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A COLOR HANDBOOK

Infectious Diseases
of the Dog and Cat
A COLOR HANDBOOK

Infectious Diseases
of the Dog and Cat
Edited by
J SCOTT WEESE DVM DVSc DACVIM
Ontario Veterinary College
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario
Canada

MICHELLE EVASON BSc DVM DACVIM

Atlantic Veterinary College
University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Canada
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-7551-9 (Hardback)

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to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for
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 To my parents, Paul and Lynda, for providing the foundation for my life and career.
To Heather, Beth, Amy and Erin, for helping me keep priorities in perspective.
JSW

For the mammals in my universe (4 footed and 2), who encourage and support my taking on
challenges … and to Amelie, Teghan and Jay, for never doubting my reasons to do so.
Thank you to my co-editor, for inviting me to play in the sandbox, despite knowing
what would ensue.
ME
 CONTENTS
vii

Preface xi
Contributors xiii
Abbreviations xv

CHAPTER 1 RESPIRATORY DISEASES 1

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus/cat lungworm, verminous pneumonia 1
Bacterial pneumonia 2
Blastomyces dermatitidis/blastomycosis 6
Bordetella bronchiseptica 10
Canine adenovirus type 2 12
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex;
kennel cough, infectious tracheobronchitis 12
Canine parainfluenza virus 15
Canine respiratory coronavirus 16
Chlamydiosis/Chlamydia (formerly Chlamydophila) felis 16
Crenosoma vulpis (fox lungworm) 18
Eucoleus aerophilus (Capillaria aerophila) (lungworm) 20
Feline calicivirus 21
Feline herpesvirus 1 (feline viral rhinotracheitis) 24
Feline upper respiratory tract disease 27
Filarid lungworms: Filaroides hirthi, Oslerus (Filaroides) osleri 31
Influenza virus 32
Mycoplasma spp. 34
Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) 36
Pneumonyssoides caninum 38
Pyothorax 39
Streptococcus zooepidemicus 42
References 43

CHAPTER 2 GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES 49

Baylisascaris procyonis 49
Campylobacter 49
Canine circovirus 51
Canine enteric coronavirus 51
Clostridium difficile 52
 viii C on t e n t s

Clostridium perfringens 53
Cryptosporidium 55
Cystoisospora 57
Echinococcus multilocularis 58
Giardiosis 61
Granulomatous colitis 64
Helicobacter spp. (H. pylori and non-H. pylori Helicobacter spp.) 65
Heterobilharzia americana (North American canine schistosomiasis) 67
Hookworms: Ancylostoma and Uncinaria spp. 70
Liver flukes: Platynosomum fastosum, Platynosomum concinnum 73
Parasitic gastritis: Physaloptera spp. and Ollulanus tricuspis 75
Parvoviruses: canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus 77
Salmonella 81
Tapeworms: Taenia spp. and Dipylidium caninum 83
Toxocara and Toxascaris spp. (ascarids or roundworms) 86
Trichuris vulpis (canine whipworms) 88
Tritrichomonas foetus colitis (trichomoniasis) 90
References 92

CHAPTER 3 NEUROLOGIC DISEASES 97

Bacterial meningitis or meningoencephalitis 97
Canine distemper virus (distemper) 98
Clostridium botulinum/botulism 102
Clostridium tetani/tetanus 104
Cuterebra myiasis 107
Diskospondylitis 109
Neospora caninum 112
Pseudorabies 114
Rabies 115
Tick paralysis 118
West Nile virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus 119
References 120

CHAPTER 4 GENITOURINARY DISEASES 123

Bacterial cystitis 123
Brucellosis (Brucella canis) 127
Canine transmissible venereal tumor 129
Dioctophyme renale (giant kidney worm) 132
Fungal urinary tract infection 134
Leptospirosis 135
Prostatitis 142
Pyelonephritis 144
Pyometra 145
References 146
 C on t e n t s ix

CHAPTER 5 SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE DISEASES 149

Cheyletiella spp. (cheyletiellosis) 149
Demodex canis 151
Dermatophytosis (ringworm) 153
Lagenidiosis 157
Lepromatous mycobacterial infections 158
Malassezia pachydermatis 160
Necrotizing fasciitis 163
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria 165
Otitis externa 168
Otodectes cynotis (ear mites) 172
Papillomavirus 174
Pyoderma 176
Pythium insidiosum (pythiosis) 180
Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati 182
Sporotrichosis 184
Zygomycosis 187
References 188

CHAPTER 6 MULTISYSTEM DISEASES 193

Actinomyces and Nocardia spp. 193
Anaerobic bacterial infections 196
Angiostrongylus vasorum (French heartworm) 198
Babesia spp. (babesiosis) 201
Bartonella spp. (bartonellosis) 204
Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii (coccidioidomycosis, valley fever) 207
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) 211
Cryptococcosis 212
Cytauxzoon felis (cytauxzoonosis) 219
Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) 221
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis 224
Environmental and opportunistic fungal pathogens 228
Feline immunodeficiency virus 243
Feline infectious peritonitis 245
Feline leukemia virus 249
Hemotropic mycoplasmas 253
Hepatozoon americanum (American canine hepatozoonosis) 256
Histoplasmosis 259
Leishmania spp. (leishmaniosis) 262
Listeriosis 267
Lyme disease (borreliosis) 267
Neorickettsia helminthoeca (salmon poisoning) 271
Plague/Yersinia pestis 273
Prototheca spp. (protothecosis) 274
 x C on t e n t s

Rocky Mountain spotted fever/Rickettsia rickettsii 276

Surgical site infections 280
Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) 282
Trypanosomiasis 286
Tularemia (Franciscella tularensis) 290
References 292

Index 301
 PREFACE
The field of infectious diseases can be ­fascinating,
daunting, frustrating and sometimes scary. All these
make the area rewarding and challenging, descrip-
tors that apply equally to the book writing process.
This book was written with the clinician in mind,
and is an attempt to balance relevant background
and guidance, and to optimize efficiency. As a hand-
book, it is meant to provide a pathway for clinicians
through this complex field, by highlighting the most
clinically relevant aspects of a wide range of diseases
and granting them consideration for placement on
dog and cat differential lists. Readers are referred
to various other sources for depth of content (e.g.
pathophysiology) beyond the scope (and page count)
of this effort.
After considerable discussion, a system-based
structure was used for organization, as opposed to a
pathogen-based approach, i.e. viral, parasitic, bacte-
rial, etc. As such, the book has been structured with
chapters for major clinically affected systems (respi-
ratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, neurologi-
cal and skin), and includes a catch-all multisystem
xi
chapter for infectious diseases that refuse to be clas-
sified into single systems.
An additional adjective that can never be over-
looked when discussing infectious diseases is
“­evolving”. Infectious diseases continue to emerge
and change, and our ability to understand, diagnose,
treat and prevent disease changes in concert. This
is another appealing and challenging nature of this
dynamic field, and one that makes writing similarly
challenging. Undoubtedly, information pertaining
to diseases covered in this book will change. That is
an inherent predicament of any constantly evolving
field. We have attempted to ensure that all content
is as accurate as possible at the time of writing, but
are not under any illusions that some will change
over time. However, we expect (and hope) that the
material provided will assist clinicians with their
understanding of, and ability to communicate about,
infectious diseases of the dog and cat.
J Scott Weese
Michelle Evason
 CONTRIBUTORS
Darcy B Adin, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology)
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, USA
Julie Armstrong, DVM, MVSc, DACVIM
(Small Animal) (SAIM)
True North Veterinary Diagnostics Inc.
Langley, British Columbia, Canada
Vanessa Barrs, BVSc(Hons), PhD,
MVetClinStud, FANZCVS (Feline Medicine),
GradCertEd(Higher Ed)
Sydney School of Veterinary Science and
Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases
and Biosecurity
University of Sydney
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Andrew S Bowman, MS, DVM, PhD, DACVPM
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio, USA
Lisa Carioto, DVM, DVSc, DACVIM
Mobile Internal Medicine Referral Service
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Kenneth Cockwill, BSc, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM)
Guardian Veterinary Centre
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Gary Conboy, DVM, PhD, DACVM
Atlantic Veterinary College
University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Craig Datz, DVM, MS, DABVP, DACVN
Royal Canin USA
Columbia, Missouri, USA
xiii
Michelle Evason, BSc, DVM, DACVIM
Atlantic Veterinary College
University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
M Casey Gaunt, DVM, MVetSc,
DACVIM (SAIM)
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Beth Hanselman, DVM, DVSc,
DACVIM (SAIM)
Mississauga Oakville Veterinary Emergency
Hospital
Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Johanna Heseltine, DVM, MS, DACVIM
(SAIM)
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas, USA
Roger A Hostutler, DVM, MS, DACVIM
(SAIM)
MedVet Columbus
Columbus, Ohio, USA
Lee Jane Huffman, DVM, DAVDC
Head of Dentistry
Mississauga–Oakville Veterinary Emergency
Hospital and Referral Services
Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Susan Kilborn, DVM, DVSc, DACVIM
Orleans Veterinary Hospital
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
and
Antech Diagnostics
Fountain Valley, California, USA
 xiv C on t r i bu t or s

