having to take servers offline. There is also the ability
to create workgroup clusters, clusters all in the same domain, or clusters
in different domains. You learn about workgroups and domains later in
this chapter.
Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition maximums include (see Table 1-1):
• Number of users limited only by the number of user licenses purchased and number of
server cores
• Up to 16.8 million connections for file sharing through SMB services
• Up to 64 central processor sockets
• Number of Remote Desktop connections limited only by the number of user licenses
purchased
Clustered
servers acting
as one
Windows Server 2016

Windows Server 2016 Desktop computer
Connecting switch
Windows Server 2016 Desktop computer
Desktop computer Laptop computer Desktop computer
Figure 1-1 Three servers acting as one in a cluster
• Number of Routing and Remote Access connections limited only by the number of user
licenses purchased
• No limit to the number of Windows Server containers and up to two Hyper-V containers
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition

Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition is designed for environments with mission-critical
applications, very large databases, very large virtualization requirements, cloud computing
needs, and information access requiring high availability. This platform offers support for clus-
tering with up to 64 computers. As with Standard Edition, Datacenter Edition uses SMP com-
puters supporting up to 64 processor sockets.
The RAM capabilities for the Datacenter Edition are identical to Standard Edition, support-
ing up to 4 TB. The maximums for Datacenter Edition are (see Table 1-1):
• Number of users limited only by the number of user licenses purchased and number of
server cores
• Up to 16.8 million connections for file sharing through SMB services
• Up to 64 central processor sockets
• Number of Remote Desktop connections limited only by the number of user licenses purchased
• Number of Routing and Remote Access connections limited only by the number of user
licenses purchased
• No limit to the number of Windows Server containers and Hyper-V containers
The new features in Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition also apply to Datacenter Edi-
tion. The differences between the two editions focus on Datacenter Edition’s industrial strength
capabilities in the areas of virtualization, cloud computing, and database handling—which can
all be interlinked on a massive scale. For example, Standard Edition supports only two virtual
machines, whereas Datacenter Edition’s support for virtual machines is limited only by the hard-
ware resources and operating system licenses that you own—thus it is practically unlimited.
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition does not come with database software, such as
Microsoft SQL Server, but it is designed to provide the operating system resources to accommo- 1
date large database applications in any organization. A university alumni association might use
it to house a database that tracks information on thousands of alumni all over the world. A large
company, such as an automobile manufacturer, might use it for an integrated accounting system
that stores information in a complex database. A national investment firm might use it to track
and manage the investment holdings of its customers. Furthermore, with Datacenter Edition,
such large databases can be tied into massive virtualization and cloud environments.
Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server

Multipoint services enable many users to share the same physical computer through each person
connecting a keyboard, monitor, and mouse to a USB hub that is connected to a server. This
approach, for example, might be used to connect users in a computer lab at a school.
Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server is offered to educational customers as a
way to provide volume licensing for multipoint services. The Multipoint Services role is included
as a regular server role in Windows Server 2016 Standard and Datacenter Editions. However,
some educational institutions require volume licensing to run multiple computer labs, for exam-
ple, and Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server fulfills this need.
Windows Storage Server 2016

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that focus on storage solutions for organizations
can offer Windows Storage Server 2016 on the server-based products they sell. Windows Stor-
age Server 2016 turns a server into a central storage center for data in an organization and takes
advantage of the storage utilities offered in Windows Server 2016. To learn more about the stor-
age services, see Chapter 7, Configuring and Managing Data Storage.
Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016

At this writing, Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016 is a free download of a basic server system that
enables you to use Hyper-V. You might use this if you want to learn more about how Hyper-V
works or to set up a basic Hyper-V system, such as to load Windows Server Standard Edition
into a virtual machine that is dedicated as a simple file and print server or as a DNS server.
Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2016

Before you install any Windows Server 2016 edition, carefully consider the hardware needs for
your installation. Table 1-2 lists the minimum hardware requirements, which is only a starting
place. Your server installation should be planned on the basis of what you need to do with the
server. Here are some general questions to consider:
• What role or roles will the server have in your organization? For example, is this a small
business limited to file and printer sharing? Are you implementing a web server or an email
server? Will your server offer remote access or will it be a source of applications for users?
• Do you need to deploy virtual machines, and if so how many? (Hyper-V will need a CPU
that supports hardware virtualization, see Appendix A, Windows Server 2016 Virtualiza-
tion and Hyper-V.)
• What databases will be used and how large are they?
• Will the server offer image libraries or multimedia to users?
• How many local and remote users are to be supported?
• What kind of support is needed from the hardware vendor?
• What redundancy features are needed to ensure the server continues running in the event of
a hardware failure, such as a failed disk drive, power supply, or network interface card?
• What growth in server use and resources is expected in the next 3 to 5 years?
Table 1-2 Minimum hardware requirements for Windows Server 2016

