JYVLIMNO Examinable Gr11 & 12 Maths Proofs: page 1 of 16 pages Name: Surname: Class_ 1) Number patterns: PAPER 1 a) Sum to n terms in an arithmetic series b) Sum to n terms in a geometric series 2) Trigonometry: PAPER 2 a) Sine rule b) Cos rule (V1 + V2) o) Area rule d) Compound Angles PAPER 2 3) Euclidean Geometry: a) Theorem 1: The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the midpoint ofa circle is perpendicular to the chord. b) Theorem 2: The angle which the arc of a circle subtends at the centre is, double the angle it subtends at any given point on the circumference. €) Theorem 5: The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. d) Theorem §: The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment. e) Theorem 9: A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally. f) Theorem 10: Equiangular triangles are similar.‘Sum to n terms of an arithmetic series. page 2 of 16 pages Consider an arithmetic sequence of n terms with 1* term a, n‘” term | and common difference d. Prove that in any arithmetic series the sum of the first ntermsis Sn =Fa@t D or Sn = > [2a + (n ~ 1d]. sa + (atd) + (agal) +... (h-2d)+(h-d) + X © She At Ud + had) +. Carr) + (atd) pc @ Oe Sq aye td) rlestle lar£) +. (ath) 4 (arb) pond) pel), Z3_ = A tarry) ROMA (ae ) 72) Sy = Fler) itionatioe’y, * A Ae guoshin 40a plirasecl ad Ig on Carvth Aesied as carl) tated) bT, pace that 2 K foes Od] Tr Tow aiwre use Aho phtenn be swided : y Sz [avd] +. LarQ@a)d]t[atin-nd] ... Sr 2 [etd] Late ]$ . [a tol] + ou © 0026 = [2 tore ] t arin dal | +. Posordel ] # [rare] Bye n[rovennd] 0.2 n tema f Bat od] 5h = 2 fe + (a-Del J Oh Act darth = atfare-il] = ard . Aite attra Gye Lloret]Sum to n terms of a geometric seri page 3 of 16 pages Consider a geometric sequence of n terms, 1* term a and common ratior. Prove that in any geometric series the sum of the first n terms Is expressed by _ a(i-r") _. HrA-1) Se OR Sn = . 7 eet Goa? or ox tO Ge a Ft yore... +O ~ = r x ron = + i Oe -t apntt OG) @-OS,-rG se ataorot.- 70 -ar® (let es Sree Sy Gar) = a(i-r") at-r")Proof of the Sine Rule: page 4 of 16 pages Cc a ON ~ ae Prove that for any acute-angled AABC; ==4 = S28 Solution: In LAC Lewdvucthon : CD LAB wth) en kd Ank~ & = b. AWA In ABCD > coum In B= Te ed = a. Ane bh And = a.An§ Atnh sing 2D 7 Ainuilrly - dn 8 = inl ~ b —=c ! he _ ae Alt h AIRC a ¢omacenileel epprewh ft cot tule poy Proof of the Cos Rule: (ONE VERSION) page 5 of 16 pages , Using the sketch provided, prove that in any acute-angled AABC; a? = b? + c® — 2becosA B( Cui 5 ¢.40K ) Note (not part of cos rule) | 2 | oN a | ¢ ¢ Dom AC fuck that ACL ED ie BC = b*-abeunh ec (int tain“h) Bct = b*-abc ud +00) L =A jo it RC < bo +07 ~ abe bt ee ain similarly: 22 2a? +¢2~ ac Cors 2 cts teh -aab segProof of the cos rule: Page 6 of 16 pages Prove that for any acute-angled AABC; a? = b’ + c2 — 2becos A Solution: LUA OD, wilh Dm AB auch thal ABLD Jr ACB a” = cd “+ BD (pyblieynnd) a* = pte Cc 49 ats c+ ¢*~ ac AD tan* Awe Inf cda. : Cp* = b*— AD” C python) «*=(b*-4p*) +c? JoE av fut uy h = ap. i a Ab= 6. “A a2 b4o>-acb “th ) a= be te*~ghe Wik tet anc mp | “+b* ~20b i696Proof of the area rule: page 7 of 16 pages A Le ™, Prove that for any acute-angled AABC; = ab sin C Solution: na mn Aut Ain’ = b he b. Aine — Hine of ABC = 4 ath 7 A “dousbeols | Mavs { ia = Lat Aik | / fava 4 Aaa = abe Ana | | 7 rCompound Angle Identities (proofs] page 8 of 16 pages Derivation of the formulae: Given that cos(a ~ 8) = cosa cos # + sina sin f, derive the formulae for the following compound angle trigonometric ratios: 1. cos(a + f) =... ae eca (74) = copes -£) 2 bw, <4) + Ain «din [-b) Ain = An. Wag + VIX. And 3. sin(a— A= =. - uy (1°-x~ 4) = va [Eeys)- x] = a(t). 