Anette Loeffler, DrMedVet, PhD, DVD, John Speciale, DVM, DACVIM (Neurology)
DipECVD, MRCVS Neurology Consultant
Royal Veterinary College, Rochester, New York, USA
University of London
North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK Jason W Stull, VMD, MPVM, PhD, DACVPM
Atlantic Veterinary College,
Charlie Pye, BSc, DVM, DVSc, DACVD University of Prince Edward Island
Atlantic Veterinary College Charlottetown, Price Edward Island, Canada
University of Prince Edward Island and
Charlottetown, Price Edward Island, Canada College of Veterinary Medicine,
The Ohio State University
Christine R Rutter, DVM, DACVECC Columbus, Ohio, USA
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences
Texas A&M University Susan Taylor, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM)
College Station, Texas, USA Western College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Saskatchewan
Margie Scherk, DVM, DABVP (Feline) Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
catsINK
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Jinelle A Webb, DVM, MSc, DVSc, DACVIM
(SAIM)
Robert G Sherding, DVM, DACVIM Mississauga-Oakville Veterinary Emergency Hospital
The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Medicine
Columbus, Ohio, USA J Scott Weese, DVM DVSc DACVIM
Ontario Veterinary College
Ameet Singh, DVM, DVSc, DACVS University of Guelph
Ontario Veterinary College Guelph, Ontario, Canada
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada J Paul Woods, DVM, MS, DACVIM
(IM, Oncology)
Dennis Spann, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Ontario Veterinary College
Sacramento Area Veterinary Internal Medicine University of Guelph
Roseville, California, USA Guelph, Ontario, Canada
 ABBREVIATIONS
xv

ABCB1 ATP-binding cassette subfamily B EEEV eastern equine encephalitis virus

member 1 (gene) ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
AE alveolar echinococcosis FA fluorescent antibody (test)
Ag antigen FCoV feline coronavirus
A:G albumin:globulin (ratio) FCV feline calicivirus
AGID agar gel immunodiffusion FDP fibrin degradation product
AI artificial insemination FECAVAFederation of Companion Animal
ALP alkaline phosphatase Veterinary Associations
ALT alanine aminotransferase FeLV feline leukemia virus
AMB amphotericin B FeSV feline sarcoma virus
APTT activated partial thromboplastin time FHV feline herpesvirus
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome FIC feline idiopathic cystitis
AST aspartate transaminase FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization
BAL bronchoalveolar lavage FIV feline immunodeficiency virus
BoNT botulinum neurotoxin FNA fine-needle aspirate/aspiration
CAV-2 canine adenovirus type 2 FPV feline panleukopenia virus
CBC complete blood count FURTD feline upper respiratory tract disease
CDV canine distemper virus GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
CECoV canine enteric coronavirus GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase
CFU colony-forming units GHLO gastric Helicobacter-like organism
CHF congestive heart failure GI gastrointestinal
CIRDC canine infectious respiratory disease GM galactomannan (Aspergillus)
complex GMS Grocott’s methenamine silver (stain)
CIV canine influenza virus GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
CK creatine kinase H hemagglutinin (influenza virus)
CLG canine leproid granuloma (syndrome) H&E hematoxylin and eosin
CME canine monocytic ehrlichiosis HIV human immunodeficiency virus
CNS central nervous system IBD inflammatory bowel disease
CPIV canine parainfluenza virus IFA immunofluorescent assay
CPV canine parvovirus IFN interferon
CSD cat scratch disease Ig immunoglobulin
CSF cerebrospinal fluid IHC immunohistochemical
CT computed tomography IM intramuscular(ly)
CTVT canine transmissible venereal tumor IMHA immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
DIA disseminated invasive aspergillosis IN intranasal
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation IRIS International Renal Interest Society
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid ITP immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ITZ itraconazole
 xvi A bbr e v i at ions

IV intravenous(ly) PO orally (per os)