Hardware Minimums Additional considerations
CPU 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor Processor clock speed, amount of proces-
(includes support for NX, DEP, sor cache, number of processor cores (more
CMPXCHG16b, LAHF/SAHF, EPT, or than one is needed for virtualization), and a
NPT) processor that supports hardware virtualiza-
tion for Hyper-V implementations
RAM 512 MB (2 GB for a server with the GUI Each virtual machine requires 800 MB for
desktop) setup (although this can be scaled back
after setup is complete)
Hard disk 32 GB 32 GB is enough for using Server Core
(command line installation) with web
services, 36 GB is the minimum for installing
the GUI mode
Network interface card 1 gigabit Ethernet adapter (such as Additional adapters are recommended for
10/100/1000baseT) that is compatible multiple virtual machines
with PCI Express architecture and
Pre-boot Execution Environment (PXE)
Optical drive DVD drive DVD drive is needed (for installations from
DVD media) or a USB drive can be used for
installation from a thumb drive
Display Super VGA at 1024 × 768 or higher Multiple servers can share one display via
resolution the use of a switch box
Interactive devices Keyboard and pointing device Multiple servers can share a keyboard and
pointing device via the use of a switch box
These questions only provide a starting point for your planning. In a small business, much of
the planning can be done with the help of the business owner. In medium and large businesses,
the planning will likely require input from management, user departments, technical people,
software providers, and hardware vendors.
You can do the hands-on activities in this book from a Windows Server
2016 server with or without virtualization. If you are not working from
a virtual machine, just follow the steps as written. If you are using a vir-
tual machine, such as in Hyper-V, you first need to access the server from
within the virtual environment or over a network. The following steps
show how to start and access a Hyper-V virtual server that is already
installed on the local server and how to sign in to a virtual machine within
the virtual server. You learn how to install a virtual server in Microsoft
Hyper-V in Chapter 2, Installing Windows Server 2016.
Virtual Activity
To access a virtual server in Microsoft Hyper-V, follow these general steps:
1. Click Start, click Windows Administrative Tools, and click Hyper-V Manager.
2. In the Hyper-V Manager window under Virtual Machines, click the virtual machine (server),
such as Windows Server 2016.
3. If the server is not already started (State is Off), click the Action menu and click Start as
shown in Figure 1-2 (otherwise skip to Step 5). Note that some figures, such as this one, are
cropped at the bottom or top for emphasis.
4. Wait for the server to start up.
Figure 1-2 Starting a virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager
5. Right-click the name of the server and click Connect to open its working window, which is
the Virtual Machine Connection window.
6. If you see the screen that says Press CTRL+ALT+DELETE to sign in (don’t press
CTRL+ALT+DELETE yet), click the Action menu under the title bar and click
CTRL+ALT+DELETE.
7. Sign in using your account and password.
8. Click the Maximize square in the upper-right corner of the window to go into the full screen
mode or use the View menu and select Full Screen Mode.
9. Whenever you are finished (and signed out of your account) and want to leave the full
screen mode, click the Restore Down icon (two tiled squares) in the title bar at the top of the
screen (as you would to go back to windowed mode in any application).
10. Close the Virtual Machine Connection window.
11. In the Hyper-V Manager window, if you want to shut down the server, select the server, click
the Action menu, and click Shut Down to properly shut down the server. If you see the Shut
Down Machine box asking if you are sure you want to shut down, click Shut Down.
12. Close Hyper-V Manager.
Some steps in the activities in this book include bulleted questions for you
to answer. Plan to record your answers in a Microsoft Word document, in a
course journal, in your class notes, or in the book margins for later personal
reference or for your instructor to see. Additionally, for all of the activities in
this chapter, you’ll need an account with Administrator privileges. These activ-
ities can be completed on a virtual machine or computer, such as in Hyper-V.
Activity 1-1: Determining the Windows Server 2016 Edition

Time Required: Approximately 5 minutes
Objective: Determine the Windows Server 2016 edition installed on a computer.
Description: A computer room might have only a few or hundreds of servers. Sometimes it is
important for a server administrator to verify which edition of Windows Server 2016 is running
on a particular server. In this activity, you learn how to make a quick determination. You will
need a server account provided by your instructor or server administrator.
1. Sign in to Windows Server 2016 using your account.
2. If Server Manager is not already open, click Start and click the Server Manager tile (or click
Start and click Server Manager under S in the listing of selections).
3. Click Local Server in the left pane of Server Manager (see Figure 1-3).
Figure 1-3 Selecting Local Server in Server Manager
4. Locate Operating system version under Properties in the right pane. Here you’ll see the edition
of Windows Server 2016, such as Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Datacenter or Microsoft
Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Evaluation (if you are using an evaluation version).
• Which version of Windows Server 2016 is installed on your computer?
5. Notice the other information available in this window.
• Is the Windows Firewall turned on?
6. Leave Server Manager open for Activity 1-2.
Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems

The client workstation operating systems most compatible with Windows Server 2016 are
Windows versions 7, 8, 8.1, and 10, with Windows 10 the most compatible in terms of client
management. A client is a computer that accesses resources on another computer via a network
or direct cable connection; a workstation is a computer that has its own central processing unit
(CPU) and can be used as a stand-alone or network computer (often used for a combination of
word-processing, spreadsheet, scientific, and other individual applications).
The overall goal of Microsoft is to use the Windows Server 2016 platforms and Windows
versions 7 through 10 on the same network to achieve a lower TCO. The total cost of owner-
ship (TCO) is the full cost of owning a network, including hardware, software, training, main-
tenance, and user support costs. Windows versions 7 through 10 are designed as reliable and
secure workstation operating systems to be used in a business environment in a peer-to-peer
network or as a member of a domain. A domain is a grouping of network objects, such as com-
puters, servers, and user accounts, that provides for centralized management. Computers and
users in a domain can be managed to determine what resources they can access, such as printers
and shared folders. A domain is given a name, such as Microsoft.com for Microsoft. In addi-
tion, computers within a domain are given a unique name, which often parallels the name of a
user, such as Brown, or is a favorite name or word, such as antelope or popcorn. You learn more
about domains in Chapter 4, Introduction to Active Directory and Account Management.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
land, was a stream of water running from the mountains, that would answer
his purpose for manufacturing sugar. In a part of it that possessed all local
advantages, he had made a dam and collected part of the materials for a
mill, to be constructed in the simplest manner, but which, for the want of
mechanical aid, lay in almost the same rude state in which he had purchased
them. He anticipated, however, with great confidence, that by the time the
cane was ready for cutting, the mill would be prepared, when the hopes by
which he had first been stimulated, could scarcely fail to be realized. The
sugar cane grows wild upon the Sandwich Islands, and Mr. Wilkinson's
fields were from the native growth, which he had planted in prepared land,
and at our departure, the canes were upwards of six feet high.
Although several strangers, familiar with the arts of civilized countries,

have settled and lived, for many years, amongst the Sandwich Islanders, Mr.
Wilkinson was the first individual who ever attempted to put them in
practice, upon a scale, sufficiently extensive to improve, materially, the
agricultural condition of the islands, and thereby prove to the inhabitants
the wealth they possess, in a rich soil, and one of the finest climates on the
face of the globe. Should Mr. Wilkinson be successful, the result of his
experiment will probably do more towards the civilization of the natives,
and their ultimate advancement in knowledge and lasting prosperity, than
has yet been effected by all the white men that have lived amongst them.
This, I am aware, will be considered a rash assertion by the good people of
our country, who, from the best of motives, feel deeply engaged in foreign
missions, and, in expressing this opinion, I will also bear testimony to the
useful services of the missionaries. From the best information that I could
obtain upon the subject, I am satisfied, that they have improved the morals
of the people, and if they devote themselves to the schools that they have
established, and to introducing the arts of life and civilization, the time may
not be distant, when the natives will be prepared to receive Christianity. But
in their present condition, would it not be better, and more in the true spirit
of that benevolence and philanthropy which is inspired by our religion, to
teach them how to cultivate their land, to introduce grain and fruits,
congenial to the climate, and to plant and reap as we do, rather than imbue
their minds with a mysterious doctrine, which, being beyond their
comprehension, must resolve itself into a dark and intolerant superstition.
The inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands, are mild, amiable, and
intelligent, and susceptible of the highest degree of moral and intellectual
improvement. As a people, it may be said, that the stamp of civilization is
scarcely perceptible yet upon them; and it is now inevitable, that they must
bear the impress of those, whom our philanthropists have sent to convert
them to Christianity; and, whether they become ignorant zealots, or
intelligent Christians, will depend upon their teachers. The situation of
these missionaries is, therefore, one of high responsibility, and ought not, in
Christian charity, to be occupied by the narrow-minded fanatic, or the
ignorant zealot. It is of the first importance that they, who dispose of the
vast means of the missionary society, should select only such men for
civilizing and Christianizing the Sandwich Islanders, as are distinguished
for their knowledge, and love of the useful arts of life, as well as for
practical piety.
The harbour of Onavoora, is a place of general rendezvous for the whale

