Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDF Managing Technical Debt Reducing Friction in Software Development Sei Series in Software Engineering 1St Edition Kruchten Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Managing Technical Debt Reducing Friction in Software Development Sei Series in Software Engineering 1St Edition Kruchten Ebook Full Chapter
https://textbookfull.com/product/creating-and-using-virtual-
prototyping-software-principles-and-practices-sei-series-in-
software-engineering-1st-edition-post/
https://textbookfull.com/product/software-design-x-rays-fix-
technical-debt-with-behavioral-code-analysis-1st-edition-adam-
tornhill/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-strategic-role-of-software-
customization-managing-customization-enabled-software-product-
development-1st-edition-matthias-bertram-auth/
https://textbookfull.com/product/rethinking-productivity-in-
software-engineering-caitlin-sadowski/
Guide to Software Development Designing and Managing
the Life Cycle Langer
https://textbookfull.com/product/guide-to-software-development-
designing-and-managing-the-life-cycle-langer/
https://textbookfull.com/product/engineering-software-products-
an-introduction-to-modern-software-engineering-1st-edition-ian-
sommerville/
https://textbookfull.com/product/contemporary-empirical-methods-
in-software-engineering-michael-felderer/
https://textbookfull.com/product/guide-to-software-development-
designing-and-managing-the-life-cycle-arthur-m-langer/
https://textbookfull.com/product/software-engineering-and-
algorithms-in-intelligent-systems-radek-silhavy/
Contents
1. Cover Page
2. Title Page
3. Copyright Page
4. Dedication
5. Contents at a Glance
6. Contents
7. Foreword
8. Preface
9. Acknowledgments
10. About the Authors
11. About the Contributors
12. Acronyms
13. SEI Figures for Managing Technical Debt
14. Part I: Exploring the Technical Debt Landscape
1. “It Depends…”
2. Three Case Studies: Moons of Saturn
3. Technical Debt in Context
4. What Can You Do Today?
5. For Further Reading
15. Part II: Analyzing Technical Debt
1. i
2. ii
3. iii
4. iv
5. v
6. vi
7. vii
8. viii
9. ix
10. x
11. xi
12. xii
13. xiii
14. xiv
15. xv
16. xvi
17. xvii
18. xviii
19. xix
20. xx
21. xxi
22. xxii
23. xxiii
24. xxiv
25. xxv
26. xxvi
27. xxvii
28. xxviii
29. 1
30. 2
31. 3
32. 4
33. 5
34. 6
35. 7
36. 8
37. 9
38. 10
39. 11
40. 12
41. 13
42. 14
43. 15
44. 16
45. 17
46. 18
47. 19
48. 20
49. 21
50. 22
51. 23
52. 24
53. 25
54. 26
55. 27
56. 28
57. 29
58. 30
59. 31
60. 32
61. 33
62. 34
63. 35
64. 36
65. 37
66. 38
67. 39
68. 40
69. 41
70. 42
71. 43
72. 44
73. 45
74. 46
75. 47
76. 48
77. 49
78. 50
79. 51
80. 52
81. 53
82. 54
83. 55
84. 56
85. 57
86. 58
87. 59
88. 60
89. 61
90. 62
91. 63
92. 64
93. 65
94. 66
95. 67
96. 68
97. 69
98. 70
99. 71
100. 72
101. 73
102. 74
103. 75
104. 76
105. 77
106. 78
107. 79
108. 80
109. 81
110. 82
111. 83
112. 84
113. 85
114. 86
115. 87
116. 88
117. 89
118. 90
119. 91
120. 92
121. 93
122. 94
123. 95
124. 96
125. 97
126. 98
127. 99
128. 100
129. 101
130. 102
131. 103
132. 104
133. 105
134. 106
135. 107
136. 108
137. 109
138. 110
139. 111
140. 112
141. 113
142. 114
143. 115
144. 116
145. 117
146. 118
147. 119
148. 120
149. 121
150. 122
151. 123
152. 124
153. 125
154. 126
155. 127
156. 128
157. 129
158. 130
159. 131
160. 132
161. 133
162. 134
163. 135
164. 136
165. 137
166. 138
167. 139
168. 140
169. 141
170. 142
171. 143
172. 144
173. 145
174. 146
175. 147
176. 148
177. 149
178. 150
179. 151
180. 152
181. 153
182. 154
183. 155
184. 156
185. 157
186. 158
187. 159
188. 160
189. 161
190. 162
191. 163
192. 164
193. 165
194. 166
195. 167
196. 168
197. 169
198. 170
199. 171
200. 172
201. 173
202. 174
203. 175
204. 176
205. 177
206. 178
207. 179
208. 180
209. 181
210. 182
211. 183
212. 184
213. 185
214. 186
215. 187
216. 188
217. 189
218. 190
219. 191
220. 192
221. 193
222. 194
223. 195
224. 196
225. 197
226. 198
227. 199
228. 200
229. 201
230. 202
231. 203
232. 204
233. 205
234. 206
235. 207
236. 208
237. 209
238. 210
239. 211
240. 212
241. 213
242. 214
243. 215
244. 216
245. 217
246. 218
247. 219
248. 220
249. 221
250. 222
251. 223
252. 224
253. 225
254. 226
255. 227
256. 228
257. 229
258. 230
259. 231
260. 232
261. 233
262. 234
263. 235
264. 236
265. 237
266. 238
267. 239
268. 240
269. 241
270. 242
271. 243
272. 244