KCS keratoconjunctivitis sicca PT prothrombin time
LMN lower motor neuron PTT partial thromboplastin time
LPHS leptospiral pulmonary hemorrhage PV papillomavirus
syndrome q12h every 12 hours (etc.)
LUTD lower urinary tract disease RMSF Rocky Mountain spotted fever
MAC Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare RNA ribonucleic acid
complex rRNA ribosomal ribonucleic acid
MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption/ RSAT rapid slide agglutination test
ionization–time of flight RT-PCR reverse transcriptase (or real-time)
(mass spectrometry) polymerase chain reaction
MAT microscopic agglutination test SC subcutaneous(ly)
MDR1 multidrug resistance-1 (gene) Se (test) sensitivity
MIC minimal inhibitory concentration SIRS systemic inflammatory response
MLV modified live virus (vaccine) syndrome
MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome SN serum neutralizing (antibody)
MRI magnetic resonance imaging SNA sinonasal aspergillosis
MRSA meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus SOA sino-orbital aspergillosis
aureus Sp (test) specificity
MRSP meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. species (plural)
pseudintermedius SSI surgical site infection
N neuraminidase (influenza virus) subspp. subspecies (plural)
NHPH non-Helicobacter pylori helicobacter TAT tube agglutination test
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory TLA transthoracic lung aspiration
drug TTL transtracheal lavage
NTM non-tuberculous mycobacteria TTW transtracheal wash/aspiration
OU in each eye (oculus uterque) UP:C urine protein:creatinine ratio
PAS periodic acid–Schiff URT upper respiratory tract
PCR polymerase chain reaction UTI urinary tract infection
PEP post-exposure prophylaxis (rabies) VSD virulent systemic disease (feline
PFK phosphofructokinase calicivirus)
PG prostaglandin WNV West Nile virus
PI post-infection WSAVA World Small Animal Veterinary
PLN protein-losing nephropathy Association
 CHAPTER 1
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
AELUROSTRONGYLUS ABSTRUSUS/CAT LUNGWORM, VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA
Dennis Spann
Definition
The metastrongyloid nematode Aelurostrongylus
abstrusus causes lower airway disease in cats.1
Infected cats cough secondary to inflammation from
the parasite lodging in the terminal bronchioles and
alveolar ducts.
Etiology and pathogenesis
Aelurostrongylus infestation occurs when a cat (defini-
tive host) or dog consumes an intermediate (snail
or slug) or paratenic host (frogs, lizards, birds, and
rodents) with encysted larvae. The larvae travel
through the lymphatics before entering the lung
parenchyma and bronchioles. They penetrate the
lung tissue deeply but extrude eggs into the bron-
chioles and alveolar ducts. The eggs then hatch into
larvae, which travel up the mucociliary escalator
and are swallowed; they exit via the gastrointestinal
1.1
Fig. 1.1 L1 Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae from
fecal float. (Courtesy of Drs Donato Traversa and
Angela Di Cesare)
1
tract and pass into the environment (Fig. 1.1).
Intermediate hosts, snails and slugs (Fig. 1.2), are
penetrated by the L1 larvae, which then develop into
L3 larvae. The intermediate host may be consumed
by a paratenic host, in which the larvae encyst.
Infection of the definitive host can occur via inges-
tion of the intermediate or paratenic host.1, 2
Geography
The parasite occurs worldwide.
Incidence and risk factors
The prevalence of larvae in feces has been estimated
at 1.2% in indoor owned cats and up to 50% in free
roaming cats in some areas.1–3 Risk factors include
hunting and increased time outdoors. Older cats
may have higher prevalence due to cumulative hunt-
ing time.
1.2
Fig. 1.2 Cornu aspersum, the garden snail, is a
common intermediate host for A. abstrusus. (Courtesy
of Rasbak, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Cornu_aspersum_(Segrijnslak).jpg)
 2 Chapter 1
1.3
Clinical signs
Cats may be clinically normal if there is a low para-
site burden. Disease is characterized by varying
degrees of coughing, wheezing, respiratory distress,
open-mouth breathing, abdominal effort and muco-
purulent nasal discharge.3 Debility and even death
can occur in rare cases with severe infections or
comorbidities.3
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is most often based on detection of
­larvae in feces via the Baermann technique. The
larvae are approximately 360–400 μm in length
and the tail ends in a kink with a dorsal subtermi-
nal spine (Fig. 1.1). Fecal floatation is less sensitive
than Baermann testing, with zinc sulfate fl ­ otation
having a higher yield than sucrose flotation.
­ Prevention of predation (hunting) is the main
Thoracic radiographs are usually unremarkable,
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
J Scott Weese
Definition
Bacterial pneumonia is an infectious process occur-
ring within lung parenchyma.
Etiology and pathogenesis
Disease occurs secondary to events such as progres-
sion of upper respiratory tract infection, aspiration,
foreign body migration and hematogenous spread.
The end result is a bacterial load within the lung
parenchyma and airways beyond a level that inher-
ent protective mechanisms and the immune system
can manage. Factors such as the degree of bacterial
burden, presence of debris (e.g. aspirated material),
compromise of local immune defenses and systemic
Fig. 1.3 Radiograph of a feline
patient with a severe A. abstrusus
infection. (Courtesy of Dr Maria
Grazia Pennisi)
but a ­nodulointerstitial ­pattern can be present in
severe cases (Fig. 1.3).
Therapy
Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg/day, PO, for 10–14 days),
ivermectin (400 µg/kg, SC, twice at a 3-week interval)
or an emodepside 2.1%/praziquantel 8.6% spot-on
formulation can be used.3, 4 Anti-inflammatory doses
of a corticosteroid can be used in severe infections.
Prognosis/complications
Prognosis is fair with treatment. In rare instances,
heavy infestations may cause tissue damage, pneu-
mothorax or hydrothorax.
Prevention
­control measure.
immunocompromise influence whether disease
occurs, and its severity.
A range of bacteria can be involved, most
commonly Enterobacteriaceae (e.g. Escherichia coli,
­
Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp.), Pasteurella spp.,
Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus spp. and anaer-
obes.5 Mycoplasma spp. are commonly identified but
their role in disease is unclear, particularly in dogs.
Incidence and risk factors
The incidence is poorly described. It is a relatively
common problem in dogs with megaesophagus,
diseases that compromise laryngeal or pharyn-
geal function, or underlying pulmonary diseases
 R e spi r at ory D is e a s e s 3

(e.g. ­
ciliary dyskinesia, bronchiectasis). Secondary
pneumonia is uncommon following viral or bacterial
upper respiratory tract infection but will develop in
a small percentage of cases.
Clinical signs
It is important to differentiate upper respiratory
tract infection from pneumonia. Dogs and cats
with pneumonia typically have more severe signs.
These indicate systemic disease and disease of the
pulmonary parenchyma, and include fever, lethargy,
decreased appetite, increased respiratory rate and
effort, and auscultable crackles and wheezes. Signs
of systemic inflammation may also be present.
Diagnosis
Clinical signs can be strongly suggestive of b
­ acterial
pneumonia, but radiographs are important for con-
firmation, to characterize the disease (and potential
etiology) and to provide a baseline for monitoring
response to treatment (Figs. 1.4–1.6). A lag between
clinical signs and radiographic changes can occur,
and initial radiographs may be normal or appear
­discordant with clinical severity.
1.4B

1.4A

1.4C 1.4D

Fig. 1.4A–D Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs

of a dog with doxycycline-responsive pneumonia of
unknown etiology before treatment (A, B) and six
days later (C, D). Note the severe multilobar alveolar
pattern that was present initially, most prominently
in the left cranial lung lobe. (Courtesy of Atlantic
Veterinary College)
 4 Chapter 1
1.5
Fig. 1.5 Radiograph showing severe tracheal
narrowing and concurrent bronchoalveolar pneumonia
in a bulldog puppy with severe respiratory compromise.
(Courtesy of Atlantic Veterinary College)
A CBC should be obtained as a baseline, to assess
the degree of systemic response and provide a baseline
for monitoring. A lower airway sample should ideally
be collected for cytology and culture. The deeper the
sample, the better, but transtracheal, endotracheal
and bronchoalveolar lavage samples are all reason-
able.6 Samples are optimally collected before antimi-
crobials are administered, but treatment should not
be delayed when patient stability or logistical factors
mean that sampling cannot be performed promptly.
Anaerobic culture should be considered in all cases
and is particularly important when aspiration or a
foreign body is suspected. In animals with severe dis-
ease, monitoring blood gases and oxygen saturation
may be required to evaluate the need for (or response
to) supplemental oxygen therapy.
Therapy
Antimicrobials should be administered promptly,
along with supportive care. Doxycycline is a reason-
able choice in patients with mild pneumonia but no
­evidence of sepsis (Table 1.1). With more advanced dis-
ease or evidence of systemic involvement, broader spec-
trum treatment is indicated, such as a fluoroquinolone
in combination with either ampicillin or clindamycin.
If Streptococcus zooepidemicus is the cause, either ampicil-
lin or amoxicillin alone would be adequate.
Supportive treatment is indicated, based on sever-
ity of disease. Anti-inflammatories have been poorly
Table 1.1 A
 ntimicrobial dosing recommendations
for bacterial pneumonia
DRUG DOSE
Ampicillin 22–30 mg/kg IV IM q8h
Amoxicillin 22 mg/kg PO q8h
Clindamycin Dogs: 10 mg/kg PO SC q12h
Cats: 10–15 mg/kg PO SC q12h
Doxycycline 5 mg/kg PO q12h
10 mg/kg PO q24h
Enrofloxacin Dogs: 10–20 mg/kg PO IM IV q24h
Cats: 5 mg/kg PO IM IV q24h (avoid use in
cats whenever possible)
Marbofloxacin 2.7–5.5 mg/kg PO q24h
Pradofloxacin Tablets: 5 mg/kg PO q24h
Oral suspension (cats): 7.5 mg/kg PO q24h
investigated in dogs and cats with pneumonia but
should be considered. This could consist of NSAIDs,
anti-inflammatory doses of corticosteroids (e.g. pred-
nisone 0.5 mg/kg) or inhaled corticosteroids.
Duration of treatment is poorly understood. It
has been recommended that treatment be reas-
sessed after 10–14 days, to determine response
and assist in deciding on the duration of antimi-
crobial therapy.6 Four to six weeks of treatment is
often used, but this is likely excessive. Monitoring
CBC and radiographs can help to assess the
response and antimicrobial treatment duration;
however, infection likely resolves before radio-
graphic resolution.
Prognosis/complications
Prognosis is highly dependent on the severity of
infection and rapidity of progress by the time of
treatment. In general, the prognosis is good. The
prognosis is worse in animals with rapidly progres-
sive disease (e.g. S. zooepidemicus hemorrhagic pneu-
monia), advanced age or comorbidities.
Prevention
Given that bacterial pneumonia is typically a second-
ary problem, preventing primary causes is impor-
tant. This can include vaccination against upper
respiratory tract pathogens and control of diseases
that predispose to aspiration.
 R e spi r at ory D is e a s e s 5