ships, cruising on the coast of Japan, and in the vicinity of the islands. The
months of January, February, and March, being the least favourable for their
business, they then leave their cruising ground, and go in search of
refreshment. No place is so convenient for them as the Sandwich Islands,
and the port of Onavoora, being the most commodious of any in the group,
and affording an abundant supply of vegetables, hogs, &c.,—they all
congregate there in the months above mentioned.
The average number that visit the island in the course of the year, is
upwards of fifty. More than twenty were there together, at several different
periods of our stay, some of which remained a few days, some weeks, and a
few one or two months, according to their several necessities. At such times
the seamen, from having been long confined to the narrow precinct of their
vessels, become very insubordinate, and frequently give way to the most
licentious indulgences of their passions, regardless of every obligation of
obedience due to their officers. We witnessed frequent instances of this
kind, and had the satisfaction of being constantly useful to the captains of
ships, and the whaling interest, by restraining the violent, and coercing
them to a proper sense of duty.
A most unpleasant occurrence took place about six weeks after our
arrival at Onavoora, arising from this disposition of the seamen, and other
causes, which was afterwards greatly misrepresented in this country. Some
of the seamen of the Dolphin, who were on liberty, got into a frolic, and,
associating themselves with many others belonging to the whale ships,
determined to go to the houses of the high chiefs and missionaries, and
demand the repeal of a restriction that deprived them of the society of
females. They produced a riot that gave rise to a considerable degree of
excitement for a few minutes; but Captain Percival, with some of the
officers of the Dolphin, and captains of whale-ships, promptly suppressed
it, and prevented any serious outrage. It was afterwards unjustly and most
ungenerously ascribed to the officers of the Dolphin.
The white population of Onavoora is of a varied character, from the

agent of our North West traders, to the most abandoned members of society.
There are from fifty to a hundred, permanently settled at Onavoora; the
least respectable of whom, maintain themselves by keeping tippling shops
Tor sailors, and practising such chicaneries as are suggested by
opportunities and the absence of law. The season for the whalers to visit the
Island is the time of their harvest, when, besides their gains from
entertaining the seamen, they frequently prevail upon them to desert for the
sake of the reward for their apprehension, or to strip them of what little
money or clothes they may be possessed of. Some of them have married
women of the Island, and live much in the same way as the natives. Of all
the permanent settlers at Onavoora, the most remarkable was a Spaniard by
the name of Meninne, who had been in the Islands upwards of thirty years.
Of his manner of getting there, a variety of stories were told. His own
account was, that being invited on board of a vessel that visited the coast of
California, he fell asleep in the evening, and, when he awoke, found himself
at sea, and the vessel running, with a fair wind, for the Sandwich Islands.
All his entreaties to be returned to land were in vain, and he arrived at
Owhyhee, where, poor and friendless, he was landed amongst the natives.
He wandered from island to island, in a forlorn and wretched condition,
until he was taken under the patronage of Tamahamaha. For a long time, he
followed the fortunes of the native warrior, and at length fixed his residence
at Oahoo, from whence he occasionally embarked as interpreter on board of
merchant vessels, bound on smuggling voyages to the coast of America.
After passing through a variety of fortune, being several times made
prisoner and threatened with death, he finally quitted his vagrant life, and
remained permanently at Oahoo, where, by great industry and economy, he
has acquired an amount of property which, for that place, is a princely
fortune. Besides having money in the United States and England, he owns
nearly all the cattle on the Island of Oahoo, a number of horses, flocks of
goats, sheep, &c. He has extensive possessions in land, which he holds
from the chiefs in consideration of his services, and a great many houses.
He has taken some pains to introduce exotics in the Islands, and besides the
lemon, orange, and other valuable fruits, has a vineyard from which he
makes a considerable quantity of wine annually. He is said to be extremely
selfish, and so jealous of preserving to himself a monopoly of these
valuable fruits, that he has been accused of destroying the young plants of
others. He is considered as ranking amongst the chiefs in the enjoyment of
certain privileges; and, speaking the language of the Islands well, is called
upon as interpreter for the government upon all important occasions. He has
had thirty-seven children by various wives, and is yet in the prime of life.
Like most men who have felt the cold hand of poverty, and afterwards
acquired wealth, he is extremely penurious, and thinks of nothing so much
as adding to his fortune without knowing how to enjoy it.
On the 3d of April, the young king and all the high chiefs, were invited
on board to spend the day with us. In the morning, we dressed the schooner
in all the flags we could muster, and made the best preparation our limited
accommodation would admit of to receive our distinguished guests. No
indication of their appearance was seen for some time after every thing was
in readiness, and our boats on shore in waiting, and we were kept in
suspense until we had almost despaired of seeing them. All at once the
whole town was in an uproar, and the people were running and hallooing in
every direction. The young king in advance, walked arm in arm with one of
the officers of the Dolphin. Next came Boque and his spouse, with other
high dignitaries, and in the rear a multitude of people of both sexes and all
ages. When they had embarked, the eyes of the people were turned upon
another object, not less interesting to them than the king. Crimacu, or Billy
Pitt, too ill to walk, was gravely making his way to the beach in a hand cart,
where he got into a boat and came on board soon after the king. We
received them with manned yards, and a salute of twenty-one guns. The
king, who was a boy of ten or twelve years old, was dressed in a military
uniform that was sent to him from the king of England, and upon his
shoulders he wore a pair of golden epaulets, with crowns on them. He
appeared to be sensible of his rank, and, upon two or three occasions,
addressed his attendants in a way that indicated a wish to make a display of
his authority. The chiefs conducted themselves towards him with a
becoming respect, but without bestowing upon him any attention that might
interfere with their own enjoyment or convenience. Instead of partaking of
what we had provided for our guests, they, with one or two exceptions,
unceremoniously uncovered their poye pots, which had been brought with
them by an attendant, and ate heartily of their favourite food, using their
fingers as is the native custom. Boque again displayed his major general's
uniform, and was amongst the most polished of our guests. After passing a
number of hours on board, they returned to the shore delighted with their
visit. The same compliment was paid them as at their reception. It was a
day of great enjoyment with the common people. They received their chiefs
on landing with loud huzzas, and followed them in crowds to their
respective habitations.
We passed all the winter months at Onavoora, during which we had