Managing Technical Debt
Reducing Friction in Software Development
Philippe Kruchten
Robert Nord
Ipek Ozkaya
The SEI Series in Software Engineering
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-564593-2
ISBN-10: 0-13-564593-X
1 19
Executive Editor
Kim Spenceley
Development Editor
Managing Editor
Sandra Schroeder
Lori Lyons
Copy Editor
Catherine D. Wilson
Indexer
Ken Johnson
Proofreader
Abigail Manheim
Cover Designer
Chuti Prasertsith
Compositor
codeMantra
To Sylvie, Nicolas, Alice, Zoé, Harmonie, Claire, and Henri
—PK
—RN
—IO
Contents at a Glance
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Glossary
References
Index
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
“It Depends…”
Then Iterate
Testing Debt
Infrastructure Debt
To Conclude
Finale
Glossary
References
Index
PLATE I.
If we had two large water tanks, one of which could be emptied only
by allowing the bottom to fall completely out, and the other by means
of a narrow pipe, it is easy to see which would be the more useful to
us as a source of water supply. If both tanks were filled, then from
the first we could get only a sudden uncontrollable rush of water, but
from the other we could get a steady stream extending over a long
period, and easily controlled. The Leyden jar stores electricity, but in
yielding up its store it acts like the first tank, giving a sudden
discharge in the form of a bright spark. We cannot control the
discharge, and therefore we cannot make it do useful work for us.
For practical purposes we require a storing arrangement that will act
like the second tank, giving us a steady current of electricity for a
long period, and this we have in the accumulator or storage cell.
A current of electricity has the power of decomposing certain
liquids. If we pass a current through water, the water is split up into
its two constituent gases, hydrogen and oxygen, and this may be
shown by the apparatus seen in Fig. 12. It consists of a glass vessel
with two strips of platinum to which the current is led. The vessel
contains water to which has been added a little sulphuric acid to
increase its conducting power, and over the strips are inverted two
test-tubes filled with the acidulated water. The platinum strips, which
are called electrodes, are connected to a battery of Daniell cells.
When the current passes, the water is decomposed, and oxygen
collects at the electrode connected to the positive terminal of the
battery, and hydrogen at the other electrode. The two gases rise up
into the test-tubes and displace the water in them, and the whole
process is called the electrolysis of water. If now we disconnect the
battery and join the two electrodes by a wire, we find that a current
flows from the apparatus as from a voltaic cell, but in the opposite
direction from the original battery current.
It will be remembered that one
of the troubles with a simple voltaic
cell was polarization, caused by
the accumulation of hydrogen; and
that this weakened the current by
setting up an opposing electro-
motive force tending to produce
another current in the opposite
direction. In the present case a
similar opposing or back electro-
motive force is produced, and as
soon as the battery current is
stopped and the electrodes are
connected, we get a current in the
reverse direction, and this current Fig. 12.—Diagram showing
continues to flow until the two Electrolysis of Water.
gases have recombined, and the
electrodes have regained their
original condition. Consequently we can see that in order to
electrolyze water, our battery must have an electro-motive force
greater than that set up in opposition to it, and at least two Daniell
cells are required.
This apparatus thus may be made to serve to some extent as an
accumulator or storage cell, and it also serves to show that an
accumulator does not store up or accumulate electricity. In a voltaic
cell we have chemical energy converted into electrical energy, and
here we have first electrical energy converted into chemical energy,
and then the chemical energy converted back again into electrical
energy. This is a rough-and-ready way of putting the matter, but it is
good enough for practical purposes, and at any rate it makes it quite
clear that what an accumulator really stores up is not electricity, but
energy, which is given out in the form of electricity.