1.6A 1.6B

1.6D

1.6C

Fig. 1.6A–D Radiographs of a dog with suspected

aspiration pneumonia. A diffuse alveolar pulmonary
pattern, worse in the middle right lung lobe, is
present initially (A, B), with substantial improvement
2 months later (C, D). (Courtesy of Atlantic
Veterinary College)
 6 Chapter 1
BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS/BLASTOMYCOSIS
M Casey Gaunt and Michelle Evason
Definition
Blastomycosis is a systemic fungal disease caused by
the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. It is
most commonly diagnosed in dogs and humans, and
is rare in cats.
Etiology and pathogenesis
Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic yeast that has
two life phases, the infective mycelial form and the
yeast form (Table 1.2).7–9 Once within the animal, the
mycelial phase transitions into the yeast form and
pyogranulomatous inflammation occurs. Typically,
B. dermatitidis replicates in the lungs and causes pul-
monary disease. It may also travel through the blood
to other tissues and organs and cause disseminated
disease. Pyogranulomatous inflammation results at
affected sites, most commonly the lungs, skin, eyes,
bone and CNS.
Geography
Blastomyces dermatitidis has a relatively wide distribu-
tion in North America, including the Mississippi,
Missouri and Ohio river valleys, the mid-­Atlantic
states, and southern Saskatchewan, Manitoba,
Quebec and Ontario. High-risk areas tend to be
focally identified within endemic regions. The
disease has also been reported in Africa, India,
­ sages and brain are less frequently affected. CNS
Europe and Central America.
Incidence and risk factors
Dogs at greatest risk for developing blastomyco-
sis are sexually intact, male, large breed dogs aged
Table 1.2 Comparison of the forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis
MYCELIAL (MOLD)
Location Environment, mainly sandy, acidic soils near bodies
of water
Morphology Thread-like, with production of conidia (spores)
Infective Yes, through inhalation, inoculation or wound
contamination
Disease causing No
1–5 years that live in endemic regions. Sporting
dogs and hound breeds are predisposed, likely
because of increased exposure to high-risk areas
during hunting.10 Living near a river or lake and
access to recently excavated sites has been demon-
strated to increase the risk of infection. Most cases
of blastomycosis are diagnosed in late summer or
early fall, though regional differences in seasonal-
ity occur.
Cats are rarely diagnosed with blastomycosis;
however, clinical disease has been noted in indoor
cats,11 presumably through exposure to airborne
B. dermatitidis spores.
Clinical signs
Clinical findings in dogs with blastomycosis are
variable and commonly non-specific, e.g. anorexia,
weight loss, lethargy and fever. Respiratory signs
(exercise intolerance, cough, tachypnea, cyano-
sis or distress) reflect the lung lesions that occur
in 65–85% of cases. Lymph node enlargement is
common in dogs but not cats.12, 13 Ocular lesions
may be identified in 20–50% of cases (Fig. 1.7),
with endophthalmitis as the most common
abnormality.
The prostate, kidneys, testes, joints, nasal pas-
infections are identified in only 3–6% of cases,12, 14
and findings may include depressed mentation, leth-
argy, neck pain, circling, cranial nerve deficits, head
pressing, seizures, hypermetria, ataxia and tetrapa-
resis.10, 15, 16
YEAST
Tissues
Budding yeast
Only through inoculation (e.g. needlestick from fine
needle aspirate)
Yes
 R e spi r at ory D is e a s e s 7

Dermatologic signs occur in 20–50% of infected 1.7

dogs. These appear as granulomatous proliferative
mass-like lesions or as ulcers d
­ raining serosanguin-
eous or purulent fluid (Figs. 1.8, 1.9).17, 18 These
lesions are typically located on the nasal planum,
face and nail beds, while cats may develop large
dermal abscesses. Solitary bone infections causing
lameness can occur in up to 30% of infected dogs.
These typically involve the distal limbs.

Diagnosis
Blastomycosis is diagnosed based on a history of
being in an endemic area, consistent clinical signs,
and confirmation through cytologic (or histopatho-
logic) exam or fungal detection.
Fig. 1.7 Retinal granuloma in a dog with
blastomycosis. (Courtesy of Dr Tony Carr)
1.8

Laboratory findings
In dogs, CBC and serum biochemistry abnormali-
ties are largely non-specific and may reflect chronic
inflammation. Urinalysis is typically unremark-
able; however, organisms may be noted in the urine,
­particularly in intact dogs.

Diagnostic imaging
Lung lesions may be clinically silent, and thoracic
radiographs are recommended for suspected blas-
tomycosis, even in dogs lacking respiratory signs.
Findings are variable, with diffuse miliary to
­nodular interstitial and bronchointerstitial patterns
Fig. 1.8 Blastomycosis pododermatitis. (Courtesy of
being most common (Fig. 1.10).19 Less often, lung
Dr Ryan Jennings)
lobe consolidation or a solitary mass within the lung
parenchyma is identified. Hilar lymphadenopathy
may occasionally be evident. 1.9

Lesions of fungal osteomyelitis appear osteolytic

with periosteal proliferation and soft tissue swelling.
Bone lesions require cytology or biopsy to distin-
guish between fungal and neoplastic disease.