frequent heavy rains. Some of the storms were attended with violent gales,
and disagreeably cold weather. About the 3d of May, an influenza made its
appearance amongst the inhabitants of Oahoo, and in two days not a well
native was any where to be seen. The market, from being well attended,
was deserted. In a week, the distress was so general and so great, that it was
feared the poor people would perish with hunger. I visited several families,
not a member of which was able to help himself or others, and all were
totally destitute of food. A great many of the people died, and amongst the
rest two chiefs, one of whom was George Tamauri, a native of the Island of
Atooi, who was educated in this country. The other was Cahaliha, next in
affinity to the king. Scarcely any of the white people were affected. Not
even those living on shore. In about ten days, the people from the country
began to make their appearance in the market, the distress was greatly
alleviated, and soon afterwards the general good health restored. At such
times of suffering, the condition of these people is truly wretched. They
have no floor to their huts but the hard-beaten ground from which their
naked bodies are separated only by two or three thin mats, and during the
rainy season the earth becomes perfectly saturated with water. Their huts
are generally built in a very frail manner, and in a driving storm are not
proof against the rain. This, alone, is sufficient to account for the thinly
populated state of the islands, without charging the natives with the acts of
inhumanity that have been ascribed to them by some people.
The harbour of Onavoora is formed by coral reefs, that extend upwards