The apparatus just described is of little use as a source of
current, and the first really practical accumulator was made in 1878
by Gaston Planté. The electrodes were two strips of sheet lead
placed one upon the other, but separated by some insulating
material, and made into a roll. This roll was placed in dilute sulphuric
acid, and one strip or plate connected to the positive, and the other
to the negative terminal of the source of current. The current was
passed for a certain length of time, and then the accumulator partly
discharged; after which current was passed again, but in the reverse
direction, followed by another period of discharge. This process,
which is called forming, was continued for several days, and its
effect was to change one plate into a spongy condition, and to form a
coating of peroxide of lead on the other. When the plates were
properly formed the accumulator was ready to be fully charged and
put into use. The effect of charging was to rob one plate of its
oxygen, and to transfer this oxygen to the other plate, which thus
received an overcharge of the gas. During the discharge of the
accumulator the excess of oxygen went back to the place from which
it had been taken, and the current continued until the surfaces of
both plates were reduced to a chemically inactive state. The
accumulator could be charged and discharged over and over again
as long as the plates remained in good order.
In 1881, Faure hit upon the idea of coating the plates with a
paste of red-lead, and this greatly shortened the time of forming. At
first it was found difficult to make the paste stick to the plates, but
this trouble was got rid of by making the plates in the form of grids,
and pressing the paste into the perforations. Many further
improvements have been made from time to time, but instead of
tracing these we will go on at once to the description of a present-
day accumulator. There are now many excellent accumulators made,
but we have not space to consider more than one, and we will select
that known as the “Chloride” accumulator.
The positive plate of this accumulator is of the Planté type, but it
is not simply a casting of pure lead, but is made by a building-up
process which allows of the use of a lead-antimony mixture for the
grids. This gives greater strength, and the grids themselves are
unaffected by the chemical changes which take place during the
charging and discharging of the cell. The active material, that is the
material which undergoes chemical change, is pure lead tape coiled
up into rosettes, which are so designed that the acid can circulate
through the plates. These rosettes are driven into the perforations of
the grid by a hydraulic press, and during the process of forming they
expand and thus become very firmly fixed. The negative plate has a
frame made in two parts, which are riveted together after the
insertion of the active material, which is thus contained in a number
of small cages. The plate is covered outside with a finely perforated
sheet of lead, which prevents the active material from falling out. It is
of the utmost importance that the positive and negative plates should
be kept apart when in the cell, and in the Chloride accumulator this is
ensured by the use of a patent separator made of a thin sheet of
wood the size of the plates. Before being used the wood undergoes
a special treatment to remove all substances which might be
harmful, and it then remains unchanged either in appearance or
composition. Other insulating substances, such as glass rods or
ebonite forks, can be used as separators, but it is claimed that the
wood separator is not only more satisfactory, but that in some
unexplained way it actually helps to keep up the capacity of the cell.
The plates are placed in glass, or lead-lined wood or metal boxes,
and are suspended from above the dilute sulphuric acid with which
the cells are filled. A space is left below the plates for the sediment
which accumulates during the working of the cell.
In all but the smallest cells several pairs of plates are used, all
the positive plates being connected together and all the negative
plates. This gives the same effect as two very large plates, on the
principle of connecting in parallel, spoken of in Chapter IV. A single
cell, of whatever size, gives current at about two volts, and to get
higher voltages many cells are connected in series, as with primary
cells. The capacity is generally measured in ampere-hours. For
instance, an accumulator that will give a current of eight amperes for
one hour, or of four amperes for two hours, or one ampere for eight
hours, is said to have a capacity of eight ampere-hours.
Accumulators are usually charged from a dynamo or from the
public mains, and the electro-motive force of the charging current
must be not less than 2½ volts for each cell, in order to overcome
the back electro-motive force of the cells themselves. It is possible to
charge accumulators from primary cells, but except on a very small
scale the process is comparatively expensive. Non-polarizing cells,
such as the Daniell, must be used for this purpose.
The practical applications of accumulators are almost
innumerable, and year by year they increase. As the most important
of these are connected with the use of electricity for power and light,
it will be more convenient to speak of them in the chapters dealing
with this subject. Minor uses of accumulators will be referred to
briefly from time to time in other chapters.