Cytology
Confirmation of blastomycosis is most reliably
accomplished by cytologic or histologic sampling
(Fig. 1.11). Cytologic evaluation of fine-needle
aspirates (FNA) from enlarged lymph nodes can
yield the diagnosis in 67–82% of cases. When skin
lesions are present, cytologic evaluation of exudates
or aspirates from lesions yields positive results in
85–94% of cases.17 Fig. 1.9 Draining tract in a dog with blastomycosis.
 8 Chapter 1
1.10A
1.11
Cytologic evaluation of samples obtained from
the lung by transtracheal wash (TTW), bronchoal-
veolar lavage (BAL) and transthoracic lung aspi-
ration (TLA) can be used in cases of pulmonary
blastomycosis.15, 20, 21
Vitreal aspirates and subretinal aspirates have
been recommended in cases that have only ocular
1.10B
Fig. 1.10 Ventrodorsal (A) and lateral (B) thoracic
radiographs of a dog with blastomycosis. (Courtesy of
Stan Rubin)
Fig. 1.11 Budding Blastomyces dermatiditis in the
liver of a dog with blastomycosis (Gomori stain,
500× magnification). (Courtesy of National Center
for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases
(ZVED); Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and
Mycotic Diseases (DFBMD), US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention)
involvement. However, these techniques may threaten
vision in an eye that is not already blind and are not
recommended as a first-line diagnostic test.17
Definitive diagnosis based on CSF analysis is
rarely possible in dogs with blastomycosis involving
the brain or spinal cord. Blastomyces organisms are
almost never identified in CSF.
 R e spi r at ory D is e a s e s
Histopathology may also be used but yeasts can
be challenging to locate, and special stains are
needed.
Immunoassays
Urine immunoassay is highly sensitive, detecting
antigen in urine from 76–100% of dogs with systemic
or pulmonary blastomycosis.22 Cross-reactivity
with other fungal agents (especially histoplasmo-
sis) has been reported. Sensitivity and specificity
for other samples, such as serum or BAL fluid, are
low. Antigen testing is most useful in patients with
isolated pulmonary infection, whereas patients with
disseminated or extrapulmonary disease have lower
diagnostic success.
Serologic testing may also be performed.
Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing has a
reported sensitivity of 40–90% and specificity
of 90–100%.10, 14, 21 The low sensitivity and high
l ikelihood of n
­ ­egative results (false negatives)
early in the course of infection14, 21 limit the u
­ tility
of this test in diagnosis. AGID is not useful for
monitoring response to treatment or recurrence. 23
Culture and PCR
Fungal culture is rarely performed because of the
enhanced biosafety requirements. PCR testing is
available, but sensitivity and specificity are not well
defined, making the diagnostic utility unknown at
this time.
Therapy
Drugs most often recommended for the treatment
of dogs with blastomycosis are the azole antifun-
gals and amphotericin B (AMB).14, 24, 25 Itraconazole
(ITZ; 5–10 mg/kg PO q24h or divided q12h) is con-
sidered the treatment of choice, because it is as effec-
tive as AMB, can be given orally and is associated
with fewer adverse effects.12, 24 ITZ does not cross
the normal blood–brain, blood–prostate or blood–
ocular barriers (whereas fluconazole and voricon-
azole do). However, infections at these sites often
respond well to treatment with ITZ, perhaps because
of increased penetration of the drug when inflamma-
tion is present.24 Fluconazole (2.5–5.0 mg/kg PO or
IV q12h) achieves high concentrations in the urine,
9
CSF and ocular fluids, and may have a role in the
treatment of CNS, prostatic and urinary blastomy-
cosis. Recent evaluation suggests no significant dif-
ference in treatment success for dogs treated with
ITZ vs. fluconazole.26 Therapy with ketoconazole
alone is effective in less than 50% of cases, and is
commonly associated with relapse and adverse
effects.
AMB may be chosen as the preferred treatment
for patients with severe disease, when oral therapy is
not possible, for patients that are unable to tolerate
therapy with azole antifungals, and for patients that
have failed treatment with other drugs. The major
adverse effect of AMB is cumulative nephrotoxicity,
therefore renal function should be monitored before
each dose.23 A lipid complexed formulation is 8 to
10 times less nephrotoxic than AMB deoxycholate,
allowing higher cumulative doses to be adminis-
tered.13, 23, 24
Duration of therapy is dependent on resolution of
clinical disease and radiographic signs, and poten-
tially antigen testing. Three to six months of therapy
are required and the duration may be longer in some
cases.
Urine antigen testing may be useful for moni-
toring therapy and detecting clinical relapse.
Dogs with higher initial antigen results have been
reported to take longer to reach clinical remis-
sion. Urine antigen levels decrease significantly
from baseline after 2–4 months of therapy and at
the time of clinical remission. Testing will again
become positive in 71% of patients that exhibit
clinical relapse of disease. 27
Prognosis/complications
An excellent prognosis is associated with appropriate
therapy and when owners can commit to the time
and cost of long-term treatment. Survival rates of
70–80% have been reported in response to treat-
ment with ITZ, AMB or the two drugs in combina-
tion.12, 14 It is important to communicate to owners
that, even with appropriate duration of treatment,
20–25% of dogs will relapse after initial therapy. The
likelihood of relapse is related to the severity of the
initial lung disease, and it most often occurs within
6 months of cessation of therapy. Retreatment of a
 10 Chapter 1
recurrence with an additional 60- to 90-day course
of itraconazole has an 80% chance of a cure.
Most dogs with brain involvement will die.
Dogs with severe diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis
often deteriorate during the first 2–3 days of treat-
ment, perhaps related to an inflammatory response
directed against dying organisms in the lung.12, 14
Fifty percent of these dogs will die within the first
7 days of therapy.
For ocular disease, rapid diagnosis and treatment
are essential to preserve vision. Blind eyes that are
severely affected with glaucoma or endophthalmitis
are unlikely to become visual, and should probably
be enucleated to prevent them from serving as a per-
sistent focus of infection.25
BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA
Michelle Evason
Definition
Bordetella bronchiseptica may cause rhinitis, tracheo-
bronchitis and pneumonia in dogs and cats, as well
as bronchitis in dogs. It is highly contagious, and
infection is common in kittens with feline upper
respiratory tract disease (FURTD) and puppies
with canine infectious respiratory disease complex
(CIRDC, “kennel cough”).
Etiology and pathogenesis
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a motile, aerobic, gram-
negative coccobacillus. Transmission is primarily
via aerosol, direct contact with oral or nasal secre-
tions, or through contact with contaminated fomites
such as brushes, bedding, or food and water sources.
The incubation period ranges from 2 to 10 days.
Shedding from infected animals may occur for
1 month or more post-infection.
Incidence and risk factors
Reports of the incidence of disease and prevalence
of B. bronchiseptica shedding are highly variable and
depend on whether the animals were from high-
density environments (e.g. shelters), their health
status, geographic location (local and regional), and
testing methods, such as the sampling site, sam-
pling technique or test used for sampling (e.g. nasal
Prevention
Reducing exposure is difficult. Limiting exposure to
rivers, lakes and excavated soil in endemic regions
(where practical) may help to reduce risk. A modified
live vaccine has been developed; however, it is not
commercially available.
Public health and infection control
Blastomyces dermatitidis cannot be transmitted via
aerosol means from animals to humans. Cutaneous
inoculation via needle sticks and bites is possible.7–9
Bandages should be changed frequently if used, as
the mycelial phase of the organism can form in ban-
daged skin lesions, aerosolizing and theoretically
infecting persons present during bandage changes.
vs. oropharyngeal vs. lower respiratory, PCR vs.
culture).
Risk factors for disease in cats and dogs include
younger age (<1 year) and living in a high-­density
group, e.g. kennel, at time of diagnosis or in
recent history.28–30 Infection in very young ­puppies
(14 weeks or younger) has been associated with
severe pneumonia.28
Common clinical signs
Examination findings are non-specific signs of res-
piratory disease (i.e. FURTD, CIRDC). Dogs with
CIRDC may be presented with a honking cough
(which can be severe), sneezing, stertor and serous
to mucopurulent nasal discharge (Fig. 1.12). Owners
may report vomiting; however, this is typically a
productive cough. Cats with FURTD may have
sneezing, stertor, and ocular and nasal discharge.
Dogs and cats with bronchopneumonia may have a
progressive cough, lethargy, respiratory distress or
compromise, fever, anorexia and weight loss.28, 29
Diagnosis
Abnormalities with bordetellosis are non-specific,
and frequently overlap with those of other pathogens.
Similarly, testing methods may (or may not) assist
with differentiating the presence of B. bronchiseptica
 R e spi r at ory D is e a s e s
1.12
Fig. 1.12 Mucopurulent nasal discharge in a dog