of a mile from the shore. The entrance to it is narrow and somewhat
difficult. It affords water enough for a sloop of war. A pilot in and out of the
harbour, is always employed. It is very secure, being quite land locked. The
holding ground is good, and vessels may lay in safety close along side of
the beach. The water is perfectly smooth in good weather, and the bottom
and shores being nearly every where of soft mud, a vessel might be driven
upon them in a gale without sustaining any material injury. The visits of the
numerous whale ships has made Onavoora a place of considerable trade.
All of them spend more or less money for their necessary refreshments, and
when out of repair, their disbursements are frequently very considerable.
For the supplies afforded by the natives, thousands of dollars are annually
received by them, which they give in return for silk, cotton, calicoes, cloth,
&c. Two or three stores, well stocked with a great variety of goods, are
supported in Onavoora by this interchange of commodities; and, from the
way in which the trade is conducted, there is but little doubt that the
proprietors are rewarded with handsome profits. The sandal wood has
become scarce upon the islands, from the large quantities formerly taken
away by our traders, and does not now form a very lucrative or extensive
article of commerce. Upon this article, some of our merchants are said to
have made large sums of money in exchange for whole cargoes of goods,
with the chiefs of the Sandwich Islands. It is related of Tamahamaha, that,
after making a purchase of this kind, which he paid for in ship loads of
sandal wood, brought from the mountains with great labour to himself and
people, he has been known to load a number of canoes secretly at night,
with fine broadcloths, and take them out to sea, where he sunk them with
stones. His only reason for it was, that the possession of them would make
his chiefs and people too luxurious and idle, and bringing sandal wood from
the mountains to pay for more, would give them employment. A doubtful
policy, certainly, if the statement be true. Be this as it may, himself and
successor have entailed upon their descendants a national debt of several
hundred thousands of dollars, now due to our merchants, which they will
not soon be able to liquidate.
On the 11th of May, after long anticipating our much wished for
departure, we got underway, and saluting the fort as we passed it with
twenty-one guns, stood out to sea and shaped our course for Chili. Nothing
material transpired from the time of our sailing until the 7th of June, when
standing along with a fresh trade, and the night dark and squally, at 10 P.M.,
the lookout-ahead reported land close aboard. We tacked and lay to for the
night, to survey our newly discovered island on the following morning. At
daylight, it bore S.S.W., about six miles from us, and appeared in three
small hummocs, covered thickly with trees and bushes, every where
bounded by a coral reef and heavy surf. We hesitated for some time whether
we should land, apprehending that it would be attended with too much risk,
merely for the gratification of curiosity; but this feeling operated so
powerfully upon us, that there was no resisting the desire to land where no
one had ever been before. Accordingly, two boats were sent off, and
watching a favourable opportunity passed through the surf in safety, and
landed on the coral bank where they were left high and dry by the receding
wave. It was on the lee side of the island, and a coral reef stretched off
about fifty or a hundred yards from the shore, full of holes, and almost dry
at low water. In the holes we sought for fish, as at Caroline Island, but
found very few. On traversing the island, we could find no fruit or vegetable
of any description except bup. In most places it was covered with trees and
bushes of a thick growth, almost impenetrable. In the bushes we found a
great many tropical birds setting, so tame that we could take them off of
their nests with our hands, and in getting upon the weather side of the island
where there was a clear space, we found a species of small gull, so
numerous, that when they rose from the ground at our approach, they
appeared to form almost a compact mass. The sand was literally covered
with their eggs, which, upon examination, proved to be unfit for use, with
few exceptions. The birds flew and hovered so near to us that we caught
several of them with our hands. After amusing ourselves a little while with
the novel spectacle of such numbers of birds so very tame, we collected all
the old eggs within a small space, and in less than twenty minutes after it
had been thus cleared, it was again covered with fresh eggs by the birds that
were constantly lighting. We might, in a few hours, have loaded our boats
with them. When we returned to our boats to go on board, the tide had risen,
and with it the surf had increased to an alarming degree. At first, we held a
consultation whether we should attempt to pass through it or remain until it
should again subside with the falling of the tide; but the day was far
advanced, and the appearance of the weather such, as in all probability
would render our situation extremely painful, there being every prospect of
an increase of wind. We therefore determined to put our fortune to the test,
and were not a little discouraged when on one of the boats attempting the
surf was thrown back by the second roller that she encountered with the
utmost violence, upsetting her, and scattering the people in different
directions, some of them escaping with their lives with the greatest
difficulty. Notwithstanding the ill success of our first attempt, we
determined on a second, rather than risk the consequences of longer delay.
Embracing a favourable opportunity where the surf appeared least violent,
we put off, and passed through it in safety without further accident.
The island was little more than a mile long, and from a hundred yards to
a quarter of a mile wide. It was every where very low. By a meridian
observation, we placed the north-west end of it in latitude south 21 degrees
48 minutes, and longitude by chronometer 154 degrees 54 minutes west. In
compliment to the commander of our squadron in the Pacific Ocean, we
called it Hull's Island. It may be comprehended within the group of Society
Islands.
In the afternoon, June the 4th, we made sail; and on the following day at
half-past 6 o'clock, A.M. discovered the island of Ramitaria, on the lee bow,
about eight leagues from us. This island was not laid down in any of our
charts, having been discovered only three or four years before; but we had
seen a gentlemen who had stopped there, and it was included in our list of
islands. On approaching it we were pleased to find that it differed from
many of the islands we had visited, being of a moderate elevation. It is
about three miles long and one or two wide. We ran nearly round it before
we found a place to land, the surf breaking high every where, and the shores
bounded by large rocks of coral. At last, we came to the principal
settlement, which was situated close to the shore, where a large white-
washed house indicated the former visits and influences of the missionaries.
The people, to the number of one or two hundred, were assembled on the
beach inviting us to land. Here, also, was a considerable surf and some
coral rocks, which made the landing not altogether free from difficulty.
When the boat came near the shore and while she was yet shooting rapidly
through the surf, the natives, who had already advanced to meet us, laid
hold as many as could get round her, and with loud shouting, carried us
high upon the beach. At this somewhat unexpected reception, the boat's
crew instinctively seized their pistols, thinking at first, that the natives were
hostile in their disposition towards us. It was but a momentery panic which
passed away with the kind salutations we immediately afterwards received.
When I enquired for the chief, a young man was pointed out to me in the
crowd, distinguished from the rest by an old hat on his head, that he had
obtained from some former visiter. He seemed not to be treated with the
least respect by the people, who jostled him in the crowd with the most
perfect carelessness. Scarcely had I addressed him, when a stout native
came up with an air of some importance, and saluting me, told me in the
language of the Society Islands, that he was the missionary. Upon his
approach, the chief immediately shrunk back into the crowd. He called to
him a Malay, who was not far off, and bade him ask what we wanted. The
Malay, whose name was Manoo, spoke English very well, which was a
source of great satisfaction to us, as we could thereby communicate our
wants freely, and it introduced us at once to each others' acquaintance. I
explained to Manoo that we were in want of water and such refreshments as
the island might afford. He immediately proceeded in company with the
missionary to show me where water was to be obtained. We passed through
a forest of very large trees over a plain that extended more than half a mile,
when we came to a marsh of reeds and rank grass, where there was from
one to two feet of water, covering an area of two or three acres. This would
not answer our purpose as the water was not very good, and its distance
from the place of embarkation rendered it too laborious an undertaking to
water the vessel from it. When I had remarked this to Manoo and the
missionary, they replied that there was better water, but it was still more
distant. I suffered them to conduct me to it, and we took a footpath over
rising ground, and through another delightful forest of bread-fruit and other
wide-spreading trees, passing many fine tarrow patches, and at the distance
of half a mile from the marsh, we came to a spring of excellent water.
Manoo and the missionary both expressed a great deal of disappointment
when I spoke in terms of disapprobation of this also as a watering-place—it
being altogether too far from the shore. On our return from the spring, we
took a different footpath from that by which we came, and ascended to a
more elevated part of the island to see the work of the missionary, as it was
called by Manoo. This consisted of two or three enclosures by means of
stakes, in the midst of the forest, where the trees had been cut down for
several acres, which was cleared and planted with sweet potatoes and
tobacco. The enclosures were made, and all the labour of clearing the forest
was done, as Manoo remarked, by such of the wicked and disobedient, as
had resisted the authority and ordinances of the white missionary during his
residence on the island some months previous. Since then, the white
missionary had returned to Otaheite, and sent this native missionary, who
belonged to that island, to represent him in his absence. Leaving the
enclosures of tobacco and sweet potatoes, we came into a thicket where the
trees were overrun with the vines of the yam, growing wild and covered
with beautiful blue flowers that gave a picturesque appearance to the forest,
and filled it with their fragrance. We passed five or six stone columns that
had been sixty or seventy feet high, and twenty or thirty in circumference.
They were in a dilapidated state, having in part been thrown down by order
of the missionaries. Manoo told me that they were monuments erected in
honour of the Indian god. Several of these ruins were standing by the side
of an old burial-place in the edge of the woods near the shore. Each of the
graves were neatly enclosed with a wall of stone. When we returned to the
village, I was taken to a large frame building called the missionary house,
where the missionary had prepared a roasted pig and some tarrow, for our
dinner. He designed to entertain me after the manner of the whites, and with
this view, had placed our repast on a large coarse table that stood in the
middle of the room with benches round it. When we were seated, he
unlocked a chest and took from it a plate for each of us, and a knife and
fork, all of which were extremely dirty, and the knives and forks quite
covered with rust. This, however, he did not seem to remark, although he
evidently wished me to think that he knew how to be polite, after the
fashion of my country people. He acquitted himself pretty well, to his own
satisfaction, until he attempted to use the knife and fork—but that was
altogether too much for him. After making several trials in vain to cut his
meat, he asked me to assist him; and finally, before he had half finished his
dinner, laid down his clumsy instruments and used his fingers. The chief,
and as many of the natives as could get into the room came round us, but
none of them were invited to partake with the missionary and myself,
except Manoo, whilst the hungry crowd stood looking wistfully at us.
Soon after we had finished our dinner, the captain and several of the
officers landed, and we exchanged several articles with the natives for their
pigs, yams, &c. The following day was their Sabbath and our Saturday, and
they insisted that we should remain until Monday, before any exchange of
commodities took place. When, however, we declared our determination to
depart that evening, they began collecting whatever might be acceptable to
us. Hogs of various sizes, were brought to the beach in great numbers.
Needles, jack-knives, and old clothes, were our articles of traffic, than
which we could have offered them nothing more valuable. By sundown, we
had collected from thirty to forty hogs, and a good supply of yams. In a few
hours more, we might have obtained twice as many upon the same terms.
Towards the close of the day, when the missionary felt assured that it
was our determination to depart, he asked if I was a doctor, or had any skill
in medicine; and, although I replied in the negative, insisted upon my going
to his house to see, and prescribe for his wife, who, he told me, was
extremely ill. Upon entering his hut, we found her laying on a mat on the
floor; and notwithstanding the weather was oppressively warm, she was
covered over with a great many pieces of the tappa cloth, head and all, and
perspiring most profusely. The missionary, with great gravity, but most
unceremoniously, removed all the covering, and pointed out to me her
infirmity, which was nothing more than a common bile, with which she
seemed to be suffering considerable pain. I declined prescribing, although
repeatedly requested to do so; and at sun-down, we embarked and made
sail. Had it been convenient for us to remain two days longer at Ramitarias,
we could have obtained an abundant supply of whatever the island
produced, for a very trifling consideration; but although there was
anchorage, it was unsheltered, and too near the shore for us to ride in safety.
At six, P.M. on the 10th of June, we took our departure from Ramitarias;
and at day-light, on the 13th, made the Island of Toubouai, bearing to the
northward and eastward, about eight leagues from us. In getting in with the
S.W. part of the island, we found an extensive reef, upon which the surf was
breaking with great violence. We hauled round to the east side, passing two
small uninhabited islands, but there was not the slightest appearance of a
landing-place, the surf breaking heavily as far as we could see. At four,
P.M. we anchored on the north side, in seven fathoms water, and sent boats
in search of the harbour, along the west shore. In the evening, they returned,
having found it, and on the following morning, we got underway, and beat
up for it. When we had advanced near the opening, through the coral reefs
that extend from the shore several miles, a Mr. Strong, an American, came
on board, and piloted us in through a difficult passage. The channel was
narrow, and very crooked; but we had not less than three and a half fathoms
water. Our anchorage was within a coral reef, about a mile from the shore,
in four and a half fathoms. On the day previous to entering the harbour, we
discovered that the head of our mainmast was decayed, and badly sprung.
In this situation, we congratulated ourselves in having found a secure
harbour, where the water was tolerably smooth, which was very essential in
fixing the mast securely.
Nearly all the inhabitants of Toubouai, consisting of about two hundred,