19 ), Ain K “Am $. Ya X £ tA. Als x = Ain Wig - 44 AinfProof of theorem 1 page 9 of 16 pages Theorem 1: The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a circle is__perbevdi culstto the chord. In the diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle and AB isa chord. D is a point on ‘AB such that OD 1 AB. Use Euclidean geometry methods to prove the theorem which states that AD = DB. A B bow: Tein AO g C0 Ao = co. Credit) Be =)pe Cen ymaon ) CRA =¢ OB = pe) ~ AAR = AWB CRHS)Proof of theorem 2 (Situation 1) page 10 of 16 pages Theorem 2: The angle which the arc of a circle subtends at the centre is_yfauhle the angle it subtends at any given point on the cic Luvefereses In the diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle. A,B and C are points on the circumference of the circle. Chords AC and BC and radii AO, BO and CO are drawn. Prove, using Euclidean Geometry methods, the theorem that states: COB = 2A. LO - wef 4 Ay DaAaAbes HO = BO= CO (reel) Jem ALD hax (ep = Aided) 6) dx Cat Lf A)Proof of theorem 2 (Situation 2) page 11 of 16 pages, Theorem 2: The angle which the arc of a circle subtends at the centre is_dou bi: the angle it subtends at any given point on the _carccusu fo 7 In the figure below, 0 is the centre of the circle with A, and C are points on the circumference of the circle. Prove the theorem that states: COB = 24. D “nity: AC precluced D AC=BO=CO (rectlii =) PG C= ofc ex @ tp = Milt) COM = 2% (ext lof A) Pimilirly Bo Mal y a? xy (OR = ar+R Saba) A = xt @ tt| Proof of theorem 2 (Situation 3 page 12 of 16 pages Theorem 2: The angle which the arc of a circle subtends at the centre is_efewhte the angle it subtends at any given point on the wuference In the figure below, 0 is the centre of the circle with A, Band C are points on the circumference of the circle. Prove, using Euclidean Geometry methods, the theorem that states: POSSBBAC- DOC = 2 OAC Lrndh ¢ AO _prerfacec D° Led 06 = CA H00 Creelii =) RSCTA = Aiea) 8 b «0h Lot ti A) u b DOR. «DER = ache sont AN Cx C=20AC e A, = 2OAC + ORC pec = 2 (oAc) NbProof of theorem 5, page 13 of 16 pages Theorem 5: The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are Ape asbe In the following diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle and A, B, C/and D are points on the circumference. Prove, using Euclidean Geometry methods, the theorem that states A + C = 180°. A 2 ¢€ “nth: Reel’ 80 4 PO n ” L =24 (Lat ewhe) = 20° 2A (Ls around a jo? ov (revebrin) c- wee (L ot} wnlve)Proof of theorem Z age 14 of 16 pages Theorem &: The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the Ab tisha dymint 5 In the following diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle, with points A,B and C are points on the circumference. DBE is a tangent to the circle at B. Prove, using Euclidean Geometry methods, the theorem that states: CBE = A. &F nh Aleit CiProof of theorem 9 page 15 of 16 pages Theorem 9: A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides_pytpevtionall Given that D and E are points on sides AB and AC of AABC respectively such AD _ AE that DE || BC, use Euclidean Geometry methods to prove that [> = =. A fevth * Tein AC EB eael conate Aight keh ht Aven AADE _ cay() ‘ Aree Akeb _ 4 AWW Fre FED Vieygy Aig) —AE DS , oe E ont aie un | Avs) Jt Ao MADE = Ares AdED Co T Ap _ AE De —_——Proof of theorem 10 page 16 of 16 pages Theorem 10; Equiangular triangles are_-@irmea ifin A ABC and A DEF itis given that C = F andA = D, prove the theorem that states #2 = FE. es — arstetes Ca CB C A BOD E ponte! XY to denen , AK XE mr ACE RBC Ach that CX = ED ¢ CY SEF (see dhett) Ted: In BOXY & PRE KEN Ca) C4 = BE (use) 8 t=¥t wen) = YAQY = dme (S28) ‘ ae f C= As) “OM = “ Cusmeap Ls =) o- a Comp than 44 1LAB) Aut OR FD & c4= ee (csvdh ) er a cB ——_f->