with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. (Courtesy of
Dr Kate Armstrong)
as part of the normal microbiota or as a cause of
illness. Positive results may also occur with recent
modified live vaccination.31 Therefore, interpreta-
tion of test results and determining whether specific
treatment is needed can be difficult. Specific patho-
gen testing is likely best reserved for outbreaks,
high-risk populations (e.g. shelters), and severe or
atypical presentations of disease.
Diagnostic imaging
Radiographs are typically normal with uncompli-
cated disease. Dogs or cats with pneumonia may
have interstitial or alveolar changes. Lung lobe con-
solidation can occur.
Cytology
Cytologic exam of transtracheal wash (TTW),
transtracheal lavage (TTL) or bronchoalveolar
lavage (BAL) fluid may be normal or consistent with
suppurative inflammation. Coccobacilli may be vis-
ible intra- or extracellularly.
Culture and susceptibility testing
Culture is not advised for routine acute FURTD
or classic CIRDC because of the low diagnostic
11
value and low likelihood that antimicrobials will be
required.6
Samples (swabs) are most practically obtained
from the oropharyngeal cavity; however, nasal
swabs, TTL, TTW and BAL samples can be suc-
cessfully used for culture or PCR.28 Lower airway
samples (e.g. TTW, TTL and BAL) are ideal when
possible, and if positive are considered more likely to
be representative and aid diagnosis.28 Interpretation
of positive results from nasal or oropharyngeal sam-
ples (especially in high-density environments, e.g.
shelters) is difficult because of the high prevalence.
PCR
PCR (DNA) testing of submitted swabs or lavage
specimens is commonly used. Advantages include
speed of detection and potential improved sensitivity
over culture; however, sensitivity and specificity may
vary with assay and lab. Intranasal or oral modified
live vaccines may interfere with results31 and false
negatives may occur as with culture results.
Therapy
Most cases of FURTD- or CIRDC-related bor-
detellosis will be self-limiting and not require
­antimicrobials.6 In patients with severe or prolonged
disease, canine bronchitis, or bronchopneumonia
where B. bronchiseptica infection is suspected, anti-
microbial therapy (along with management of any
concurrent disease) may be initiated before obtain-
ing definitive test results. Typically, improvement
is noted quickly (e.g. within 1 week) after antimicro-
bials and nursing care are initiated.6
Doxycycline is frequently recommended, in part
owing to its efficacy against common co-infecting
pathogens in CIRDC and FURTD.6 In cats, doxy-
cycline capsules and tablets should be coated for
ease of swallowing, and followed by water or liquid,
to help prevent esophageal strictures. Culture and
susceptibility testing is advised for pneumonia cases,
particularly those that appear refractory to therapy
or progress rapidly.
Prognosis/complications
The prognosis with appropriate therapy is usu-
ally excellent. Most cases of CIRDC and FURTD
resolve completely within 7–10 days.
 12 Chapter 1
Pneumonia cases usually require longer and more
intensive therapy, which varies based on severity.
In one study approximately 90% of dogs (puppies)
survived.28
Prevention
Prevention centers on elimination of predisposing
environmental conditions (e.g. overcrowding and
stress) and underlying disease.
A variety of vaccines is available for dogs, includ-
ing live mucosal (intranasal or oral) and ­i nactivated
parenteral. Greater efficacy of intranasal vs. oral
vaccines, and superiority of both to parenteral vac-
cination, has been demonstrated.32 Some ­vaccines
are combined with other CIRDC pathogens
(e.g. canine parainfluenza virus, adenovirus 2).
CANINE ADENOVIRUS TYPE 2
J Scott Weese
Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) is one cause
of canine infectious respiratory disease complex
(CIRDC). As with other causes of respiratory dis-
ease, it is most common in dogs that have contact
with many other dogs, such as those that frequent
kennels, and can be found in a small percentage of
clinically normal dogs.34 It typically causes mild
disease, characterized by cough and conjunctivitis.
Severe disease is uncommon but can occur, as can
secondary bacterial pneumonia. These presentations
are most common in young puppies and when co-
infection with other respiratory pathogens is present.
CANINE INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX; KENNEL COUGH,
INFECTIOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS
Michelle Evason
Definition
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex
(CIRDC) is a common clinical syndrome, character-
ized by an acute onset of paroxysmal cough, sneez-
ing, and ocular and nasal discharge. A variety of
pathogens have been implicated, and co-infections
(bacterial and viral) are common. Clinical signs are
typically self-limiting in 7–10 days.
Mild-to-moderate respiratory signs may occur
after vaccine administration. Importantly, vacci-
nation may reduce disease severity, but it does not
completely prevent infection or development of
clinical signs.33
Infection control
The bacterium can survive in the environment for
10 days; however, most disinfectants will readily
eliminate B. bronchiseptica.
Public health
Bordetella bronchiseptica infection has been described
in immunocompromised humans who have contact
with infected animals or modified live vaccines;
however, human cases appear to be very rare.
Diagnosis is most often performed via PCR test-
ing of nasal or pharyngeal swabs. Treatment is sup-
portive. Parenteral vaccination is common as this is
a component of most core vaccines. Intranasal modi-
fied live vaccination is also available in a combina-
tion vaccine with Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine
parainfluenza virus. Parenteral, but not intranasal,
vaccination against CAV-2 provides cross-­protection
against hepatitis associated with canine adeno-
virus type 1. Intranasal vaccination can result in
false-­positive PCR results for up to 10 days after
vaccination.31
Pathogens
A variety of pathogens can be involved, either as sole
agents or co-infections (Fig. 1.13). Specific infor-
mation about individual pathogens can be found
elsewhere in this chapter. Advances in technology
are increasingly resulting in identification of novel
viruses in dogs with respiratory tract disease; how-
ever, determination of whether these are pathogens
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Acabando estas razones
comenzó Marcelio á hacer tan
doloroso llanto y suspirar tan
amargamente, que era gran
lástima de vello. Quiso Diana
darle nuevas de su Alcida, porque
poco había que en su compañía
estaba, pero por cumplir con la
palabra que había dado de no
decillo, y también porque vió que
le había de atormentar más,
dándole noticia de la que en tal
extremo le aborrescía, por esso
no curó de decille más de que se
consolasse y tuviesse mucha
confianza, porque ella esperaba
velle antes de mucho muy
contento con la vista de su dama.
Porque si era verdad, como creía,
que iba Alcida entre los pastores
y pastoras de España, no se le
podía esconder, y que ella la
haría buscar por las más extrañas
y escondidas partes della. Mucho
le agradesció Marcelio á Diana
tales ofrescimientos, y
encargándole mucho mirasse por
su vida, haciendo lo que ofrescido
le había, quiso despedirse della,
diciendo que passados algunos
días pensaba volver allí, para
informarse de lo que habría
sabido de Alcida; pero Diana le
detuvo, y le dijo: No seré yo tan
enemiga de mi contento que
consienta que te apartes de mi
compañía. Antes, pues de mi
esposo Delio me veo
desamparada, como tú de tu
Alcida, querría, si te place, que
comiesses algunos bocados,
porque muestras haberlo
menester, y después desto, pues
las sombras de los árboles se van
haciendo mayores, nos
fuéssemos á mi aldea, donde con
el descanso que el continuo dolor
nos permitirá, passaremos la
noche, y luego en la mañana
iremos al templo de la casta
Diana, do tiene su assiento la
sabia Felicia, cuya sabiduría dará
algun remedio á nuestra passión.
Y porque mejor puedas gozar de
los rústicos tratos y simples
llanezas de los pastores y
pastoras de nuestros campos,
será bien que no mudes el hábito
de pastor que traes, ni des á
nadie á entender quién eres, sino
que te nombres, vistas y trates
como pastor.
Marcelio, contento de hacer lo
que Diana dijo, comió alguna
vianda que ella sacó de su zurrón,
y mató la sed con el agua de la
fuente, lo que le era muy
necessario, por no haber en todo
el día comido ni reposado, y luego
tomaron el camino de la aldea.
Mas poco trecho habían andado,
cuando en un espesso
bosquecillo, que algún tanto
apartado estaba del camino,
oyeron resonar voces de
pastores, que al son de sus
zampoñas suavemente cantaban;
y como Diana era muy amiga de
música, rogó á Marcelio que se
llegassen allá. Estando ya junto al
bosquecillo, conosció Diana que
los pastores eran Tauriso y
Berardo, que por ella penados
andaban, y tenían costumbre de
andar siempre de compañía y
cantar en competencia. Y ansí
Diana y Marcelio, no entrando
donde los pastores estaban, sino
puestos tras unos robledales, en
parte donde podían oir la
suavidad de la música, sin ser
vistos de los pastores,
escucharon sus cantares. Y ellos,
aunque no sabían que estaba tan
cerca la que era causa de su
canto, adevinando cuasi con los
ánimos que su enemiga les
estaba oyendo, requebrando las
pastoriles voces, y haciendo con
ellas delicados passos y
diferencias, cantaban desta
manera:

TAURISO
Pues ya se esconde el sol tras
las montañas,
dejad el pasto, ovejas,
escuchando
las voces roncas, ásperas y
extrañas
 que estoy sin tiento ni orden
derramando.
Oid cómo las míseras
entrañas
se están en vivas llamas
abrasando
con el ardor que enciende
en la alma insana
la angélica hermosura de
Diana.

BERARDO
Antes que el sol, dejando el
hemisphero,
caer permita en hierbas el
rocío,
tú, simple oveja, y tú, manso
cordero,
prestad grata atención al
canto mío.
No cantaré el ardor terrible y
fiero,
mas el mortal temor helado
y frío,
con que enfrena y corrige el
alma insana
la angélica hermosura de
Diana.

TAURISO
Cuando imagina el triste
pensamiento
la perfección tan rara y
escogida,
 la alma se enciende assí,
que claro siento
ir siempre deshaciéndose la
vida.
Amor esfuerza el débil
sufrimiento,
y aviva la esperanza
consumida,
para que dure en mí el
ardiente fuego,
que no me otorga un hora
de sossiego.

BERARDO
Cuando me paro á ver mi bajo
estado
y el alta perfección de mi
pastora,
se arriedra el corazón
amedrentado
y un frío hielo en la alma
triste mora.
Amor quiere que viva
confiado,
y estoilo alguna vez, pero á
deshora
al vil temor me vuelvo tan
sujeto,
que un hora de salud no me
prometo.

TAURISO
Tan mala vez la luz ardiente
veo
 de aquellas dos claríssimas
estrellas,
la gracia, el continente y el
asseo,
con que Diana es reina
entre las bellas,
que en un solo momento mi
deseo
se enciende en estos rayos
y centellas,
sin esperar remedio al fuego
extraño
que me consume y causa
extremo daño.

BERARDO
Tan mala vez las delicadas
manos
de aquel marfil para mil
muertes hechas,
y aquellos ojos claros
soberanos
tiran al corazón mortales
flechas,
que quedan de los golpes
inhumanos
mis fuerzas pocas, flacas y
deshechas,
y tan pasmado, flojo y débil
quedo,
que vence á mi deseo el
triste miedo.

TAURISO
¿Viste jamás un rayo
poderoso,
cuyo furor el roble antiguo
hiende?
Tan fuerte, tan terrible y
riguroso
es el ardor que la alma triste
enciende.
¿Viste el poder de un río
pressuroso,
que de un peñasco altíssimo
desciende?
Tan brava, tan soberbia y
alterada
Diana me paresce estando
airada.
Mas no aprovecha nada
para que el vil temor me dé
tristeza,
pues cuanto más peligros,
más firmeza.

BERARDO
¿Viste la nieve en haldas de
una sierra
con los solares rayos
derretida?
Ansí deshecha y puesta por
la tierra
al rayo de mi estrella está mi
vida.
¿Viste en alguna fiera y
cruda guerra
algún simple pastor puesto
en huida?
 Con no menos temor vivo
cuitado,
de mis ovejas proprias
olvidado.
Y en este miedo helado
merezco más, y vivo más
contento,
que en el ardiente y loco
atrevimiento.

TAURISO
Berardo, el mal que siento es
de tal arte,
que en todo tiempo y parte
me consume,
el alma no presume ni se
atreve;
mas como puede y debe
comedida
le da la propria vida al niño
ciego,
y en encendido fuego alegre
vive,
y como allí recibe gran
consuelo,
no hay cosa de que pueda
haber recelo.

BERARDO
Tauriso, el alto cielo hizo tan
bella
esta Diana estrella, que en
la tierra
con luz clara destierra mis
tinieblas,
las más escuras nieblas
apartando;
que si la estoy mirando
embelesado,
vencido y espantado, triste y
ciego
los ojos bajo luego, de
manera
que no puedo, aunque
quiera, aventurarme
á ver, pedir, dolerme ni
quejarme.

TAURISO
Jamás quiso escucharme
esta pastora mía,
mas persevera siempre en
la dureza,
y en siempre maltratarme
continua su porfía.
¡Ay, cruda pena; ay, fiera
gentileza!
Mas es tal la firmeza
que esfuerza mi cuidado,
que vivo más seguro
que está un peñasco duro
contra el rabioso viento y
mar airado,
y cuanto más vencido,
doy más ardor al ánimo
encendido.

BERARDO
No tiene el ancho suelo
lobos tan poderosos
cuya braveza miedo pueda
hacerme,
y de un simple recelo,
en casos amorosos,
como cobarde vil vengo á
perderme.
No puedo defenderme
de un miedo que en mi
pecho
gobierna, manda y rige;
que el alma mucho aflige
y el cuerpo tiene ya medio
deshecho.
¡Ay, crudo amor; ay, fiero!
¿con pena tan mortal cómo
no muero?

TAURISO
Junto á la clara fuente,
sentada con su esposo
la pérfida Diana estaba un
día,
y yo á mi mal presente
tras un jaral umbroso,
muriendo de dolor de lo que
vía:
él nada le decía,
mas con mano grossera
trabó la delicada
á torno fabricada,
y estuvo un rato assí, que
no debiera;
y yo tal cosa viendo,
 de ira mortal y fiera envidia
ardiendo.

BERARDO
Un día al campo vino
aserenando al cielo
la luz de perfectíssimas
mujeres,
las hebras de oro fino
cubiertas con un velo,
prendido con dorados
alfileres;
mil juegos y placeres
passaba con su esposo;
yo tras un mirto estaba,
y vi que él alargaba
la mano al blanco velo, y el
hermoso
cabello quedó suelto,
y yo de vello en triste miedo
envuelto.

En acabando los pastores de

cantar, comenzaron á recoger su
ganado, que por el bosque
derramado andaba. Y viniendo
hacia donde Marcelio y Diana
estaban, fué forzado habellos de
ver, porque no tuvieron forma de
esconderse aunque mucho lo
trabajaron. Gran contento
recibieron de tan alegre y no
pensada vista. Y aunque Berardo
quedó con ella atemorizado, el
ardiente Tauriso con ver la causa
de su pena encendió más su
deseo. Saludaron cortésmente las
pastoras, rogándoles que, pues la
Fortuna allí los había
encaminado, se fuessen todos de
compañía hacia la aldea. Diana
no quiso ser descortés, porque no
lo acostumbraba, más fué
contenta de hacello ansí. De
modo que Tauriso y Berardo
encargaron á otros pastores que
con ellos estaban que los
recogidos ganados hacia la aldea
poco á poco llevassen, y ellos, en
compañía de Marcelio y Diana,
adelantándose, tomaron el
camino. Rogóle Tauriso á Diana
que á la canción que él diría
respondiesse; ella dijo que era
contenta, y ansí cantaron esta
canción:

Tauriso. Zagala, ¿por qué

razón
no me miras, di,
enemiga?