were living on the side of the island where we were anchored, in two
different settlements. One of them was the residence of two Otaheite
missionaries, who governed in spiritual and temporal affairs; and at the
other, was the residence of the king, who, since the coming of the
missionaries, retained but a small share of the power that formerly
appertained to his station. He lived on apparently good terms with the
missionaries, fearing their influence with the people, but secretly declaring
his aversion to them. He was the more afraid of offending them, as there
was a living example of their displeasure constantly before him, in the
person of one who had formerly exercised the regal authority in the
missionary village, of which they had divested him for disobedience, and
compelled him to live in the condition of a common private person. Soon
after the arrival of the missionaries, the people became divided into two
parties, one of which advocated matrimony, and the other the unrestrained
indulgence which is practised in a state of nature. The first, called
themselves the missionary party; the latter, the party of the Tutiori. After a
long struggle for the ascendency, the Tutiories took up arms and retired
from the habitable part of the island, declaring themselves independent of
the missionaries. They remained for several days undisturbed in their
disobedience, when a party was sent to bring them to terms. The Tutiories
at first retreated, but finally made a stand, and after a slight show of
resistance, submitted, promising to go home and live in the observance of
the missionary precepts. The dethroned king, was at the head of the
Tutiories.
At the lower village, as it was called by us, where the king lived, was a
party of our countrymen, who had been there for a number of months
building a vessel. They had completed the frame and commenced planking,
when, unfortunately, a quarrel arose between them and the people of the
missionary village, which terminated in open hostility, and the loss of
several lives. One of the white men only, was killed. Scarcely had they
made peace with the natives, when they quarrelled among themselves, and
nearly half of their number (four or five) discontinued their work, and
waited only for an opportunity to leave the island. This mutinous
disposition of a few, paralized the efforts of the whole party, and it was
probable from appearances, that the labour they had bestowed with so much
effect, would be entirely lost to themselves and their employer, Captain
Dana of Massachusetts, whom we had seen at Oahoo.
The king and myself, became high carnies, (or great friends) the day
after our arrival; and from that time until our departure, he did everything in
his power to merit my regard. My mess was constantly supplied with bread-
fruit, cocoa-nuts, tarrow, and bananas; and whenever I was on shore, he
waited upon me everywhere with the most friendly attention. Our friendship
commenced in the following manner, simple enough, it is true, but I believe
it was not the less sincere on that account. Seeing me with a jack-knife in
my hand, he expressed a wish to look at it, when I told him that he might
have it. He received it, and after observing me for a moment, put his hand
upon my arm and remarked, now you and I will be high carnies. I sincerely
reciprocated his kindness, so strongly recommended by the disinterested
simplicity with which it was proffered. Two or three days after our arrival, I
landed with a view of traversing the island. I found king Dick, as I used to
call him, upon a bank of coral that stretched out from his house, with a long
wooden spear in his hand, looking about in the holes for fish. He begged me
to wait until he had taken one for his dinner, and he would accompany me.
Accordingly, having succeeded in a few minutes afterwards, we set off
together.
The island was two or three miles wide, and we had not proceeded far,
when we came to an extensive marsh that runs through the middle of it.
King Dick stopped, and insisted upon carrying me over on his back. Feeling
that it was too menial an office to be performed by a king, although an
untutored native, I remonstrated with him, and positively refused to be
carried; but after resisting his importunity for some time, he took my
musket in his hand, and I mounted on his shoulders. The marsh was several
hundred yards wide, and king Dick found his burthen very heavy before he
landed me on the opposite side. We there entered upon a romantic and
extensive plain, covered with cocoa-nut, and bread-fruit trees, plantain
walks, papayas, &c.; interspersed through which, were numerous huts that
appeared to have been long deserted. We traversed this plain for miles, with
little variation; the same pleasing prospect everywhere presenting itself,
when suddenly king Dick stopped, and made the whole forest ring with the
shrill notes of his voice. After repeating it for several times, he was
answered at a distance, and soon afterwards, we saw a native making his
approaches towards us. King Dick said something to him, and he ascended
a cocoa-nut tree, after the manner of the people of the Marquesas, and threw
down a sufficient quantity of nuts to quench our thirst. He afterwards
conducted us to a house where there were two women and several children.
They were delighted to see us, and hospitably proffered whatever they had
of refreshment. They gave us a preparation of dried bread-fruit, of which
king Dick ate very heartily, but to me it was scarcely palatable. Near the
house there were several citron and lemon trees, the only ones that I saw on
the island.
In our route back, we met with large quantities of sugar cane in a wild
state. We passed the burial-place of the village, where, beside two or three
newly made graves, were rudely carved images placed there in conformity
to a native custom, that had not yet been abolished by the influence of the
missionaries. When we arrived at king Dick's house, we found dinner
waiting for us. It consisted of the fish he had taken in the morning before
our departure, roasted fowls, bread-fruit, tarrow, &c. The whole was
wrapped up in plantain leaves, and placed on a mat upon the floor, around
which, we all seated ourselves, there being a number of visiters present.
During our repast, king Dick went frequently to a large chest, where he kept
a bottle of rum I had given him, and, after proffering me the bottle, he
would help himself, and lock it up in the chest again, without taking the
least notice of the rest of his visiters. No miser ever guarded his treasure
more penuriously than the king did his bottle of rum; not only on this, but
all other occasions. His house was large, and a lounging place for all the
idle people of his village; and, although there were always a number present
when I made my visits, and he never failed to offer me a portion of his
favourite beverage, the wistful lookers-on received not the slightest notice. I
once ventured to propose to him to give some to his friends, but he said no,
it was too good for them. When, after a week's stay at Toubouai, our
departure was spoken of, king Dick expressed the liveliest regret, and
proposed going with us. We told him that he would never be able to get
back again; to which he replied, that he should not care about returning. The
day before we left, he sent me, on board, an abundant sea-stock, of fruits
and vegetables, and a good-sized hog. As a parting gift, I dressed him up in
an old uniform of mine, that seemed to give him infinite pleasure. To his
presents, his wife added several pieces of the tappa cloth, some of which,
were as fine specimens of the native manufacture, as I ever met with
anywhere.
At Toubouai, we added considerably to our collection of curiosities. The

most ingeniously wrought article, was a lash, used by the natives for
brushing the flies off of their backs. The handles were carved to represent a
man's face, or some animal familiar to them. The lash itself, was, in several
strands, finely braided from twine of the cocoa-nut husk. The natives were,
in general, naked, except a wrapper round their waists, and had a sickly and
feeble look. The island is very fertile, producing, in many parts, large
quantities of cocoa-nut and bread-fruit, and is capable, without further
improvement, of sustaining some thousands of people. The population has
greatly diminished within the recollection of recent visiters. It must have
been much greater when visited by the mutineers of the Bounty, who built a
fort on the island, but afterwards became dissatisfied, and left it in
consequence of the treacherous and hostile character of the natives. The
only survivor of those guilty men, who is now the patriarch of Pitcairn's
Island, states, that they had war with the natives previous to leaving
Toubouai, and that they killed a great many of them. His estimate of the
inhabitants at that time, is fifteen thousand. King Dick told me, that the huts
we saw on the side of the island opposite to where we anchored, were once
inhabited by people who were all dead. We obtained wood and water of a
good quality, without much labour. Hogs were scarce, and we got none but
what were presented to us. The natives gave us a few domestic fowls, in
exchange for writing paper. The paper was used by the women for making
paste-board for a bonnet, that had just been introduced amongst them by the
wives of the Otaheite missionaries.
On the island of Toubouai, there is a tree, the bark of which, makes

excellent cordage. It is produced in great abundance, and grows to the size
of six or eight inches in diameter. After the ship builders were interrupted in
their work, by the discontent of some of the party, the remainder made a
rope-walk, and devoted themselves to making rope of this bark. They had
several small cables, and a considerable quantity of rope. We purchased
some, and found it to wear nearly, or quite, as well as hemp. Arrow root,
grows spontaneously upon the island, and has been taken away by several
vessels, as an article of commerce. We were informed that the scarcity of
hogs was in consequence of a great many having been carried off recently,
by a vessel belonging to the missionaries. Also, that they lay all the small
islands under contribution, and annually send their small vessels to collect
the hogs, which they barrel, and send to Port Jackson. This may be true or
not. It was positively asserted.
Our stock of bread was nearly exhausted, and what remained, was in a
damaged state. Having failed in all our attempts to obtain a supply of yams,
that would enable us to reach the coast of South America, an examination
was held upon the bread, to the end, that we might adopt such expedients as
should be deemed most proper. Valparaiso, was our most direct port; there
was but one inhabited island (Oparro,) in our way, and that at some distance
from a straight course. To avoid, however, so disagreeable a circumstance
as being without bread, we determined to touch at Oparro, and get whatever
we could for a substitute. Accordingly, we put to sea on the 22d of June,
and on the 25th, made Oparro, a little before day-light, five leagues from us.
When we came near, its appearance was rude and inhospitable in the
extreme, being a mass of rugged mountains, about a thousand feet high, and
eight or ten miles in circumference. On the north-west side, there were no
signs of inhabitants. The mountains rose almost perpendicularly from the
Ocean, and we sounded frequently, close to the shore, without getting
bottom. In rounding the island, to the northward and eastward, we opened a
valley, where there was a number of huts, and some patches of tarrow. A
boat was sent in shore, and two of the natives came on board, who informed
us that there was a harbour to the eastward. We continued on, and after
landing at one or two other small valleys, where there were huts and tarrow
patches, opened a beautiful deep bay, that had an appearance of great
fertility. Soon afterwards, an Englishman came on board, and offered to
pilot us in. He had not advanced far with the vessel, before she grounded on
a bank of coral, but fell off immediately, on putting the helm down and
throwing all aback. We were everywhere surrounded by shoals of coral, and
fearful of accidents, came to outside of the harbour, where we had ten
fathoms of water on one side, and five on the other. The boats were sent off
immediately, in search of tarrow. It was planted everywhere, in large
patches, where there was a small valley, through which a stream of water
found its way from the mountains to the sea, and at a distance, the hills
were green with another species we had not before seen, called mountain
tarrow. The latter is superior to the low land tarrow, and will keep longer at
sea.
When we landed in the bay, which was several miles deep, we found
two different missionary establishments, occupied by natives of Otaheite.
No one else, that we saw, seemed to have any authority. They permitted us
to dig as much tarrow as we pleased, without asking any return for it, and
by night, we had as much on board as we knew what to do with. One of the
missionary establishments was situated at the extreme depth of the bay. On
landing there, I was met by the missionaries themselves, and conducted to
their house, where their wives, who were also from Otaheite, received me,
dressed in their own island costume, with large straw bonnets on their
heads. After remaining with them for a few minutes, I repaired to the place
where the boats' crew were employed in collecting tarrow. A group of
natives, male and female, had assembled round, none of whom, could be
prevailed upon by the rewards we offered them, to assist our people in their
occupation. They had a sickly look, almost without an exception. Their
dress differed altogether from any we had before seen. It consisted of a
heavy mat of grass, weighing from ten to fifteen pounds, which was thrown
over their shoulders, and another light mat of the same material, for the
loins. Their deportment was modest and retiring, and they evinced a
disposition to have but little intercourse with us. A few of their houses were
scattered about upon the hills. They were extremely miserable, and might,
without disparagement, be compared to dog kennels. They were long, and
very narrow, and about three or four feet high, so that when one entered
them, it was necessary to get down upon the hands and knees. The Otaheite
missionaries were distinguished from the natives, by wearing the tappa
cloth, of their own island, and an old cloth jacket they had obtained from
white visiters. I added something to their stock of clothes, before I took
leave of them, for which, they gave me many thanks. When I returned on
board, I found the other two missionaries there, and several of the natives,
who had accompanied the captain. They spent the night with us, and the
next morning, showed us where to obtain a quantity of the mountain tarrow.
It is large, and very much resembles the West India yam. For a vessel long
at sea, and requiring vegetables, there is none more valuable.
The Englishman who came on board to act as our pilot, was residing at
the island, in charge of a party which had been left there by the English
Consul at the Sandwich Islands, to collect beach la mer, a valuable article of
commerce, at Canton. The collecting of sandal-wood, was also to be an
object of their attention; but they told us, that both were scarce, and difficult
to obtain—a statement, we considered, of doubtful veracity.
At 2, P.M., on the 27th of June, we got underway, and made sail for
Valparaiso, which is distant from Oparro, about three thousand five hundred
miles. This island, which is called by the discoverer, Oparro, is called by the
natives, Lapa. It is situated in latitude 27 degrees 34 minutes south, west
longitude 144 degrees. At 5, P.M., we saw the islands, called by Quiros, Los
Corones, and hauled up, until eight, to clear them.
For the first three days after we sailed, it blew a severe gale from the
westward, after which, it became more moderate, but nearly all our passage
to Valparaiso, was wet and boisterous. It was less disagreeable, however,
than we anticipated, as the wind was almost constantly fair. We had the
more reason to apprehend a severe trial of our fortitude, as it was in the
dead of winter that we were advancing into a high latitude, after having
been a long time within the tropics, and besides that, our sails and rigging
were very much worn, some of our articles of provisions were quite
exhausted, and others, of the first necessity, reduced to a small quantity. If,
therefore, we had encountered tedious gales ahead, we must have suffered
greatly in our shattered and ill-fitted condition.
At 4, P.M., on the 19th of July, we made the island of Mas a Fuera, on