Diana. Porque los ojos

fatiga
lo que ofende al
corazón.

Tauriso. ¿Qué pastora hay en

la vida
que se ofenda de
mirar?
Diana. La que pretende
passar
sin querer ni ser
querida.
Tauriso. No hay tan duro
corazón
que un alma tanto
persiga.

Diana. Ni hay pastor que

contradiga
tan adrede á la
razón.

Tauriso. ¿Cómo es esto que

no tuerza
el amor tu
crueldad?

Diana. Porque amor es

voluntad,
y en la voluntad no
hay fuerza.

Tauriso. Mira que tienes

razón
de remediar mi
fatiga.

Diana. Esa mesma á mí me

obliga
á guardar mi
corazón.

Tauriso. ¿Por qué me das tal

tormento
y qué guardas tu
hermosura?

Diana. Porque tú el seso y

cordura
llamas
aborrescimiento.

Tauriso. Será porque sin

razón
tu braveza me
castiga.

Diana. Antes porque de

fatiga
defiendo mi
corazón.

Tauriso. Cata que no soy tan

feo
como te cuidas,
pastora.

Diana. Conténtate por agora

con que digo que
te creo.

Tauriso. ¿Después de darme

passión
me escarnesces,
di, enemiga?

Diana. Si otro quieres que

te diga,
pides más de la
razón.
En extremo contentó la canción
de Tauriso y Diana, y aunque
Tauriso por ella sintió las crudas
respuestas de su pastora, y con
ellas grande pena, quedó tan
alegre con que ella le había
respondido, que olvidó el dolor
que de la crueldad de sus
palabras pudiera rescebir. A este
tiempo el temeroso Berardo,
esforzando el corazón, hincando
sus ojos en los de Diana á guisa
de congojado cisne, que cercano
á su postrimería, junto á las claras
fuentes va suavemente cantando,
levantó la debil y medrosa voz,
que con gran pena del
sobresaltado pecho le salía, y al
son de su zampoña cantó ansí:

Tenga fin mi triste vida,

pues, por mucho que lloré,
no es mi pena agradescida
ni dan crédito á mi fe.

Estoy en tan triste estado,

que tomara por partido
de ser mal galardonado
solo que fuera creído.

Mas aunque pene mi vida,

y en mi mal constante esté,
no es mi pena agradescida
ni dan crédito á mi fe.
Después de haber dicho Berardo
su canción, pusieron los dos
pastores los ojos en Marcelio, y
como era hombre no conoscido,
no osaban decille que cantasse.
Pero, en fin, el atrevido Tauriso le
rogó les dijesse su nombre, y si
era possible dijesse alguna
canción, porque lo uno y lo otro
les sería muy agradable. Y él, sin
dalles otra respuesta, volviéndose
á Diana, y señalándole que su
zampoña tocasse, quiso con una
canción contentallos de
entrambas las cosas. Y después
de dado un suspiro, dijo ansí:

Tal estoy después que vi

la crueldad de mi pastora,
que ni sé quién soy agora
ni lo que será de mí.

Sé muy bien que, si hombre

fuera,
el dolor me hubiera muerto,
y si piedra, está muy cierto
que el llorar me deshiciera.

Llámanme Marcelio á mi,

pero soy de una pastora,
que ni sé quién soy agora
ni lo que será de mí.

Ya la luz del sol comenzaba á dar

lugar á las tinieblas, y estaban las
aldeas con los domésticos fuegos
humeando, cuando los pastores y
pastoras, estando muy cerca de
su lugar, dieron fin á sus cantares.
Llegaron todos á sus casas
contentos de la passada
conversación, pero Diana no
hallaba sossiego, mayormente
cuando supo que no estaba en la
aldea su querido Syreno. Dejó á
Marcelio aposentado en casa de
Melibeo, primo de Delio, donde
fué hospedado con mucha
cortesía, y ella, viniendo á su
casa, convocados sus parientes y
los de su esposo, les dió razón de
cómo Delio la había dejado en la
fuente de los alisos, yendo tras
una extranjera pastora. Sobre ello
mostró hacer grandes llantos y
sentimientos, y al cabo de todos
ellos les dijo que su
determinación era ir luego por la
mañana al templo de Diana, por
saber de la sabia Felicia nuevas
de su esposo. Todos fueron muy
contentos de su voluntad, y para
el cumplimiento della le
ofrescieron su favor; y ella, pues
supo que en el templo de Diana
hallaría su Syreno, quedó muy
alegre del concierto, y con la
esperanza del venidero placer dió
aquella noche á su cuerpo algún
reposo, y tuvo en el corazón un
no acostumbrado sossiego.

Fin del libro primero.

 LIBRO SEGUNDO
DE DIANA ENAMORADA

Es el injusto Amor tan bravo y

poderoso, que de cuanto hay en
el mundo se aprovecha para su
crueldad, y las cosas de más
valor le favorescen en sus
empresas. Especialmente la
Fortuna le da tanto favor con sus
mudanzas, cuanto él ha menester
para dar graves tormentos. Claro
está lo que digo en el desastre de
Marcelio, pues la Fortuna ordenó
tal acontescimiento, que de su
esposa Alcida forzado hubo de
dar crédito á una sospecha tal
que, aunque falsa, tenía muy
cierto ó á lo menos aparente
fundamento; y dello se siguió
aborrescer á su esposo, que más
que á su vida la quería, y en nada
le había ofendido. De aquí se
puede colegir cuán cierta ha de
ser una presunción, para que un
hombre sabio le deba dar entera
fe: pues ésta, que tenía muestras
de certidumbre, era tan ajena de
verdad. Pero ya que el Amor y
Fortuna trataron tan mal á
Marcelio, una cosa tuvo que
agradescelles, y fué que el Amor
hirió el corazón de Diana, y
Fortuna hizo que Marcelio en la
fuente la hallasse, para que
entrambos fuessen á la casa de
Felicia y el triste passasse sus
penas en agradable compañía.
Pues llegado el tiempo qué la
rubicunda Aurora con su dorado
gesto ahuyentaba las nocturnas
estrellas, y las aves con suave
canto anunciaban el cercano día,
la enamorada Diana, fatigada ya
de la prolija noche, se levantó
para emprender el camino
deseado. Y encargadas ya sus
ovejas á la pastora Polyntia, salió
de su aldea acompañada de su
rústica zampoña, engañadora de
trabajos, y proveído el zurrón de
algunos mantenimientos, bajó por
una cuesta, que de la aldea á un
espesso bosque descendía, y á la
fin della se paró sentada debajo
unos alisos, esperando que
Marcelio, su compañero, viniesse,
según que con él la noche antes
lo había concertado. Mas en tanto
que no venía, se puso á tañer su
zampoña y cantar esta
 Canción.
Madruga un poco, luz del claro
día,
con apacible y blanda
mansedumbre,
para engañar un alma
entristescida.
Extiende, hermoso Apolo,
aquella lumbre,
que á los desiertos campos
da alegría,
y á las muy secas plantas
fuerza y vida.
En ésta amena silva, que
convida
á muy dulce reposo,
verás de un congojoso
dolor mi corazón
atormentado,
por verse ansí olvidado
de quien mil quejas daba de
mi olvido:
la culpa es de Cupido,
que aposta quita y da
aborrescimiento,
do ve que ha de causar
mayor tormento.

¿Qué fiera no enternesce un

triste canto?
¿y qué piedra no ablandan
los gemidos
que suele dar un fatigado
pecho?
¿Qué tigres ó leones
conducidos
no fueran á piedad oyendo