the coast of Chili, seventy miles from us, and at midnight, passed close to it.
At day-light, Juan Fernandes, was in sight, fifty miles off. We passed it a
little after meridian. It is very mountainous, but well covered with trees.
The interesting fable of Robinson Crusoe's adventures, has given it a lasting
fame, and rendered it an object of curiosity to all who visit this part of the
Pacific Ocean. It is very fertile, and has been tolerably well cultivated. The
Spanish captain-general of Chili, formerly made it a place of banishment,
and after the revolution took place in that country, it was appropriated to the
same purpose, by the patriots and royalists, as they alternately came into
power. A considerable town was built by the exiles, who were sent there at
different times, and the finest fruits of Chili are produced in great
abundance. The cattle that have been left upon the island, are running wild
in large herds, and several persons have found it profitable to send parties
there to kill them for their hides. The island produces some sandal-wood,
but it is small, and has never been collected in large quantities.
Fish, that very much resemble our codfish, and a variety of other kinds
are taken in the greatest abundance around Juan Fernandez and Mas a
Fuera. It is believed that if a fishery were established there by some of our
enterprising countrymen, it would be found a source of great emolument.
The privileges that might be considered necessary for the prosperity of a
company formed with this object, could easily be obtained from the
government of Chili, and there is no apparent cause why the most
successful results should not be realized. It seems only necessary to call the
attention of our capitalists to this subject, to have all its advantages secured
to our country. It has a fine harbour for the prevailing winds of summer, but
in the winter season, when the winds set in from the northward, it is
exposed. It lies a little more than three hundred miles from the coast of
Chili, and in the summer months I have known open boats to pass between
it and Valparaiso.
On the 23d of July, we anchored in the harbour of Valparaiso, a little
before day-light, to the gratification of our friends, who were becoming
very much alarmed for our safety, no information of us having been
received during the whole period of our absence. Thus, in a vessel of 180
tons burthen, poorly fitted, and having on board only about four months'
provisions, when we sailed from the coast of Peru, we performed a cruise of
upwards of eleven months in an unfrequented Ocean, rendering to our
countrymen, and many of the people whom we visited, important benefits,
besides realizing the most successful results in the primary object of our
cruise. Its beneficial effects will long be felt by our countrymen, who are
engaged in the whale-fishery; and, although we suffered many hardships,
privations, and dangers, we were happy in being the instruments, in the
hands of Providence and our government, of proving that crime cannot go
unpunished in the remotest part of the earth, and that no situation is so
perilous as to justify despair.
[1] A tree that resembles the locust. It bears a pod, like that of a bean, which
is given by the Peruvians to their horses.
[2] A retail grocery and tippling shop.
[3] Spirits distilled from the grape.
[4] Mattee, mattee—Very bad.
[5] Very good, or very well.
[6] Don't you want a wife?
[7] Com. Porter.
[8] A bird commonly called the sand-snipe. We afterwards saw them so

frequently at sea, where no land was known to exist, that their presence

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Hands-on Microsoft Windows Server

2016 Second Edition. Edition Palmer

Windows Server 2016 cookbook Second Edition Krause

Introducing Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 1st

Windows Server 2016 Unleashed 1st Edition Coll.

Microsoft SQL Server 2016 a beginner's guide Sixth

MCSA Windows Server 2016 Study Guide Exam 70-741 Panek

Implementing DirectAccess with Windows Server 2016 1st

MCSA Windows Server 2016 Study Guide Exam 70 740 2nd

Deep Learning on Windows Building Deep Learning

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Overview of Windows Server 2016 Installation Methods 69

Containers in Active Directory 154

New to this Edition

Text and Graphic Conventions

Tips offer extra information on resources, how to attack problems, and

Notes present additional helpful material related to the subject being

The Caution icon identifies important information about potential

Each Hands-On Activity in this book is preceded by the Activity icon.

Software Windows Server 2016 Standard or Datacenter Edition

About the Author

Dave Braunschweig, MIS/M

Todd Koonts, MSIT, CCE

Dr. Zarreen Farooqi, Ph.D.

After reading this chapter and completing

Microsoft Windows Server systems are at the core of information access,

Windows Server 2016 Editions

Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition

Maximum capabilities are provided at this point to help you understand

Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition

Windows Server 2016 clustering enhancements include Cloud Witness,

Windows Server 2016

Desktop computer Laptop computer Desktop computer

Figure 1-1 Three servers acting as one in a cluster

Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition

Windows Server 2016 Multipoint Premium Server

Windows Storage Server 2016

Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016

Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2016

Table 1-2 Minimum hardware requirements for Windows Server 2016

Figure 1-2 Starting a virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager

Activity 1-1: Determining the Windows Server 2016 Edition

Figure 1-3 Selecting Local Server in Server Manager

Using Windows Server 2016 with Client Systems

Although several strangers, familiar with the arts of civilized countries,

The harbour of Onavoora, is a place of general rendezvous for the whale

The white population of Onavoora is of a varied character, from the

We passed all the winter months at Onavoora, during which we had

The harbour of Onavoora is formed by coral reefs, that extend upwards

Nearly all the inhabitants of Toubouai, consisting of about two hundred,

At Toubouai, we added considerably to our collection of curiosities. The

On the island of Toubouai, there is a tree, the bark of which, makes

At 4, P.M., on the 19th of July, we made the island of Mas a Fuera, on

[2] A retail grocery and tippling shop.

[3] Spirits distilled from the grape.

[4] Mattee, mattee—Very bad.

[5] Very good, or very well.

[6] Don't you want a wife?

[7] Com. Porter.